Assorted Test Questions On Sedimentology

SEDIMENTOLOGY
1. Write notes on any four of the following:-

1. fining upward sequence
2. upperflow regime
3. chemogenous sediments
4. tectonic arkose
5. geochemical evironment
6. textural maturity
7. derived properties of sediments
(1) Cementation patterns in sand stones.

(2) Origin of chert.
(3) Heavy minerals groups.
(4) Mineral maturity.
(5) Classification of lime stones.
(6) Evaporates.
1. Evaporates.
2. Mineral and chemical composition of mud rocks.
3. Origin of chert.
4. Primary and secondary dolomites.
5. Fundamentals of fluid flow.
6. Heavy mineral groups.
1. Give a concise account of the biogenic sedimentary structures.

2. Explain the mineral stability.
3. Write notes on the origin of Chert.
4. Enumerate the various sedimentary environments.
5. Describe the textures of the sedimentary rocks.
6. Write notes on the provenance.
1. Describe the importance of the study of shape of fragments to decipher

the history of deposit.
2. Explain the term "Mineral maturity".
3. Define lithification and Diagenesis. Briefly analyze their role in sedimentation.
4. Give an account of the fresh water carbonate deposits.
5. Briefly describe the mineralogy and origin of phosphates.
6. Give an account of the cementation patterns in sandstones.
1. What are evaporates ? State how they are formed.

2. What is meant by mineral stability ? Explain the mineral stability series.
3. Describe the biogenic sedimentary structures.
4. Give a brief account of the methods of separation of heavy minerals, bringing out their
significance.
5. Define Porosity and Permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
6. Give a brief account of the non-classic textures.
1. Define the terms "lithification and diagenesis". Explain briefly the diagenetic process in lime
stones.
2. Give an account of sedimentary facies and environment.
3. Write a note on the origin of chert.
4. Describe the distinguish between Arkose and Graywacke.
5. Define the "mineralogical maturity".
6. Describe the mechanism of dolomitisation. Add a note on the detrital dolomite and
dedolomitisation.
a. Sediment movement by fluid flow.
b. Biogenic sedimentary structures.
c. Heavy mineral groups.
d. Cyclic sediments.
e. Primary and secondary dolomites.
f. Cementation patterns in sandstones.
i) The origin of the Chert.

(ii) Shape and roundness.
(iii) Distinguish between cross bedding and graded bedding.
(iv) Distinguish between suspension load and traction load.
(v) Evaporates and their formation.
(vi) Primary and secondary dolomite
10. Answer any five of the following
a. Origin and uses of graded bedding

b. Formation and Manganese nodules and their importance.
c. Walther's law of succession of facies
d. Flow regime concept.
e. Bouma sequence.
f. Stylolites.
a. Biogenic sedimentary structures

b. Diagenetic processes in limestones
c. Compaction of mud rocks and porosity
d. Skewness and kurtosis
e. Fresh-water carbonates
a. Intrastratl solution
b. Heavy mineral separation
d. Cross stratification.
e. Lebespuren
f. Provenance.
a. Pelagic deposits
b. Primary dolomite
c. Goldich's stability series
d. ZTR index
e. Intrastratal solution
f. Shape of clastic grains
a. Plaeocurrent analysis
b. Biogenic sedimentary structures
c. Permeability analysis
d. Sorting coefficient
e. Turbidity currents
f. Lr. Flow regime
2. a. Diagenetic minerals
b. Turbidites and Bouma sequence
c. Grade scale
d. Stokes law
e. Mn- nodules
f. Residual deposits
g. Flow regime concept.
f. Economic sedimentology
a. Fining upward sequence

b. Upper flow regime
c. Chemogenous sediments
d. Tectonic arkose
e. Geochemical environment
f. Textural maturity
g. Derived properties of sediments
f. Skewness
a. What are evaporites? State how they are formed

b. What is mineral stability? Explain the mineral stability series
c. Describe biogenic sedimentary structures
d. Methods of separation of heavy minerals
e. Define Porosity and permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
f. Give an account of non-clastic textures.
a. What are evaporites ? State how they are formed.

b. What is meant by mineral stability ? Explain the mineral stability series.
c. Describe the biogenic sedimentary structures
d. Give a brief account of the methods of separation of heavy minerals,bringing out their
significance.
e. Define porosity and permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
f. Give a brief account of the non-clastic textures.
Write explanatory notes on the following
a. Wentworth Grade Scale

b. Oolitic texture
c. Size analysis and
d. Intrastratal solution.
a. Dune and antidune

b. Mud rocks.
c. Evaporite
d. Chemical cement
e. Environmental parameters.
f. Orogenic sediments.
g. Carbonaceous sediments.
write notes on:

a. Heavy mineral study.
b. Size and shape of grains.
c. Sedimentary facies.
11. Give an account of the sedimentary structures.
Write an essay on the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments.
Write an essay on sedimentary structures.
Give the recent classification of limestones and add a note on fresh water carbonate
deposits.
Write an essay on the classification of limestones.
Define the terms Lithification and Diagenesis. Analyze their role in sedimentation.
Give an account of the sedimentary structures.
Write an essay on the sedimentary facies and environments.
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin
In the light of recent researches, give the classification of sandstones.
Give the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments and explain how they are graphically
represented.
Give critical analysis of sedimentary structures.
Define the terms Porosity and Permeability. How do these properties affect fluid migration in
sandstone and limestones?
Give a brief account of the classification of sandstones.
Give an account of the sedimentary facies and environments.
Give the recent classification of Limestones and add a note on fresh - water carbonate
deposits.
Give an essential depositional difference between a meandering river set up and a braided
river set up.
Enumerate the different directional sedimentary structures and their importance in palaeocurrent
studies.
Describe the characteristic of deposits made in a fluvial environment.
Enumerate and describe the structures that throw light on the direction of sediment transport.
Give an account of the classification of either conglomerates or limestones.
Describe the origin and occurrence of phosphatic sediments, with suitable examples from
India.
Write an essay on the limestone diagenesis.
Discuss the tectonic classification of sedimentary basins.
Write an essay on the origin of evaporite sediments.
Describe the architecture of the lithological facies of clastic environments.
"The framework mineralogy of clastic rocks have an indelible signature of the provenance like
relief, climate and source rocks.
Write an essay on the Mud rocks
Describe the various diagenetic processes in the making of carbonate rocks from sediments.
Describe the various depositional framework, tectonic evolution and economic
potential of continental sedimentary basins.
What are the important evaporite minerals? Discuss their

origin.
Write an essay on the classification and origin of common
clay minerals.
Write an essay on the industrial and economic applications of study of sediments.
Describe the depositional environment of a meandering river deltaic deposit.
Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to the study of sediments.
Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.
Discuss the economic potentials of the marine sedimentary basins.
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin.
Briefly describe the various sedimentary structures. Discuss their role in determining (a) the
top and bottom in sedimentary sequence and (b) Paleo-current direction.
Explain the term "Provenanace" in Sedimentology. State how the maturity of sediments is
determined.
Classify and describe various types of limestones. Add a note on their diagenesis.
Describe the mode of formation and characters of turbidites.
Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.
examine the different views on the origin of phosphate deposits.
Explain the concept of size in detrital rocks. Describe the grain size distribution with respect to
grade scales and frequency distribution.
Classify and describe Conglomerates, gravels and breccias. Give the diagenesis of
Conglomerates.
Define Provenance. Describe mineral stability, mineralogical maturity and source rocks of the
sediments. Add a note on heavy mineral groups.
Give the classification of sandstone. Add a note on cementation pattern in ancient rocks.
Classify and describe various types of limestones. Add a note on their diagenesis.
Give an account of structures in sedimentary rocks.
-------------------
M.SC. PREVIOUS EXAMINATION
Branch VII-Geology
Paper II SEDIMENTOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY
Time: 3 hr. Max. marks: 65

Section - A (Sedimentology)
1. Define the terms Lithification and Diagenesis. (10)

Analyze their role in sedimentation.
OR
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin.
2. Writes notes on any four of the following. (4x5)
a. Dune and antidune

b. Evaporite
c. Chemical cement
d. Environmental parameters.
e. Orogenic sediments.
Section - B (Paleontology)
3. Describe the classification, general history and (10)

application of conodonts.
or
Describe the evolutionary trends in reptiles.
4. Write notes on any five of the following:- (5x5)
i . Use of foraminifera in petroleum industry

ii . Irregular echinoids
iii. Archaeopteryx
iv . Evolution of glabella in trilobites
v . Dentition in pelecypodes
vi . major evolutionary trends in brachiopods
-------------------

Branch VII-Geology
Time: 3 hr. Max. marks 65
1. Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to (10)

the study of sediments.
OR
Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.
2. Write notes on any four of the following (4x5)

b. Chemogenous sediments
c. Tectonic arkose
d. Geochemical environment
3. Enumerate, giving examples, the evolutionary trends (10)

noticed in trilobites.
OR
Describe the evolutionary trends in reptiles.
i . Morphology of conodonts
ii . Suture patterns in ammonoids
iii. External morphological features of foraminiferal tests
iv . Dentition in pelecypodes
v . Modes of preservation of fossils
vi . Homoemorphy
----------------------

Branch VII-Geology
Time: 3 hr. Max. marks. 65

1. Define Provenance. Describe mineral stability, (10)
mineralogical maturity and source rocks of the sediments. Add a note on heavy mineral
groups.
OR
Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.
2. Write notes only any four of the following. (4x5)
a. Grade scale
b. Q-F-R diagram
c. Mean size
d. Climatic arkose
e. Role of carbon dioxise in carbonate formation
3. Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in ammonoidea. (10)
OR
Trace the evolution of horses with appropriate examples.
i . Modes of preservation of fossils

ii . Classification of spores and pollens
iii. Palaeoecology of foraminifers
iv . Lower cambrian trilobites
v . Facial suture in trilobites
vi . Patterns of evolution
------------------------

Branch VII-Geology
Time: 3 hr. Max. marks 65.

1. Describe the characters and mode of formation (10)

turbidites.
OR
a. Aragonite in modern environments

b. Manganese nodules
c. Diagenetic texture of limestones
d. Heavy mineral analysis
e. Upper flow regime
-------------------
3. Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in brachiopoda. (10)
OR
Give an account of the Paleoecology of foraminifera. Discuss the use of foraminifers in petroleum
industry.
4. Write notes on any FIVE of the following:- (5x5)
i . Evolution of horses
ii . Middle cambrian trilobites
iii. Devonian fishes
iv . Morphology of spores and pollens
v . Siwalik vertebrates
vi . Morphology of conodonts
--------------------

Branch VII-Geology
Time: 3 hr. Max. marks 65

1. Classify and describe various types of limestones. (10)

Add a note on their diagenesis.
OR
1. Inrastatal solution
2. Mud rocks
3. Evaporeites
4. Chert
5. Protodolomite
--------------------
3. What are spores and pollens ? Give an account of the (10) morphology of spores and pollens.
OR
Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in brachiopoda.
4. Write notes on any FIVE of the following:- (5x5)
i . Homeomorphy
ii . Adaptive radiation
iii. Mesozoic reptiles
iv . Devonian fishes
v . Distinguish between Nevadia and Paradoxides
vi . Palaeoecology of foraminifera
-----------------
M.SC.(TECH) DEGREE THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN

MARINE GEOPHYSICS
PAPER III MARINE GEOLOGY
Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 60

Section A
Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate

answer from the list
1. Extensive deposits of polymetallic nodules are found in :
a. pacific ocean b. Atlantic ocean
c. Indian ocean d. In all the three oceans
2. A guyot is a morphological feature produced by:

a. Wave action b. current action
c. Volcanic action d. none of the above
3. In coral reef development:

a. Blue green algae play an important role
b. Diatoms play an important role
c. Algae and diatoms play important roles
d. None of the above
4. Rate of sedimentation
a. is higher in the Arabian sea than bay of Bengal
b. Is higher in bay of Bengal than in Arabian sea
c. is equal in Arabian sea and bay of Bengal
d. changes seasonally in both oceans, but always higher in
bay of Bengal
5. Two main groups of pelagic sediments are:

a. brown clay and silt b. clays and sand
c. clays and oozes d. none of the above.
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN ONE OR TWO SENTENCES EACH
6. Submarine canyons 7. Tombolo

8. Chemogenous sediments 9. Carlsberg ridge
10. Sediment trap
Section-B
11. Offshore oil fields of India

12. Continental margin
13. Shoreline of west coast of India
14. Beach profile
15. Origin of sea water
16. Bengal fan
17. Phosphorites
18. Oozes
Section-C
19. Give an account of methods of exploring the sea floor.
OR
Describe the ocean floor topography of Arabian sea
20. Write an essay on the classification of marine sediments

OR
Write an essay on the distribution and genesis of polymetallic nodules.
-----------------
M.SC.(TECH) DEGREE THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN

MARINE GEOPHYSICS
PAPER III MARINE GEOLOGY

Section A
Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate

answer from the list
(1x10=10)
1. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is
a. 100 cm./Kilo yr b. 10 cm./Kilo yr

c. 2-3 cm./Kilo yr d. 5-10 mm./Kilo yr
2. The Aleutian arc is in the:
a. north Atlantic b. south Atlantic

c. norhtern Indian d. northern Pacific
3. The Murray fracture zone lies off the coast of

a. Brazil b. Chile
c. New York d. California
4. Iceland is very special for the occurrence of
a. large sheep farms b. hot springs

c. Mid atlantic ridge d. all of the above.
5. Mindanao trench and Honshu ridge encloses the
a. Philippine basin b. Japanese basin

c. Java basin d. Arabian basin
6. The carlsberg ridge continues northward to
a. Owen fracture zone b. Austral seamount chain

c. Marutias ridge c. Java trench
7. Characteristic sediment of the narrow eastern shelf of the

Indian Peninsula is:
a. terrigenous sand with black sand concentrates turning into mud at 30 fathoms
b. Ribbon of mud bordering below 5 fathom depth followed by

siliciclastic sediment
c. Cabonate-silici calstic sediments followed by mud in the deeper wters

d. terrigenous mud with black sand concentrates.
8. Transform fault, a special category of fault was identified by:
a. Tulso wilson b. W.D. West

c. K. Naha d. A. Holmes
9. The limit of the continental shelf is marked by the shelf break, which occurs at:
a. a depth of 100 m. b. not at any fixed depth

c. a depth of 100 fath. d. a depth of 50 fath.
10. The Glomar explorer is a research ship engaged in:
a. Mapping the Mn nodule fields

b. recovering the drowned submarines
c. laying underwater pipe lines
d. detecting underwater nuclear tests.
Section B
Answer any six questions; limit answer to 300 words each
(5x6=30)
11. Glacial eustasy
12. Chemogeneous sediments
13. Guyots
14. Red clays
15. 90 east ridge
16. Pillow lava
17. Mn-nodules
18. Mid-oceanic ridge
Section C
Answer any two; limit answer to 1200 words each
(10x2=20)
19. Write an essay on the methods of exploration of sea bed for the Black mineral sand deposits.
OR
Write an essay on the Bengal deep sea fan.
20. Critically examine the origin and distribution of Phosphatic nodules.
OR
Review the causes and implications of sea level changes in the geologic past.
---------------------
M.SC. DEGREE IV SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY
Time : 3 hours Max. marks: 60
SECTION - A
(Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate answer)
(10)
1. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is:

2. Micrite is a term applied to:
a. clastic mud b. carbonate mud

c. lunar mud d. altered volcanic ash
3. Marl is a sedimentary rock:
a. forming below the peritidal limit

b. accounts for the oil recovery potential of a producing
formation
c. composed of low rank graywacke and lime mud
d. made of carbonate and clay minerals
4. Loess is a clastic rock:
a. 60% of which is essentially made of material of 0.063 to 0.003 mm. size.

b. that adds strength to the foundations in the filled up lagoons or lakes
c. characterized by a high content of K2O (>20%).
d. generally sought after by alluvial gold prospectors.
5. Magnesian limestones have an MgO content of:
a. 1.0 - 2.0 % b. 10.0 - 18.0 %

c. 3.0 - 5.0 % d. 5.0 - 10.0 %
6. Bioherms have been defined as:
a. a dome like growth of clastic sediment in a strata of dissimilar composition.

b. a mound or lens built mainly by sedentary organisms in
a rock of dissimilar composition.
c. an intrusion like growth of a salt bed into an adjacent strata of dissimilar composition.
d. a replacement of a carbonate strata by another carbonate strata
7. Novaculite is a sedimentary rock composed of:
a. very dense, cryptocrystalline silicious, bedded rock

b. high Mg-calcite in association with cold water fauna
c. monocrystalline quartz, k-feldspar and rock fragments in
equal proportions
d. poly crystalline quartz, equal amounts of potash feldspar plagioclase and rock fragments.
8. Most rigorous weathering is characteristic of environment:
a. distinguished by high temperature and high moisture content.

b. the hallmark of which is average high temperatures through the year
c. where production of humic acid is very much scarce
d. which is generally non-existent to day.
9. A sandstone with a signature of high quartz to feldspar and high alumina to soda ratios is the
product of:
a. a region of low relief

b. a region of low relief and warm humid climate
c. a region of warm humid climate
d. a region of low relief but moderately cooler temperatures.
10. In the direction of transport, the clastic sedimentary particles show:
a. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in sphericity

b. a fall in grain size along with an increase in sphericity
c. a fall in grain size along with a increase in silt content
d. a fall in grain size only
SECTION - B
Answer any six question. Limit answers to 300 words each
(30)
11. Cementation patterns in sand stones.
12. Origin of chert.
13. Heavy minerals.

14. Mineral maturity.
15. Folk's Classification of lime stones.
16. Evaporites.
17. Stokes law
18. Upper flow regime
SECTION - C
Answer all questions. Limit answers to 1200 words
19. Critically examine the origin and distribution of Phosphatic nodules.
OR
20. Give an account of the classification of sandstones.
OR
Describe the various depositional framework, tectonic evolution and economic

potential of continental sedimentary basins.
---------------------
M.Sc. DEGREE THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN
MARINE GEOLOGY
STRATIGRAPHY
Section A
1. Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate

answer from the list. (1*10)
a. The first International Geological Congress was held in:
a. 1878, Paris b. 1875, Washington DC

c. 1925, Beijing d. 1935, New Delhi.
b. A Zone is defined as the basic unit of:
a. Lithostratigraphy b. Biostratigraphy
c. Chronostratigraphy b. Pedostratigraphy
c. In stratigraphy, the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous is placed at:
a. 300 ma. b. 360 ma.

c. 350 ma. d. 280 ma.
d. Although over 40 different strata have been identified by

William Smith, it was:
a. C.H. Holland b. L.Dollo

c. W. Buckland d. H.G.Schenk
who categorised the strata into a hierarchy.
e. The important criterion for system boundaries is:
a. faunal change b. lithological boundaries

c. diastrophism d. all of the above.
f. A geologic-climatic unit is used along with:
a. classification of Quaternary
b. categorization of the Pennsylvanian
c. grouping of the Proterozoic
d. organization of chronostratigraphic units
g. The three principles of stratigraphy were devised by:
a. Nicolaus Steno b. William Smith

c. John Playfair c. W. Sedgwick
h. The fundamental rock unit of stratigraphy is:
a. formation b. series
c. facies d. zone
i. The term Jurassic, describing the strata of Jura mountains

was coined by:
a. Von Humbolt b. L. Agassiz
c. C.Lyell d. R.I.Murchison
j. FAD's and LAD's are used in:
a. biostratigraphy b. lithostratigraphy
c. correlation of strata c. magnetostratigraphy
Section B
Answer any six; limit in about 300 words each

(5*6)
2. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating
3. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating
4. Fission track dating
5. Radiocarbon dating
6. Aminoacid dating
7. Geologic history of Kerala
8. Indian shield: a crustal mosaic
9. Indian Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature (ICSN)
Section C
(10*2)
Limit answers to 1200 words each
10. "The boundary between the Archaean and the Proterozoic is one of the most profound and
spectacular breaks in earth's history." Elucidate.
OR
Write an essay on the code of stratigraphic nomenclature adopted and used in India.
11. "The Himalayan saga is a unique event in the history of fold mountains." Elaborate.
OR
Dating of Deccan Traps calls for evidences of a varied nature. Demonstrate.
-------------------
FEBRUARY 1996
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY
Time : 3 hours Max. marks: 60

SECTION - A
(Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate answer)
1. Reynolds number, a dimensionless parameter, is

a. used to calculate the rate of diagenesis in limestones
b. the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
c. applied in the classification of mud rocks
d. the ratio of the inertial and gravitational forces
2. Secchi disc is a device used:

a. in the calibration of gravimeters
b. to determine the depth of light penetration
c. to estimate the depth of nepheloid layer
d. to determine the depth of sediment water interface.
3. Grade scale used by sedimentologists was proposed by:

a. Udden b. Wentworth c. Bureau of Indian Standards
d. American Society for Testing Materials
4. Lithification of sediments involves processes like:

a. compaction, solution & reprecipitation
b. compaction, intrastratal solution & rheomorphism
c. overgrowth, outgrowth and solution
d. reprecipitation, neomorphism & stylolitisation
5. As the depth of flow increases:

a. straight crested ripples transform to linguoid ripples
b. linguoid ripples transform to straight crested ripples
c. linguoid ripples change to lunate ripples
d. straight crested ripples change to dunes.
6. X-radiography is used by sedimentologists for:

a. imaging the dinasour eggs in sex determination
b. imaging the porosity distribution of cores
c. screening cores to identify bioturbation
d. identification of glauconite content
7. Most rigorous weathering is characteristic of environment:

a. distinguished by high temperature and high moisture content.
b. the hallmark of which is average high temperatures through the year
c. where production of humic acid is very much scarce
d. which is generally non-existent to day.
8. Sand ribbons are those sandstone bodies with a length to width ratio of
a. 3 or more
b. 2 or less
c. between 2.5 and 2.9
d. approximately 1.
9. Novaculite is a sedimentary rock composed of:

a. very dense, cryptocrystalline silicious, bedded rock
b. high Mg-calcite in association with cold water fauna
c. monocrystalline quartz, k-feldspar and rock fragments in
equal proportions
d. poly crystalline quartz, equal amounts of potash feldspar plagioclase and rock fragments.
10. According to Middleton (1960) the different types of sandstones occur in the following order.
a. quartz arenite, graywacke, lithic arenite and arkose

b. Graywacke, quartz arenite, graywacke and arkose
c. lithic arenite, graywacke, arkose and quartz arenite
d. arkose, quartz arenite and graywacke
SECTION - B
Answer any six questions in about 300 words each. (6x5)
11. Biogenic sedimentary structures.

12. Mineral stability.
13. Origin of Chert.
14. Deltaic environment.
15. Mean size.
16. Provenance.
17. Fundamental properties of sediments
18. Stokes law
SECTION - C
Answer following questions in about 1200 words each. (20)
19. What is permeability of sediment or rock? List the methods used in its determination. Describe one of
the methods used in determination of permeability.
Or
Most of the time the mineralogy of clastic sediments are

a "chip of the source rocks". Elaborate.
20. List the most important occurrence of Mn-nodules in the sea- bed. Critically examine the origin
as well as their occurrences. Comment on India's place in the matter of this
resource.
Or
Describe the Bouma sequence along with the hydrodynamic

implications. Critically assess the important theories of Turbidite formation.
----------------
GOL.514 GENERAL SEDIMENTOLOGY
SECOND TEST
Time: 60 min.
1. Define Froude number. Comment on the limiting values characterizing the flow conditions
2. Define Reynolds number. Describe the behavior of flow types under different Reynolds
numbers.
3. Define shear stress. Comment on the relation ship between shear stress one the one hand and slope
and depth on the other.
4. Flow velocity is not a suitable parameter in the study of sediment motion. Explain?
5. Briefly describe the concept of flow regime in sediment transport. Identify the hierarchy of
bedforms associated with the flow regimes.
6. Comment on the relations between the bedforms and current structures.
7. Derive the Stoke's law of settling velocity. How does it differ from the Rubey's equation.
8. Describe hydraulic equivalence and its application to the task of environmental discrimination.
9. Briefly describe the materials and facilities needed for sieve analysis.
10. Define the Chezy equation of river flow. Describe how it differs from the Manning formula.
11. Sketch the Bouma sequence and comment on the energy distribution.
12. Describe the parameters used in characterizing the shape of

clastic grains.
-----------------------------
THIRD TEST
(This MID-SEMESTER test (60%), preceedes a session of spoting (40%) of minerals and thin sections of
clastic rocks under the microscope.)
(ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.)

Time: 60 min.
1. Sketch the triangular classification of sedimentary rocks

proposed by Folk.
2. List the important and well understood modern carbonate environments.
3. List the chief aspects of the subtidal environmrnt.
4. What are the important carbonate minerals.
5. The carbonate rock record abounds in shallow water carbonates. Explain.
6. What are the chief roles of Thallasia grass in a modern carbonate environment?
7. Describe the role of alga Chara in a carbonate environment.
8. List the important types of allochemical constituents of a

carbonate rock. Explain the mode of formation of each of these.
9. Describe the mode/s formation of micrite or calcium carbonate mud.
10. What is an alagal biscuit? Explain the "moral" of its mode of formation vis-a-vis the carbonate
sediment.
11. How would you estimate the depth to the photic zone?
12. Describe the cardinal principles of Folk's classification of

limestones. List the important categories.
------------------
Dec. 17, 1996
Mid-term test.
Time: 60 min.
(60 marks)
Answer any ten questions. Brevity will be appreciated
1. List the essential minerals of a rock of granitic composition. Comment on the relative stability of
each.
2. Explain the geomorphic controls of lateritisation.
3. Define the grain size parameters in the scheme of Folk.
4. List the various types of detrital quartz. Comment on the special features of each.
5. Silt grade quartz is always angular. Explain?
6. What is geologic cycle? why is it relevant to study of sedimentary rocks.
7. Comment on the roles of climate, relief and source rock on the nature of primary detritus.
8. List the different categories of stream load. Comment on the relative importance of each in a
tropical climate.
9. Describe the Folk's classification of limestones.
10. Describe the shape measures of clastic particles.
11. What are the factors that control the grain size. Comment on the modification of grain due to transport.
12. Classify the clastic rocks in the scheme of Dott Jr.

------------------
Dec.5, 1997 MID-TERM TEST
GOL.534 Geochemistry
Time: 90 min Max. Marks 50
Part-A
(Answer any six questions)
5x6
1. Define aerosols. What are commonest natuaral constituent of aerosols and how is it derived?
2. Define molarity, molality, activity, mole fraction and partial pressure.
3. What are ideal soluitions?
4. Briefly describe the basis of design of Periodic table.
5. What are the major elements of the lithosphere? How do they differ from the minor elements.
6. Why is it that element sulphur is considered very special by the geochemists?
7. Describe the Raleigh fractionation and its implication to geochemistry.
8. Erosion and deposition of carbonate, among others, is dependent on the CO2 content of the
solution.
Part-B
8
9. Briefly decribe the cycle of carbon. What are the important isotopes of carbon. Mention the
isotopic standard of carbo.
Or
What is an isotopic standard? List the standards for the stable isotopes of Oxygen, carbon and
sulphur.
Part-C
12
11. What are isotopes? Defend the application of isotope studies
of geological materials.
Or
Enumerate the reasons in support of geochemical study of

geological materials.
--------------------
SECOND REPEAT
Time: 60 min.
1. Define Froude number. Comment on the limiting values characterizing the flow conditions
2. Define Reynolds number. Describe the behavior of flow types under different Reynolds
numbers.
3. Define shear stress. Comment on the relation ship between shear stress one the one hand and slope
and depth on the other.
4. Flow velocity is not a suitable parameter in the study of sediment motion. Explain?
5. Briefly describe the concept of flow regime in sediment transport. Identify the hierarchy of
bedforms associated with the flow regimes.
6. Comment on the relations between the bedforms and current structures.
7. Derive the Stoke's law of settling velocity. How does it differ from the Rubey's equation.
-----------------------------
FINAL TEST, Feb. 1998
Time: 3 Hr. Part-A
Answer any 8 questions
(Answers not to exceed 600 words) (8x10)
1 Biogenic sedimentary structures.

2. Reflux hypothesis.
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
6. Stoke's law
7. Cementation.
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Mineral Maturity
Part-B
OR
Desribe the weathering process and products of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical
climate.
--------------------------
END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION
(S1/1997)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.

Part-A Answer any 8 questions.
1. Intrastratal solution
2. Heavy minerals.
4. Micrite.
5. Skewness
6. QFR diagram
7. Upper flow regime bedforms
8. Protodolomite
9. Clay minerals
10. Common Evaporite minerals
Part-B
11. List the different types of Deltas. Discuss the origin of the Mississippi delta.
OR
Describe the Folk's classification of carbonate rocks.
--------------------------
(S1/1997)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Heavy liquid seperation
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Microspar
6. Climbing ripples
7. Primary dolomite
8. Bioturbation
9. Kaolinite.
10. Fall velocity
Part-B
11. Discuss the processes of conversion of lime sediment into

a sediment rock.
OR
Comment on the tropical weathering products of granitic rocks and the origin of arenites.
(S1/1997)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
1. Heavy separation.
2. Geological cycles.
3. Textural maturity
4. Particle shape
5. Trace fossils
6. Lower flow regime
8. Bragg's equation and clays
9. Lithofacies
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
11. Write an essay on the Folk's classification of limestones.
OR
--------------------------

FINAL TEST
Time: 3 Hr.
(S1/1977)
Part-A
(Answer any 8 questions)
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Gypsum
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Manning equation
6. Stoke's law
7. Primary dolomite
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Ortho-chemical constituents
Part-B
OR
--------------------------
FINAL TEST
Time: 3 Hr.
Part-A
4. Particle shape
5. Stokes law
9. Evaporite minerals
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
11. Write an essay on Dunham's classification of limestones and point out the cardinal points of
difference with the Folk's scheme of classification.
OR
Flow regimes, bed forms and current structures.
--------------------------
MID-TERM TEST
GOL-513 General Sedimentology
Dec.5, 1997
Duration 120 min. Marks: 50
(Neat sketches demonstrate your knowledgeability)
Part-A
(Answer any 8 questions)
5x8
1. Describe the Geologic cycle
2. Examine the roles of relief and climate in the chemical weathering process.
3. Describe the mineral stability series.
4. What are the fundamental properties of sediments?
5. What is the geological significance of average size?
Describe the various measures used to estimate the average grain size.
6. What are the implications of standard deviation?
Describe the derivation of this measure under Folk and Ward scheme.
7. What are heavy minerals? List the common heavy mineral species noticed in the beach placers of
Kerala.
8. What is a heavy liquid and what is its use? Furnish the important properties you expect in a
heavy liquid.
9. Describe the textural maturity. What are its hydrodynamic implications.
10. What is mineralogical maturity? Discuss the geological implications?
11. Examine how shape of clastic particles are assessed by the
sedimentologist. Discuss the sedimentological significance of grain shape.
12. What is a hydrograph? Sketch a hydrograph and examine its
implications.
Part-B
10
13. Sediment load is a very important factor of a fluvial system. Elucidate.
Or
Imagine, you took a hike from the city of Trivandrum eastward upto the Ibex Hill in Ponmudi,
making notes on the type of soil, sediments and rocks under his feet. Now offer scientific
explanation for the variety you came across.
Illustrate the answer with sketches and cross-sections
----------------

12. Mean size.
13. Provenance.
8. Stokes law
11. Heavy minerals.
112.
Biogenic sedimentary structures.

2. Mineral stability.
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
6. Stoke's law
7. Cementation in sand stones.
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Mineral Maturity

12. Mean size.
13. Provenance.
8. Stokes law
11. Heavy minerals.
13. Folk's Classification of lime stones.
14. Evaporites.
15. Stokes law
16. Upper flow regime
1. Inrastatal solution
2. Mud rocks
3. Evaporeites
4. Chert
5. Protodolomite
a. Grade scale
b. Q-F-R diagram
c. Mean size
d. Climatic arkose
e. Role of carbon dioxise in carbonate formation
a. Aragonite in modern environments
b. Manganese nodules
c. Diagenetic texture of limestones
d. Heavy mineral analysis
e. Upper flow regime
b. Chemogenous sediments
c. Tectonic arkose
d. Geochemical environment
a. Intrastratl solution
b. Heavy mineral separation
d. Cross stratification.
e. Lebespuren
f. Provenance.
Write an essay on the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments.
Write an essay on sedimentary stuctures
Give the recent classification of limestones and add a note on fresh water carbonate
deposits.
Write an essay on the classification of limestones.
Give the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments and explain how they are graphically
represented.
1. Extensive depositis of poly metallic nodules are found in:
a. Pacfic ocean b. Atlantic ocean
c. volcanic action d. None of the above
2. A guyot is a morpholocgical feature produced by:

a. wave action b. current action
c. volcanic action d. none of the above
3. In coral reef development:

a. blue green algae play an important part
b. Diatoms play an important role
c. Algae and diatoms play major roles
d. None of the above
4. Rate of sedimentation is:

a. higher in the arabian sea than the bay of bengal
b. higher in the bay bay of bengal than the arabian sea
c. is equal in the arabian sea and the bay of bengal
d. changes seasonally in both the seas
5. Two main groups of pelagic sediemnts are:

a. brown clay and silt b. clays and sand
c. clays and oozes d. none of the above
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
M.SC. DEGREE SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE BIOLOGY
Time: 3 Hr. Max. Marks: 60

SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY
Section A
(Answer all questions)
(All questions carry equal marks)
(1x10)
I Choose the most appropriate answer
1. The rate of sedimnetation in the deep ocean is
about:

2.
SECTION B
(answer any six questions in about 300 words)
(5x6)
II. Heavy mineral analysis
III. Upper flow regime
IV. Fining upward sequence
V. Chemogenous sediments
VI. Tectonic arkose
VII. Geochemical environment
VIII. Textural maturity
IX. Intra-stratal solution
SECTION C
(Answer all ques SECTION Btions in about 1200 words each)
(All questions carry equal marks)
(10x2 = 20)

MARCH, 1996
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Section - A
(Answer all questions. Choose the correct answer)
5x1
1. Charles Darwin was on board the research vessel:
a. SV. ALVIN b. H.M.S.Beagle

c. USS Roosevelt c. SV Sagar Kanya
2. The first Indian Antartic expedition was led by:
a. H.K.Gupta b. C.Karunakaran
b. S.Z.Quasim d. La Fond
3. The Mahadeva canyon is off:

a. Southern California b. the east coast of
Australia
c. the Malabar coast d. the east coast of Andhra
4. All actively swimming animals belong to:
a. the Planktons b. the Benthos

b. the Nektons d. the oozes

about:

2. The Chagos Murray fracture zone lies off the coast of
a. Brazil b. Chile

4. Charles Darwin participated in a scientific expedition

in the research ship called:
a. HMS Challenger b. USS Magellan

c. INS Virad d. HMS Beagle
5. According to Darwin an Atoll originated by the following steps:

a. Drowning of a volcanic cone, growth of fringing reefs and
growth of barrier reefs
b. Growth of barrier reefs, tectonic activity, growth of
fringing reefs
c. Growth of barrier reefs, volcanic subsidence, growth of
barrier reefs
d. volcanic cone formation, growth of barrier reefs and formation of atoll.
(Answer all questions in 1 or 2 sentences each)
5x1
6. Alvin
7. Wave refraction
8. Pelagic sediments
9. Blue green algae
10. Barrier reefs

(OVER)
Section - B
(Answer any six questions. Limit to 300 words each)
6x5
11. Density current
12. Classification of shorelines
13. Beach cycles
14. Sediment Texture
15. Brown clays
16. Sparker
17. Low tide terrace
18. SCUBA
Section - C
2x10
19. Discuss the origin of phosphatic nodules
OR
Describe the important topographic aspects of the
Northern Indian Ocean.
20. Review the origin of sea water
OR
Comment on the different types of marine sediments.
-------------------
M.SC. DEGREE SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN OCEANOGRAPHY

OCTOBER, 1996
GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Section - A
(Answer all questions by choosing the correct answer)
10 marks

2. The first Indian Antarctic expedition was led by:

Australia

5. The rate of sedimentation in the deep ocean is

about:

6. The Carlsberg ridge continues northward to

7. In a carbonate forming environment, addition of carbon dioxide to the sea water will lead to:
a. dissolution of already formed carbonate

b. acceleration of photosynthesis
c. precipitation of carbonate sediment
d. asphyxiation of green alga
8. The salinity of coastal waters is largely controlled by:
a. influx of fresh water input from adjacent land mass
b. fresh water supplies from snow/ice melt from glaciers

in the adjacent land mass
c. scarcity of terrestrial clastic sediment supply
d. all of the above
9. Below the carbonate compensation depth in the oceans there is:
a. a sharp increase in the carbonate bio-clastics

b. a marginal decline in the content of carbonate particles different types.
c. a sharp rise in the carbonate ooze content
d. a sharp fall in all sorts of carbonate particles
10. Transform faults are a type of:

a. gravity faults b. reverse faults with large
displacements
c. strike slip faults with displacement but no movement along the fault plane
d. none of the above.
Section - B
30 marks
11. Continental rise
12. Deep sea fan
13. Pipette analysis
14. Beach cycles
15. Brown clays
16. Free fall corer
17. Eustatic changes
18. SCUBA
Section - C
20 marks
19. Write an essay on the distribution and origin of barrier reefs.

OR
Describe the important submarine topographic features of the
Arabian sea.
20. What are turbidity currents? Comment on their origin and their geological role.
OR
-------------------
M.SC. DEGREE SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN OCEANOGRAPHY

OCTOBER, 1996
GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Section - A
10 marks
1. The first deep sea bathymetric chart was published by:
a. Charles Darwin b. M.F. Murray

c. Haary Hess c. Sir John Murray
2. The terrigenous sediments are derived from:

a). Sea b). Land c). rivers
d). estuary
3. Shallow water benthonic microfossils are transported by:

a. Turbidity currents b. Debris flows
b. Grain flows d. Fluidized sediment flows
4. Sbmarine topography of central Indian ocean east of 70E is dominated by:

a). Bay of Bengal b). 90E ridge
c).Laccadeive-Chagos ridge
d0>Abysal plain
5. The level at which carbonate disappears from surface sediments at depth is known as:
a).Snow line b). Benthic zone
b). Hemipelagic level d). critical depth
a).Plankton b). Benthos

c). Nektons d). the oozes
7. The aggregate of processes that turn sediments into rock is:

a). authigenesis B). Digenesis
c). sediment genesis d). lithogenesis
8. The horizontal shifting of enormous masses of water is termed:

a. Currents b). tides
c). waves d). convection
9. Salinituy of sea towards the coast near the mouth of the large rivers is:
a. higher than that of midocean

b. No difference at all
c. relati9vely lower
d. equal to that of open ocean
10. Trenches arew areas of of:
a. convergence of two oceanic plates
b. divergence of two plates
c. transverse fractures
d. sea floor spreading
Section - B
30 marks
11. abyssal plain
12. Developments in marine geology in the last two decades
13. salinity of oceans
14. Biological aspects of marine pollution
15. Beach ridges
16. Eustatic changes in sealevel
17. Turbidity currents
18. Marine sampling devices
Section - C
20 marks
19. Write an essay on the origin of attolls, showing the different types schematically. Cite some
classic examples.
OR
Discuss the geomorphology of the ocean floor.
20. Describe briefly the main types of marine seiments and their locales of accumulation
OR
Comment on the different types of coastal landforms with

suitable sketches.
-------------------
M.SC. DEGREE 2ND SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY
JANUARY, 1997
COASTAL PROCESSES, MARINE SEDIMENTATION AND

MINERAL RESOURCES
Section - A (10 )
(Answer all questions by choosing the best answer)
1. The marine manganese nodules were discovered during the
a. Challenger expedition b. Leg 212 of DSDP

c. cruise 82/95 of R/V Sagar Kanya
d. cruise 25/89 of Gaveshini
2. Extensive deposits of poly metallic nodules are found in:
a. Pacific ocean b. Atlantic ocean

c. volcanic action d. None of the above
3. In the down current side of a groin experiences
a. erosion b. deposition
c. relatively stable d. none of the above

5. Coastal lagoons are commonest along the coastal lands of

continents as a result of:
a. Holocene transgression b. early Holocene regression

c. melting of continental ice sheets.
d. the little ice age
6. In the oceans CCD is a unique depth below which:
a. carbonate oozes are abundant

b. water has high redox potential
c. only diagenetic glauconite occurs
d. water is undersaturated with respect to carbonate
7. The most continental shelves are covered with:
a. manganese nodules b. relict sediments

c. coralgal reefs d. barrier islands
8. In the direction of down drift, the beach sediments show:
a. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in sphericity

b. a fall in grain size along with an increase in sphericity
c. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in heavies
d. a fall in grain size only
9. The pelagic sediments generally range in color from:
a. white to dark reddish brown

b. white to pale grayish to greenish
c. dark brown to pale brown
d. pale green to dark brownish green
10. More than 75% of the ocean floor is less than
a. 5000 m. in depth b. 6000 m. in depth

c. 1500 m in depth d. between 500-1500 m. in
depth.
Section-B (30)
(Answer any six questions, within 300 words each)
11. Classify the waves and comment on the characteristics of each type.
12. Define longshore current. Discuss its role in the transport of sediment. Point out the reasons for the
shift of directions.
13. Briefly comment on the sources and types of beach sediments.
14. Origin of glauconite in marine sediments.
15. With the help neat diagrams describe the diurnal tides
16. Draw an appropriately labelled profile of beach and near shore zones.
17. D.W. Johnson's Coastal classification
18. Estimation of rates of marine sedimentation.
Section - C (20)
(Limit answers to 1200 words)
19. List the several causes of beach erosion. Examine the role of each in the erosion of Kerala beaches
in order to electe the most important mechanism/s of erosion. Illustrate the erosion-repair cycle of the beach
with neatly illustrated profiles.
OR
Examine the response of beaches to various beach protection structures like seawalls, groynes and
breakwaters. Asses the efficacy of each to hydrography and wave climate.
20. Review the geologic history of the Bombay High Oil Field.
OR
It has been claimed that before long, the human kind may turn to the marine realm for its food
needs. Discuss the scenario regarding the non-living resources of the ocean.
------------------------
M.SC. DEGREE 2ND SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY

JANUARY, 1997
COASTAL PROCESSES, MARINE SEDIMENTATION AND

MINERAL RESOURCES
Section - A (10 )
(Answer all questions by choosing the best answer)
1. Sediments are transported to the deep sea:
a. by rip currents b. density currents

c. pelagic deposition d. storm waves
2. Most continental shelves are covered by:
a. coralgal reefs b. relict sediments

c. red clays d. green clays
3. Among the grain size parameters only:
a. mean b. mean and kurtosis

c. mean and standard deviation
d. mean and skewness
possess a unit.

c. 82/95 of R/V Sagar Kanya
d. 25/89 of Gaveshini

depth.
6. Calcareous oozes cover about:
a. 128 million Km2 b. 12.8 million Km2

c. 1280 million Km2 d. 1.28 million Km2
of the modern ocean floor
7. The marine maganese nodules form at the rate of:
a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr

c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
8. Trenches arew areas of:
a. convergence of oceanic plates b. divergence of plates

c. transverse fractures d. sea floor spreading
9. The Carlsberg ridge continues northward to


Section-B (30)
(Answer any six, limit answers to 300 words each)
11. Bucket-ladder dredges

12. Legal problems in ocean mining
13. Indian ocean Manganese nodules
14. Seawalls
15. Wave refraction
16. Deep sea wave
17. Estimation of Sedimentation rate
18. Glauconite
Section - C (20)
(Limit answers to 1200 words)
19. What is beach nourishment? Examine the relative merit of this mechanism vis-a-vis the
others in protecting the beaches from wave erosion.
OR
Write a review on the placer mineral deposits of Kerala. Critically examine the role of placer
mining in respect of beach erosion.
20. Examine the distribution, chemical composition and origin of marine phosphorite deposits by
taking a suitable example.
OR
What are the important locales of sediment accumulation in the near shore region? Briefly
describe the sediment characteristics of any two of these.
------------------
M.SC. (TECH) III SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE

GEOPHYSICS
AUGUST, 1997
MARINE GEOLOGY
Section - A
1x10 marks

c. 82/95 of S/V Sagar Kanya
d. 25/89 of S/V Sagar Sampada

depth.


a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
6. Trenches are areas of:




Australia
10. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is:

SECTION-B
Answer any six with in 300 words each. 5x6

11. Bengal Deep sea fan
13. Indian ocean Manganese noduels
14. Biogenous sediments of ocean floor
15. Piston corer
16. Western continental shelf of India
17. Back-arc basins
18. Black sand placers
SECTION-C
Answer any two within 1200 words each 10x2
19. Write an essay on the Turbidity currents in the sea.
OR
Examine in detail the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean. Point out the aspects by which it
differs from that of the Pacific ocean.
20. Discuss the sedimentation history and tectonic evolution of the Bobmay high oil field.
OR
Review the mineralogy, occurrence, distribution and origin of the marine Phosphatic nodules.
-------------------
M.SC. (TECH) III SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE

GEOPHYSICS
AUGUST, 1997
MARINE GEOLOGY
Section - A
1x10 marks
2. The submarine canyons of have beeen the result of:

a. fluvial action b. Turbididty currents
c. Oceanic currents d. contour currents.
3. The concept of spreading sea floors has been attributed to:

a. Dietz b. Harry Hess
c. T.Wilson c. T.Atwater


depth.
6. Black smokers are the contributors for the formation of:

a. Polymetallic nodules b. Massive sulphide deposits
c. Phosphatic nodules d. Glauconite


a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
9. Trenches are areas of:

SECTION-B
Answer any six with in 300 words each. 5x6

11. The Indus fan
13. Red clays
14. Biogenous sediments
15. Phleger corer
16. Eastern continental shelf of India
17. Fore arc basin
18. Atlantic Bottom water
SECTION-C
Answer any two within 1200 words each 10x2
19. Write an essay on the distribution and origin of Marine Manganese nodules.
OR
Examine in detail the bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean. Point out the aspects by which it
differs from that of the Northern Indian ocean.
20. Discuss the sedimentation history and tectonic evolution of the Bobmay high oil field.
OR
Review the current status of ocean bed mining technology.
-------------------
PH.D. QUALIFYING EXAMINATION
PAPER II
QUATERNARY SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS OF KERALA COAST AND
SEA LEVEL CHANGES
Time 3 hr. Max. marks 100
Section A
3*21
1. More often than not, the Geomorphologic features of a terrain is a mirror of its tectonic fabric.
Substantiate this statement with reference of to Kerala.
OR
Write an essay on the Inman and Nordstrom (1971) scheme of tectonic and morphologic
classification of coasts. Examine the position of the Kerala coast in this scheme.
2. Discuss the principles involved, procedures in collection and preparation of samples and the
methodology of TL dating. What are the limitations of this technique? List the Indian centers where the
facilities currently exist.
OR
Explain the basis of fission track dating technique, pointing out the steps involved (both in collection
and pretreatment of samples as well as step by step procedure in data capture) in obtaining a fission track
date of glauconite.
3. Describe the methods of separation and concentration of pollen from sediments and sedimentary
rocks. Portray the role of
sediment geochemistry vis-a-vis preservation of pollen grains. Cite the contributions of the French Institute at
Pondicherry in pollen studies and environmental and climatic changes.
OR
Comment on the relationships between sediment texture and sedimentary environments, as

exemplified by the bivariate plots of Passega, Friedman and Folk and Ward.
Section B
Answer any six; limit answers to 300 words.

6*6
4. Dendrochronology
5. Radio-isotopes
6. C14 clock
7. Isochron
8. Whole rock dating
9. Application of Del O18 to paleo-temperature
10. Isostatic and Eustatic sealevel changes
11. Karewas
12. Evolution of Thar desert and climatic implications
--------------------
S1, Feb. 1998
Marks: 100
Time: 3 Hr. Part-A
Sketches do support the answers
(Limit answers to 300 words) (8x10)
1.Average size
2.Textural maturity
3.Stoke's law
5. Reflux hypothesis.
6. Geological cycles
7.Diagenetic processes
8.Chert.
9.Zingg diagram
10. Bouma sequence
Part-B
11. Desribe the process of weathering of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical climate.
What are the important products yielded under this weathering scheme
OR
Briefly describe the materials and facilities needed for Heavy mineral seperation.
--------------------------
(S1/Feb.1998)
Marks:100
Sketches do support answers
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
2. Carbonate sand
3. Chemical weathering of feldspar.
4. Textural maturity.
5. Skewness
6. QFR diagram
8. Protodolomite
9. Litharenite
10. Lagoon barrier Complex
Part-B
11. List the different types of Deltas. Discuss the origin of the Mississippi delta.
OR
Describe the classification of clastic rocks by Pettijohn.

(S1/Feb.1998)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Heavy liquid seperation
3. Sorting measure
4. Provenance.
5. Microspar
7. Missippi delta
8. Bioturbation
9. Grain roundness
10. Fall velocity
Part-B
11. Discuss the processes of lithification of lime sediment into a sediment rock.
OR
With suitable examples, examine how tectonics and climate influence weathering process of
rocks of granitic composition.
(S1/Feb.1998)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
4. Particle shape
5. Trace fossils
8. Bragg's equation
9. Lithofacies
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
OR
--------------------------
(S1/Feb.1998)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Gypsum
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Manning equation
6. Stoke's law
7. Primary dolomite
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Ortho-chemical constituents
Part-B
11. Write an essay on the Dunham's classification of limestones.

Point out the salient differences between this scheme and Folks scheme.
OR
- ---------------
(S1/Feb.1998)
Marks:100
Time: 3 Hr. Part A.
4. Particle shape
5. Stokes law
9. Evaporite minerals
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
11. Write an essay on Dunham's classification of limestones and point out its cardinal difference
with the Folk's scheme of classification.
OR
Flow regimes, bed forms and current structures.

Mid- SEMESTER EXAMINATION
GOL.51A The DYNAMIC EARTH
(S1/Dec., 97)
Marks:100
Time: 60 min.
Brevity & Sketches make answers effective

1. Suggest as many reasons as you can in support of the dynamic nature of Planet earth.
2. You have been told about at least three different shells of the earth. Name them, cite their unique
aspects.
3. Common sense has it that a cup of unfiltered coffee has a liquid phase and a solid phase in it, viz.,
the coffee extract in the water and the solid residue. Taking this analogy to river load, list the important types
of sediment load carried by river water.
4. Define a mineral. Make a list of important minerals that are noticed in: 1). a sandstone 2). a gneiss
and 3) a granite.
5. What is soil? How important is it to the humanity? Briefly comment on the process of formation of
soil.
6. What are the fundamental concepts of Environmental geology?
7. Geologic processes and humans operate on different time scales leading to management problems.
Explain.
8. These days Humans have assumed a role very much similar to that of geologic agents.
Demonstrate.
9. Define cleavage in minerals.
10. You have been told that sinuosity is a measure of the degree of curvature of a river channel. It is
assessed from aerial photos and topographic maps. Illustrate the different categories of sinuosity by suitable
sketches.
11. Answer the following.

a) Approximate age of the Earth, b). Material used for
estimating the age of the Earth, c). Isotope dating method used by archaeologist and d). approximate age of
the universe.
12. Answer the following.

a). Name one hypothesis for the origin of the Earth b). who proposed it? c). the three basic requirements for
existence of life on any planet, and d). what is half life?.
13. You may recall that while examining the river processes, there was a discussion on river metamorphosis.
Explain it in 4 or 5 sentences.
14. With the brief exposure you had on river processes, now will you vote (give reasons) for or against
the use of river bed sand as a construction material. Which ever side you may choose, the reasoning must
be scientific.
15. What are glaciers and how do they propel themselves? Where are they seen now a days? Why
don't we have them in the Deccan plateau?
16. List some of the important depositional landforms resulting from glacier action.
17. Sand dunes characterize only certain areas of the globe. What are the requisite conditions for their
formation?
17. An assignment you did for the class, exposed you to the Geologic time table. Now comment on the
basis of its design.
18. You were taken on a tour to the museum of the Dept. of Geology, to have a feel of the different tools
of geological trade. List them out along with your comments limited to 2 or 3 sentences each.
19. a). If you have a cube of rock of 1.0 m. long edges, what would be the total surface area exposed to
chemical weathering agents?
b). In the next step, using a magical crusher, this cube of 1.0 m sides are broken down to smaller
cubes of 1.0 cm edges. What then is the total surface area (of all these "baby" cubes) exposed to the
weathering agents?
c). If you cushed the entire crop of 1.0 cm. edged cubes to 1.0 mm. edged ones what would be the
total surface area exposed to chemical weathering process.
d). And finally, according to you, on which size would the chemical weathering be most effective?
20. You konw that rocks are divided into igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary types. Can you list the
logic behind this grouping.
-------------------------
M.Sc. DEGREE IV SMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY

SEDIMENTARYGEOLOGY
Time: 3hr. Max.Marks:60
Section A
(All Questions carry equal marks; Answer all) 1x10
1.Micrite characteristically forms in environments

a. of high energy b. below wave base
c. where salt water wedge occurs d. none of the above
2. River sediments generally show:

a. positive skewness b. negative skewness
c. positive skewness and very high sorting
d. coarse tail
3. Coarsening upward sequence is characteristic of:

a. fluvial sedidments b. Dune sediments
c. toe of the slip face of dune sediments
d. sedimentation by sediment avalanching
4. Kaolinite is characterized by:

a.one tetrahedral and one octahedral layer
b.one octahedral layer sandwiched between 2 tetrahedral layers.
c. with OH layer between two tetrahedral layers
d. a random arrangement of octahedral and tetrahedral layers.
5. Brown colour of sediment is a signature of environments:

a. rich in oxygen b. devoid of oxygen
c. with scarce oxygen only d. with ammonia only


c. 82/95 of S/V Sagar Kanya d. 25/89 of S/V Sagar Sampada
8.In the oceans CCD is a unique depth below which:

a. carbonate oozes are abundant b. water has high redox potential
c. only diagenetic glauconite occurs
d. water is undersaturated with respect to carbonate
9. Aggregate of processes that turn sediments into rock is:

a). authigenesis B). Digenesis
c). sediment genesis d). lithogenesis
10. Due to transport ratio of monocrystalline to polycrystalline quartz

a. will increase b. will not change at all
c. will decrease d. will increase only in fluvial system
Section –B
(Answer any six questions; Answer not to exceed 300 words. All questions carry equal marks)
(5x6)
II. Heavy mineral analysis.
III. Intrastratal solution
IV. ZTR index
V. Folk & Ward size parameters
VI. Settling velocity
VII.Glauconite
VIII. XRDA of clay minerals
IX. Lithofacies and biofacies.
Section-C
(All questions carry equal marks. Answer not to exceed 1200 words)
(10x2)
X. Write an essay on the classification of Arenites
OR
Describe the role climate, source rock and relief on the nature of primary detritus.
XI. Write an essay on the diagenesis of limestones. What is the fate of primary porosity due to
diagenesis..
OR
Discriminate between primary dolomite and dolomite. Examine the processes of formation of Dolomites.
--------------

M.SC DEGREE IV SMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY
Time: 3hr. Max.Marks:60
Section - A
(1x10marks)
I. Choose the best answer from the list
1. The term micrite is used to describe
a. carbonate sediment of muddy nature b. relict carbonate sediment
c. red clays having good deal of calcite d. red clays with aragonite
2. The mineral stability series was proposed by:

a. N.L.Bowen b. F.J.Pettijohn
c. M.S. Krishnan d. S.S.Goldich.
3. The concept of spreading sea floors has been attributed to:

a. Dietz b. Harry Hess
c. T.Wilson c. T.Atwater

5. The Sundarbans delta is a good example of

a. tide dominated delta b. wave dominated delta
c. fluvial dominated delta d. Gilbert’s delta
6. Illite is a clay mineral

a. and is expandable b. with a OH layer between tetrahedra
c. of detrital nature d. of Glauconite composition
7. CO2 of sea water is very critical in carbonate deposition. With fall in

atmospheric pressure
a. CO2 becomes more and more soluble
b. CO2 becomes less and less soluble
c. in fact CO2 content goes unaffected
d. CO2 is absorbed by marine life

a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
9. Mudbanks of Kerala inshore and that too between

a. Marthandan thura and Manjeshwar
b. Thirkunnapuzzha and Kozhikode
c. Varkala and Ponnani
d. Ambalappuzha and Ponnani
10.Quartz is a sedimentary rock characteristic of a provenance of

a. dominant aridity b. tectonic stability
c. tropicality c. tropicality and stability
SECTION B
(Answer any six questions; answers not to exceed 300 words each
all questions carry equal marks) (5x6)
II. Evaporites.
III. Stokes law
IV. Upper flow regime
V. Inrastatal solution
VI. Mud rocks
VII. Evaporeites
VIII. Chert
IX. Protodolomite
SECTION C
(Answer all questions; answers not to exceed 1200 words)
X. Desribe the process of weathering of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical climate. What are the
important products yielded under this weathering scheme
OR
Discribe the procedures used in heavy mineral separation. Discuss the application of heavy minerals in
sedimentological studies.
XI. Discuss the processes of conversion of lime sediment into a sediment rock.
OR
What are evaporites ? State how they are formed.
--------
M.SC. DEGREE II SEMESTER EXAMINATION IN MARINE GEOLOGY

JUNE, 2003
MGO 2208 GEOLOGY IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
Section - A
5x1


Australia

about:

a. Brazil b. Chile




fringing reefs
barrier reefs
5x1
6. Alvin
7. Wave refraction
9. Blue green algae
10. Barrier reefs
(OVER)
Section - B
6x5
11. Density current
12. Classification of shorelines
13. Beach cycles

14. Sediment Texture
15. Brown clays
16. Sparker
17. Low tide terrace
18. SCUBA
Section - C
2x10
19. Discuss the origin of phosphatic nodules
OR
Describe the important topographic aspects of the
Northern Indian Ocean.
20. Review the origin of sea water
OR
-------------------

MAY, 2003
MGO 2401 COASTAL PROCESSES AND EVOLUTION
Section - A
10x1
1. Littoral currents are:
a. always seasonal and change their direction b. caused only by spilling breakers
c. measured by a wave rider bouy d..like contour currents
2. Beach erosion is seasonal and is caused by:

a. long traveled swells b. by breakers
c. by storm waves with periods in excess of 8 sec. d. a combination of a, b, and c.
3. Black sand placers of Kerala are a handiwork of:
a. breakers in the monsoon season b. wave generated littoral currents

c. storm waves of the monsoon season d. all of the above.
4. Wave steepness is ratio of:

a. wave length, H and length, L
b. Wave length, L and wave period, T
c. Wave period, T and Velocity, C
d. the reciprocal of wave length and velocity, C
5. Wave energy is controlled by

a. the wave height and the wave length
b. velocity and period
c. wave height and period.
d. Wave steepness and angle of approach
6. The site where waves are generated is in a condition called
a. Sea b. surface current
c. contour current d. none of the above
7. Upwelling is a process controlled by :

a. variation in the temperature distribution in the water column
b. storminess where waves are instrumental in pushing the bottom waters to the surface.
c. When large volumes of waters are moved relative to each other but both vertically and
horizontally
d. All of the above
8. When waves move out of the area of generation or creation they cease to grow:
a. they gradually attenuate with time
b. they gradually attenuate with time and distance
c. velocity does not vary but height falls
d. all of the above
9. Wave energy by definition is:

a. partly kinetic b. partly potential
c. only kinetic d. only a combination of both.
10 In the equatorial zone, tractive force of tides are composed of components like:
a. diurnal and semi diurnal b. solar
c. lunar d. all of the above.
Section – B
(Answer any six questions in about 300 words each. All questions carry equal marks)
6x4
II. Beach profiling
III. Echosouder
IV. Sea level rise due to green house effect
V. SCUBA
VI. Beach erosion
VII. Barrier islands
VIII. Sediment bypassing
IX. Shallow water waves
Section – C
(Answer all questions, limit answers to 1200 words)
(2x8)
Xa. Critically examine the beach erosion with Kerala situation in mind.
OR
b. Examine the theories of origin, mineralogy and nature of the physical system of Mud banks of Kerala.
Critically comment of the mechanism of their role in preventing beach erosion.
XI. a. Review the geological history of the Kerala coastal zone in the Pleistocene.
OR
Write an essay on the classification of coasts.
-------

MAY, 2003
MGO 2401 COASTAL PROCESSES AND EVOLUTION
Section - A
10x1
2. Beach erosion is seasonal and is caused by:

3. Glass sand placers of Kerala are a handiwork of:

4. Wave steepness is ratio of:

a. wave length, H and length, L
b. Wave length, L and wave period, T
c. Wave period, T and Velocity, C
d. the reciprocal of wave length and velocity, C
10. Wave energy is controlled by

a. the wave height and the wave length
b. velocity and period
c. wave height and period.
d. Wave steepness and angle of approach
e.
11. The site where waves are generated is in a condition called
a. Sea b. surface current
c. contour current d. none of the above
12. Upwelling is a process controlled by :

b. storminess where waves are instrumental in pushing the bottom waters to the surface.
horizontally
d. All of the above
13. When waves move out of the area of generation or creation they cease to grow:
a. they gradually attenuate with time
b. they gradually attenuate with time and distance
c. velocity does not vary but height falls
d. all of the above
14. Wave energy by definition is:

a. partly kinetic b. partly potential
c. only kinetic d. only a combination of both.
11 In the equatorial zone, tractive force of tides are composed of components like:
a. diurnal and semi diurnal b. solar
c. lunar d. all of the above.
Section – B
(Answer any six questions in about 300 words each. All questions carry equal marks)
6x4
II. Beach placer formation
III. Echosouder
IV. Neotectonics
V. ALVIN
VI. Shoreline types of Kerala
VII. Barrier islands
VIII. Sediment bypassing
IX. Wave orthogonals
Section – C
(Answer all questions, limit answers to 1200 words)
(2x8)
X.a. Critically examine the beach placer gathering and beach erosion in Kerala.
OR
b. Examine the theories of origin, mineralogy and nature of the physical system of Mud banks of Kerala.
Critically comment of the mechanism of their role in preventing beach erosion.
XI. a. Review the geological history of the Kerala coastal zone in the Pleistocene.
OR
Write an essay on the modern methods of preventing erosion of beaches. Keeping Kerala scene in mind
suggest suitable method/s for preventing beach erosion.
-------
about:

a. Brazil b. Chile




fringing reefs
barrier reefs
5x1
6. Alvin
7. Wave refraction
9. Blue green algae
10. Barrier reefs
(OVER)

MARCH, 1996
GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Section - A
5x1


Australia


about:

a. Brazil b. Chile




fringing reefs
barrier reefs
5x1
(OVER)

JUNE, 2003
Section - A
1X10
I.1. Charles Darwin participated in a scientific expedition

3. The rate of sedimnetation in the deep ocean is about:

4. Upwelling is a process controlled by:

b. Storminess where waves are instrumental in pushing the bottom waters to the surface.
horizontally
d. All of the above

6. Major cause of beach erosion is seasonal is:


e. Marthandan thura and Manjeshwar
f. Thirkunnapuzha and Kozhikode
g. Varkala and Ponnani
h. Ambalappuzha and Ponnani
8. According to one estimate per capita entitlement of Kerala shoreline to the citizen is:
a. 1.8 cm b. 2.8 cm
c. 3.8 cm d. 4.8 cm.
9. Coastal aquifers are threatened by salt water intrusion::

a. due to over pumping of the fresh water
b. by a steep fall in annual rain fall
c. due to Eustatic sea level rise

d. as a result of unscientific dumping of industrial waste in the recharge sites
10. Total length of world shore line is of the order of :

a. 440,000 km. b. 340,000 km
c. 240,000 km. d. 540,000 km.
Section - B
(6x4)
II. Rip current
III. Emerging shorelines
IV. Black sand placers
V Brunn’s rule
VI. Barrier system
VII. Groins
VIII. Barrier islands
IX. Scope for mining coral reefs
X Mud banks.
Section - C
(Answer all questions, limit answers to 1200 words each)
(2x 8)
XI A. Critically review the tools and practices in the realm of Coastal Zone Management.
OR
B. “Beach sand mining has its deleterious consequences “ Elucidate
XII A. Examine the chief provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone Act and the special problems that are
encountered by a state like Kerala.
OR
B. Given the geological architecture of Kerala Coastal Zone, examine the impact of Sea Level Rise
due to Green House Effect.
-------------------

JUNE, 2003
Section - A
I.1. Charles Darwin participated in a scientific expedition

3. The rate of sedimnetation in the deep ocean is about:

4. Upwelling is a process controlled by:

e. variation in the temperature distribution in the water column
f. Storminess where waves are instrumental in pushing the bottom waters to the surface.
g. When large volumes of waters are moved relative to each other but both vertically and
horizontally
h. All of the above

6. Major cause of beach erosion is seasonal is:


i. Marthandan thura and Manjeshwar
j. Thirkunnapuzha and Kozhikode
k. Varkala and Ponnani
l. Ambalappuzha and Ponnani
8. According to one estimate per capita entitlement of Kerala shoreline to the citizen is:
a. 1.8 cm b. 2.8 cm
c. 3.8 cm d. 4.8 cm.
9. . Beach erosion is seasonal and is caused by:

10. Total length of world shore line is of the order of :

a. 440,000 km. b. 340,000 km
c. 240,000 km. d. 540,000 km.
Section - B
(6x4)
II. Lonshore current
III. Submerged shorelines
IV. Glass sand deposits of Chertala
V Brunn’s rule
VI. Barrier system
VII. Sea walls
VIII. Low tide terrace
IX. SCUBA
X Mud banks
Section – C
(Answer all questions, limit answers to 1200 words each) (2X8)
XIA. “Coastal ecosystems are constantly threatened by pollution” Elucidate with Kerala and Indian
examples.
OR
B. Taking the example of mining operations by the IRE and KMML, examine the long term and
medium term consequences of Beach sand mining.
XIIA. Examine the chief provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone Act and the special problems that are
encountered by a state like Kerala.
OR
B. Discuss the geological frame work of the Kerala Coastal zone.

Assorted Test Questions On Sedimentology

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SEDIMENTOLOGY

1. Write notes on any four of the following:-

(1) Cementation patterns in sand stones.

1. Give a concise account of the biogenic sedimentary structures.

1. Describe the importance of the study of shape of fragments to decipher

1. What are evaporates ? State how they are formed.

i) The origin of the Chert.

10. Answer any five of the following

a. Origin and uses of graded bedding

a. Biogenic sedimentary structures

a. Fining upward sequence

a. What are evaporites? State how they are formed

a. What are evaporites ? State how they are formed.

Write explanatory notes on the following

a. Wentworth Grade Scale

a. Dune and antidune

write notes on:

11. Give an account of the sedimentary structures.

Write an essay on the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments.

Write an essay on sedimentary structures.

Give an account of the sedimentary structures.

Write an essay on the sedimentary facies and environments.

In the light of recent researches, give the classification of sandstones.

Give critical analysis of sedimentary structures.

Give a brief account of the classification of sandstones.

Give an account of the sedimentary facies and environments.

Describe the characteristic of deposits made in a fluvial environment.

Give an account of the classification of either conglomerates or limestones.

Write an essay on the limestone diagenesis.

Discuss the tectonic classification of sedimentary basins.

Write an essay on the origin of evaporite sediments.

Describe the architecture of the lithological facies of clastic environments.

What are the important evaporite minerals? Discuss their

Write an essay on the industrial and economic applications of study of sediments.

Describe the depositional environment of a meandering river deltaic deposit.

Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to the study of sediments.

Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.

Discuss the economic potentials of the marine sedimentary basins.

In the light of recent researches, give the classification of sandstones.

Describe the mode of formation and characters of turbidites.

Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.

examine the different views on the origin of phosphate deposits.

Give an account of structures in sedimentary rocks.

Time: 3 hr. Max. marks: 65

1. Define the terms Lithification and Diagenesis. (10)

2. Writes notes on any four of the following. (4x5)

a. Dune and antidune

3. Describe the classification, general history and (10)

Describe the evolutionary trends in reptiles.

4. Write notes on any five of the following:- (5x5)

i . Use of foraminifera in petroleum industry

M.SC. PREVIOUS EXAMINATION

Time: 3 hr. Max. marks 65

1. Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to (10)

Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.

2. Write notes on any four of the following (4x5)

a. Fining upward sequence

3. Enumerate, giving examples, the evolutionary trends (10)

4. Write notes on any five of the following:- (5x5)

M.SC. PREVIOUS EXAMINATION

Time: 3 hr. Max. marks. 65

Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.

2. Write notes only any four of the following. (4x5)