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TEACHER’S GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
USEFUL TIPS:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to:
Define the key terms such as solution, solvent, solute, filtrate, residue,
immiscible and miscible liquids, distillate, sublimation, melting and boiling
points and chromatography.
Use melting and boiling points to differentiate between pure and impure
substances.
Select appropriate methods for separating given mixtures.
Describe appropriate methods of separating given mixtures.
Perform simple experiments involving separation of mixtures.
TEACHING/LEARNING MATERIALS:
TEACHER’S NOTES
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• Separating funnel: For immiscible liquids (e.g. Paraffin and water).
• Simple distillation: For miscible liquids with boiling points widely far apart.
• Fractional distillation: For separating miscible liquids with closely related
boiling points (e.g. Petrol and paraffin, ethanol and water).
• Sublimation: Used when one of the solids sublime on heating (iodine and
sand).
• Magnetisation: Used when the mixture consist of a metal and non-metal (iron
filing and sulphur).
• Hand picking and winnowing: Used when the solid particles of one of the
solids are big (Stones and rice).
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• Filtration: Sewage and water treatment (stone and sand filter beds).
FILTRATION
• Illustrate with a mixture of chalk powder and water.
• Apparatus: Filter funnel, Filter paper and a conical flask.
DECANTING
• Illustrate with a mixture of sand and water.
• Apparatus: Two beakers.
CENTIFUGAL
• Illustrate with a mixture of chalk powder and water.
• Apparatus: A centrifuge and beaker.
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
• Illustrate with a mixture of ethanol and water.
• Requirements: Fractionating column , simple distillation kit, running water
and heat source.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
EVAPOURATION
CRYSTALLISATION
• Illustrate with sodium chloride solution.
• Requirements: Evaporating dish, filter papers, filter funnel, conical flask ,a
beaker and heat source.
SUBLIMATION
• Illustrate with a mixture of iodine and sand.
• Requirements: Evaporating dish, filter funnel and heat source.
MAGNETISATION
• Illustrate with a mixture of copper powder and sulphur powder.
• Requirements: Magnets.
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STUDENTS’ EXPERIMENTS
Ask students to conduct simple experiments to bring out the concepts of uniform and
non uniform mixtures, miscible and immiscible liquids, soluble and insoluble solids,
solute and solvent. For instance, by asking students to mix the following:
i. Sand and water.
ii. Sodium chloride and water.
iii. Paraffin and water.
iv. Alcohol and water.
v. Iron and sulphur.
i. Filtration: Filter muddy water using filter paper and various materials as filter
paper( e.g. cotton wool, cotton cloth, grass etc ).
ii. Distillation: Distillation of local alcohol.
iii. Separating funnel: Separation of a mixture of cooking oil and water.
iv. Sublimation: Separation of a mixture ammonium chloride and sand.
v. Evaporation: copper (II) sulphate solution.
vi. Crystallisation: Copper (II) sulphate crystals from copper (II) sulphate
solution.
vii. Chromatography: Chlorophyll using ethanol as solvent.
viii. Magnetisation: Separation of a mixture of iron filing and sulphur.
Crystallisation
Chromatography
Analysis of dyes in coloured sweets, sodas and a mixture of phenolphthalein
and methyl orange indicators.
STUDY TOUR
ICT APPLICATION
Use animation capabilities to show separation of a mixtures of red, blue, green, and
yellow dyes by chromatography.
REFERENCES:
• Form One Chemistry by Patel.
• Complete Junior Chemistry by Atkinson
• New Certificate Chemistry by Holderness and Lambert.
• ’O’ Level Chemistry for East Africa by M.C. Sinclain.
• Key Science by Eileen.
• GCSE Chemistry First Examination By Blackie.
WEB LINKS
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STUDENTS’ EXERCISES
1. Name one method that can be used to separate the mixture of the following
substances;
(i) Sodium chloride and chalk powder
(ii) Coloured dyes in sun –sip straw berry drink.
(iii) Sodium chloride and aluminum chloride
(iv) Petrol and water
(v) Paraffin and diesel
(vi) Iron filings and ash.
(vii) Copper(II) oxide and copper(II) sulphate
(viii) Copper(II) sulphate and water.
2. Name two drying agents that are used to dry substances.
3. Explain how you can separate a mixture containing sodium chloride,
ammonium chloride and chalk powder.
4. State the difference between the following:
(i) Solute and solvent
(ii) Miscible and immiscible liquids
(iii) Filtrate and distillate
(iv) Melting and boiling point
5. The picture above shows a local distillation set up.
(i) What is the role of the copper tube?
(ii) State why the tube is made of copper and not plastic?
(iii) Why is the tube coiled in the middle?
6. Name separation apparatus you can see in the pictures below.
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