tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjp kw;Wk;

nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Ml;rpKiwf;fhd

Fbkf;fspd; cupik

jw;fhyj;ija Ml;rpapy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;

gq;ifAk; ,yq;ifg; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;
NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;itiaAk; gw;wpa xU guprPyid

V.vk; etuj;d - gz;lhu

 tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk;
Ml;rp Kiwf;fhd Fbkf;fspd; cupik

jw;fhyj;ija Ml;rpapy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gq;ifAk;

,yq;ifg; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;itiaAk;
gw;wpa xU guprPyid

V.vk; etuj;d - gz;lhu

Nguhnjdpa gy;fiyf; fofk;

murpay; tpQ;Qhdg; gPlk;
Nguhnjdpa
Mf];l; 2009

gf;fk; |22
cs;slf;fk;

1. mwpKfk; - Ml;rpKiwAk; nghJ epu;thfKk; … … 05

2. jw;fhyj;ija murpy; nghJ epu;thfj;Jiwapd; gq;F … … 11

3. Vida ehLfspd; rpwe;j toq;fy; eilKiwfs; … … 19

4. ,yq;ifapd; nghJ epu;thf Kiwik - xU NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;it … 28

5. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; ahg;Gk; nghJ epu;thfKk; … … 36

6. ,yq;ifapd; nghJ epu;thfk; njhlu;ghff; Fbkf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; … 44

7. KbG - tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk;

Ml;rp Kiwf;fhd Fbkf;fspd; cupik … 67

gf;fk; |33
KfTiu
tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wf;$ba epu;thf Ml;rpKiwf;fhd
Fbkf;fspd; cupik njhlu;ghd> tpsf;fKila rptpy; r%ff; fye;Jiuahl
Yf;F mDruizNaw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf ,e;j mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jpathW jw;fhyj;
ija ehl;bd; nghJ epu;thfg; gq;F Fwpj;Jk; ,t;twpf;if fye;JiuahLfpwJ.
mj;Jld; ,yq;ifg; nghJ epu;thf Kiwapd; NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;it kw;Wk;
,yq;ifg; nghJ epu;thfk; Fwpj;j nghJkf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; njhlu;ghf Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;T mbg;gilapyhd mwpf;ifiaAk; mJ cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fSf;fhd Njrpa [dehaf epWtdj;jpd; (NDI) miog;gpd;

Ngupy; ,f; fw;if elhj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;tUk; njhdpg; nghUl;fspy; mJ xOq;f
ikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Fupa thrpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld;
tpsf;fKila fye;Jiuahly; nray;Kiwf;fhf mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; :

1. tpidj;jpwidAk; gaDWjpiaAk; nfhz;l Ml;rpKiwf;fhd cupikfs;

2. nghWg;Gf; $wf;$ba Ml;rpKiwf;fhd cupikfs;

3. tpidj;jpwDlDk; gaDWjpAlDk; murpd; jPu;khdq;fis mKy; elhj;jy;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl ,lq;fspd; epu;thfk; toq;fg;gLk; Kiwik kPjhd fs Ma;T

ld;> fw;ifahdJ tsu;r;rpaile;J nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghNj> FbAupikAk;
epu;thfKk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghJ epu;thf Kiw> ,yq;ifapd; ahg;Gk; nghJ
epu;thfKk; Nghd;w Gjpa mk;rq;fisAk; Nru;j;J ,f;fw;ifia tpupTgLj;jpAs;
Nshk;. rpf;fyhd ,g;gzpia ehd; epiwT nra;ifapy; nghWik fhj;j> Njrpa
[dehaf epWtdj;jpd; (NDI) jpU v]; ghyfpU\;zd; mtu;fSf;F vd; ed;wp
iaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;.

V.vk;> etuj;d-gz;lhu
Mf];l; 2009

gf;fk; |44
1 – mwpKfk; - Ml;rpKiwAk; nghJ epu;thfKk;

1.1 g+u;thq;f ciu

r%ftpay; Ehy;fspy; Ml;rpKiwahdJ> xU murhq;fk; r%fj;Jf;fhd jd;

rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fisAk; mwptpf;Fk; nray;Kiwahf tiu
tpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thwhd tpahf;fpahdq;fspd;gb> Ml;rpKiw
ahdJ> nghJg;gzpiaAk; jdpahu; JiwiaAk; <LgLj;Jk; tiyaikg;gpd;
ClhfTk;> re;ijiag; gad;gLj;jpAk;> nghJepu;thfj;jpd; ClhfTk; Fiwe;j
gl;rk; %d;W tpjkhfg; gue;j mstpy; epfo;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpr; nray;Kiwapy;
jPu;f;fkhd gq;fpid tfpf;Fk; nghJ epu;thfk; Fwpj;Nj jw;Nghija mwpf;if
mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ.

murhq;fnkhd;wpd; rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W mjpfhu kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mq;fq;

fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; nkhopngau;j;J> nray; uPjp
ahf khw;Wifapy>; nghJepu;thfj;jpDs; gue;jsthd Ntw;Wj;jd;ikfs; nfhz;l
nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. xU ehl;bd; nghJ epu;thfkhdJ> mur mYty;
fspd; me;jkhFk;. ,jDhlhfNt nghJj;Jiwf; nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lq;fis
Ak; mKy;nra;ifapy;; nghJj;Jiw tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwDk; gaDWjpAkhd
gad;ghL mjd; nrytpdj;ijAk; ed;ikiaAk; fUjp mstPL nra;ag;gL
fpd;wd. ,JNt ,t;thwhd nfhs;iffshYk; rl;lj;jpdhYk; cUthf;fg;gLk;
nghJj;Jiwg; nghUl;fSk; NritfSk; nghJkf;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;
gplkhFk;.

etPd [dehaf murhq;fq;fspy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;> njhopy;

Kaw;rpj; jpwd;fSld; tpidj;jpwlDk;> gaDWjpAlDk; rpf;fdkhfTk; ehl;bd;
Fbkf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;Ak; flikg;ghl;Lldhd nghWg;Gilatu;fshf
cs;sdu;. “ ,f;fUj;jhdJ> Fbkf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; ‘nghJkf;fs;’
vdg;gLk; vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gilapy; mwpTrhu; %yj; jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdJ nghUs; my;yJ epjpapd; epiyg;Ngw;Wf;F> tupg;gzk;
nrYj;J Nthu; vd;w tifapy; Fbkf;fspNyNa nghJ epu;thfk; jq;fpAs;sJ.”
(vk;. rk;Ry; `f;> FbAupikf;Fk; nghJ epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G:
kPs cUthf;fk;”> epu;thftpaYf;fhd ru;tNjr kPsha;T> SAGE ntspaPL>1999>
njhFjp 65(3) 309-325, gf;fk;.325). nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; eil Kiwf; flikg;ghL
jdJ Fb kf;fspd; NjitfisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf; fisAk; if$lr; nra;tjhFk;.
“,jd; fhuzkhf nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; fUt+yk;> Fb Aupikf; Nfhl;ghl;bNyNa
mlq;fpAs;sJ. [dehafr; r%fq;fspy;> jdJ jdpj; jd;ikiag;; NgzpathW>
rl;l g+u;tkhd jd;ikia kPstypAWj;jp> jdJ xOf;ftpay; juq;fis
mikj;J> jd; gq;ifAk; flikfisAk; epu;zapf;Fk; Fbkf;fSldhd jdpj;
Jtkpf;f cwNt nghJ epu;thfj;ij jdpahu; Jiw apypUe;J mjd; tpahghu
Kfhikj;Jtj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ.” (mNj EhypypUe;J - ibid)

murpd; epu;thf epWtd mikg;Gf;fSf;F jpdrup tp[ak; nra;Ak; Mapuf;fzf;

fhd kf;fs; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gzpfis mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. jkJ tupg; gzj;
jpd; Clhf jhk; nrYj;jpatw;Wf;fhf nghJj;Jiwg; nghUl;fisAk; NghJr;
gf;fk; |55
NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt ,tu;fSs; mNefkhNdhu; ,e;j ,lq;
fSf;F tp[ak; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,tw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghf re;ijr; nraw; ghLfspYk;
,yhgk; ngwhj Kaw;rpfspYk; gq;Nfw;Fk; Fbkf;fSk; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;
nraw;ghLfis mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; ,e;epu;thfpfspdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
rl;lq;fis mtu;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ. nka;ahfNt nghJ mikg;Gf;
fspd; ,e;j kf;fspd; nray;fSk; nray;fs; my;yhjitAk; murhq;fj;jpd;
Ntiyfs; ,lk;ngwr; nra;a ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. rl;lthf;f rigfspdJk;
epWtdq;fspdJk; Clhf murpay; jiyikahdJ “jhk; ehLk; rl;lq;fis
epiwNtw;wyhk;. Mdhy; mt;thwhd rl;lq;fs; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfpfshy; gaD
WjpAld; epu;thfpf;fg;gl;lhnyhopa nka;ahfNt rpwpjsNth my;yJ vJTNk
epfohJ.”(B. fa; gPl;lu;]; kw;Wk; n[hd; gpNa> mwpKfk; : Ml;rpKiwapy; nghJ
epu;thfj;jpd; gq;F. nghJ epu;thff; ife;Ehy; (Mf;fpNahu;) : B. fa; gPl;lu;];
kw;Wk; n[hd; gpNa> SAGE ntspaPL> nyh[; VQ;ry]; gf;fk; 1)

,q;F murpay;thjpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk;

mDrupg;gjpYk; mj;Jld; nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy; Fbkf;fSf;fhd nghJj;Jiw
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis toq;FtjpYk; “ghupasthd epu;thfj;Jiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
rk;ge;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.” (mNj EhypypUe;J - ibid); ,jd; tpisthf rpyu; nghJ
epu;thfj;ij murhq;fj;jpd; epwNtw;Wf; fukhf ,dq;fhz;fpdwdu;. rl;lj;ijAk;
nfhs;ifiaAk; mKyhf;FtJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;Jg; gzpfspYk; murhq;
fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wf; fuk; rk;ge;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;snjd nghJ epu;thfj;Jf;fhd
kuG top rhu;ej mZFKiwfs; ju;f;fpf;fpd;wd. Fbkf;fisr; rkkhf elhj;J
tjw;Fk; mNj Nghy epu;thfj;jpd; jtWfisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fkhf nghJj;Jiw
Copau;fSf;fhd juq;fis mikg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; nghJj;Jiwf;fhd
me;j kuGrhu; mZFkiiwfs; NkYWj;Jfpd;wd. rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;if
fisAk; nray;fshf nkhopngau;g;gjpy; nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; mbkl;l epu;thfp
fspd; Ntiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf $basthd nray;Kiwfis
,t;thwhd ‘Kd;$l;bj; jpl;lkpLk;’ mZFKiw cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,t;thwhd
mZFKiwfspt; tpisT> nghJ epu;thfj;ij mjpfhutu;f;fk; vdg;gLk;
g+u;thq;f mikg;Gld; Xuplj;jpNyNA epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;tjhFk;. Ml;rp Kiw
apd; NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp ikag;gLj;jpj; jPu;khdk; vLf;fpd;w nray;Kiwf;F
,J Kjyplk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> ,t;thwhd kuG top mZF
Kiwfs;> tpiwg;ghdJk;> nefpo;r;rpaw;wJk;> gaDWjpaw;wJkhfTk; Fbf;fspd;
NjitfSf;Nfw;g cld;; nraw;glhkypUg;gjhfTk; tpkuprpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mz;
ikf;fhyq;fspy;> $Ljyhd r%f kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; ikakhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;L ehk; jw;NghJ> kuGtopr; rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;if mKyhf;
ff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fSf;Fk; mg;ghy; fUj;ijr; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.

1970fspy; ‘Gjpa nghJ epu;thfk;’ (NPA) vd;W jd;id mioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

thjhLk; ,af;fnkhd;W Njhw;wpaJ. mjpfhu ikaq;fspy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;
fspy; twpa kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffSf;F ,lkspf;fg;glhik
ahy; mj;jifa Nfhupf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdq;fs; vLg;gjw;F mb
kl;l epu;thfpfSf;F $ba Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ,J typAWj;jp
aJ. Kiwikapd; me;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhftd;wp mikg;gpd;

gf;fk; |66
eyDf;Nf Kd;Dupikia toq;Ftjhf eilKiwapy; cs;s mikg;ig ,e;j
,af;fk; rhbaJ.

tsq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk;> nrayhw;wy; kjpg;gPL> nghWg;Gld; cld; nraw;gLk;

Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;wpy; typAWj;jiyf; nfhz;l ,d;DnkhU rPu;jpUj;j ,af;f
nkhd;iw 1980fspypUe;J ehk; mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,e;j ,af;fk;
Gjpa nghJj;Jiw ,af;fk; (NPM) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; rl;l
g+u;t jd;ikiaAk; gaDWjpiaAk; kPsTk; Vw;gLj;Jk;gb mJ Kd;nkhope;jJ.
Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ NjitfSf;Ff; ngUksTf;F cld; nraw;gLfpd;w
kw;Wk; nrayhw;wy; typAWj;jNy ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf epfo;fhyj;ija epu;thf Ml;rpapy; FbAupikahdJ Kf;fpa
me;j];ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

etPd Aff; FbAupikfspd; khWk; fz;Nzhl;lq; Fwpj;Jf; fw;if nra;Ak;

Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhd T.H. khu;\y; mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb “…r%fnkhd;wpd;
KO epiy cWg;gpdu;fspd; kPJ toq;fg; ngw;w me;j];J FbAupikahFk;”;.
‘cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfisg; nghUj;jstpy; vy;yhf; Fbkf;fSk; rkkhd
me;j];Jf;F cupatu;fs;’ vd NkYk; mtu; Kd;itf;fpwhu;. (Uj; yp];uupy; Nkw;
Nfhs; $wg;gl;lJ : FbAupik. ngz;Zupikj; njhFg;gha;it Nehf;fp> ngz;
Zupik kPsha;T> ,y 57> ,iyAjpu; gUtk;> 1997> 28 - 48 gf;fq;fs;> 27k; gf;
;fk;) ehl;bd; xt;nthU FbkfDk; murhq;fj; jPukhdq;fspy; gq;nfLg;gjw;Fk;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; mspf;fg;gLk; NritfSf;F rkj;Jtkhd mZFjiyf;
nfhz;ltu; vdTk; etPd FbAupik Kd;itf;fpwJ. nghJ eputhf KiwAk;
murpdhy; Ntiyf;fku;j;jg;gl;Ls;s Copau;fSk; (mjd; Fbkf;fsplkpUe;J mw
tplg;gLk; tupg;gzj;jpd; ghupasthd gq;ifg; gad;gLj;jp) mjd; Fbkf;fSf;F
jukhd Nritia toq;f Ntz;ba nghWg;igf; nfhz;L cs;sdu;.

etPd “mur Kfhikj;Jtk;” vd;gjd; Mf;fpNahu;fSs; xUthuhd N[d; vupf; -

Nyd; vd;gtu;> etPd muir ‘gzprhu; ,uhr;rpak;’ vd miof;fpd;whu;.([hd; vupf;
Nyd;> &j;nyl;[;> ,yz;ld;> 2009> gf;fq;fs; 118-121) Vnddpy; ‘r%ff; Fwpf;
Nfhs;fis’ epiwNtw;Wk; Kfkhf ghupasthd nghJj;Jiwg; gzpfis Mw;W
tjpy; cs;s jw;fhyj;ija murpd; <LghlhFk;. Fbkf;fspd; cupikfSf;F
,lkspg;gjw;fhf ey;yhl;rp> kdpj cupikfs;> kdpjg;ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;iw jkJ
gzprhu; eilKiwfspd; NghJ nghJj;Jiw epu;thfpfs; ifahs;tjw;fhf
toq;Fk; epiyaq;fisf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,t;thwhd mur eltbf;if
fisg; gutyhf;FtNj ,jd; ,Wjp tpisthFk;.

,yq;ifapy;> 1980fspd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapypUe;J ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fisr; Rw;wpNa

murpay; tpthjq;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. Nju;jy;fs; kw;Wk; tpj;jpahrkhd murpay;
FOf; fspilNaahd Kuz;ghL:fs; Nghd;w jpBu; khw;wq;fSld; murpaiy
rkg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;ifahsu;fisg; NghyNt nghJkf;fsplKk; xU Nghf;F
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

gf;fk; |77
1980 fspd; ,Wjpg;ghfq;fspypUe;J ,yq;ifapy; murpay; tpthjq;fs; ahg;Gr; rPu;
jpUj;jq;fis Rw;wpNa mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; mJNghyNt nfhs;if
cUthf;Fgtu; kj;jpapy; Nju;jy;fs; kw;Wk; tpj;jpahrkhd murpay; FOf;
fSf;fhd Kuz;ghLfs; Nghd;w jpBu; jpUg;gq;fSld; murpaiy rkg;gLj;Jk;
Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd tpthjq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l xU FiwghL
Ml;rpnra;Ak; nra;Kiwapy; nghJ epu;thfk; Mw;wpa gq;fhFk;. ,jpypUe;j xNu
tpjptpyf;F nghJ epu;thfj;ij murpay; jiyaPl;bypUeJ fhg;gjw;fhf Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpahf 2001 Mk; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ahg;gpd; 17 MtJ
njhFg;ghFk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j rl;l%yj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F fhl;lg;gl;l
Mu;tk; Fbkf;fs; rhu;ghd fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jw;NghJ Njupa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ek;kplk; 225 cWg;gpdu;fs; cs;sdu;.
ehl;bYs;s Vida midj;J gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fspy; cs;s cWg;gpdu;
fis ,e;j vz;zpf;ifAld; Nru;j;J nkhj;jk; 2000 IAk; jhz;lhJ. ,jw;Fg;
Gwk;ghf nghJ epu;thf Jiwapy; 800>000 Copau;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; gzp Gup
fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; mbkl;l mjpfhu tu;f;fkhFk;. mjhtJ
nghJ NritfisAk; rhjdq;fisAk; kf;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;w epWtdq;fspy;
NritGupfpd;w nghJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshFk;. ,t;thwhd mbkl;l tu;f;fj;ijr;
Nru;e;j kf;fs; khtl;l kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fspYk; fpuhkNrtfu; fhup
ahyaq;fspYk; fhty; epiyaq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa cs;Su;
kl;l mur jpizf;fsq;fspd; fs epiy fhupahyaq;fspy; gzpGupfpd;wdu;.
2009 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l tuTnryT jpl;lj;jpy;
(murhq;f gl;[l;) nghJ NritapYs;s Copau;fspd; rk;gsj;jpw;fhf 66402
kpy;ypad; &gha;fis murhq;fk; xJf;fpaJ. (ntspehl;L Nritfspd; Copau;
fspd; rk;gsj;ij ,j;njhifAld; Nru;j;jhy; 155>381 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupf;Fk;)
vt;thwhapDk; r%fj;jpy; nghJthd czu;T ahnjdpy; ehl;bd; epu;thf
Kiwikfs; tpisTj; jpwdw;wit> tpidj;jpwdw;wit> vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; juq;
fisf; nfhs;shjit vdNt tup nrYj;JNthUf;F Rikahf cs;sit
ahFk;.
nghJkf;fspd; ,t;thwhd KiwghLfs; my;yJ fz;Nzhl;lk; rpy Neuk; gpwupd;
mgpg;gpuhaq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyh my;yJ jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fspd; njhlu;
ghfNth tho;ehs; g+uhTk; cUthf;fpf;nfhz;l nrhe;j kdntOr;rpfspd;
mbg;gilapNyh mike;Js;sd. ,t;thwhd rpy gytPdq;fs; fpukkhdit.
vdNt murhq;fj;jpd; etPd Kiwikfis Ml;rp nra;fpd;w Nfhl;ghLfspd;
g+u;thq;f fl;likg;Gfspdhy; Ntz;lg;gl;litfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit. ,tw;Ws;
rpy ehnky;yhUk; njhlu;Ggl;l fyhrhu re;jug;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J vOgit.
MfNt ehl;bd; epu;thf nray;KiwAld; njhlu;Gila gpujhd ePNuhl;lq;fs;
njhlu;ghf ,e;ehl;bd; Fbkf;fs; vd;wtifapy; nghJ [dq;fs; mwpt+l;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vkJ Nehf;fkhFk;. Mj;Jld; ,t;thwhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fs;
njhlu;ghd Gw Nehf;fhd fzpg;gPl;ilf; nfhs;tjw;F nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;
Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhd tuyhw;W ru;tNjr mDgtq;fSk; njhlu;G gw;wp
mwpt+l;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1.2 mwpf;ifapd; xOq;fikg;G
Ke;ija gFjpapy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l cupikfs; fz;Nzhl;lk; njhlu;ghd nghJ
fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw trjpNaw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;j mwpf;if vOjg;gl;lJ.
nghJrdq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; cjtp Guptjw;fhf jfty;fisAk; fye;
Jiuahly;fisAk; ,e;j mwpf;if toq;Ffpd;wJ.

gf;fk; |88
m. etPd ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; tplag;gug;Gk; nghJ
kf;fspd; cupikfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jpathW etPd ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghJ
epu;thf Kiwikf;fhf ru;tNjr epWtdq;fshy; jOtg;gl;l cyfshtpa
juq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F gpwehLfspy;
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s rpwe;j eilKiwfs;.
M. ,yq;ifapy; nghJ epu;thf Kiwik ,J tuyhw;W uPjpahd mikg;G
fspd; ftdQ;nrYj;jpathW (fhydpj;Jt kw;Wk; fhydpj;Jtj;Jf;F gpw
gl;l mDgtq;fis cl;gLj;jp) ,e;j Kiwik ,aq;f Ntz;ba ahg;G
uPjpahd epu;thfk; kw;Wk; murpay; rl;lfk;> ,yq;ifapd; Fbkf;fs; mbg;
gilapyhd Ml;rpKiwikia ];jhgpg;gjw;fhd gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;
ghdit kw;Wk;>
,. ,e;j mwpf;ifapd; Mf;fpNahu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fsepiy fw;iffs;
Nghd;wit VidNahuhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;iffshYk; ftdQ;
nrYj;jpathNw ,yq;ifapd; Kiwrhu;e;j kw;Wk; Kiwrhuhj epu;thf
toq;fy; Kiwik.
,e;j mwpf;if %d;W gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjyhk; gpuptpy; etPd
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gq;F gw;wpa NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;itiaAk;
nghJNritfis toq;Ftjpy; rpwe;j eilKiwfis Kd;itf;Fk; Vida
ehLfspy; mKyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l mz;ikf;fhy7 rPu;jpUj;jq;fisAk; mNj
Nghy nghJ epu;thf KiwikfSld; njhlu;Ggl;l ru;tNjr juq;fisAk; Kd;
itf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk; gpupthdJ ,yq;ifapd; nghJ epu;thf Kiwikiag;
gw;wpa xU Nkyhd ghu;itiaAk; ,yq;ifapd; nghJ epu;thf toq;fy; Kiw
Ald; njhlu;Ggl;l ahg;GuPjpahd toptiffisAk; Kd;itf;fpwJ. %d;whk; gpupT
,U mj;jpahaq;fis nfhz;lJ. Kjyhk; mj;jpahak; [_iy – Mf];l; 2009
fhyq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fsepiy Ma;tpy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jit.
nghJ epu;thfj;Jiwia Nehf;fpa mtu;fsJ kdntOr;rp mbg;gilapyhd
kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; toq;fy; KiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;l Kiwrhu;e;j
mJ Nghy; Kiw rhuhj nray;KiwfspYk; ftdj;ij nrYj;jfpd;wJ. ,Wjp
mj;jpahakhdJ mwpf;ifapd; njhdpg;nghUspy; ftdj;ij nrYj;Jgitfspd;
tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd;
rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Jyq;Fk; jd;ik vd;gitfshFk;. ,t;thwhd ngWkjp
tha;e;j tpisTfSld; njhlu;Gila cupikfs; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;fhd fye;J
iuahly;fSf;F mJ toptFf;Fk;.

gf;fk; |99
gFjp - 1

10
gf;fk; |10
2. jw;fhyj;ija murpy; nghJ epu;thfj;Jiwapd; gq;F

2.1 mwpKfk;
epu;thfk; vdg;gLtJ ‘tplaq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;GilaJ’ (Y}j;jy; fypf; vk;.gP. ru;khtpd; nghJ epu;thfk; mwpKiwAk;
eilKiwAk; vd;gjpy; fhz;f. gf;fk; 37> fpjhg; k`hy; my; my`hghj;) ,J
mbg;gilahfNt epUtdnkhd;wpd; Kfhikj;Jt nraYld; njhlu;Ggl;l jpl;l
kply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> nraw;gzp mikj;jy;> gzpg;Giu tpLj;jy;> ,izg;ghf;
fk; nra;jy;> mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; tuT> nryT nraw;ghLfSld; <LghL
nfhz;ljhFk;. ,t;thwhd Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mur
epWtdq;fs; murpay; epiwNtw;W jiyikapd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;L mit nghJ
epu;thfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
vt;thwhapDk; etPd murhq;fj;jpy; epu;thfpfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpf
Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghL ‘jFjp tha;e;j mjpfhupdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; Kiwahd
Jk; tpgupf;fg;gl;lJkhd nghJr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis mKyhf;fk;
nra;tJkhFk;’ (ypaNdhl; itw; - ,jw;F Ke;ija E}ypy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;
gl;lJ (ibid) gf;fk; 36. nghJ kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Nl
nghJf;nfhs;iffs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. r%fj;jpNy jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; Kaw;rp
fSf;F mg;ghy; ,it ,Ug;gjdhy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis mKyhf;Fgtu; vd;w
tifapy; nghJ epu;thfpfs;> vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk;
kf;fSf;F rkkhf toq;fp mtu;fspilNa rkj;Jtkhf tpepNahfpf;fg;gLtij
cWjp nra;tjd;%yk; ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. gpugy;akhd
rdehafj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; epu;thf mwpKiwAk; eilKiwAk; tpUj;jp
aile;jjhy; nghJ epu;thfkhdJ thz;ikj;Jtj;JlDk; murpay; uPjpahfTk;
eLepiyahd epu;thfpfshy; mtrpak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
murpay; uPjpahd eLepiy vd;w Nfhl;ghL ‘nghJ ek;gpf;ifahsu; vd;wtifapy;
nghJ Copaupd; gjtp xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapYk; nghJf;
nfhs;ifapd; mKyhf;fkhdJ xU rpy ‘njhopDl;g kw;Wk; tpahghuj;’ jpwd;
fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; murpay; uPjpahdNjh my;yJ Ntnwe;j gpuptpid
ahf;Fk; fupridfSf;F ,lkspahJ ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lnkd thjhlg;gl;lJ.
murpay; rhu;gw;w epu;thfp vd;w fUj;J gpd;du; nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
ld; ntw;wpfukhd rdehaf Ml;rpf;F mtrpakhd Kd; epge;jidahf mq;fP
fupf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; tpahghu Mw;wy;fspd;
tpUj;jpahdJ ,d;Dk;$l Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy; kf;fSf;Fj; ju
khd Nritia toq;Ftjw;fhd nghJ tsq;fisAk; rf;jpiaAk; tpidj;
jpwDlDk; gaDWjpAlDk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mJ mDruizahf cs;sJ.
2.2 nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; jd;ik
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfs; nghJ> jdpahu; kw;Wk; ,yhg
Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;buhj JiwfSf;Fg; nghJthditahf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;
murpd; epu;thf mikg;Gfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs; jdpahs; kw;Wk; ,yhg
Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gfspd; tplaq;fistpl tpj;jpahrkhdit. nghJ kw;Wk;
jdpahu; Jiwfis xg;gpLNthNkahdhy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gzpfis vk;khy;
ed;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

11
gf;fk; |11
muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epu;thf mikg;Gfs; xU murpay; #oypy; ,aq;f
Ntz;ba mNj Neuk; jdpahu; JiwfSf;F cupa mikg;Gf;fs; re;ijapd;
#oYf;Fs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthfg; nghJ epu;thfj;jpdJk; tpahghu
epu;thfj;jpdJk; eilKiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT tpj;jpahrq;fs; cs;sd.
jdpahu; Jiwf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epu;thf mikg;Gf;fs; Nghl;bNghLk; gq;fhsUld;
eilKiwapy; <LgLtJld; mbg;gilahfNt nghUshjhuj;Jld; nfhLf;fy;>
thq;fy; nra;fpd;wd. ,jw;F kWGwkhf murpd; epu;thf mikg;Gf;fs;> Vf
Mjpf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L mbg;gilahfNt murpaYld; nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;
nra;fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd tpj;jpahrq;fs; muRld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gilg;
gz;GfSld; gpizf;fg;gl;lit. Vnddpy; murhdJ xU murpay; jdpj;Jtj;
ijf;nfhz;l gpuNjr mbg;gilapyhd mikg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J jdp egu;fs;
kPJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ijAk; jd; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mikg;Gf;fspd; kPJ td;Kiw
iag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; Vf Mjpf;fj;ijAk; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ. rpy rkaq;fspy;
mJ rdehaf epakq;fSf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W murpay; rKjhaj;jpy; mjd;
Mjpf;fj;ijg; NgZtjw;F mtrpakhf ,Uf;ff;$bajhy; nray;fspYk;
<LgLfpwJ.
murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mlf;FKiwahd gq;Ffisf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;
itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd rdehaf epakq;fisAk; cyfshtpa epu;g;ge;jq;fisAk;
jhk; tpUj;jp nra;Js;sNghjpYk; jw;Nghija Afj;jpy; ,t;thwhd mbg;gilahd
ehnlhd;wpd; Ml;rpapd; murpaw; gz;Gfs; Fiwe;Jtpltpy;iy. ,J ,t;thwpUf;
ifapy; rdehaf epakq;fspd; cyfkakhf;fy; Afj;jpy; nghJ epu;thfj;Jld;
njhlu;Ggl;l kpfTk; jPu;f;fkhd tplak; ahnjdpy;> nghJkf;fSf;fhd nghUl;
fis toq;fp> nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;Gfis Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;Ak; mNj Neuk; Xu;
muR jdJ mjpfhuj;ij Fbkf;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fQ; nrYj;Jk; tpjkhf vt;thW
ehk; epu;thf Kiwikfis xOq;F nra;tJ vd;gjhFk;.
2.3 nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; kpfj; jPu;f;fkhd gpur;rpidg;
gFjp
etPd nghJ Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w fUj;jpd; Mf;fpNahu;fspy; xUtuhf N[d;
vupf;Nyd; vd;gtu; jkJ kpf mz;kpj;jhd gFg;gha;tpy; nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtj;ijAk epu;thfj;ijAk; gw;wp thjpLk;NghJ etPd murhdJ
‘gzprhu; ,uhr;rpak;‘ Mf khwptpl;lJ vdTk; mjd; epu;thff; fuq;fSf;F xg;g
ilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpfs;> nghJr; Nritfis toq;fp nghJg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhff;
nfhLg;gdTfs; nra;J rl;l Ml;rpia kjpg;gjhFk; vd;fpwhu;. (2009.Pi) eil
Kiwapy; cs;s rkfhyj;jpa mur epu;thfj;jpdhy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jPu;f;f
khd eilKiw gFjpfspd; ,lq;fhz;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis mtu;
,dq;fhz;fpd;whu;. (tpguq;fSk; ,Wjpahd ,U tplaq;fSk; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd)
1. nghJg; gpukhzq;fis tpjpj;jy; - ,r;rl;luPjpahd #oiyg; NgzpathW
tpidj;jpwDldhd Nritia kf;fSf;F vt;tpjk; Kd;itg;gJ vd;gNj
,q;F jPu;f;fkhd tplakhFk;.
2. rl;lj;Jf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTKiwAk; - kf;fspd; rpwe;j
eyDf;fhf vt;thW ehl;bd; rl;lj;ij tpjpg;gJ vd;gNj jPu;f;fkhd
gpur;rpidahFk;.
3. #oypaiyAk; nfhs;if mikj;jiyAk; ,izj;jy; - Njrpa toq;
fYf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; vt;thW rkdpiyiag;
NgZtJ vd;gNj jPu;f;fkpy;yhg; gpur;rpidahFk;. (vt;thwhapDk;
mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfspy; jPu;f;fkhd gpur;rpid ahnjdpy;

12
gf;fk; |12
 jkJ Raeykpf;f tpUg;Gfspd; Clhf epakkhd eilKiwfspypUe;J
tpyfpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kiwikapd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; r%fr;
rf;jpfshd Rw;whlypaypd; kpf Mw;wy; tha;e;j mk;rq;fSld;
cs;shu;e;j rf;jpfspy; ,Ue;J epu;thf mikg;gpd; nfsutj;ij vt;thW
ghJfhg;gJ vd;gNj MFk;.)
4. gykl;l Ml;rp – ,q;F jPu;f;fkhd gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; murhq;f gy;NtW
kl;lq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;fiyAk; xJf;fPL nra;tJ.
mt;thW xJf;fPl;by; ,Ue;J tpisthf mikAk; nghJj;Jiw nghUl;
fisAk; NritfisAk; vt;thW nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; Clhfr; r%fj;jpd;
vy;iyf; Nfhl;bYk; njhiytpYk; cs;stu;fis vl;Lk; tpjkhf tpep
Nahfpg;gjhFk;.
5. nghJ> jdpahu;Jiw kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; gq;fhsu;
jd;ik - ,q;Fs;s ,d;wpaikahj gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; jdpahu;
Jiwf;Nfh my;yJ mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Nfh KOikahff;
ifaspf;f Kbahj Nritfis toq;Fk;nghUl;L mur mikg;Gf;fSf;F
Mjutspf;Fk; tpjkhfj; jdpahu; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w Jiwfis
vt;tpjk; ,zq;f itg;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
6. nfhs;if mKyhf;fk; - ,q;Fs;s jPu;f;fkhd gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; r%fj;
jpd; nfhs;if tiyaikg;Gfspd; gy;NtW tbTfspy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;Ak; gyjug;gl;l ehl;lq;fis Mf;FjyhdJ mt;tpjkhdJkhFk;.
7. gpui[fSf;F Nrit nra;jy; - ,q;Fs;s jPu;f;fkhd gpur;rpid ahnjdpy;
rptpy;> murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahf tifg;gLj;
jg;gl;Ls;s gpui[fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;J epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
murhq;fj;jpd; gq;if vt;tpjk; epiwNtw;WtJ vd;gjhFk;.
8. kf;fspd; kdpj kw;Wk; mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; - NkNy
ngauplg;gl;l xt;nthU gpur;rpidf;Fupa JiwfisAk; fzpg;gPL nra;t
jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd mstPl;L cgfuz jpwTNfhy;
MFk;.
2.4 nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gpujhdkhd gq;Ffs;
xU ehl;bd; nghJ epu;thf Kiwikapdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; tpj;jpahrkhd gq;Ffs;
njhlu;ghd Nkw;gb gpur;rpidfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thwhd gz;Gfs;
gpd;tUtdtw;Wld; njhlu;G nfhz;lit:
1. murpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; Mjpf;fj;ijAk; nraw;gLj;Jjy; rl;lg;gbahd
Ml;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;il Cl;bathW xj;jpirthdJk; xd;wpize;jJkhd
mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mur epWtdq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;
fis mKyhf;Ftjd; %yk; murpd; cWjpg;ghl;il eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ
epu;thf mikg;ghFk;.
2. Ml;rpapd; toq;fypd; ghJfhtyd; - mur toq;fypd; ghJfhtyd;
vd;wtifapy; mjd; Kf;fpa nghWg;G nghJ toq;fiy J\;gpuNahfk;
nra;ahj tpjj;jpy; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f mOj;jq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbahJ
,Uj;jy;.
3. nfhs;if MNyhrid – nfhs;if cUthf;fy; njhlu;ghd tplaq;
fSf;fhf mikr;ru;fSf;F MNyhrid $Wtjd; %yk; ehl;bd; r%f>
13
gf;fk; |13
 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gtpay; mgptpUj;jpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhf
eilKiwapy; cs;s fUj;Jg;gbt tbtj;ij tp];jPuzkhf;Ftjw;fhf
r%fj;Jf;F cjTtjhFk;.
4. murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wf;fuk; - murpay; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpdhy;
epu;khzpf;fg;gLk; nghJf;nfhs;iffs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;
fis epiwNtw;wYk;> rl;lthf;f cWg;gpdu;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
rl;lq;fis mKyhf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; fuNk nghJ epu;thf Kiwik
ahFk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpa nghWg;G mtw;iwj; njspTgLj;jy; kl;Lky;y>
Mdhy; jk; tpisTfspd; tsq;fSld; Nru;e;j njhopy;El;g rpwg;Gld;
tpgukhd mKyhf;fj;ij ,dq;fhz;gJkhFk;.
5. ts Kfhikj;Jtk; - muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd kdpj kw;Wk; nghUs;
tsq;fis tpidj;jpwDlDk; gaDWjpAlDk; rpf;fdkhfTk; ifahs;tJ
nghJ epu;thf Kiwikapd; nghWg;ghFk;. vdNt> ,jd; Kf;fpa
nghWg;ghdJ tsq;fiyr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jp nfhs;tpiyg; gad;
ghl;by; ftdQ; nrYj;jp fhRf;Nfw;w ngWkjp kw;Wk; ,Wjpahf tup
nrYj;Jgtuhf tYitf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;GilajhFk;.
6. murhq;fj;jpd; Nrit toq;fy; - nghJr;Nritfis toq;Ffpd;w nghJ
epu;thf Kiwikf;Nf r%ff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd. vdNt> jdpahu;
Jiwapdhy; mJ epu;tfpf;fg;gl KbahJ. rptpy; r%fj;jpd; xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;l Kaw;rpfshy; $l mjidf; ifahs;tJ rpukk;. Mifapdhy;
jd; Fbkf;fSf;F mtu;fsJ Nfhupf;iffis tpidj;jpwDlDk; Cf;fe;
jsuhkYk; gjpyspj;jthW Nrit Gupa Ntz;ba nghWg;G cs;sJ.
7. nghJ ehl;lq;fspy; kj;jpa];jk; nra;gtu; - nghJ epu;thf Kiwik
ahdJ mur> jdpahu; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w JiwfSf;F ,ilj; njhlu;
ghsuhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J r%fj;
jpdhy; Ntz;lg;gLk; toq;fl; NritfSf;fhfg; gq;fhsu; jd;ikfisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpj;jpahrkhd gq;FfSld; ,ize;Js;s Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfisg; guprPypf;
Fk;NghJ> xU ehl;bd; nghJ epu;thf Kiwikiar; #o;e;Js;s rpf;fyhd
jd;ikfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ fbdky;y. mj;Jld; nghJ epu;thf Kiwik
apdhy; gy jiyikj;Jt mikg;GfSf;Fk; NritGupa Ntz;bAs;sJ. ehk;
etPdkhd jiyikj;Jt - gpujpepjp mZFKiwiag; gpuNahfpj;jhy; nghJ
epu;thf Kiwikapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ehd;F jiyikj;Jt mjpfhupfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gu;. mjhtJ muR> murhq;fk;> r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gpui[ vt;thwh
apDk; ,d;W kpfj; jPu;f;fkhd Nfs;tpahdJ vt;thW nghJ epu;thfkhdJ
tpj;jpahrkhd mjpfhuq;nfhz;ltu;fSf;F tpj;jpahrkhd njhopy;fisr; nra;af;
$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNj Neuk; kpf Kf;fpakhd jiyikj;Jt ghj;jpukhf
tpsq;Fk; gpui[f;F rpwe;j Nritia Mw;w KbAkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j
tplaj;jpy; etPd murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ epu;thfj;ijg; nghUj;jtiuapy; ,J
Kf;fpa fz;Nzhl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ. mjhtJ
rl;l Ml;rpf;Nfhl;ghLk; gpu[hTupikapd; etPd vz;zf;fUf;fSkhFk;.
2.5 rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpAk; nghJ epu;thfKk;
nghJ kf;fSf;Fg; nghUl;fis toq;f my;yJ nghJ eyd;fis Kd;ndLj;
Jr; nry;tjw;fhf kl;LNk murhq;fk; xd;W cs;sJ vd;w Cfj;jpd; mbg;gil
apy; nghJf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; FbAupik gw;wpa gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;J tpl
KbahJ. etPd Afj;jpy; murhq;fkhdJ r%fj;Jf;fhf jd;trKs;s rf;jpfis
14
gf;fk; |14
tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;j xOq;F nra;tjw;fhf nfhs;iffis Mf;Fk;
epWtdkhf nraw;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; murpd; ,iwikiaf; fhj;J mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w murhq;fj;jpd; %yKjyhd nraw;ghl;il jtpu;f;f
KbahJ. MapDk; jw;NghJ ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rp vDk; Nfhl;
ghl;Lld; kpf neUf;fkhf ,ize;Js;sikf;fhd fhuzkhf murpd; mjpfhuj;
jpw;fhd %ytsk; kf;fs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljdhy; etPd murhq;fj;jpy; rl;lg;gb
ahd Ml;rp vdg;gLtJ xU ,d;wpaikahj mq;fkhFk;.
rl;lg+u;tkhd [dehafq;fs; ,y;yhjtplj;J Kiwahf njhopw;gl KbahJ.
[dehaf Ml;rpiag; gpd;gw;whj Ml;rpKiwfs; $l xUtpjkhd rl;lg;gbahd
Ml;rp rl;lf mikg;igg; NgZfpd;wdu;. nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;ba rpy rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpj;Njitfs; cs;sd. ,t;thwhd Njitfs;
XusTf;Fg; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jdJ
nraw;ghLfSf;fhd ,d;wpaikahj Njitahf g+u;thq;fkhd fl;likg;nghd;iw
my;yJ mjpfhu tu;f;fj;ij mikf;fpd;wd.
rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy;
filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba rpy Kf;fpakhd Njitfs; gpd;tUkhW (N[d; vupf;
NydpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. gf;fk; 05)
a. nray;Kiwahd nghWg;Gf;$wy; mjhtJ epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fs;> epWtg;
gl;lJk; mwpag;gl;lJkhd nray;Kiwfspd;gb vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
nghJ epu;thfkhdJ Kiwrhuhj mikg;Gfspd; Clhf ,aq;f KbahJ.
mjw;Fg; g+u;thq;fkhd fl;likg;G mtrpakhfpwJ. mj;Jld; Nritfs; toq;Fk;
nra;Kiwiar; rl;lg;gbahf gpd;gw;wf;$ba Nghf;fpidf; Fiwg;gJ jtpu;f;f
KbahjJ.
b. rl;lg+u;tkhd jd;ik – mjhtJ epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fs; ehl;bd; rl;lj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wpNa Mf Ntz;Lk;. mJ murpd; epu;thfj;ijr; nraw;gl mDkjpf;fpwJ
my;yJ nraw;glitf;fpwJ. vdNt ehl;bd; rl;lkhdJ kpf Kf;fpakhd
mk;rkhFk;. MfNt> kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Njitfis xOq;fikg;gjpy;
ahg;Gf;Fk; ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fSf;Fk; Mw;w Ntz;ba xU gq;Fz;L. rl;lj;jpy;
,Uf;ff;$ba vt;tpjkhd ,ilntsp epu;thfpfSf;F jk; nkhopiyr; rpwg;ghfr;
nra;tjw;F mtrpag;gLk; jw;Wzpigg; gad;gLj;J tjw;F mur Copau;fSf;F
mjpfkhd Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> eyNdhk;Gk; epu;thfpfs;
tpidj;jpwdhd nghJr; Nritia kf;fSf;F toq;f ,d;wpaikahjtu;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
c. Kiwg;ghLk; rPuhf;fKk; - epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fs; Kiwg;ghnlhd;iwg; gjpT
nra;tjw;Nfh jk; FiwghLfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh rPuhf;fj;ij my;yJ
el;l<l;il ehlNth Mw;wy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;
jPu;khdq;fs; kf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; nghJ mikg;Gfshf guprPypf;fg;
glTk; tprhuizf;Fk; cl;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; nra;Kiw
gzpfSf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd $whfg; nghJ Kiwg;
ghL kw;Wk; rPuhf;fr; nray;Kiwfspd; rPuhf;fk; mike;Js;sJ. epWtduPjpahd
nghwpKiwfshd Mshl;rp mjpfhup> Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO>
ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; epu;thf eLtu; kd;wq;fs; Nghd;wd epu;thf Kiwikapd;
,d;wpaikahj Njitfshf khwpAs;sd.
d. tprhuizAk; nghWg;Gk; - epu;thfj; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;J nghJr;Nritfis
toq;Ffpd;w Kftu;fs; jkJ nray;fSf;Nfh my;yJ nray; my;yhjtw;
Wf;Nfh tif$wf;$batu;fshfTk;> nghWg;Gilatu;fshfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;
Lk;. vdNt mtu;fsJ jPu;khdq;fs; xspTkiwtpd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;bajw;fhf
15
gf;fk; |15
nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fsJ nray;fs; rl;lq;fshYk; gpukhzq;fshYk;
tpjpf;F cl;gLg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.6 FbAupikAk; nghJ epu;thfKk;
fp.K 4 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j jj;JtQhdp mup];Nlhl;ly; jdJ ‘murpay;’
vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ ‘gpui[ vd;gtd; gpui[ my;y> Vnddpy; mtd;
ntspaplq;fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; gpwUk; mbikfSk; gq;nfLf;fpd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l
,lj;jpNyNa tho;fpd;whd;’ (mup];Nlhl;by; murpay; fp.K 340 Mk; Mz;L 3 k;
E}y; ,izajsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kw;fhy tuyhw;W %yts E}y;) ,d;Dk;
rupahfr; nrhy;tjhdhy;> mtu; $Wfpwhu;> gpui[ vd;gtdpd; tpNrl Fzhk;rq;
;fs; ahnjdpy;> mtd; ‘ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; (nghJj;Jiw) fhupahya epu;thfj;
jpy; gq;nfLf;fpd;whd;’ (Nkw;$wpa E}ypy; ,Ue;J) mup];Nlhl;by; $wpa tiu
tpyf;fzk; vj;jifa KbTf;F topfhl;LfpwJ vdpy;> gpui[fs; vdg;gLtu;
nghJj;Jiwr; Nritapy; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w capu;g;Gld; gq;Nfw;gtuhfTk;
mt;thwhf gq;Nfw;gjpy; fpilf;Fk; r%fr; rd;khdq;fisg; ngWgtuhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ FbAupik me;j];jhdJ KOik epiyia milfpd;wJ.
mup];Nlhl;lypd;; ‘Vnjd;rpd; FbAupikf;Fk;’ etPd FbAupikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tpj;jpahrk; ahnjdpy; etPd FbAupikahdJ ehl;bd; rfy rl;lg+u;tkhd
FbapUg;ghsu;fSila midj;J rl;l cupj;Jilikfs; nfhz;ljhFk;.
Fiwe;j gl;rk; rpj;jhe;j uPjpahfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ mJ tFg;G kw;Wk; Vida
r%f NtWghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fSf;Fk; mg;ghy; nry;fpd;wJ. mJ muRf;F cupa
ehl;bd; vy;yhr; rl;lg;gbahd FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;Fk; nghJ FbAupik vd;w
mbg;gilapy; Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. mj;Jld; mf;FbAupikahdJ
,jw;Fk; Nkyhf rpy murpay; nghUshjhu rptpy; r%f fyhrhu cupikfisf;
nfhz;like;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j FbAupik gw;wpa kPs; tiutpyf;fzk; rLjpahf
Vw;gl;ljy;y. Rje;jpu tu;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy; kak;> etPdj;Jtk;> njhopy; El;g
tpayhd ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd cyfshtpa tpOkpaq;
fs; vd;gtw;wpd; guk;gYld; ,J Neu;e;jJ. kpjthjk; kw;Wk; nghJTilikthj
fUj;jpay;Gfspd; Xl;lq;fisj; njhlu;e;j r%f efu;TfSk; kdpj cupikfis
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; ru;tNjr Kiwik xd;wpd; vOr;rpAk; FbAupik kPs
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;tjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd.
vdNt etPd FbAupik vdg;gLtJ Fbkf;fspd; cupikfNshL neUf;fkhd
njhlu;igf;nfhz;lJ. FbAupikahdJ Muk;gj;jpy; murpay; rptpy; kw;Wk; r%f
cupikfis ,dq;fz;ld. murpay; cupikfs; thf;fspj;jy; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa
thf;nfLg;Gf;fhd cupik murhq;fj;jpy; gjtpfis tfpg;gjw;fhd cupik
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. rptpy; cupikfs; Ngr;R> kj kw;Wk; xUq;F
NrUk; cupikfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. mbg;gilahfNt rptpy; cupikfs; mur
mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J Fbkf;fspd; rptpy; tho;f;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. Murpay;
cupikfs; murpd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; msit Fbkf;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.
r%f cupik vdg;gLgit murhq;fj;jpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fb
kf;fspd; cupj;JilikfshFk;. tiutpyf;fzg;gb FbAupikfs; vdg;gL git
jdpg;gl;l Fbkf;fSf;fhf Rfhjhu> Ntiyaw;NwhUf;fhd fhg;GWjp> nghJj;Jiw
Xa;t+jpak;> r%f Nritfs; cs;slq;fpa Fiwe;jgl;rk; jukhd Rfhjhu kw;Wk;
Fbeyd; vd;gtw;iw fUJfpd;w FOepiyahd cupikfshFk;. (ghu;l;thd;>
];Bd;Ngu;[d;> FbAupikapd; epiyik SAGE ntspaPl;lhsu;fs;> yz;ld; 2-3
Mk; gf;fq;fisg; ghu;f;f) r%f cupikfs; gpui[fspd; r%f tho;f;ifiaf;
fl;bnaOg;g cjTtjhy; murhdJ RWRWg;ghd gq;if Mw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.

16
gf;fk; |16
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; miuapWjpg;gFjpapy; nghUshjhu cupikfs; Fbkf;fs;
cupikfs; njhlu;ghd gFjpapy;; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Fbkf;fspd;
cupikfis mDgtpg;gjpy; ,U tpj;jpahrkhd topfis mit cs;slf;fpd.
nghUshjhu cupikfis toq;Fjy; re;ijAld; Nru;e;jpUg;gtu; gpui[
vdg;gLgtu; jdJ nghUshjhu cupikfis jd;Dilik Mf;fpf;nfhs;s xU
Fbkfd; nghUshjhu kdpjuhf khw Ntz;bAs;sJ. kWgf;fkhfg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ
murpd; rptpy;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cupikfs; njhlu;ghd
flikg;ghLfSld; nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy; nra;a xU Fbkfd; murpay; kdpjuhf
Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. re;ijapy; cs;s jkJ ehl;lq;fis mjpfupg;gjw;fhf nghU
shjhu kdpjd; Kad;w NghjpYk; murpay kdpjd; jdJ jdpg;gl;l ehl;lq;
fis $bagl;rkhf mjpfupf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy; nghJj;Jiw ehl;lq;fis
cr;rg;gLj;Jtjd; nghWg;G murplNk cs;sJ. vdNt ,e;j ,U Nfhzq;fspYk;
murhdJ tpj;jpahrkhd gq;if Mw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; cupikfs; vdg;gLgit vjpu;kiwahd cupikfshFk;.
mjhtJ ,e;j cupikfis jhk; mDgtpg;gij muR ,ila+W nra;af;$lhJ
vdTk; Mdhy; jk;ik ghJfhj;J nfsutpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; muir mtu;fs;
Ntz;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;Fg; Gwk;ghf r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cupikfs;
cld;ghlhd cupikfshFk;. ,jd; fUj;J mtu;fs; ,J njhlu;ghf muR
capu;g;ghd gq;if tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;fs; murplk; Ntz;Lfpd;wdu;.
r%f cupik vdg;gLgit murplk; ,Ue;J Fbkf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffshFk;
nghUshjhu cupikfis cWjp nra;tjw;fhf murhdJ jk; gzpia
nra;AkhW re;ijj;Jiwf;F mDruizahf ,Ue;J jdpahu; kw;Wk; ,yhgk;
Njlhj JiwfSld; gq;fhsu; jd;ikfis fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F
kWGwkhf re;ij njhlu;ghd rf;jpfSld; nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhf
FbkffSf;F tYt+l;b re;ijfs; tPo;r;rpailAk; gl;rj;jpy; murhy; jiyaPL
nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
etPd Afj;jpy; FbAupik njhlu;ghd NkNyAs;s kPs; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jiy
guprPypf;Fk;NghJ mJ Fwpg;gpLk; cz;ik ahnjdpy; murpd; epiwNtw;Wk; fuk;
vd;wtifapy; nghJ epu;thfkhdJ Fbkf;fspd; cupikfis cWjp nra;tjpy;
ngUk; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;. Fbkf;fspd; cupikf; fz;Nzhl;
lj;jpy; murpid ,dq;fhZk;NghJ mJ gzpiar; Rkg;Nghd; vd ,Ug;gjhy;
murpd; Kftu;fshd Fwpg;ghf nghJj;Jiw mjpfhupfs; ,t;thwhd cupik
fspd; murpd; flikg;ghl;il nfhz;Ls;s xOf;f kw;Wk; rl;lg;gbahd
nghWg;ig nfhz;ltu;fshf cs;sdu;. ,jw;F Ke;ija gFjpapy; ,dq; fhzg;
;gl;l nray;Kiwahd tif$wy; rl;lg+u;tkhd jd;ik> Kiwg;ghL kw;Wk; rPuhf;
fk; kw;Wk; tprhuiz Nghd;w rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpAld; njhlu;Ggl;l njhopw;
ghLfSk; ngUk;ghYk; cs;sd. mj;Jld; ,t;thwhd nghJ cj;jpNahfj;juhy;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w NritfSf;fhd mZFjy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;>
jPu;khdq;fis mKyhf;fy; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; gq;F
gw;Wtjw;fhd Fbkf;fspd; cupj;JupikfSld; ,irthFk; nghWg;gpidAk;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
FbAupik njhlu;ghd fUj;jpd; gupzhkk; ehl;bd; r%f ,iofspy; mjid
fhz;gjw;F Ml;rp epWtdq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpd. ,jd; tpisthf Fb
Aupik vdg;gLtJ ntWkNd cupikfisf; nfhz;l nghjp kl;Lky;yhJ Ml;rp
apd;NghJ nka;ahfNt Fbkf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w xU nray;KiwAkhFk;. ,t;
thwhf gq;Fgw;wy; mjd; Fbkf;fSf;F kpf ,d;wpaikahjJ. Vnddpy; ,t;
thwhf cupikfSf;fhd mZFjy;fs; Fbkf;fspd; Nguk; NgRk; Mw;wy;fS
ld; kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;G nfhz;litahFk;. ,it njhlu;ghf Fb kf;fs;
jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;> jPu;khdq;fis mKyhf;fy;> nghUl;fisAk; Nrit
17
gf;fk; |17
fisAk; ngWjy; Ml;rp nray;Kiwapy; Kiwrhu;e;j xOq;Fkiwfs; kpfj;
jPu;f;fkhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. ahg;GuPjpahd Vw;ghLfs; epu;thf tpjpKiwahd
xOq;fikg;gfs; epu;thf mikg;Gf;fhd toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Mw;wy;fs; Nghd;wd.
,e;j Kiwahd xoq;fikg;Gfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,Wjpahf muRf;Fk; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; vd;wtifapy; Fbkf;fSf;FkpilNa
,izf;Fk; ghykhf njhopw;gLk; nghJ epu;thfk; Kiwrgu;e;j mikg;gpNy
jkJ gzpia nra;tjw;fhf ntWkNd Kiwrhu;e;j mikg;gpy; ek;gpapUf;f
KbahJ. fuprid nfhz;l kw;Wk; tpsf;fk; ngw;w kf;fs; vd;wtifapy; murpd;
capu;g;Gila gq;fhsu;fshf tUtjd; %yk; KOikahd FbAupikiag;
ngWtjw;F kf;fSf;F mtu;fs; cjt Ntz;Lk;. tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjp kw;Wk;
rkj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhd kf;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;F mtu;fs; Maj;j
kpy;yhtpbd; ,jidr; nra;a KbahJ. md;whl nraw;ghLfis nra;Ak;NghJ
mbkl;l epu;thfpfs; nfhs;iffis kPs; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;J kPsTk; cUthf;
Fk; XusT jw;Wzpigf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gJ ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cz;ikahFk;.
vdNt epu;thfpfspd; fyhrhukhdJ mjhtJ mtu;fspd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;>
rpe;jidg;Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;G murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffis mtu;fs;
tbtikf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; Fbkf;fSf;F Nritfis toq;FtjpYk; xU gq;if
tfpf;f KbAk;.
nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; gq;F kPjhd mz;ikf;fhy gpurq;fq;fspy; nghJthf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJ ahnjdpy; ehzak;> xspTkiwtw;w jd;ik kw;Wk;
tif$wy; Nghd;w tpOkpaq;fis kf;fSf;F Nritfs; toq;Fk;NghJ nghJ
epu;thfkhdJ ,irthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpd; tptfhuq;fspy;
Fbkf;fs; gq;Nfw;gij mDruiz nra;Ak; NghJ nghJ epu;thfk; Mw;w
Ntz;ba gq;fhFk;. (<ypah Mk;];Nuhq;> nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; ehzak;> xspT
kiwtw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; tif$wy;> mz;ikag; Nghf;Ffs;> gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr tpUj;jpfSk; Njhw;Wk; gpur;rpidfSk; If;fpa ehLfs;> 2005 gf;fk; 1)
,q;F ehzak; vdg;gLtJ cj;jpNahfg+u;t gzpfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba Neu;ik> ek;gf;$ba jd;ik vd;gjhFk;. mtu;fs; CoYf;Fk; mjpfhu
J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhfTk; flikGuptu;. xspTkiwtw;w jd;ik vdg;gLtJ
epu;thf epWtdq;fspd; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s Nritfs; kw;Wk; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;ghd ek;gf;$ba jfty;fis cupa fhyj;jpy;
,yFthf mZff;$ba kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiwapd; nrayhw;wypy; ngwf; $bajhf
,Uf;Fk; tif$wy; vdg;gLtJ nghJ tsq;fspd; gad;ghL kPjhd nghJj;
Jiw cj;jpnahfj;ju;fs; mwpf;if nra;a Ntz;ba gq;F gw;wpa mtu;fspd;
flikg;ghl;ilAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nrayhw;wy; Fwpf;nfhs;fis nra;aj; jtW
tjw;fhd gjpy;$wf; $baJkhf ,Ug;gJkhFk;. (Nkw;$wg;gl;l E}ypypUe;J)
nghJ epu;thfk; njhlu;ghf cupikfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfisg;gw;wp
fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba jPu;f;fkhd gFjpfis
,f;fye;Jiuahly; ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. mLj;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; Vida ehLfspy;
cs;s ru;tNjr juq;fisAk; rpwe;j eilKiwfisAk; guprPypg;gJld; Fwpg;ghf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ls;s Gjpa Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

18
gf;fk; |18
3 . Vida ehLfspy; cs;s rpwe;j toq;fy; eilKiwfs;

3.1 mwpKfk;
mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; cynfq;FKs;s mNef ehLfspy; nghJj; Jiwapd;
Nrit toq;fy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt nrayhw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;Ak;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Fbkf;fSf;F Fiwe;j nrytpYk; tpahghu tifapyhd
rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwia mtu;fSf;F toq;Fk; epu;thf Nritia
epWTtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lit. ,ad;wtiu ghtidahsUf;F Neakhf
Nrit toq;fy; KiwiaAk; nrytpLk; gzj;jf;F ngW khdj;ijj; jUk;
vz;zf;fUtpy; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l jdpahu;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt eil
Kiwfis cUthf;Fk; Nghf;ifj; jOTtjhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
kpfTk; gpugy;ag;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;j nra;Kiw Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. (NPM) ,t;thwhd rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1980
fspy; gpupl;ldpYk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L gpd;du; Vida
ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; MdJ gutyhd
rPu;jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,jpypUe;J nghJj;Jiwr; Nritfs; mjp
fhu tu;f;f mikg;igf; Fiwg;gjw;F njupT nra;ayhk;. Gjpa nghJj; Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gpujh $Wfs; Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ikia mwpKfk; nra;Ak;
tpjj;jpy; nghJj;Jiwia kPsf; fl;likj;jy;> rpwe;j epjp Kfhikj; Jtk;
kw;Wk; Nrit toq;fy; Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. Nghl;b
kdg;ghd;ikapd; mOj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf nropg;gilaf; $ba Ntfkhf
efUk; rpwpa Nrit toq;fy; mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;f
khf cs;sJ. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik mtw;wpd; epjp
kw;Wk; Kfhikapd; nrayhw;wypy; kl;Lky;y ghtidahsu;fspd; gjpy; $wf;
$ba jd;ikapYk; mike;jpUe;jJ. jfty; njhopy;El;g Gul;rpapd; Njhw;wj;
Jld; ,j;jifa nghJj;Jiwr; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kpd;dpay; Ml;rp (E-
Governance) vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Gjpa gupzhkj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fg; gl;lJ.
kpd;dpay; trjpfs; %yk; nghJj; Jiwia Fbkf;fs; mZF tjw;F
mDkjpaspf;f KaYk; RWRWg;ghd Ml;rpKiwia ,J Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
kf;fSf;F Nrit toq;fiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd jdJ cWg;G ehL
fSf;F cjTtjpy; If;fpa ehl;L epWtdKk; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. cWjpahd
nghJj;Jiwf; nfhs;iffs; gaDWjpAldhd nghJ epu;thfk; kw;Wk; tpidj;
jpwdhd rptpy; Nritfs; vd;gtw;iw cynfq;Fk; mwpitg; gfpu;jy;> mDg
tq;fs; rpwe;j eilKiwfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhf
nghJ epu;thf tiyaikg;G nra;gzp mikg;nghd;iw If;fpa ehl;L ];jhg
dk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. nghJeytha ehLfspd; mz;ikf;fhy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
kjpg;gPL nra;j gpd;du; xU mwpQu; cyfpy; rpwe;j nghJj; Jiwr; Nritf;F
topfhl;Lk; vl;L tplaq;fis ,dq;fz;lhu;. mitahtd:
1. nghJj;Jiwr; Nritia kPs fl;likj;jy;

2. murpay; / epu;thf ,izg;ghf;fq;fis kPsg;guprPypj;jy;

3. cau;kl;l xOf;ftpay; juq;fisg; NgZjYk; Coy;fSf;F fUiz
fhl;lhkYk; ,Uj;jy;.

19
gf;fk; |19
 4. nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOf;fspd; gq;ifAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kPsha;T
nra;jy;.
5. nrayhw;wy; juq;fspd; tpOkpaq;fisAk; jhf;fq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;sy;.
6. jdpahu; JiwAld; kl;Lky;yhJ mjw;Fk; mg;ghy; cs;s gq;fhsu;
jd;ikfspd; gq;fspg;Gfisj; JUtp Muha;jy;
7. cau;jukhd Nritfis NgZjYk;
8. nghJj;Jiw Nju;r;rpapd; Rl;b xd;iw tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Kk;nkhopT
(V.v];. gpd; mg;Jy; m`kl; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; rpwe;j eilfs;;> nghJ
eytha ehLfspy; ,Ue;J mDgtq;fs; - Mf;fpNahd; k];ypd; m`kl;
nghJr;Nrit Kfhikj;Jtk;> 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jukhd Nritia
rhjpj;jy;> nghJ epu;thf Njrpa epWtfk;> nghJr;nritj; jpizf;fsk;
kNyrpah 1998> 2 Mk; gf;fk; (2 -10 gf;fq;fs;) ,t;thwhd rPu;jpUj;j
tha;g;ghLfs; mNefkhd ehLfshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJld; ehk; $l fw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba rpy ey;y eilKiwfis mwpKfQ; nra;jd. ,yq;if
apy; nghJj;Jiw Nrit toq;fy; Kiwapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Njitahd rpwe;j eilKiwfisAk; nghJj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa
ey;y Gupe;Jzu;itAk; ehk; ngwyhk;.
3.2 Vida ehLfspd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; Vida eilKiwfSk;
3.2.1 Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt mbg;gilapyhd rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
tpupthf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; msT msTf;F kPwpa rk;gs nrytpdq;fs; rptpy;
Nritahsu;fspd; tif$whj; jd;ik Nghd;wit ntspg;gl;l rptpy; Nritapd;
Nkhrkhd nrayhw;wYf;F gjpy;$Wk; tifapy; mgptpUj;jpaile;j Kjyhspj;
Jt [dehaf ehLfspy; 1980 fhyg;gFjpapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
mbg;gilapyhd rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; NkNyhq;fpapUe;jd. nghJj;Jiwr;
Nritapd; gpujhd gytPdq;fspy; xd;whd nghJj;Jiw Nrit Kiwapdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ghupa epjpr;RikAld; <LnfhLg;gNj rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jr;
rl;lq;fspd; (,e;ehLfspd; epu;tfp;f;fg;gLgit) gpujhd fupridahf ,Ue;jJ.
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nfhs;ifapd; tpisTfis toq;fj; jtwpaik ,t;thwhd
r%fq;fspd; nfhs;if cUthf;Fgtu;fSf;F fhRf;Nfw;w ngWkhdk; (VFM)
vDk; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J nghJj;Jiwapd; nrytpdq;fisg; gw;wp ftdQ;
nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ.
1980 fspy; murhq;fj;ij kPs cUthf;Fk; fUj;J vOr;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J
nghJj;Jiwr; nrytPdq;fisg; gw;wp gytPdkhd fuprid njhlu;ghf ftdQ;
nrYj;jpaJ. nghUshjhuq;fspd; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikahdJ re;ijia nraw;
gLj;jpaJld; cz;zhl;Lg; nghUshjhuq;fSf;Fg; gue;jsthd ,ilntspia
Vw;gLj;Jk; Gjpa Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwfis jdpahu;Jiw nfhz;LtUtjhy;
ehl;by; Vw;gl;bUe;j Gjpa nghUshjhu cj;Ntfj;Jld; nghUe;jpf; nfhs;shj
E}w;whz;Lfs; gioa mjpfhu tu;f;f eilKiwfisg; gw;wp nghJj;Jiw
kPsTk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jifa #o;epiyapy; nghJj;Jiw nry
tpdq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; Rikfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. eilKiwapy; jdpahu;
Jiwapdhy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l gpukhzq;fisf; nfhz;L nghJj;Jiwapd;
nrayhw;wiy kPsg; guprPid nra;a toptFj;jJld; jdJ rptpy; Nritapd;
msitf; Fiwj;jthW rptpy; Nritf;fhd nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; Kaw;rp
fshf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld. xU Gwkhf gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
20
gf;fk; |20
tuT nryTj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt KiwikfisAk; Fbkfd; / thbf;ifahsu; /
Nritehb MfpNahiu ftdj;jpw; nfhz;l eilKiwfs; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
Kiwikfis gpd;gLj;jp kw;iwajd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhs;Sjy; vd;gtw;iw
,J mDruizahf;fpaJ.
nghJ Kfhikj;Jt rPu;jpUj;jkhd ,d;Dk; $l cynfq;fpYk; gutpf; nfhz;b
Uf;Fk; xU nray;KiwahFk; gyjug;gl;l tpj;jpahrkhd fUtpfis gad;
gLj;JtJld; njhlu;G nfhz;lJk; murhq;f Nritfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J
toq;Ftjw;fhf %d;whk; jug;gpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUg;gJkhd Gjpatifahd
Ml;rpKiwahFk;. ,J Kjypy; Nkw;fj;ija ehLfspy; cUthfp gbg;gbahf
Nkw;fj;jpay;yhj ehLfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kpfTk; J}u Nehf;F nfhz;litahFk;. Mit Nkw;fj;jpa
murhq;fq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jpfspy; xd;whf ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld.
Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; ehLfshd
(OECD) mT];jpNuypah> epa+rpyhe;J> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; Nghd;w ehLfs; Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtkhdJ murhq;fk; RUq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tuT
nryTj;jpl;lq;fs; cyfkakhf;fypd; jtpu;f;f Kbahjitfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F
vjpuhd nghJ kf;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l nghJj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vd;Nw
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Mq;fpNyh rf;rdpa Njhw;wg;ghL vd;Nw fhzg;gl;lJ.
Vnddpy; Muk;g fhyj;J rPu;jpUj;j ehLfshf ngupa gpupj;jhdpah> epa+rpyhe;J>
mT];jpNuypah XusTf;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjypa ehLfs; ,Ue;jd.
MapDk; 1980fs;> 90 fspy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
fpl;lj;jl;l cyfshtpa kl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;ld.
3.2.2 If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
khfpul; jl;rupd; murpd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nghJj;Jiwapd;
nrytpdj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpahfNt Kjypy; ,dq;fhzg;
gl;bUe;jd. murhq;fj;jpy; nrayhw;wy; mbg;gilapyhd nfhLg;gdT Kiw
,y;yhJ ,Ue;jjpdhy; muR Copau;fs; nfsutkpf;f me;j];ij mDgtpj;jthW
ey;ynjhU rk;gsj;ij vt;tpj ciog;Gk; ,y;yhky; ngWfpd;wdu; vd;W
NfhupNa rPu;jpUj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij murhq;fk; Muk;gpj;jJ. kpfTk; Nghl;b
kdg;ghd;ikAlDk; Fbkf;fSf;F Neakhd KiwapYk; nghJr;Nritapd;
Kfhikg;ghzpia khw;Wtjpy; jhk; tpUg;G nfhz;bUg;gjhf muR mwptpj;jJ.
nghJepWtdq;fspy; cs;s epu;thfj;ij elj;Jk; egu; mtupd; vjpu;g; gf;fkhf
Ts;s nghUshjhuj;ij elj;Jk; re;ijapy; cs;stiug; NghyNt nry;tk;>
me;j];J> nfsutk; nrsfupak; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s jdJ Raeyid mjpfupg;
gjw;F Kay;tjhfNt cs;sdu; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gilapNyNa rPu;
jpUj;jKiw ,Ue;jJ. vdNt nghJj;Jiw ehl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd gioa
mikg;Gf;fs; nrayhw;wy; mbg;gilapyhd rk;gsk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuT
nryTj;jpl;lk; thbf;ifahsu;fs; jpUg;jp kw;Wk; re;ijKiwfs; Nghd;w Gjpa
Kfhikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,Wjpahf Kfhikj;
Jt fyhrhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapd; khw;wj;ijAk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
,Ue;J te;j epu;thf Kiwikia kPsf; fl;likg;G nra;tjw;Fk; mDruiz
mspj;jJ.
epiwNtw;W Kftu; epiyaq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rpwpajhd Nrit toq;fy;
epiyaq;fspy; toq;fy; Nritfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s nghJj;Jiw Copau;fis muR
Kjypy; mDg;gpitj;jJ. rpNu\;l Kftu;fs; mikr;ru;fspd; nfhs;if cU
thf;Fk; ikaq;fshfTk; nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahu;Jiw rpNu\;l
Kftu;fspypUe;J Nghl;b%yk; Ml;Nru;g;G nra;ag;gl;l Kftu; mz;ik jiyik
mjpfhupfs; jkJ Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mikr;RfSld; xg;ge;jq;
21
gf;fk; |21
fis ifr;rhj;jpl Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt nghJf;nfhs;ifia tbtikg;g
jw;fhf mikr;ru;fSld; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUe;j rpNu\;l nghJj;Jiw
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; murpd; toq;fy; gFjpia Vw;Fk; epiwNtw;W Kftuhz;ik
fSlDk; nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J Neubahf tUk; Nfhupf;ifSlDk; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; nra;a nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;.
Gjpa Nrit toq;fy; epiyaq;fs; vdg;gLk; epiwNtw;Wk; Kftu; epiy
aq;fspd; gpujhd njhopw;ghL ,t;thwhf ,yhg%l;lf;$ba xg;gq;fspd; fPo;
mitfSf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Nritfis nghWg;Ngw;wYk; jdpahu; epWtdq;
fs; Nghy gaDWjpAld; nraw;gLtJkhFk;. ,yhg Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf nghWg;
Ngw;fg;gl;l tpahghur; nraw;ghLfshf nghJr;Nrit toq;fy;fis nghWg;Ngw;W
murhq;fj;jpd; cs;Ns njhopw;gLk; epWtdq;fshf epiwNtw;W Kftu; epiy
aq;fs; Mfptpl;ld. toq;fg;gLk; Nritfis ngWtjw;fhf Fbkf;fs; Neub
ahfNt ,tw;Wf;F gzQ; nrYj;Jgtu; MapDk; nghJkf;fspd; rhu;ghf mu
rhq;fNk mf;nfhLg;gdTfis cgNahfpj;jJ. ,Wjpahf Njitg;gLgtw;Wf;F
Nkyhf murhq;fj;Jf;Ff; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F $Ljyhf nrytplg;gLk;
epiyia Vw;gLj;jpa mNefkhd nray; xOq;Ffis mfw;wpathW gpupj;jhdpa
murhq;fk; jd; Mszpapdupd; njhifapy; Rkhu; 40% tPjj;ijf; Fiwj;J ,yl;
rf; fzf;fhd gTz;fisr; Nrkpf;f Kbe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;
lr; nrytpdq;fs; fzprkhd msT Fiwf;fg;gl;ld. Vnddpy; epiwNtw;W
Kftu; epiyaq;fs; jw;NghJ tUkhdj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nrytpdq;fis kPsg;
ngWk; epiyaq;fshf jw;NghJ njhopw;gL fpd;wd. ,t;thwhd epiyaq;fspy;
murhq;fk; $l mtw;wpd; thbf;ifahsuhf khwptpl;lJ.
Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt nray;Kiwapd; r%f tpisTfspy; xd;W
ahnjdpy; Fbkf;fs; rhrdj;jpd; mwpKfk; MFk;. Fbkf;fs; rhrdj;jpy; tUk;
Fbkfd; vd;w gjk; Fbkf;fs; rhrdj;jpdhy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk; tpUg;G
fSk; tpOkpaq;fSk; mjd; Nritehbfs; my;yJ thbf;ifahsu; vd;w tif
apy; Fbkf;fis kl;Lkd;wp> rfy gq;Fjhuu;fiAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
Fbkf;fs; rhrdkhdJ nghJj;Jiwr; Nritf;Fk; Fbkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd xU
nfsutkhd gpizg;ghf ,Ue;jJld; Neu;j;jpahdJk; cau;jukhd Nritf;fhd
Fbkf;fspd; cupikiag; ghJfhj;jJ. mNjNeuk; mJ nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;
Fk; NritfSf;fhf nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F jpUg;jpiaAk; nfhLj;
jJ. Fbkf;fspd; rhrdk; rl;lg;gbahf typAWj;jg;gl KbahjJ. Vt;thwhapDk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l juq;fSld; Fbkf;fSf;fhd Nritfs; toq;fg;gLtij
mDruizahf mikAk; fUtpahf mike;jJ. Fbkf;fs; rhrdj;jpd; gpujhd
Fwpf;Nfhs; mjd; nghJj;Jiw Nritfspd; Neu;j;jpia Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;. Fb
kf;fs; rhrdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nghJj;Jiw Nritfspd; flikg;ghlhtd:

 jhk; toq;Fk; Nritfspd; jd;ikfis nghJkf;fSf;F tpsf;fkhf

mwpar; nra;jy;.

 Nritfspd; juj;ij tiutpyf;fzQ; nra;J mtw;iw gfpuq;fg;gLj;jy;.

 Fbkf;fSf;F ,yFthf mZff;$bajhfTk; Neakhf mike;J NghJ

khd jfty;fis toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

 fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;s njupTfis tpsf;FtJk; nghJkf;fSf;F rupahd

mwpTiufis toq;FtJk;

 Njitfis toq;Ftjpy; fz;zpakhfTk; Kd;tUtjhfTk; mile;J gpio

fisj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tJk;
22
gf;fk; |22
Fbkf;fspd; rhrdkhdJ ntWkNd mwpKiw rhu;e;jjhfTk; nghJ
Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; kl;Lk; nfhz;l Mtzk; kl;Lky;y> mjw;F
khwhf Fwpg;ghd toptiffisAk; nghJj;Jiw NritfSf;fhd Fwpg;ghd xU
jpizf;fsk; gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;ba flikg;ghl;lf;fhd fhy mtfhrk; nfhLf;
fg;gl Ntz;ba jfty;fisg; Nghd;wd. xU Fbkf;fs; rhrdkhdJ xU Fwpg
;gpl;l juk;> Neu;j;jp Neit toq;fYf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l Neu tiuaiw Kiwg;ghL
fisj; jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw xspT kiwtw;w jd;ik> tif$wy; Nghd;w
tw;Wf;fhd epWtdj;jpd; mu;g;gzpg;ig gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wJ.
3.2.3 Vida ehLfspd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
If;fpa mnkupg;ghtpy; Gjpa Kfhikj;Jt mbg;gilapyhd nghJj;Jiw rPu;
jpUj;jq;fs; nuhdhy;l; Nufdpd; fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. vt;thwhapDk; kpf
mz;ikf;fhy khw;wq;fs; gpy; fpspd;ld; fhyj;jNyNa ,lk; ngw;wd. mtuJ
cg [dhjpgjpahd my;Nfhu; Njrpa nrayhw;wy; kPsha;Tf;F jiyik jhq;fp
nghJj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhd ‘murhq;fj;ij kPs cUthf;fy;’ vdg;
gLk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jhu;. nray; xOq;F jhkjq;fs; Fwpg;ghf
nfhs;tdT nra;Kiwapd; kpf ke;jfjpahd nra;KiwfnshL rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ghupasT nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwg;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpaJ. gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;
gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fspy; nghJj;Jiw Kftu;fs; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;
rk\;b murhq;f tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; Clhf xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;j
mbg;gilapyhd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk; top tFj;jJ.
rptpy; Nritapd; nrayhw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cs; ehl;bNyNa cUthf;fg;
gl;l rPu;jpUj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij epa+rpyhe;J mwpKfk; nra;jJ. Mszpapdu;
kw;Wk; Copau; Fiwg;gpd; Clhf murhq;fk; nrytpdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU
fUtpahf ,r;rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jk; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; mJ jpwd;kpf;fJk;
tpidj;jpwd; cilaJkhd mur Ntiy mzp xd;iw Vw;gLj;Jtij cs;s
lf;fp apUe;jJ. Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; nryit
kl;Lg;gLj;J tjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,Nj Nghd;W NtW Kf;fpa mk;rq;fSk;
,q;F ,Ue;jd. Ml;rp nghJj;Jiw nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; cUthf;fp
tpepNahfk; nra;tjw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf tpidj;jpwDk; Cf;fKk; nfhz;l
jhd rptpy; Nrit ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia tbtikj;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kw;Wk;
nghJr; nrytpdq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fkhd gaDWjpAila fUtp
ahfTk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;
Fkhd gaDWjpAila fUtpahfTk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Gjpa nghJj;
Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd rptpy; Nrit gue;j mstpyhd Nehf;
fk; Neu;j;jpahd nghJr;Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;
gl;l gjtpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd jpwd;fs;> Cf;Ftpg;Gfs;> nghJg;
gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; tif$wy; cldhd rpwpa msthd mur gzp mzpapdiu
cUthf;FtjhFk;.(cyf tq;fpAk; ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;> rptpy; Nritia rPu;
jpUj;jk; nra;jy;>epjp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp 1996 njhFjp 33 ,y.3 10-13 gf;fq;fs;)
rpy ehLfspy; rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Ez;nghUshjhu jpwj;jd;ikf;F
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jJ. ,J epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Fiwg;gjw;F Mjutspg;gjd;
Clhf> Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; rptpy; Nritapd; msTk; nrytpdKk;
fl;Lf;F mlq;ff;$baJk; epiyNgwhdJkhff; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rpwpaJk; ed;F Cjpak; ngWk; rptpy; NeitfisAk; fhye; NjhWk; njhlu;e;J
itj;jpUf;fTk; epjpia xJf;fPL nra;aTk; murhq;fq;fSf;F cWjp nra;Ak;
Kd; epge;jidahf rptpy; Nritapd; msitf; Fiwg;gjhf vg;NghJk; ,Ue;J
te;jJ. (cyf tq;fpAk; ru;tNjr ehza epjpaKk; Mgpupf;f rptpy; Nrit rPu;
23
gf;fk; |23
jpUj;jq;fs; 10 tUlq;fspd; gpd; fyitahd ngWNgWfs;> epjpAk; mgptpUj;jp
Ak; 1998> njhFjp 35 ,y. 2 gf;fq;fs; 10 – 13) vt;thwhapDk; rptpy; Nrit
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd ehLfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L mKy; nra;ag;
gl;l NghjpYk; ,r;rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vg;NgJk; rpf;fyhf mike;J ,Ue;jNjhL
gy;NtW epWtduPjpahd rthy;fSld; fye;J tpl;lJld; mtw;Wf;F <LnfhLf;f
fhyk; Njitg;gl;lJ. rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mKy; nra;tJ fbdkhdJ
Vnddpy; mit ngUk;ghYk; fbdkhd kdpj Njhw;wg;ghLfis kPs; mikj;j
iyAk; kdpj elj;ijia khw;WtijAk; <LghL nfhz;lit. (xy;rd; N[.gp.
gPl;lu;]; gP.[P.1996> mDgtj;jpd; ghlq;fs; vl;L rdehaf ehLfspy; epu;thfj;
Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; gupNrhjidf; fw;wy;> x];Nyh> ];fe;;jpNetpa gy;fiyf;
fof mr;rfk; 12 Mk; gf;fk;) jw;Nghija rptpy; Nrit rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; murp
dJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; ftdj;ij kPsikf;Fk; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; cld;
toikahfNt kpf neUf;fkhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lit. ehl;bd; kpf mj;jpah
trpakhd eilKiwfis nrayhw;Wtjw;F epWtdq;fisAk; nray; Kiw
fisAk; tYt+l;Ltjd; %yk; kpf FiwthdJk; Nfe;jpukhd gq;ifAk; Mw;wr;
nra;fpd;wJ. epu;thf Kiwikfs; kpff; Fiwthd mjpfhu kl;lq;fis tpUj;jp
nra;aTk; Kd;tupir Kfhikahsu;fSf;F ,af;f mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhLf;
fTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. Fiwf;fg;gl;l nrayzpapdUld; mNefkhd Nritfs;
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Nrit toq;fYf;fhf xg;ge;juPjpapy; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;.
3.3 mz;ikf;fhy murhq;f rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; $Wfs; - xU NkNyhl;lkhd
ghu;it.
kpfr; rkPgj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w murhq;f rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;l
%d;W gpujhd tplaq;fis xU fy;tp mwpQu; ,dq;fz;Ls;shu;. mjhtJ
Fiwe;j nrytpdq;fis nfhz;l murhq;fk;> ,uz;L. tha;ikj;Jtk; kpf;f mu
rhq;fk;> %d;W. kpd;-murhq;fk; (fzpzpkakhdJ) (V.vy; tu;kh nghJ epu;thfk;>
Nyhl;l]; gpu];> GJby;yp 2006 gf;fk; 238) ,j;jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; mKyhf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;l epu;thfj;Jiw eltbf;iffis mLj;J ehk; Muha;T nra;Nthk;.
(,j;njhdpg;nghUl;fspd; fPo; fPNo toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; mNj Mf;fpNahdhy;
ngwg;gl;lit gf;fk; 238 – 258)
3.3.1 Fiwthd nrytpdj;ijf;nfhz;l murhq;fk;
cyfpd; mz;ikf;fhy nghJj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa ftdpg;Gfspy;
xd;whf Fiwthf nrytpdj;ijf;nfhz;l murhq;fk; Mf ,Ue;jJ. tYthd
epjpf;fl;lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gDWjpAldhd tuTnryTj; jpl;l nray;Kiwfis
nghJj;Jiwapy; mwpKfQ; nra;tJld; ,J ,ize;jpUe;jJ. murhq;f nry
tpdq;fSld; njhlu;ghd xU vz;zf;fUthf tpidj;jpwdpd; mwpKfj;ij
,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ngUksTf;F gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSld;
,t;thwhd eltbf;iffs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. nghJj;Jiwapy; tpidj;jpwd;
cUthf;F tjw;F gy ,ilj;njhlu;G nfhz;l cghaq;fis murhq;fq;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld. nfhs;tpiy fzf;fPL nrayhw;wy; mbg;gilapyhd tuT
nryTj;jpl;lk; tuT nryT fzf;FfSf; fpilapyhd nefpo;T jd;ik
tpidj;jpwd; Kd;ndLg;G $Wfis mit cs;slf;fp cs;sd.
epa+rpyhe;jpy; murhq;f Nritfs; jkJ ,yf;Ffis miltjd; mbg;gilapy;
tuT nryTj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf Nghl;bapLk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.
nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fSf;F kpfj; njspthd nrayhw;wy; ,yf;Ffs; jug;
gl;ld. xt;nthU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij mKy; nra;tJld; njhlu;Ggl;l ,yf;F
fis miltjw;F ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fs; vOj;J %ykhd xg;ge;jq;fspd;
ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;bapUe;jd. GJikahdtw;iw Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; rpq;fg;g+u;

24
gf;fk; |24
ey;ynjhU cjhuzkhFk;. ,it> tpisjpwid Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;tJ
kl;Lky;y murhq;fj;Jf;F FiwthfTk; nryit Vw;gLj;jpd. nrytpdq; fis
Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;F rpq;fg;g+u; murhq;fk; ehd;F vz;zf; fUf;fisr;
Rw;wpj; jk; Kaw;rpfis cUthf;fpaJ.- Nrjq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;jy;> (tPzhFjy;)
jw;Wzpig mjpfupj;jy; (nfhs;tdTld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l epu;thfpfSf;fhdJ)
nrytpdj;ij mstply; (tpisTfSld;) Nk;ghl;il Nehf;fpr;nry;yy; (Nrit
toq;fypy;) 2001 Mk; Mz;L murhq;fj;jpd; tpisjpwdpYk; nrytpdq;fisf;
Fiwg;gjpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpathW tuT nryTj;jpl;lr; rl;lj;ijAk; ahg;G
uPjpahd cgtpjpfisAk; gpuhd;]; epiw Ntw;wpaJ. Mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd;
nrayhw;wiy Nkk;gLj;j 1993 ,y; murhq;f nrayhw;wy; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfs;
rl;lj;ij If;fpa mnkupf;fh epiw Ntw;wpaJ. 1995 ,y; fNdba rk\;b
murhq;fkhdJ jdJ nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; 8.5 % Mf ,Ue;j tuT
nryTj;jpl;l Fiwghl;il <Lnra;a ntw;wpfukhf jPu;Tfz;lJ.
rpyp ehl;by; efu rigfSf;F ,ilapyhd Rw;whly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; rpwpa
efurigfSld; Nru;e;J cj;jpNahfj;jiu gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd nrytpdj;ijf;
Fiwj;jJ. mj;Jld; Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;F tYt+l;l gy; efu rig
fspd; nghJ epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijAk; mKyhf;fpaJ. ,j;jhypapy; Gjpa tpahghuq;
fis Muk;gpf;fj; Njitg;gLk; gy Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F ‘xUgbf; fil
fs;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLk; epiyaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. nkf;rpNfh murhq;fk; 2006
Mk; Mz;Ltiu I.v];.X. 9000 juq;fSs; 650 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd rk\;b
Ntiy epiyaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mT];jpNuypahtpy; r%f Nrit epfo;r;rp
fSs; thbf;ifahsu; fyhrhuj;ijAk; cs;slf;Ftjw;fhf mT];jpNuypahtpy;
gpujhd kPs; xOq;fikg;G Ntiyfs; ,lk; ngw;wd.
3.3.2 thz;ikj;Jt murhq;fk;
gaDWjp kpf;f muR vd;w fUj;J gaDWjpkpf;f nghJj;JiwapNyNa jq;fp
As;sJ. gy ehLfSf;F ,J Kf;fpakhd tplakhf mike;jJ. gaDWjpaw;w
nghJj;JiwahdJ gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidfSls; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ:
a. jpwikahd egu;fis Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; nghJj;Jiw rpukg;gl;lJ. Vnd
dpy; mjdhy; jdpahu; JiwfSlNdh murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSlNdh
Nghl;b Nghl Kbatpy;iy.
b. nghJj;JiwahdJ jdJ nraw;gzp mzpapdiu gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd epjp
gw;whf;FiwiaAk; jPtpukhd jpwd; FiwghL fisAk; vjpu; Nehf;fpaJ.
c. nghJj;Jiw Copau;fs; fLk; rk;gsf;Fiwg;ig vjpu; Nehf;fpajhy;
jpwiktha;e;j epu;thf mjpfhupfs; nghJj;Jiwia tpl;L ePq;f top
tFj;jJ.
d. nghJj;JiwahdJ msTf;fjpfkhd murpay; mDruizahy; ghjpf;fg;
gl;lJ. ,jdhy; murhq;fj;Jf;F vt;tpj NtiyfSk; nra;ahj $basT
Copau;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.
e. nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; vg;NghJk; rl;lj;Jf;F cfe;jjhf Ntiy
nra;tjpy;iy.
ru;tNjr ehza epjpaj;jpdhy; ehj;jg;gl;l gpujhd fw;ifapd; %yk; xU ehl;bd;
Copau;fspd; nghJj;Jiw rk;gsq;fSf;Fk; Coypd; kl;lj;Jf; Fkpilapy; kpfj;
njspthd njhlu;ig fz;lwpe;jJ. ,f;fw;ifapd; %yk; kjpg;gplg;gl;lNghJ
25
gf;fk; |25
nghJj;Jiwapd; Coiy ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapd;
rk;gsq;fs; 2.8 ,ypUe;J 7.4% tiu mjpfupf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk; vd kjpg;gpl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk; nghJj;Jiwapy; Coy; cUthtjw;F gzk; kl;Lk;jhd; gq;fspg;
Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzp my;y. nghJj;Jiw Coypy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzp
fspy; xd;whf nghJj;Jiw Nritapy; rl;lj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; xU fhuzkhf
,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. nghJr;Nritapy; ehl;bd; rl;lk; ed;F epWtg;glhky; cs;s
ehLfspy; jkJ njhopiy rl;lj;Jf;Fg; gzpe;J Nkw; nfhs;tjpy;iy vd;gJ
ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;.
Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rk;gsj;ij mjpfupj;j ehlfspy; xd;whf rpq;fg;g+u;
cs;sJ. nghJj;Jiwf;Fk; jdpahu; Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd rk;gs Kuz;ghl;il
rpq;fg;g+u; murhq;fk; ntw;wpfukhf ,y;yhky; nra;jJ. nghJj;Jiwf;F Nrit
fis toq;Ftjw;fhd epiwNtw;W Kftu; epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;lNghJ
khu;fpul; jl;rupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; ,J Nghd;w rPu;jpUj;
jq;fis me; ehL mDgtpj;jJ. ,t;thwhd epiyikapy; cs;s Mszpapdu;
(Nrit xg;ge;jq;fs; %ykhf mtu;fspd; nrayhw;wypd; mbg;gilapy; ngUksT
Cf;Ftpg;G nfhLg;gdTfs; cs;slq;fyhf epjp rhu;e;j ed;ikfshf mjpfupf
;fg;gl;lJ. 1999 ,y; njd; nfhupahtpy; nghJj; JiwapYk; jdpahu; Jiw
apypUkpUe;J jiyrpwe;j jpwikrhypfis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F tbtikf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; ‘jpwe;j Nghl;b uPjpahd gjtp Kiw’ vd;wiof;fg;gLk; nghJr; Nrit
rPu;jpUj;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag; gl;lJ. jw;NghJ 20% Md rptpy;
NritAs;s gjtpfs; xt;nthU mikr;rpYk; ,t;thwhd Nghl;bj; jpl;lj;Jf;F
jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sd.
3.3.3 kpd;dpay; murhq;fk; (fzpzp kakhdJ)
mz;ikf;fhy If;fpa ehl;L fw;if xd;wpy; cyf murhq;fq;fspy; 89 %
tPjkhdit VNjh xU msTf;F jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk; my;yJ
Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk; mjd; vy;yh Fbkf;fSk; mjDld; njhlu;G
nfhz;b uhjNghjpYk; ,izaj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,izaj;ijg; gad;
gLj;Jk; ehLfs; %d;W FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. me;ehl;bd; jiy
ikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd murpay; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf ,iza jsq;
fisg; gad; gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,uz;lhtJ FO ehl;bd; gpui[fs; my;yhNjhiu
KjyPL nra;a ftu;e;J ,Og;gjw;fhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. %d;wh
tJ FO ,il nraw;ghl;lf;FO vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq; fj;jpl
kpUe;J jfty;fis NfhUtjw;fhfTk; gbtq;fis gjptpwf;fk; nra;tjw;F mD
kjpf;Fk; tpjj;jpYk; ,izaj;jpD}lhf Fbkf;fSf;F Nritfs; nra;fpd;wd.
Fb kf;f Sf;F toq;fg;gLk; Nritfspd; juj;ij mjpfupj;J nrytpdq;fis
Fiwg;gjw;fhf jfty; njhopDl;gj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s ehLfs; %d;whk;
tifiar; Nru;e;jitahFk;. murhq;f nritf;fhd jdpthapyhf kpd;dpay; Fb
kf;fs; gf;fj;ij epWTtjpy; rpq;fg;g+u; Kd;NdhbahFk;. ,ilr; nraw;gh;L
murhq;fj;jpy; cyfj; jiyikj;Jtj;ij fNdba muR tfpf;fpd;wJ. kpd;dpay;
murhq;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp (fzpdp kak;) jd; Fbkf;fspd; cs;sPLfisAk;
cj;jpNahf g+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw; nfhs;Sjiy mJ mjpfupj;jJ.

26
gf;fk; |26
gFjp - 2

27
gf;fk; |27
4 . ,yq;ifapy; nghJ epu;thfKiw – xU NkNyhl;lkhd ghu;it

4.1 mwpKfk;
,yq;ifapy; nghJepu;thfj;jpy; mjd; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; ,e;j mj;jpahak;
Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ. ,q;F fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s fye;Jiuahly; fhydpj;Jt mjp
fhu tu;f;fj;jpd; kuGupikahf te;j gz;Gfs; mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhf nfhz;l
epu;thfj;ij cUthf;fj; jtwpaik mjpfhu tu;;f;fj;jpd; murpay; kakhf;fk;
jw;fhy nghJepu;thfj;jpdhy; Kd;Nehf;fg;gLk; rthy;fs; vd;gd Fwpj;j jd;
ftdj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
4.2 fhydpj;Jt mjpfhu tu;f;fk;
4.2.1 fUj;jpay; uPjpahd kw;Wk; mikg;G uPjpahd rl;lf mikg;G
gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;l
epu;thfj;Jiw KiwahdJ etPd ghzp vd;gJld; mJ Rkhu; xd;wiu
E}w;whz;Lfshf epiyj;jpUe;jJ. MSeupdhy; jiyik tfpf;fg;gl;l epu;thf
epWtdj;jpd; fPo; ,f;fhydp ,Ue;j NghjpYk; 1829 Mk; Mz;L Nfhy;G&f; -
nfkNuhd; Mizf; FOf;fspdhy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l nfhs;if khw;wq;fs;
,e;ehl;Lf;Fs; te;jd. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kpjthj nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;bUe;j
Mizf;FOtpdu; Rje;jpu tu;f;fj;jpd; tpOkpaq;fisAk; jkJ rpghupRfspd;NghJ
jhuhsj; jd;ikia typAWj;jpdu;.
,t;thwhd Mizf;FOf;fspd; rpghupRfs; Rje;jpu re;ijia
mwpKfg;gLj;jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;> ‘fhydpj;Jt ehL’ vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l ,f;fhydpahdJ gbg;gbahf fhydpahf cUkhw;wg;gl;lJ. ngupa
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ed;ik fUjp ,yhgj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l Rje;jpu re;ijapy;
nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J cwpQ;rp vLf;fg; gl;lik mDruizahfNt mike;jJ.
ehl;Lf;Fk; murhq;fj; Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspia ,e;j Nghf;F trjp
nra;jJ. rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W fTd;rpy;fspd; epWTtJk; Rje;jpu ePjpj;JiwAk;
cUthf;fKk; 1833 ,y; ,lk; ngw;wJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; epu;thf Kiwia cau; Fbkf;fs; Ml;rpapypUe;J mjpfhu tu;f;f
Ml;rpahf cUkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLjy; ,e;j Afj;jpNyna ,lk; ngw;wJ.
mDruizfs; %yk; epu;thfpfisj; njupT nra;jy; gbg;gbahf iftplg;gl;lJ.
ngupa gpupj;jhdpahtpd; rptpy; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; topfhl;ly;fisg; gpd;gw;wp
Nghl;bg; guPl;irfs; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l epu;thfj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpdhy;
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l epu;thf Kiw xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
1870 fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; jpirapy;
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;w murpay; cUkhw;wq;fshy; ,J mtrpakhfpaJ.
vt;thwhapDk; fhydpj;Jt ehl;Lf;fhyj;jpy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhug; nghwp
KiwfSk; Ml;rpapd; nra;KiwAk; epu;thfpfspd; ifapNyNa ,Ue;jJ. vdNt>
1931 tiuapy; fhydpj;Jt ehlhdJ mbg;gilahfNt xU epu;thfj;Jiw ehlhf
,Ue;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa Ra Ml;rpapd; Clhf epu;thfj;Jiwapd; xU
Kd;dzp gq;if tfpf;FkhW cs;ehl;Lj; jiytu;fs; r%f eyd; nfhs;if
fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; gpupj;jhdpah murhq;fk; mDkjpj;jpUe;jJ. nghJj;
Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk; epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; murpaYf;FkpilNa ,ilntspapy; ,e;j
cUkhw;wk; kpf Kf;fpakhd Njitahf ,Ue;jJ.

28
gf;fk; |28
nghJj;Jiw Copau;fisAk; nghJ kf;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fkhf
nfhz;l nefpo;r;rpaw;w fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; fhydpj;Jt
ehl;bd; epu;thf Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ. Kbapd; Nrtfu;fshf nghJj;Jiw
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis Mf;Ftjw;fhd jukhd rptpy; Nritf; FwpaPLfs;
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;ld. mNjNeuk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghwpKiwapd; Nfe;jpukhd
fl;Lg;ghLfs; INuhg;gpa cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; ifapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. epu;thf mikg;gpd; gpujhd njhopw;ghLfs; rl;lj;ijAk;
xOq;ifAk; ifahs;tJk; tup mwtpLtjd; %yk; ehl;bd; tUkhdj;ij
jpul;LtJkhf ,Ue;jJ.
Vfhjpgj;jpa eyd;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf fhydpj;Jt epu;thfpfs; (Kbahl;rpapd;
Copau;fs; vd;wtifapy;) Njitg;gl;l NghjpYk; rhjhuz kf;fis mZFk;
;NghJ eyd;kpf;f ey;nyz;zj;Jld; gpd;gw;WkhW Fwpg;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs; jug;
gl;bUe;jd. Fiwe;j gl;rk; thuj;Jf;F xUKiwahtJ fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; efuq;
fSf;Fk; tp[ak; nra;J rhjhuz kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis
jhkhfNt nrd;W fhZkhW epu;thfpfs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. jz;zPu;>
Rfhjhu eyd;> tptrhaj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; fpuhkj;jtu;fSf;fhd mj;jpahtrpa
czTg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w mbg;gilj; Njitfs; fpilf;ff;$ba tpjj;ij
mtu;fspd; tp[aq;fspd;NghJ ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;SkhW mtu;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldu;.
murhq;fj;jpd; kj;jpa ,izg;ghf;fr; nrayfj;jpd; fhupahyaj;ijf;nfhz;L
njhopw;gl;l MSeupd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; fhydpj;Jt ehl;bd; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuk; kpff; fLikahf ikag; gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. epu;thf Kiwapd; Kf;fp
a];juhf fhydpj;Jt nrayhsu; nraw;gl;lJld;> murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;W
njhopw;ghLfs; jpizf; fsq;fshf cg gpupTfshf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
cs;Su; Ml;rp epu;thfkhdJ gpuhd;rpd; jiyikj;Jt mjpfhupKiwapd;
mk;rq;fis xj;jpUe;jJ. gpuhd;rpy; ,Ue;j jiyikj;Jt mjpfhupfs; NghyNt
fr;Nrupapy; mikag;ngw;wpUe;j kpff; fLikahf kj;jpaikag;gLj;jg;gl;l
khfhz epu;thf Kiwikf;F jiyik jhq;fpa mur mjpgu;fs; murpdJk;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Kftu;fshf khfhzj;ij epu;tfpg;gjw;fhf ,uhZt fhty;
Jiw epu;thf> tUkhdj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;. fhydpj;Jt
ehl;bd; KJnfYk;ghf mur mjpgupd; khfhz epu;thfk; mike;jpUe;jnjdpy;
mJ kpifahfhJ. fhydp murhq;fj;jpd; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;ijg;
NgZtjw;fhf mJ Ml;rpg;gbKiwapy; fl;likg;gpy; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
fr;Nrup KiwahdJ 1796 ,w;Fk; 1798 ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;Fk;
kd;dhUf;Fk; xUtuhfTk; nfhOk;Gf;Fk; fhypf;Fk; ,ilapy; xUtUk; jpU
Nfhzkiyf;Fk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk; ,d;ndhUtuhf tjptpl tUkhdj;Jiw Nky
jpfhup epakpf;fg;gl;lJk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. 1833,y; KO ehLk; Ie;J khfhzq;
fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L xt;nthd;Wk; xU mur mjpgupd; fPo; te;jJ. mur mjpgNu
tUkhdj;Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu;. Vnddpy; mtNu tU
khdj; Jiwj; jpizf;fsj;Jf;Fk; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. murhq;fj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfs; mjpfupj;jJld; mur mjpgu;fs; fsj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ
Kftu;fshf Mfpdu;. ,jd; tpisthf mjpfhu tupirAk; khw;wkile;jJ.
fhydpj;Jt nrayhsu; ,e;jKiwapd; jiytuhdhu;. murhq;fj;jpd; nghJthd
fl;lisfisAk; fhydpj;Jt nrayhsuhy; vLf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fisAk;
mKyhf;fk; nra;tjw;fhf mur mjpgu;fs; fhydpj;Jt nrayhsUld; gzpGupa
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mur mjpgupdhy; Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gl;l fpuhkj; jiyahup
KiwAld; cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhug;gb tupiriar; rhu;e;j cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
fpuhkq;fs; tiuf;Fk; gutyhf ,Ue;jdu;.
mur mjpgupd; epu;thfj;ij milahsq; fhl;Ltjw;fhf fr;Nrup vd;w gjk; (mur
mjpgupd; fhupahyak; mike;j fl;blk;) gaDf;F te;jJ. (1796 ,w;Fk; 98
29
gf;fk; |29
,w;Fk; ,ilapy; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j nkl;uh]; tup tupNrfupg;Nghuhy;
mikf;fg;gl;l) fr;NrupahdJ nfhOk;igj;jtpu xd;gJ gpuNjrq;fspy; fhupahy
aq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1928 mstpy; gutyhf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; fl;likg;G
(mjhtJ kj;jpapy; gd;Kfg;gl;bUe;jhYk; cs;Su; kl;lj;jpy; kPz;Lk; ikag;
gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thf Kiw) xd;gJkhfhzq;fisAk; gj;njhd;gJ khtl;lq;
fisAk; E}w;wpg;gj;J jiyik jiyahupfs; gpupitAk; jiyahupfspd; fPo; 613
cg gpuptfisAk; fpuhkj; jiyahupfspd; fPo; 4000 fpuhkq;fisAk; nfhz;b
Ue;jJ. mur mjpgu; Kjd;ikahf xU tUkhdk; Nrfupg;ghsuhf ,Ue;j Nghjp
Yk; gy;NtWjug;gl;l njhopw;ghLfs; mtuhy; ifahsg;gl;ld. (mtu; rfy fyh
ty;ytuhf ,Ue;jhu;)
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; mur mjpgu;fs; rhjhuz kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy;
midj;J mk;rq;fisAk; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. jPtpd; ,uz;lhtJ MSeuhf
,Ue;j Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l; mtu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; njhopw;ghLfis xg;gilj;
jhu;.
1. jdJ KO khfhzj;jf;Fk; Rw;Wyh tp[aq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
2. ,t;thwhd tp[aq;fspd; NghJ mw;gkhd gpzf;ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf
ePjpj; Jiw mjpfhuj;ijf; ifahSjy;.
3. tpijfs;> jhdpaq;fs;> Jzpkzpfs;> tptrhaf; fUtpfs; Nghd;w mtrpa
khd nghUl;fis fpuhkj;jtUf;F toq;Ftij cWjp nra;a Njitahd
xOq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
4. tUkhdtup mwptpLNthupd; vupr;ryhd elj;ijfspy; ,Ue;J fpuhkj;jt
Uf;F epthuzk; mspg;gJ.
tpNy[; xg; j [q;fy; vd;w ehtiy vOjpa nydhl; Ty;g; jk; mDgtq;fis
jkJ 1908 – 11 ,d; ,yq;ifapd; ehl;Fwpg;Gfs; vd;w gFjpapy;; mur mjpfhup
apd; njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J xU epahakhd fUj;ij vkf;F je;jpUf;fpwhu;.
mtu; gpd;tUk; njhopw;ghLfis ,dq;fz;lhu;:
1. Rfey gupNrhjfu;fSld; efuq;fis gupNrhjpf;fr; nry;Yjy;
2. itj;jparhiyfis gupNrhjpf;fr; nry;Yjy;
3. jdJ fhupahyaj;jpw;F mwptpf;fg;gLk; fpuhkj;jpa gpzf;Ffs; kPjhd
tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kjypahu;fSld; fpuhkq;fSf;F
tp[ak; nra;jy;.
4. ghyq;fisAk; ghijfisAk; gupNrhjpj;jy;
5. ghlrhiyfisg; gupNrhjid nra;jy;
6. jdf;F mwptpf;fg;gLk; nfhiy tof;Ffis tprhupj;jy;.
NkNyAs;s tpguq;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW mur mjpgu;fs; rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W
kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw xd;wpize;jjhf nrayhw;wp cs;shu;. ,g;gzpfSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf mur mjpgu;fspd; khehl;by; jd; gupe;JiufisAk; jUk;gb mtu;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,Wjpg; gFg;gha;tpd;gb jdJ khfhzj;jpd; nghJthd
eyd;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F nghWg;ghd kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjpahf mur mjpgu;
khwpdhu;. rptpy; Nrit ife;E}ypd;gb mtupypUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gzpfs;
eilKiwahf tuk;Gfs; mw;witahf ,Ue;jd. tptrhaj;jpd; midj;J Kiw
30
gf;fk; |30
fSlDk; ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpfSlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tu;j;jfj;jpd; rfy
njhlu;GfSlDk; Koikahf Nru;e;jpUg;gjd; flikg;ghLfis mit nfhz;b
Ue;jd.
gpd;du; khfhz kl;lj;jpy; fsepiy epu;thf myFfis mur jpizf;fsq;fs;
khfhzq;fSf;F ,t;thwhf te;j kpf Muk;g fhyj;jpy; te;j jpizf;fsq;fs;
msit ehafk;> nghJj;Jiw Ntiyfs;> ePu;g;ghrdj;Jiw KjyhditNa
MFk;. jkJ cs;Su; kl;lj;jpy; md;whl epu;thf Ntiyfis $Ljyhf
nfhz;bUe;j jpizf;fsq;fSk; Vida njhopy;El;g jpizf;fsq;fSk; jkJ
fsepiyia epu;thfj;jpy; Neubahd fl;lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;jd. fr;Nrupf;F
rkhe;jpukhf jpizf;fs myFfs; njhopw;gLfpd;w mikg;ig ,J Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
4.2.2 fhydpj;Jt mjpfhu tu;f;f Ml;rpKiwapy; ,Ue;J murpay; uPjpahd
eLepiyahd murpay; tu;f;fk; 1931 – 48
1931 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;gpd;gb fhydpj;Jt mjpfhu tu;f;fkhdJ kf;fshy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l murpay; thjpfshy; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;l murpay;
uPjpahf eLepiyahd mjpfhu tu;f;fkhf cUkhw Ntz;ba rthiy
vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ. Gjpa murpay; ahg;G ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;fpaJld; ,J
,yq;if murpay;thjpfSf;F 7 epiwNtw;W jpizf;fsq;fis (mikr;Rf;fs;)
ifNaw;f toptFj;jJ. ,t;thwhd eltbf;iffs; mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; fl;l
ikg;gpYk; njhopw;gLk; ghq;fpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.
ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; mwpKfkhdJ murpay; mikg;Gfspd; Fzhk;rj;ij
KoikahfNt cUkhw;wpaJ. Ml;rpKiwikahdJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Rahl;rpf;F
toptFj;j NghjpYk; rhjhuz kf;fspd; Njitfs; fUjp czu;T g+u;tkhfTk;
nghWg;Gld; nraw;gl Ntz;bAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;F murpay;
epWtdq;fs; jw;NghJ cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
jw;NghJ mjpfhu tu;f;fkhdJ kf;fsplkpUe;J ngUf;nfLj;J tUk; murpay;
rf;jpf;F tif$wNtz;bajhapw;W. rl;lk; xOq;F kw;Wk; tUkhd tup njhlu;
ghd fhydpj;Jt fupridfspypUe;J rfyUf;Fk; eyed jUfpd;w epiyikf;F
mJ khw Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Vfhjpgj;jpa eyd;fSf;Fk; cs;Su; Fbkf;fspd;
fupridf;FkpilNa NtWghl;il tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf
,Ue;jikf;F fhuzk; murpaYf;Fk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpajhFk;. mj;Jld; mJ nray;Kiw juq;fisAk; njhopy;El;g
mtrpaq;fisAk; RKfkhd njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fk; toptFj;jJ. Kjd; Kiwahf
murpaYf;Fk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fkplapyhd tiuaiwfs; mtrpakhapw;W. nghJj;
Jiw Copau;fspd; epakdk;> gjtpAau;T>,lkhw;wk;> gjtpePf;fk;> xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wit kPjhd fle;jfhy murpay; ahg;G
eilKiwfspd;gb jug;gl;bUe;j mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa MSeUf;F
mwpTiu toq;Ftjw;fhf nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO (PSC) vdg;gLk; mwpTWj;
jy; rig xd;iw murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fpaJ. Vt;thwhapDk; mjpfhu tu;f;f
epiy khwy; Kiwahf ,lk;ngwhikf;F fhuzk; rptpy; Nritia ,yq;if
kakhf;fiy murpay;thjpfs; ehl;lq; nfhz;lJld; Gjpjhf fpilj;j mjpfhuj;
ijf;nfhz;L jhk; ngw;w ‘tha;g;Gfis’ jkJ jdpg;gl;l murpay; ez;gu;fsp
ilNa tpepNahfpg;gjpNyNa tpUg;gq; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf mjpfhu
J\;gpuNahfk; vdg;gLk; murpay; eilKiw cUthfpaJ. ,J mtu;fSf;F
tpRthrkhf cs;Nshu; gjtpfisg; ngWtjw;Fk; nghJj;Jiwg; gjtpfis tfpg;
gjhy; fpilf;fpd;w xJf;fPLfisAk; Vida ,ire;j jd;ikfisAk; ngw top
tFj;jJ.

31
gf;fk; |31
4.3 Njrpa mjpfhu tu;f;fk;
1948 ,y; Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpajhy; mDruizahf tpsq;fpa murpay; ahg;G
xOq;FKiwf;F murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;wfukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Njrpa
mjpfhu tu;f;fk; xd;W Njitg;gl;lJ. Gjpa muR Kfq;nfhLj;j ,ul;ilr;
rthy;fshd Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw mJ
ifahs Ntz;bapUe;jJ. KjyhtJ murpay; ahg;gpdhy; Rje;jpukhd nghJr;
Nrit Mizf;Foit cUthf;fpajd; %yk; nghJ kf;fSf;fhd Nritapd;
murpay; ahg;G ghJfhg;ig toq;fpaJ. ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; rhu;ghd Ml;
Nru;g;G nray;Kiwapd;NGhJ ,lk;ngwf;$ba J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F vjpuhf rpW
ghd;ikapdUf;fhd ghJfhg;G top vdTk; ,J fhzg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk;
Rje;jpukile;j gpd;du; nghJj;Jiw NritahdJ fhydpj;Jt kuGfSld;
njhlu;e;Jk; nraw;gl;lJ. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhy epu;thf kw;Wk; rl;lk;> xOq;F
njhlu;ghd rpe;jidapNyNa mJ ,d;Dk; ,aq;fpf;;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,jw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy fhydpj;Jt mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpypUe;J Njrpa
mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpw;fhd epiy khwyhdJ 1931–1948 fhyg;gFjpapy; Njrpa
jiyikj;Jtj;jpdhy; Kiwahff; ifahsg;gltpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk; murpay;
kw;Wk; epu;thfj; jiytu;fspdhy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;l rhjhuz tu;f;fk;
kw;Wk; cau;Fb kf;fs; njhlu;ghd ntspj;Njhw;wKk; fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l nghJj;Jiw nfhs;if> cghaq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtw;wpy;
njhlu;r;rpAk; murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; epu;thfpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa rpwe;jKiwapy;
Ntiy nra;Ak; xU cwTf;F mDruizahf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;j mikjp
ntFehl;fSf;F ePbf;ftpy;iy.
1956 ,y; MSq;fl;rpapd; khw;wj;Jld; XusTf;F ‘jPtpu nfhs;if khw;wq;fspd;’
mwpKfj;Jld; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; epu;thf jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd gjw;w epiyik ntspg;gilahfj; njupaf;$ba xU fhyfl;lj;ij
Nehf;fp ehL efuj; njhlq;fpaJ. epu;thf kw;Wk; murpay; jiytu;fSf;fhd
gjw;wk; Gjpa murpay; jiytu;fSf;Fk; ehl;bd; epu;thfj;Jiw jiytu;
fSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghl;il tpistpj;jJ. murpay; jiytu;fspdhy; nghJj;
Jiw Copau;fSf;F vjpuhf Fw;wr;rhl;lf;fs; epu;thfj;Jiw jiyikapd;
xj;Jioahik fhuzkhff; nfhz;L vOe;jJ. nghJkf;fspd; mgpyhi\fis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F murpay; jiytu;fSf;F ,Ue;j ,ila+Wfspy; epu;thfp
fSf;F murpay; ahg;gpy; toq;fg; gl;bUe;j ghJfhg;G xU fhuzkhf ,dq;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
1972 ,y; Gjpa murpay; ahg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJk; murpay; kakhf;fYf;F
vjpuhf murpay; ahg;gpy; ghJfhg;G ePf;fg;gl;lik ,Wjpj;jhf;Fjyhf ,ike;jJ.
vt;thwhapDk; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpw;F Nkyhf murpay; mjpfhuj;ij
jplg;gLj;Jk; rpy eltbf;iffis trjpNaw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf Rkhu; vl;L
Mz;LfSf;F Kd; rpy eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. 1963 ,y; murhq;fk;
,yq;if rptpy; Nritia )jFjpabg;gilapy; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F jiyik
tfpj;j epu;thf tFg;Gk; cau;Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd fpuhk
jiyahupKiw) ,y;yhJ xopj;J ,yq;if epu;thf Neit (jw;Nghija
=yq;fh epu;thf Nrit) kw;Wk; fpuhk Nrtfu; Nrit (jw;NghJ fpuhk epyjhup
Nrit) vd;w mikg;igf; nfhz;L gpujpaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd Nrit
fis ,y;yhnjhopj;jjd; %yk; fhye;jg;gpa ‘gpuhkz tFg;ig’ mfw;Wtjw;F
gad; gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,t;thwhd khw;wk; murpay; thjpfSf;F rpNu\;l
kw;Wk; jFjptha;e;j egu;fis kPwpr;nrd;W jkf;F murpaypy; cfe;jtu;fis
epakpg;gjpy; cjtpaJ.

32
gf;fk; |32
1970 ,y; nghJ epu;thfj; jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; epu;thf Kiwapd;
kPjhd murpay; thjpfspd; gpb tYg;ngw;wJld; ehL murpaiyg; Nghd;Nw
nghUshjhu rf;jpfs; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyia njhlu;e;J efu;e;jJ. 1948
,y; epWtg;gl;l nghJr;nrit Mizf;FOit KjyhtJ FbauR murpay;
ahg;G ,y;yhnjhopj;jJ. Gjpa FbauR murpay; ahg;Gfspy; ed;F tYg; ngw;wp
Ue;j ghuhSkd;w ,iwikapd; fPo; jug;gl;bUe;j murpay; ahg;G ghJfhg;igf;
nfhz;bUe;j mikr;ruitf;F nghJr;nrit mjpfhuq;fs; ifaspf;fg;gl;ld.
nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOTf;F gpujpPlhf nghJr;Nrit MNyhridr; rig
vd;Dk; nghJr;Nrit xOf;fhw;W rigiaAk; Gjpa murpay; ahg;G epWtpaJ.
1973 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; cs;Suhl;rp epu;thfj;jpd; kPjhd khtl;l murpay;
jiyikj;Jtj;ij tbtikg;gjw;fhf murpay; mjpfhu KiwikAk; khtl;l
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lKk; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;
gl;ld. 1978 ,y; epiwNtw;W mjpfhu KiwiaAk; Ml;rpKiwapy; mjd;
jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; epWtpajd; %yk; murpay; uPjpahf ikag;gLj;jg;gLk;
nray;Kiwf;F Kb#l;lg;gl;ljhf mike;jJ. Gjpa KiwahdJ epu;thfj;jpd;
kPjhd [dhjpgjp jiyikj;Jtj;ij epWtpaJ. Epu;thf Kiwikapd; jiytu;
fis ,jd; tpisthf epakpg;gJ [dhjpgjpapd; murpay;ahg;G uPjpahd njhopw;
ghlhfptpl;lJ. ,g;NghJ mtu; [dhjpgjpapd; nrayhsu;> mikr;ruit nrayh
su;> mikr;Rf;fhd nrayhsu;fs;> khfhz rigapd; gpujk nrayhsu;fis epa
kpf;fpd;whu;.
4.4 mgptpUj;jp uPjpahd muRk; nghJ epu;thfKk;
Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd murpay; ahg;gpd; khw;wq;fs; mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpd;
kPjhd $basthd murpay; fl;Lg;ghl;il vjpu;Nehf;fp nghJ epu;thfj;ij
,yf;fhf nfhz;lNghjpYk; ,t;thwhd khw;wq;fs; epu;thfj;Jiw Kiwapdhy;
vjpu;Nehf;fpa cz;ikahd gpur;rpidfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;stpy;iy. fhydpj;
Jt Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;duhd muR ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; Njrpa
mgptpUj;jpia jdJ gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j mNj Ntis
,t;thwhd ,U Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
xUtif njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; fyhrhu Mw;wy;fs; nghJ epu;thfKiwf;F
Njitg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; xUtifahd Njit nray;Kiw kfkhd ikag;
gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thfKiwapypUe;J mgptpUj;jpkakhf gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thf
Kiwia Nehf;fp efu;tjhFk;. epu;thfj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapd;
epu;thfk; vd;w fUj;J nfhz;l mgptpUj;jp epu;thfj;ij cUthf;FtNj Njit
ahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; KiwikahdJ mjpfhu tu;f;fj;ij murpay; kakhf;F
jiy Nehf;fp jpir khwpr; nrd;wJ.
,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G mjpfhu tu;f;fj;ij murpay; kakhf;Fk;
nray;Kiwia njhlu;e;J nfhz;L nrd;W mjd; cr;rfl;lj;ij [dhjpgjp
Kiwapd; fPo; mile;jJ. epu;thf mYty;fspy; murpay;thjpfs; <LgLtJk;
epu;thfpfs; murpaypy; <LgLtJk; Ml;rp nrad;Kiwapd; Kj;jpiuahf
mike;jJ. ,jd; ,Wjp tpisthf Ml;rpapy; cs;s murpay;thjpfSf;F xNu
epu;thfp fPo;g;gbthd CopadhFk; epiy cUthfpajhFk;. ,jdhy; mjpfhu
tu;f;f rkdpiyaw;w jd;ik cUthfpaJ. mjhtJ ‘nfhLq;Nfhs; Ml;rp
ahsDf;Fk; fPo;g;gbthd CopaDf;Fk;;’ ,ilapy; cs;s epiyfspy; epw;gjw;F
epu;thfpfs; jtWjy;.
1978 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhzrigfs; ‘epu;thf toq;fy; Kiwapd;’ xU
,ilf;fyitia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ml;rpapd; %d;W gbfis cUthf;fpaik>
kj;jpa khfhz cs;Suhl;rp muRfs; epu;thf mikg;ig khfhz khtl;l gpupT
kl;lq;fspy; khw;wpaikj;jd. epu;thf fl;Lg;ghlw;wjd;ikAk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
33
gf;fk; |33
jd;ikAk; kf;fshy; fhzg;ngw;wd. vt;thwhapDk; tpidj;jpwd;> rpf;fdk;
kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspd; jpUg;jp vd;wtifapy; gyjug;G Ml;rpapd; cz;ikahd
ed;ikfis miltjw;F ,yq;if ntFJ}uk; nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Ikag;gLj;jYk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jypd; njhlu;r;rpAk;> mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; murpay;
kakhf;fk;> toq;fy; ,lkhw;wypy; rkdpiyaw;w jd;ik> kw;Wk; njhopw;ghL
fspd; ];jpu jd;ik xJf;fPL tpepNahfk; vz;zf;fUuPjpahd rl;lfq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp ,t;thwhd khw;wq;fspd; nrayhw;wiy fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhf xU
gpukhz tpjp tpUj;jp nra;ag;glTs;sJ.
4.5 nghJ epu;thfj;ij rPu;jpUj;jy;
1990 fspy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tpidjpwDk; epu;thf mikg;gpd; tpidjpwDk;
Kd;dzpf;F te;jd. nfhs;if cUthf;Fgtu;fspdJk; epu;thfpfspdJk;
mtrukhd ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba mk;rq;fshf ,e;j nghUshjhu
jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;lJk; epjp toq;Fk; ehLfspd; neUf;fbfspd; fhuzkhf
Fiwthd mru fl;lg;ghL vd;w fUj;J Kd;ndLj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ,J njhlu;ghf gy Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1980
fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; xU epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jf; FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
[dhjpgjp nrayfj;jpdhy; xU epu;thf gzpazp xd;W epWtg;gl;L 1995-2002
fhyq;fspd;NghJ epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;Jf;fhf xU mikr;rUk; njupT nra;ag;
gl;lhu;. 2002 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; gpujk ke;jpupapd; fhupahyak; Kfhikj;Jt
Kfkhd epu;thf fyhrhuj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nghWg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lJ. nghJ
epu;thfj;jpd; cs;Ns epu;thfpfs; kj;jpapy; kpd;dpay; muR vd;w nrhy; jhuf
ke;jpukhf ,Ue;jJ. rpy jpizf;fsq;fSk; mikr;Rf;fSk; Nrit toq;fiy
tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;fhf nghJ jfty; Kiwikia fzpzpkag;gLj;jpd. ,jd;
ngWNgwhf gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;> Njrpa milahs ml;ilfs;> rhujp
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;> kw;Wk; flTr; rPl;Lfis toq;Fk; Nritfs; Jupakhf;fg;gl;ld.
guPl;irj;jpizf;fsq;fs; nghJg; guPl;irfspd; ngWNgWfis ,izaj;jpd;
%yk; ntspapLfpd;wJ. mNefkhd mikr;Rf;fs; murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhz;l
epfo;r;rpfs; kPjhd jfty;fis toq;f gpujhdkhf ,izaj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jfpd;wd.
ehl;by; KjyPL nra;tjpy; ehl;lq;nfhz;Ls;s> ehl;Lg; gpui[fs; my;yhNjhiu
ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; nghUl;L ,t;thwhd jfty;Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Nghy;
njupfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; ,izaj;jpd; gad;ghl;bd; Clhf nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gLk; Ml;rpia Fbkf;fs; ngWtjpy; cjTtjw;F nghJ epu;thf Kiwik
ePz;lJ}uk; nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; Koikahf tpUj;jpaile;j
RWRWg;ghd Ml;rpKiw ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjpy; gq;fspf;Fk; xU fhuzpahf kpff;
Fiwthd kf;fs; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2007
,y; mjpNkjF [dhjpgjp mtu;fs; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jj;Jf;fhd Nguit
epWtg;gl;lij mwptpj;jhu;.
,r;rPu;jpUj;j epfo;r;rp epuypy; rpNu\;l Kfhikj;Jt NritAk; Kfhikj;Jt
cjtpr;NritAk; nefpo;r;rpahd kzpj;jpahy mwpKfk;> Fbkf;fs; rhrdKk;
kpifahd nraw;gzpapdu; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cUthf;Fjy;fis
,k;Kd;nkhopTfs; cs;slf;fpapUe;jd. vt;thwhapDk; rpNu\;l Kfhikj;Jt
Nritia epWTtJ [dhjpgjp re;jpupfh gz;lhuehafhtpd fhyj;jpy;
iftplg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; jdf;F cfe;jtu;fis epakpg;gjpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;
neUf;fbfshFk;. rfy ypfpju;fs;> vOJtpidQu;fs;> kw;Wk; fhupahya cjtpr
NritfSf;F ,lkspf;Fk; Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu; Nritapd; cUthf;fk;
jw;NghJk; njhlu;e;J ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> ,J njhlu;ghf ,r;Nritfspd;
rpNu\;l cWg;gpdu;fs; vt;tpj cw;rhfj;ijAk; fhl;lhjpUg;gJld; njhopw; rq;fq;
34
gf;fk; |34
fSk; ,J rk;ge;jkhf NtW vz;zq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j KO
nrad;KiwAk; murpay; jiyikj;jtj;jpd; mu;g;gzpg;ig nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
kpd;dpay; Ml;rpf;F cfe;jjhd fyhrhuj;ij gjpa itg;gjw;fhf cyf tq;fp
apdhYk; Vida epjp toq;Fk; Kftu; epiyaq;fshYk; nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
epjpAjtp toq;fpa NghjpYk; ,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfs; kpf Mokhd
khw;wq;fSf;F toptFf;fhikf;fhd fhuzk; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpypUe;J
njhlu;r;rpahd mu;g;gzpg;G ,y;yhjpUg;gJ MFk;. ,jd; tpisthf ,t;thwhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; jkJ cs;sf mikg;gpd; Xa;TNeu Ntiyfshf rpNu\;l
KfhikahsUf;F khwptpl;ld. vt;thwhapDk; ,yq;ifapy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpy;
ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; mjpfgl;rkhf ,lk;ngWk;
epu;thf Coy;fs;> Fiwthd tpidjpwd; kw;Wk; epu;thf Mszpapdu; kj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w murpay; kakhd fyhrhukhFk;.

35
gf;fk; |35
5 . ,yq;ifapd; murpay; ahg;Gk; nghJ epu;thfKk;
5.1 mwpKfk;
,yq;ifapd; murpay; ahg;G MdJ nghJ epu;thfj;Jf;fhd gy rl;lg;
gzpg;Giufis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws; kpf Kf;fpakhdit ahnjdpy; murpd;
jd;ik> muR mjpfhuj;jpd; %ytsk;> muR nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; mbg;
gil cupikfs; nghJ epjp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;
nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F gupNahfpf;fg;gLk; epge;jidfs; vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Fk; fUj;jhFk;.
1972 kw;Wk;; 78 murpay; ahg;Gf;fhf;fis Mf;fpNahuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l
muRf;fspd;; cghaj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ikakhf;fg;gl;l
nray;KiwAld; ,t;thwhd murpay; ahg;Gg; gzpg;Giufs; njhlu;G nfhz;
lit. 1970 fspy; murpay; mjpfhuk; ikag;gLj;jg;glhjthW gpugy;akhf
ftu;e;jpOf;ff;$ba xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. Vnddpy; kf;fs; fhydpj;Jtky;yhj
Ml;rpaikg;gpy; ehl;lq;nfhz;L Jupj nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpiaAk; nghJ
Tilikthj [dehafj;ijAk; Nehf;fp efu;e;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jd;
tpisthf murpay; mjpfhu Fwpf;NfhSf;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;
murpay; eLepiyikiaAk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk; Nghd;w mbg;gil
Nfhl;ghLfis tYngwr; nra;tjw;F Njityahd murpay; ahg;G Vw;ghLfs;
ePu;kkhf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd murpay; ahg;G toptiffSk; nghJ epu;thfj;jpy;
mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fSk; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd Ma;T gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ.
5.2 murpd; jd;ikAk; murpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; %ytsKk;
murpay; ahg;gpd; Kjy; %d;W ruj;JfSk; murpd; jd;ik mur mjpfhuj;jpd;
%ytsk; kw;Wk; murpd; ,iwik vd;gtw;iw Kd;tiunra;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifahdJ Rje;jpukhd ,iwikAk; RNal;irahd FbauR vdTk; Kjyhk;
ruj;jpYk; ,uz;lhk; ruj;jpy; ,yq;if FbauR xU xw;iwahl;rp ehL vdTk;
gpufldk; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd toptiffs; nghJj;;Jiwapd; cWg;gpdu;
fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l Ntz;ba Gdpjkhd Nfhl;ghLfshf Mfpd. 1983 ,y;
murpay; ahg;Gf;fhd 6 Mk; jpUj;jj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,jd;%yk; nghJj;
Jiw Copau;fs; rj;jpagpukhzk; nra;tJ fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; mtu;fs;
NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhf ,y;yhJ ,yq;iff;F cs;Nsh ntspNah
,yq;ifapd; epyg;gpuNjrj;jpy; jdpahd ehNlhd;iw epWTtjw;F xj;Jiof;fNth
MjuT toq;fNth Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;aNth epjp toq;fNth Cf;Ftpf;fNth
my;yJ thjpaNth khl;lhu;fs; vd thf;FWjpaspf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,jdhy;
nghJj;Jiw cj;jpnahfj;ju;fs; muRf;F jkJ tpRthrj;ij fhl;LtJ kl;L
kd;wp mjd; xUikg;ghl;Lf;Fk; xw;iwahl;rpj;jd;ikf;Fk; jdJ tpRthrj;ijf;
fhl;l Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,jd;gb xU nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju; jdp ehl;Lf;
nfhs;if jdpahfg; gpupe;J nry;yYf;F cjtp GuptjhfNth my;yJ njhlu;G
nfhs;tjhfNth Fw;wthspahf fhzg;gbd; jdJ Ntiyia ,of;f Ntz;b
apUf;Fk;.
,t;thwhd murpay; ahg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd cs;slf;fk; fhydpj;Jt murpd;
fhyj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l mjpfju tu;f;f rpf;fy; topf;Fl; nghJj;Jiw Copau;
fis itj;Jf;nfhs;tjhFk;. fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l epjp
kw;Wk; epu;thfj;Jiw gpukhzq;fs; nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy; njhlu;e;Jk;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,d;iwa gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rpKiwf;Fupa epu;thf cWg;G
fspy; $l ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf gykl;l Ml;rpia
36
gf;fk; |36
ehL mDgtpf;Fk; NghjpYk; rl;lj;ij typAWj;Jk; epiyapUe;J thbf;;if
ahsiu Nehf;fpa Nrit toq;Fk; mZFKiwahdJ kpfTk; rpukkhd gzp
ahf khwpAs;sJ.
5.3 kf;fspd; ,iwik
murpay; ahg;gpd; %d;whk; ruj;jpd; gb ,yq;if Fbaurpd; ,iwikahdJ
kf;fspd; jq;fpAs;sJld; mj gpupf;f KbahjjhFk;. ,iwikapy; murhq;f
mjpfhuq;fs; mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk; thf;Fupik vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
,jd;gb murpay; ahg;gpd; %d;whk; ruj;J ,iwikapd; cs;slf;fj;ij tpupj;J
gutyhf;fpathW murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; mbg;gil cupikfs; thf;Fupik
vd;gd kf;fshy; ,iwikia gad;gLj;Jk; toptiffshFk; vd gpufldk;
nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd tpahf;fpahdk; ntFnjhiyTf;F vl;lf;$ba tpisT
fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy; 83 Mk; ruj;jpy; $wg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l ruj;jpy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;; my;yJ jpUj;Jk; ve;jnthU rl;l%yj;Jf;Fk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpd; xd;wpy; kf;fshy; mJ mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$WfpwJ. ,jpy; cs;s kpf mbg;gilahd cs;su;j;jk; ahnjdpy; kf;fs;
thf;Ff; fzpg;gPl;bd; Clhf rl;lthf;fr; nray;Kiwapy; kf;fs; Neubahf
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F murpay; ahg;nghd;W kf;fis tYt+l;Lfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
,t;thwhd murpay; ahg;G toptiffs; 6 Mz;L fhyj;jpy; eilngWk; Nju;jy;
fspy; jk; thf;Fupikia gpuNahfpf;Fk; kf;fspd; cupikia ghJfhg;gjhTk;
murpay; ahg;gpy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l kPs; cau;ePjp kd;whj;jpdhy; tpahf;fp
ahdk; nra;ag;gl;L ,Ug;gij mDgtpf;f topnra;tjhFk;. Kf;fs; thf;Ff;
fzpg;gPl;L nray;Kiwapd; NghJ jpwe;j Nkilfspy; kf;fshy; epiwNtw;W
kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; nray;ghlfs; kf;fshy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gLtjhy; kf;fs;
fUj;Jf; fzpg;gPl;L tpjpahdJ Ml;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd cWg;ghf kpf ntspg;
gilahd xd;whf Mf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Ml;rpj; jPu;khdk; kf;fspd; cupikfis
kPwp ,ufrpakhfNth cupa rl;lKiwfSf;F mg;ghNyh nra;jy; KahJ.
,t;thwhd toptiffSld; mbg;gil cupikfs; kPjhd mj;jpahak; Ml;rp
mikg;gpy; jkf;Fupa ,lj;ij kf;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; kf;fis
tYg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. murhq;fj;jpdJk; nghJ epu;thfj;jpdJk; nray;fSf;F
rthy; tpl;lthW ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W ePjpahd epthuzq;fis ngWk;
rl;luPjpahd cupikfis mtu;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mbg;gil cupikfs; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd mj;jpahaq;fspy; kpf Neubahf
$wg;gl;ls;sJ. murpay; ahg;gpd; 126 Mk; ruj;jpd; %d;whk; mj;jpahak; kw;Wk;
ehd;fhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l VJk; mbik
cupik nkhopAupik> epiwNtw;W my;yJ epu;thf nraw;ghL kPwy;fs; my;yJ
kPwy;fshFk; epiyik njhlu;ghd ve;jnthU gpur;rpidf;Fk; kPAau; ePjpkd;wNk
mtw;iw tprhupj;J jPu;khdpf;Fk;. VfkhdJk; gpuj;jpNafkhdJkhd mjpfhu
tuk;gpid nfhz;Ls;sJ vd gpufldk; nra;fpwJ. MfNt ve;jnthU murhq;f
mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdNuh Fwpg;ghf nghJj;Jiw cWg;gpdNuh ehl;bd; kpfTk;
cau;epiyapy; cs;s ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tprhupf;fg;glyhk;. Kiwg;ghLfis gjpT
nra;tjw;fhf jkJ FiwghLfis ntspg;gLj;jp jkJupikfis kPWk;
epu;thfj;jpd; jPu;khdq;fSf;F vjpuhf epthuzk; NjlNth my;yJ el;l <l;ilg;
ngwNth kf;fs; rl;lg;gbahf cupj;Jilatu;fshfNt ,Ug;gu;. mwpKiw uPjp
ahf ,t;thwhd toptiffs; murpay; Kiwikapd; jdpNkk;ghLila mk;r
khf rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpia Mf;fp ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fspd; murpay; tpopg;gzu;tpd;
kl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp me;j Kiwikia jdf;Fr; rhu;ghf ifahSk;
Mw;wiy murpay; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

37
gf;fk; |37
5.4 mbg;gil cupikfs; kPjhd mj;jpahak;
murpay; ahg;gpy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfis gpd;tUk;
gue;jsthd tiffspy; xOq;F nra;ag;glyhk;.
a. capUf;fhd ghJfhg;G -
,k;ir my;yJ nfh^ukhf elj;jg;gly; my;yJ jz;bf;fg;gLjypUe;J
Rje;jpuk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ghJfhg;G ngwf;$ba cupik
b. nfsutk; -
kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Nftykhf elj;jg;gly; my;yJ jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J
Rje;jpuk; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; kdrhl;rpAld; elg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
c. ePjp -
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dhy; rkkhf elj;jg;gltjw;fhd cupik. epahakhd tof;F
tprhuizf;fhd cupik
d. rl;lj;jpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gly; -
rl;lj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhf ifJ nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;fhd
cupik. Fw;wthspahf ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tiu epuguhjpahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;
$ba cupik
e. Rje;jpuk; -
Rje;jpukhd fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhd cupik Rje;jpukhf $l;lk;
NghLtjw;fhd cupik rq;fq;fs;> mikg;gjw;fhd cupik> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; mtw;wpy; ,iztjw;Fkhd cupik> rl;luPjpahd njhopy;
thz;ikj;Jiw> tu;j;jfk; tpahghuk; my;yJ njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; <LgL
tjw;fhd cupik.
f. rkak; -
rkankhd;iw my;yJ jd; tpUg;gg;gbahd ek;gpf;ifia jOTtjw;fhd
cupik cl;gl rkaj;jpy; <LgLjw;fhd cupik
jdpg;gl;l uPjpapNyh my;yJ gpwUlNdh rkaj;ij ntspg;gLj;jtjw;fhd
Rje;jpuk;
g. FbAupik -
,yq;iff;F kPsTk; jpUk;g tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; gpui[fs; my;yhjtUf;
fhd cupj;Jupikiag; nghUj;jstpy; epue;jukhfTk; rl;luPjpahfTk; ehl;
by; tho;fpd;NwhUf;fhd cupikfs; murpay; ahg;gpy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gL
fpd;wd.
murpay; ahg;gpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfs; murhq;fj;jpd;
midj;J cWg;gfshYk; kjpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. vd murpay; ahg;G Kd;tiuaWj;
Js;sJ ,jw;F Ke;jpa gFjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW murpay; cupikfis kw;Wk;
epu;thfj;Jiw nray;fs; murpay; ahg;gpy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gil
cupikkPwy;fis Vf ePjpj;Jiw ePjp gupghydj;ij nfhz;Ls;s kPcau;
38
gf;fk; |38
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tYt+l;Lk; toptiffSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf nghJj;Jiw epu;thfpfshy;
kPwg;gLk; mbg;gil cupikfSf;fhd Kiwrhuhj epthuzj;ij ngWk; nghUl;L
nghJ epu;thfj;jpdu; cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; epu;thfj;Jf;fhd
ghuhSkd;w Mizapd; fhupahyaj;jpd; (Mshl;rp mjpfhup) mbg;gilr; rl;lq;
fs; cUthf;fp cs;sJ.
gpd;du; murhq;fkhdJ Njrpa kdpjcupik Mizf;FOit (=yq;fh kdpj
cupik Mizf;FOit) epWtpaJ. ,J kPcau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rpf;fyhdJk;
frf;fpg;gpopAk; nray;KiwapD}lhfTk; nry;yhJ kf;fis epthuzk; ngWt
jw;fhf mbg;gil kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhfTk; kdpj
cupikfis Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mshl;rp mjpfhupapd; fhupahyak; MdJ> nghJ epu;thfpfspd; jd;dpirahd
nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf ePjpiag; ngWtjw;fhd ,yFthd mZFjYf;F
trjpNaw;gLj;Jk; tpjkhd xU epWtdj;ij kf;fs; ehLfpd;wdu; vd;w nehf;fpy;
cUthf;FfpwJ. vtUk; jkJ mbg;gil cupikfis kPWfpd;w my;yJ kPWt
jw;F Kw;gLk; epu;thf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; nrad;ghLfSf;F vjpuhf Kiwg;
ghL nra;ayhk; vd murpay; ahg;G tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ. tifg;gLj;jg;glhj
Mtzkhf ngauplg;gl;l ve;jnthU cj;jpNahf Mtzj;ijAk; mZFtjw;fhf
Mshl;rp mjpfhupf;F ve;jnthU murhq;f epWtdj;Jf;Fk; Eiotjw;F murpay;
ahg;G uPjpahd mjpfhuk; cz;L. vt;thwhapDk; fl;Lg;glf;$ba ePjp rhu;e;j
fl;lisfis ,Ltjw;F Mshl;rp mjpfhupf;F rl;lg;gbahd ePjptiuaiwfs;
fpilahJ. Mshl;rp mjpfhupapd; gzp ahnjdpy; gpzf;Ffis jPu;g;gjw;fhd
Kiw rhuhj epthuzj;ij toq;FtJk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; [dhjpgjpf;Fk;
mwpf;if rku;g;gpg;gJkhFk;.
=yq;fh kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FOthdJ kdpj cupikfis
Kd;ndLg;Gr;nra;tjw;fhfTk; mbg;gil kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghd gpzf;Ffis
gu];gu uPjaP hf ,zf;fq; fhz;gjw;Fkhd xU cupikf; fl;lisAld; epWtg;
gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizf;FOthdJ vdNt Kiwrhuhjtifapy; kdpj cupikfs;
njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghlfis jPu;j;JtpLk; tpjj;jpy; tprhupg;gjpy; <Lgl;lJ. fle;j
Mz;Lfspy; mt;thwhd Kiwg;ghLfis jPu;j;J itg;gjpYk; kPcau; ePjp
kd;wj;jpd; gzpg;Giuapd; ngaupy; mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fkhd
tprhuizfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; kPcau; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F cjTtjpYk; <Lgl;lJ.
MapDk; mbg;gil njhlu;ghd Jiwapd; ,t;thwhd ephuzk; ,lk; ngWtJ
Ntiyfs; kpfTk; jpUg;jpfukw;wjhfNt cs;sd. ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fspy;
RNal;irahf njhopw;gLtjw;Nfw;w mbg;gilahd kdpj epjp toq;fiy NghJ
khd msT nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epWtdq;fs; kf;fspd; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;if
ngwj; jtwpaikf;F fhuzk; rl;lg;gbahd epthuzj;ij toq;Ftjw;F
mtw;wpdhy; ,ayhikahFk;. MfNt ,e;epWtdq;fs; murpay; Kiwikapd;
Mguzq;fs; vd tpku;rfu;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltu;.
5.5 nghJ epjp
nghJ epjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; murpay; ahg;gpdhy; ghuhSkdwj;jplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb ehl;bd; tUkhdj;ij jpul;ly;> tpepNahfpj;jy;>
Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp fl;lhakhFk;. murpay; ahg;ghdJ
,U tifahd epjpaq;fis epWtpAs;sJ. Mitahtd> jpul;L epjpak; kw;Wk;
mtru Njitf;fhd epjpak; vd;gd ,j;Njitf;fhf epWtg;gl;ld. mj;Jld;
,tw;wpd; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd tpgukhd rl;luPjpahd nray;KiwfisAk; toq;fp
As;sJ.

39
gf;fk; |39
,e;j murpay; ahg;G toptiffspd; Neub tpisT> fhydpj;Jt mjpfhu
tu;f;fj;jpdhy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;l murpd; tUkhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwikiaAk; mJ 1948 Mk; 1972 Mk; Mz;l murpay;
ahg;gfspdhy; NkYk; tYg;ngwr; nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. nghJ epjpia Kfhikj;
Jtk; nra;tjw;Fk; xOf;fhw;W uPjpahd fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghWg;ghd kj;jpa
jpizf;fskhd jpiwNrup jpizf;fsKk; fzf;fha;T jpizf;fsKk; tpUj;jp
aile;J ,Ue;jd. ,t;thwhd NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G uPjpahd top
tiffshd Njrpa tupf;nfhs;iffspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; murhq;f tUkhdj;ij
gaDWjpAld; cgNahfpj;jy; murhq;f epjp gpukhzq;fis typAWj;jp
eilKiwg; gLj;jy; tuTnryT jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wy;> tuT nryT jpl;lf;
fl;Lg;ghLfis typAWj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gd jpiwNrup jpizf
;fsj;jpd; gpujhd nraw;ghLfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. (,yq;if epjpaikr;rpd;
,izak; ghu;f;f)
murpd; epu;thf Kftu; epiyaq;fspy; ifahSk; nghJ epjpfis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjypy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cjTtjw;F
fzf;fha;thus; ehafj;jpd; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ,iza jsj;jpd;gb mjd; nraw;
gzpahtJ fzf;fha;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; nghJj;Jiwapd; tif $wiy
Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;tJk; nghJj;Jiw epjpapd; kPjhd fl;lg;ghl;il gpuNahfpg;g
jw;F ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F topnra;Ak; tpjkhf epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; jd; tif
$wiy epiwNtw;Wk; tpjj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw; fhfTk;
mjd; Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfs; murhq;fk; khfhzrig cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhu
rigfs; mur $l;Lj; jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s
VJk; nghWg;Gfs; my;yJ ve;jnthU tpahghu njhlu;ghd rfy jpizf;fsq;
fspd; fzf;Ffis fzf;fha;T nra;tJk; tUlk; NjhWk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
mtw;iw mwpf;ifg;gLj;JtjhFk;. (fzf;fha;thsu; ehafj;jpd; jpizf;fsj;jpd;
,iza jsj;ijg; ghu;f;f)
,t;thwhd murpay; ahg;G ePjpahdJk; epu;thfj;Jiw uPjpahd Vw;ghLfs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ ahnjdpy; ,yq;ifahdJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; gpuptpdhy;
ifahsg;gLk; epjpfs; kPjhd Nkw;rl;lthf;f rigapd; topia typAWj;Jfpd;w
ntspadf epjpf;fl;lg;ghl;L Nfhl;ghl;il gpd;gw;WfpwJ vd;gjhFk;. nt];l;
kpdp];lu; Kiwahd murhq;fj;jpy; ,J xU Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l eilKiw
ahFk;. ,q;F epjpAk; epu;thfKk; KOikahf ntt;Ntwhf Mf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ
xU epWtg;gl;l eilKiwahFk;. ghuhSkdwj;jpd; rhu;ghf ghuhSkd;wk; jd;
cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J epakpf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fzf;ffs; FOTk; nghJj; njhopy;
Jiw FOTk; JUtp Muha;e;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhYk; epjp kw;Wk; epu;thf
gpukhzq;fspdhYk; mikf;fg;gl;l tuTnryT jpl;l xOq;Ffis kPwy;fs;
njhlu;ghf ghuhSkdwj;jf;F mtrpakhd eltbf;iffis rpghupR nra;Ak;.
tUlhe;j tuTnryT jpll;lj;ij jahupg;gjpYk; ehl;bd; tUkhdj;ijg; NgZt
jpYk; <Lgl;Ls;s kj;jpa jpizf;fsk; vd;w tifapy; nghJj; jpiwNrup vd;gJ
nghJepu;thf tiuaiwf;Fs; nghJ epjpj;Jiw juq;fisg; NgZtjpy;
nghWg;ig nfhz;Ls;sJ. murhq;f jpizf;fsj;jpd; Mszpg; gjtpfspd;
mDkjp kw;Wk; murhq;j;jpDs;Ns epjp xJf;fPL njhlu;ghd jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;
fis mJ gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ. Ml;rpapd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; cs;s murpdu;
tUkhd njhopw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;nfd ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l gpukhzg;
nghwpKiwfis gad;gLj;Jk; eilKiwahdJ fhydpj;Jt epu;thf fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;Nj ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.
fhydpj;Jt epu;thf fhyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l gpukhz
nghwpKiwfs; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;> ghuhJ}ukhd fl;lisg;gbt khw;wnkhd;iw
vjpu;Nehf;fhjNghJk; Nrit toq;fy; gFjpapyhd khw;wq;fis jLj;J epWj;Jk;
40
gf;fk; |40
mjpfhu tu;f;f rl;lq;fis tpjpg;Nghiu ,e;epWtdq;fs; MfpAs;sd. nghJ
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; mKyhf;fypd;NghJ Fbkf;fs; rhu;ghd mZFKiwf;fhf
mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fpa cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nghJ Nritf;F cjtKbahj tpjj;
jpy; mNj Neuk; nray;Kiw juq;fis kl;LNk NgZtjpy; ,e;epWtdq;fs;
ehl;lq;nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJk; nghJr;Nrit kj;jpapYs;s nghJthd fz;
Nzhl;lkhFk;.
epu;thfpfs; jkJ rl;lq;fis kPWtjw;F typAWj;Jk; tpjkhf mjpfhu tu;f;fk;
murpay;kakhf;fg;gl;lNj ,t;thwhd rl;lq;fis tpjpg;Nghupd; vjpu;kiwahd
mZFKiwahJ murpay;thjpfspd; kWnkhopahf mike;Js;snjd rpyu;
thjplTk; nra;jdu;. ,Wjpahf ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfj;Jiw KiwikahdJ
epWtdj;jpd; ed;ik fUjpNa ehl;Lq;nfhz;Ls;s mNj neuk; kf;fspd;
eyidg;gw;wp epidf;fhj ,d;ndhU mikg;ghfNt khwpAs;sJ.
5.6 nghJj;Jiwr; Nritapd; fl;Lg;ghL
ehl;bd; nghJj;Jiwr; Nrit jw;NghJ nka;ahfNt [dhjpgjpapd;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; cs;sJ. mjhtJ [dhjpgjpapd; nrayhsu;> mikr;ruit>
mikr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; Nghd;w nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; midj;J
jiyik mYtyu;fspd; epakdk; [dhjpgjpapd; fPo; cupj;Jupikahf;fg;gl;Ls;
sJ. ,tw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs; mikr;ruit> cupikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; jpizf;
fsq;fspy; jiytu;fsJ epakdk;> gjtpAau;T> ,lkhw;wk;> xOf;fhw;Wf; fl;Lg;
ghLfs;> kw;Wk; gjtp ePf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpYk; [dhjpgjp nry;thf;F nrYj;j
KbAk;.
kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhf murpay; ahg;gpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l murpay; ahg;Gk; nghwpKiwapd; ftdf;Ftpg;GKiwahf epiw
Ntw;W [dhjpgjp gjtp ,Ug;gjhy; ,t;thwhd epiyik jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhf
cs;sJ. murpay; ahg;ghdJ FbauR ehl;bd; mjpgjp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd;
jiytu;. Murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; MAjg;gilj; jiytu; vd gpufldk;
nra;fpw;J NkYk; ,uhZtk; fhty; Jiw vd;gtw;wpd; jiytu;fs; kPAau;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfs; cs;slq;fyhf murpd; rfy cj;jpnahfj;ju;fisAk;
epakpf;Fk; Vf mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltuhf cs;shu;.
murpdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; mjpgu; vd;wtifapy; mtu; nra;j rl;lg+u;tkhd
midj;J nraw;ghlfSf;Fk; mtUf;F rl;luPjpahd tpjptpyf;fhd murpay;
ahg;G mtUf;F toq;fpapUf;fpwJ. fle;jfhy mDgtq;fs; vkf;F vLj;jf;$Wk;
tpjj;jpy; ehlshtpa Nju;jy; njhFjpfspdhy; KOikahd ngUk;ghd;ikahf
njupT nra;ag;gl;l [dhjpgjpnahUtu; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjp
fhuq;fis kPwp jd;dhjpf;fkhd Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fis Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
murpay; ahg;gfis 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljd; nghJr;Nrit
Mizf;FO nghJr;Nritf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;gbahf tYt+l;lg;gl;lJ.
jw;NghJ nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; epakdk;> gjtp cau;T> ,lkhw;wk;>
xOf;fhw;Wf; fl;Lg;ghL> gjtpePf;fk; Kjyhd mjpfhuq;fis murpay; ahg;G
nghJr;nrit Mizf;FOTf;F toq;FfpwJ. Murpay; ahg;Gf;fis 17 Mk;
jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhy; nghJr;nrit Mizf;FOtpdJk; fhty;Jiw
Mizf;FOtpdJk; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nkd;KiwaLfis tprhupg;gjw;fhd
mjpfhuq;fSld; epu;thf Nkd;KiwaPl;L kd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt jkJ
Nkyjpfhupfspdhy; jkf;F tpistpf;fg;gLk; mbg;gil cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;
ghd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fg; Nghf Kd;djhf AAT nrd;W
rku;g;gpf;ff;$ba njupT nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

41
gf;fk; |41
murpay; kakhf;fypd; %yk; nghJr;Nritj;Jiwf;F jk;khy; tpistpf;fg;
gl;Ls;s nrjq;fis murpay;thjpfs; Gupe;Jnfhz;likapdhy; Vw;gl;l kd
khw;wj;ij 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lik gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. murhq;fj;jpd;
kpjthjg; Nghf;F Kiwikapdhy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW nghJj;Jiw
epu;thfpfspd; murpay; eLepiy jd;ikahy; Nfhl;ghL kPWjiy mjpfhu
tu;f;fj;jpd; murpay; kakhf;fk; crhtpf; fhl;LfpwJ. vdNt> murhq;fj;jpd; kpj
thjg;Nghf;F KiwikahdJ murhq;fj;jpd; khw;Wmurpay; fl;rpfs; murpay;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jf;F ve;j xU fl;rpapdhYk; tuf;$ba murpay; my;yhj
epu;thfpanhd;iw MNyhrid toq;Fk; fq;if tfpf;f Ntz;Lnkd Ntz;L
fpwJ. etPd [dehaf murhq;fq;fspd; murpaiy tbtikj;j ,uh[je;jpup
fshy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ,t;thwhd eilKiw nfhs;ifia cUthf;FtJ
murpay; nraw;ghL kw;Wk; mjid mKy; nra;tJ mjpfhu tu;f;fr; nraw;ghL
vd;w Nghf;if mq;fPfupf;Fk; jd;ikapdhy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahj;jupd; murpay; eLepiyj; jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
nghJj;Jiwr ;Nrit Mizf;FOnthd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;jpid mwp
KfQ; nra;j nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;Gf; fhyj;jpypUe;J nghJ epu;thfj;jpd;
murpay; eLepiyj; jd;ikf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ ,yq;ifapy; Cwpg;NghapUf;Fk; xU
mk;rkhf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. 1948 ,d; murpay; ahg;ghdJ nghJj;Jiw cj;jp
Nahfj;jupd; epakdk;> gjtp cau;T> ,lkhw;wk;> rk;gs Cjpak;> xOf;fhw;Wf;
fl;Lg;ghL> gjtpepf;fk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd mjpfhuq;fSld; kPsTk; nghJr;nrit
Mizf;FOtpd; nghWg;gpy; tpl;ltpl;lJ. MapDk; 1950 fspypUe;J mjpfhuj;
Jf;F te;j murpay; Nkyjpfhu tu;f;fjpw;F nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; Rje;jpuk; me;js
Tf;Fg; gpbf;fhky; NghdJ. 1960 fspypUe;J tYkpf;f ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpd;
Njit murpay;thjpfshy; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; xU FbauR
murpay; ahg;Gfspy; njl;lj;njspthf ,J Ngha; KbT ngw;wJ. 1972 murpay;
ahg;gpd; mq;Fuhu;g;gzj;jpypUe;J epiwNtw;W murhq;fnkhd;wpd; murpay;
v[khdu;fSf;F nghJr;Nrit cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis mbahl;fshf;Fk; Nghf;fhf
,Ue;jJ.
toq;fw; Nritfspd; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Rje;jpukhd
thz;ikj;Jt nghJj;Jiwr; Nritnahd;iw cUthf;fTk; mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd;
murpay; kakhf;fj;ij khw;wpaikg;gJNk 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljd;
%yk; Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gil thjkhFk;.
MapDk; 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd vkJ mDgtq;fs; mjd; mKyhf;fk;
Fwpj;J mt;tsT jpUg;jpfukhdjhf mikatpy;iy. 2005 ,ypUe;J murpay
ahg;G NguzpahdJ gpioj;jpUf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F fhuzk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpYs;s
rpwpa fl;rpfs; mg;Nguitf;F jkJ cWg;gpdu; xUtiu epakpg;gJ njhlu;ghf
fapwpOj;jypy; <Lgl;bUg;gjhFk;. Me;j murpay; ahg;Gg; Nguitia kPsTk;
mikf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;F [dhjpgjp jpwikahf ifahs tha;g;gspj;jJ. jdJ
KjyhtJ mwpf;ifapy; murpay; ahg;G Nguit Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jik ,q;F
vLj;Jiug;gJ ngWkjp kpf;fjhFk;. mjhtJ ey;yhl;rpf;fhd topapy; Kf;fpa
gbahf gjpNdohk; jpUj;jk; mike;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mJ ehnlq;fpYk; fl;LkPwpa
re;Njh\j;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba fhuzkhf mikaf;$lhJ. Gyte;jkhd murpa
ypdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s midj;J cghijfSf;Fk; filrpapy; ,iwikAs;s
xU epthuzp fpilj;jpUe;jNghjpYk; $l…

42
gf;fk; |42
gFjp - 3

43
gf;fk; |43
6 . ,yq;ifapy; nghJ epu;thfk; gw;wpa Fbkf;fspd; vz;zf;
fUf;fs; - njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,lq;fspy; murNrit toq;fy;
kPjhd Ma;Tg; ngWNgWfs;
6.1 mwpKfk;

murhq;fj;jpd; VNjh xU tifapy; toikahf toq;fg;gLk; r%fq;fspd; mbg;

gilahdJk; $l;lhdJkhd Njitfshd>jz;zPu;> Rfeytrjpfs;> jpz;kf; fopT
fs; Nrfupg;G>Nghf;Ftuj;J>Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;wtw;iwNa ‘nghJj;
Jiwr; Nritfs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;’ Fwpf;fpd;wd.MfNt nghJj;Jiwr; Nrit
njhlu;e;Jk; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzk; r%fj;jpw;F nghUl;fisAk;
NritfisAk; toq;FtjhFk;.
r%fj;jpd; NjitfSf;Fk; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;Fk; Vw;g nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtjw;
fhf nghJj;Jiwr; Nritfis cUthf;FtijAk; toq;FtijAk; cWjp nra;
tjpy; gpujhd gq;if nghJepWtdq;fSk; Copau;fSk; tfpg;gJld; tFg;G>rhjp>
gpuNjrk; vd;w tpj;jpahrkpd;wp Fbkf;fspd; midj;Jg; gpuptpdUf;Fk; nghWg;G
$wf;$bajhfTk; ghugl;rkpy;yhkYk;> vtUf;Fk; mZff;$bajhfTk; nghWg;G
ld; nraw;glf;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. MapDk; kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit
fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;ba ,t;tifahd Kjd;ikf; flikapy;
mjpfhu tu;f;f tPzbg;G> tpidj;jpwdw;w jd;ik> Coy;> ghugl;rk;> Fiwthd
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> nghWg;gw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Vida rPu;NfLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nghJr;Nrit toq;fy; gw;wpa Fbkf;fspd; vz;zf;fUf;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;
cjTk; nghJf; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Ma;Tfs; Clhf Fbkf;fSld; Neubahf
MNyhrpg;gNj ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd rpwe;j top
fspy; xd;whFk;. Nrit toq;fiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; ngWkjpahd jfty;fis toq;
ff;$ba nghJj;Jiw Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; nghJ epu;thfj;jpd; gq;F Fwpj;
Jk; nghJj;Jiwr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd mtu;fsJ fzpg;gPLk; Nrit toq;
fiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ngWkjp kpf;f jftiy Fbkf;fspd; vz;zf;fU
toq;fyhk;. Vnddpy; nghJj;Jiw Nritfspd; tpidj;jpwd; NghJkhd jd;ik>
mZff;$ba jd;ik> kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpy; mtu;fSf;F Neub
ahd mDgtk; cs;sJ.
mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nrit toq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; juk;
gw;wpa gFg;gha;it tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F> Fwpg;ghf> Fbkf;fspd; vz;zf;fU cj
tf;$bajhfTs;sJ. Fbkf;fs; Fwpg;ghd tplaq;fisAk; murhq;f Nritapd;
gpur;rpidfisAk; ,dq;fhZk;NghJ Gj;jp[Ptpfshd ehk; mtw;iw nghUj;j
khd murhq;f toptiffSf;F nraw;ghl;il cUthf;Ftjw;fhf my;yJ nghJ
rd Clfq;fs; %yk; Fbkf;fspd; fye;Jiuahly;fis gpd;D}l;ly;fshf vLj;
Jf;$w KbAk;. mtw;iw murhq;fk; tprhuiz nra;J> gpur;rpidfs; cz;ik
ahf ,Ug;gpd;> jPu;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;ig mJ toq;Ffpd;wJ. mt;thwhdit
cz;ikay;yhjjhf ,Ug;gpd; me;j vz;zf;fUf;fs; Gupe;Jzu;tw;w jd;ikapy;
Vw;gl;bUg;gpd; kf;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij khw;Wtjw;F eltbf;iffs; vLf;Fk;.
6.2 Ma;T
jw;Nghija Ma;thdJ %d;W tpj;jpahrkhd ,lq;fspy; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ma;Tg; gpuNjrq;fspy; murhq;f epWtdq;fshy;(GI)
toq;fg;gLk; nghJj;Jiw Nritapd; epiyikiag;gw;wp fz;lwpa 2009 Mk;
MzL [_iy khjk; 23-30 Me; jpfjpfspy; EtnuypahtpYk; (ngUe;Njhl;l
44
gf;fk; |44
khtl;lk;);> nj`paj;jfz;batpYk; (fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; xU kfhtyp FbapUg;
Gg; gpuNjrk;) fy;Kid fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpYk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; XusT
efu;g; gpuNjrj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jukhdJk; msthdJk; topKiwfis
gpunahfpj;jthW juTfis jpul;Ltjw;fhf tpdhf;nfhj;J jahu; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
murhq;f epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd toq;fypd;
tpidj;jpwdpd; ruprkd; gw;wpa tpisit Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;Nl ,f;fs
Ma;T guprPypj;jJ. nghJthff; FbAupik njhlu;ghd Nrit toq;fypd; %d;W
Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpathW gjpy; mspj;NjhupypUe;J tpdhf;fs;
tpdtg;gl;ld. (1) jhk; thof;$ba gpuNjrq;fs; njhlu;ghf fpilf;ff;$ba
NritfSk; mtw;iw toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa mtu;fs; njupe;J
itj;jpUg;gJ. (2) murhq;f epWtdq;fSldhd mtu;fsJ mDgtk;. (3)
murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghL kw;Wk; nraw;ghL Fwpj;j mtu;fsJ kdg;
ghq;FfSk; vz;zf;fUj;JfSk;.
murq;fj;jpd; Nritfspd; gadhspfs; gw;wpa mgpg;gpuha Ma;thf ,Ug;gjdhy;
fle;j Mz;L Fwpg;ghf mur Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf murhq;f epWt
dq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;j rhjhuz Fbkf;fspd; mDgtq;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l
vz;zf; fUf;fis tprhupg;gjw;Nf ,e;j Ma;T kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Ma;thdJ Nrfupg;gjw;fhf ehk; jukhdJk; msthdJkhd tpdhf;nfhj;J
Kiwfis (cjhuzkhf ml;ltizapy; ,Ltjw;fhf jfty;fis Nrfupg;g
jw;fhf tpdhf;fs; tpdTtJk; jkJ nrhe;j vz;zq;fis ntspapLtjw;fhf
kf;fSf;F ,lkspg;gjw;fhf ePz;l fye;Jiuahliy epfo;j;Jjy;)
gad;gLj;jpNdhk;.
Vida mikg;Gf;fshy; mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;iffisAk; Fwpg;ghf
nghJj;Jiwapd; Coy;fs; kw;Wk; toq;fy; KiwfisAk; xg;gPl;Lj; jfty;
fshfTk; vkJ Ma;tpypUe;j ,ilntspfis epug;Gtjw;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jp
Ndhk;.
6.3 Ma;tpd;NghJ ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplaq;fs;
Nrit toq;fypd; tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjpg;ghL ruprkkhd jd;ik> nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; GwNahbg; NghapUf;Fk; rpy Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;
kPjhd xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;Gf;fisahtJ nfhz;buhky; ,Ug;gJ ,f;fw;ifia
KOikahf;fhJ vd;W fUjg;gLtjhy; ,e;j mgpg;gpuha Ma;tpd; ngWNgW
fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; mit Ruf;fkhf fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf murhq;f epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Ak;
kf;fs; re;jpf;f Neu;e;j Kf;fpag; gpur;rpidfshf Coy;> rYiff;fhl;ly; tpjp
fSldhd nray;Kiwfs; Mszpapdupd; Nrhk;gw;jd;ik vd;gtw;iw ,f;
fw;if mtjhdpj;J> ey;yhl;rpf;F Ntl;Litj;jy; nghJj;Jiw nfhs;ifia
jpupj;Jf;$wy;> toq;fypd; ifaplYf;F toptFj;jy;> jdpahu; kw;Wk; nghJj;
JiwfSf;Fk; mtw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Cwtpistpj;jy; Nghd;witNa fhuzp
fshf miktjhf mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfspd; epu;thf Kiwik fis
guprPyid nra;j mNefkhd Ma;thsu;fshy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l rPu;NfLfNs
,itfshFk;.
xU cj;jpNahfj;ju; ,yQ;rnkhd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> tw;GWj;jy;> gupe;Jiu
$wy; vd;gtw;iw jdJ nrhe;j ,yhgj;Jf;fhf nghJj;Jiw gjtpia J\;
gpuNahfk; nra;jJ Coy; vd fUjKbAk;. rkfhy cyif vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ghupa
rthy;fspy; xd;whf Coy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ey;yhl;rpf;F Ntl;L itj;J
nghJf;nfhs;ifia jpupj;Jf;$wy;> toq;fiyf; ifahly; nra;tjw;F toptFj;

45
gf;fk; |45
jy;> jdpahu; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiwf;Fk; mtw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpf;F CW tpistpj;
jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
cyfshtpa Coy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU Rl;bf;F mika 2006 Mk; Mz;L 115
ehLfisf; nfhz;l gl;baypy; ,yq;ifahdJ 84 Mk; ,lj;jpypUe;jJ ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (buhd;ngud;rp ,d;lu;ne\dy; 2006> 2001–2002> ,yq;if nghU
shjhu rq;fk; (SLEA) nts;is mwpf;if 2007) NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l nghJ fhuzp
fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf vg;gbapUe;j NghjpYk; CoYf;fhd NtW rpy Fwpg;ghd
fhuzpfSk; ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; cs;sd. mNefkhd jiyg;Gf;
fspd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; CoYf;Fg; nghWg;ghd fhuzpfis ,yq;if nghUsh
jhur; rq;fj;jpdhy; (SLEA) 2007 jahupf;fg;gl;l nts;isawpf;ifapy; fye;Jiu
ahlg;gl;lJ. mtw;Ws; gyaPdkhd my;yJ Nkhrkhd Ml;rp nghJj;Jiwapd;
jho;e;j epiyapy; cs;s epjpr;rhu;e;j Cjpak;> fyhrhu gpd;dzp ntspehl;L
cjtp fLk; eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F jtWjy; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; Njhy;tp
nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F msTf;fjpfkhf jw;Wdpthf ,aq;f mDk
jpf;fg;gly; nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik ,y;yhik nghWg;Gf;
$wf;$ba jd;ikapd; ,ayhik Nghd;wd cs;slq;fp ,Ue;jd. ,e;j mwpf;if
ahdJ r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu kdg;ghq;Ffis Fwpg;ghf fpuhk kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
cs;sit. NkNyhq;fpAs;s CoYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;ld.
,jw;F mika epWtdq;fspy; cs;s Fiwg;ghl;Lld; $ba nray; Kiwfspd;
fhuzkhf kl;Lkd;wp Njitfs; ngWNthupd; J}z;LjyhYk; Coy; ,d;W
epiyj;Js;sJ. (NkNy cs;s E}ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. (ibid)
jw;Nghija mgpg;gpuha Ma;tpdhy; jkJ gpuNjrj;jpd; kpfTk; CoYf;Fs;shd
epWtdq;fshf fhty; epiyaj;ijAk;> fpuhk Nrtfu; fhupahyaj;ijAk; kf;fs;
$bajhapUe;J Cow; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWtJ ngUk;ghYk; gadhspfspd;
gf;fkhf mur Nritfspd; tpopg;Gzu;tw;w jd;ik fhty; kw;Wk; fpuhk Nrtfu;
Nghd;w nghJj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;jpdupd; mstw;w jw;WzpG mjpfhuKk; nghJj;
Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju; kj;jpapy; Nrit toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w csg; ghq;F ,y;
yhikahyhFk;. Ntsp Ml;fistpl jk;ik rhu;e;jpUg;Nghu;> ez;gu;fs;> FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F tpUg;Gf; fhl;Lk; rhjhuz kdpj Rghtj;ij kl;L
kd;wp murpay; nghUshjhu fy;tp rhu;e;j kw;Wk; r%f mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l
kf;fSf;F jug;gLk; rYif cldhd ftdpg;ig rYif Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ve;j tbtj;ij mJ vLj;jhYk; murhq;fNritia mZFtjw;fhd rhjhuz
kf;fspd; cupikfis mJ ,y;yhkw; nra;tjdhy; rYif mspg;gJk; xU
Coy; eilKiwahFk;. nghJj;Jiw (kw;Wk; jdpahu;Kiw) cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
gjtpfisAk; toq;fiyAk; mepahakhf tpepNahfpg;gjw;F rYif mspg;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;j ed;ikia milAk; egUldhd mtu;fsJ
cwitg; nghWj;J neUq;fpa ez;gUf;F rhu;ghfNth my;yJ cwtpdUf;F
rhu;ghfNth ele;J nfhz;likf;fhd Fw;wk; Gupe;jtu;fshfpd;wdu;. Fbkf;f
Sf;F Nritia toq;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd mur epWtdq;fSs; Coiyg;
NghyNt rYiff; fhl;LjYk; epiyj;Js;sJ. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %ykhf fpl;lj;
jl;l vy;yh nghJj;Jiw Nrit epWtdq;fspYk; Rfhjhuj;Jiw MfTk; $ba
,lj;ij tfpg;gjw;fhf rYif mspj;jy; kpfg; nghJthd eilKiwahf
njd;glf;$bajhfTs;sJ.
MfNt jkf;Fupj;Jilajhf ngwf;$ba Nritfisg; gw;wpAk; mr;Nritfis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf mtu;fs; fle;J nry;yj; Njitahd Kiwahd toptif
fs; gw;wpAk; kf;fspd; myl;rpa kdg;ghd;ikNa CoYk;> rYifaspj;jYk;
nghJj;Jiw Nrit epiyaq;fspy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd
fhuzk; vd;gJ tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
46
gf;fk; |46
6.3 nghJr;Nrit toq;fy; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUTk; mDgtKk;
,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s murhq;f epWtdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd gpd;dzpj;
jfty;fs; ,g;gpuptpy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gy;NtW tpjkhd rl;l tpjpfs;>
re;Jf;fs;> rhrdq;fs; vd;gdnty;yhk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; Kiwrhu;e;j nray;
KiwfisAk;> eilKiwfisAk; gpd;gw;wpathW jpUg;jpfukhdJk; tpidj;
jpwDilaJkhd Nritia ,yq;ifapYs;s ngUk;ghyhd mur epWtdq;fs;
toq;fKbahikf;fhd fhuzk; mur epWtdq;fspd; mikg;Gk; Kbkf;fs;
kj;jpapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w fyhrhu kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F Nghf;FfshFk;.
nghJthf nghJj;Jiw Copau;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; Fwpj;J mtw;
iwg; ngWNthupy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; jpUg;jpaw;wtu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
mj;Jld; %d;whk; jug;gpd; cjtpapd;wp xU Kiwahd Nritia jk;khy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahnjd mtu;fs; czu;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;nfd mtu;fs; gad;
gLj;Jk; %d;whk; jug;G cjtpahf miktJ ez;gu;fs;> cwtpdu;fs;> murpay;
thjpfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F NeubahfNth my;yJ ,ilj;jufu;
%ykhfNth ,yQ;rk; nfhLg;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb eilKiwapy; cs;s Kiwik
apd; kw;Wk; mur Nrit toq;fypd; nghwpKiw %ykhf tpj;jpahrkhd r%f>
,dthupahd> fyhrhu gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;l kf;fSf;F mur NritfSf;fhd
rkkhdJk; ruprkdhdJkhd mZFKiwf;fhd rhj;jpak; FiwthdjhfNt
cs;sJ.
6.4 Kjd;ikj; jfty;fs;
Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l khtl;lq;fspy; mike;Js;s
vl;L G+Nfhs uPjpahd gpuNjrq;fis ,e;j Ma;T cs;slf;fpaJ ,tw;Ws;
ehd;F XusT efu;g;gpuNjrq;fs; (rk;khe;Jiw> epe;jt+u;> mf;fiug;gw;W kw;Wk;
MiyabNtk;G) – mk;ghiw khtl;lk; - FbapUg;Gg; gpuNjrk;> (nj`paj;j
fz;ba> mk;ghiw> xU ngUe;Njhl;lg; gpuNjrk; ehDXa – Etnuypa kw;Wk;
xU rpq;fs fpuhkk;) fyhg;Gw Etnuypa vd;gdthFk;. khjpup tpepNahfkhdJ
NghJkhdsT gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehl;bd; vy;yh tpjkhd G+Nfhs
uPjpahd NtWghLfisAk; ,d uPjpahd nrwpitAk; mJ cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
Kiwrhu;e;j XusTf;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;ijAk; jpwe;j mikg;gpyhd
tpdhf;fisAk; tpsf;fkhd jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jp
juTfs; jpul;lg;gl;ld. tpsf;fkhd jfty;fspd; msTj;jd;ikia trjpg;gLj;J
tjw;fhf tpdhf;nfhj;J FwpaPL nra;ag;gl;L ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

khjpupapd; g+NfhsuPjpahd tpepNahfk;

nj`pmj;
Dehiatta j fz;ba
kandiya
26% epe;jt+u;
Nintavur
36%
mf;fiiug;gw;W
Akkaraipattu
rk;khe;Jiw
Samanthurai
12%
12% N'Eliya
Etnuypa
14%

47
gf;fk; |47
ml;ltiz 2: gpuNjrthupahf khjpupapy; cs;s ,duPjpahd ghFghL

gpuNjrk; khjpup rpq;fstu; % jkpou; % K];yPk; %

1.nj`paj;j fz;ba 40 40 26.0 - -- - -
2.rk;khe;Jiw 20 - - 05 3.0 15 9.0
3.epe;jt+u; 20 - - 05 3.0 15 9.0
4.mf;fiug;gw;W 20 - - 10 7.0 10 7.0
5.Etnuypa 60 30 18.0 30 18.0 - -
nkhj;jk; 160 70 44.0 50 31.0 40 25.0

160
140
120
Total
nkhj;jk;
100
Sinhala
rpq;fstu;
80
60 Tamil
jkpou;

40 Muslim
K];yPk;fs;

20
0
Sample
khjpup Dehiatha
nj`paj;
j East
F Tamil
fpof; & yPkN'Eliya
jkpou;>K]; ; Etnuypa
akndiya
fz;ba
Muslim areas
gpuNjrq;fs;

6.4 kf;fs; toikahf tp[ak; nra;Ak; murhq;f mYtyfq;fs;

tpj;jpahrkhd G+Nfhs uPjpahd gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; ,dthjp FOf;fSf;Fk; cupa
khjpup rdj;njhifapdhy; tp[ak; nra;ag;gl;l kpfg; nghJthd epWtdq;fshf
khtl;lr; nrayfk;> gpupTr; nrayfk;> fpuhk Nrtfu; mYtyfk;> fhty; epiy
ak; kw;Wk; murhq;f epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,e;j Ma;T fz;lwpe;jJ.
kfhtyp FbapUg;Gf;fspYk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gpuNjrq;fsYk; mtu;fSf;Nf
jdpj;Jtkhd epWtd uPjpahd mikg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kfhtyp mikr;rp
dhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l tya kw;Wk; khtl;l mYtyfq;fshYk; Kfhikahsu;fsp
dhYk; kfhtyp FbapUg;Gfspd; eyd;fs; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. tptrha
r%fq;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd fhzp rk;ge;jkhd Nritfs; ,t;
thwhd mYtyfq;fspd; Clhf topnra;JnfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd jdpj;Jtkpf;f epWtd mikg;ig
ngUe;Njhl;l r%fq;fs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. cl;fl;likg;G mikr;rpd; Clhf
ngUe;Njhl;l khtl;lq;fspy; murhdJ jdJ nrhe;j mjpfhuj;ij epWtpAs;sJ.
,e;j mikr;R jw;NghJ ghupa mikr;rhd Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; mikr;
rpd; fPo; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; jdpahu;kakhf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du;
ngUe;Njhl;l eyNdhk;G epjpak; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Gjpa mikg;G njhopw;gLfpd;
wJ. fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; epWtg;gl;bUe;j ngUe;Njhl;l ,uhr;rpaj;ij
48
gf;fk; |48
gyaPdg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,t;thwhd epWtd uPjpahd xOq;fikg;Gf;fs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jd. MapDk; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Gjpa murpay; xl;LwTfSk; rhjp mbg;gil
apyhd murpay; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;f mikg;Gf;fSk;> fpuhk Nrtfu; cl;gl;l
murhq;f mYtyfq;fs; cldhd kf;fspd; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisf; fl;Lg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd. xt;nthU miktplq;fspy; tpNrlkhd xOq;fikg;Gf;fSf;F Gwk;
ghf xU Njrpa milahs ml;ilf;fhf Nt my;yJ flTr;rPl;L> kuzg; gjpT>
tjptplk; gw;wpa rhd;wpjo;> ew; rhd;wpjo;> thf;fhsu; gjpT> kunkhd;iw ntl;L
tjw;fhd mDkjp> kf;fSf;fpilNaahd rpW Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa gpzf;F
fs; gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfis tpz;zg; gpg;gjw;fhd G+u;thq;f eltbf;iffspd;
NghJ nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhf kf;fs; fpuhkNritfs; mYtyfj;ij
tp[ak; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sd.
fpuhkNrtfUf;Fg; ghug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhopw;ghLfs;> ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l mYtyfu;>
murhq;fj;jpdJk; murpdJk; fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; Vfg; gpujpepjpahf mike;jpUg;
gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. xU gpuNjrk; khtl;l my;yJ gpupTr; nrayfq;fSf;F
kpfj; njhiytpy; mike;jpUg;gpd; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; jdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s
njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;L fpuhkNritfUf;Nf msTf;fjpfkhd jw;WzpG mjp
fhuk; ,Ug;gJ njupfpwJ. fhty; JiwAld; mtu;fSf;Fs;s neUq;fpa njhlu;G
fhuzkhd jkf;Fupa Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; rl;lj;Jf;Fk; xOq;Ff;Fk; rk;ge;jg;
gl;l tplaq;fSf;F fpuhk kl;l nghWg;ghd murhq;f mYtyu;fs; vd;w tif
apy; mtu;fsJ jw;WzpG Mw;wy;fs; NkYk; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Neu;fhzy; nra;ag;gl;l ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; jk;khYk; jk; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;
fshYk; murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l Nritfisg; ngw mbf;fb tp[ak; nra;j
ngUk;ghyhd mYtyfq;fshf khtl;l kw;Wk; gpupTr; nrayfq;fs;> murhq;f
M];gj;jpup> khtl;l Rfhjhu itj;jpa cj;jpNahfj;jupd; mYtyfk;(MOH)> fpuhk
Nrtfu;> rKu;j;jp tq;fp>jghw;fhupahyak;>tptrha fhzpr; Nrit epiyak;> fhty;
epiyak; kw;Wk; $l;LwTr; rq;ff; filfNs mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. ,jpy; tpUg;
gj;Jld; Nehf;fg;gl;lJ ahnjdpy; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYk; ngUe; Njhl;l gpuNjrq;
fspYKs;s fzprkhdsT kf;fs; murhq;f mYtyfj;ij> mur rhu;gw;w
mikg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J njspthf NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f Kbahky; ,Ue;jik
ahFk;. Cjhuzkhf Etnuypah khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rpq;fsf; fpuhknkhd;wpy;
ehk; re;jpj;j khjpupf;F vLj;j ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; jhk; mbf;fb tp[ak; nra;j
ru;Nthjah mYtyfj;ij murhq;f mYtyfkhff; $wpdu;. mup];Nlhl;ly;
$wpa FbAupik gpukhzj;jpd;gb nghJj;Jiw mYtyfk; xd;iw cz;ik
ahfNt gfpu;e;J nfhs;shj mtu;fsJ FbAupikapd; kl;lj;ijAk; nghJj;Jiw
epWt dq;fisg; gw;wpa rhjhuz kf;fspd; mwpitAk; mtu;fsJ tpopg;Gzu;tpd;
kl;lj;ijANk ,J Fwpg;gpl;Lf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jkJ gpuNjrq;fspYs;s mYtyfq;
fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s Nritfisg; gw;wp kf;fshy; jug;gl;l
jfty;fis ml;ltiz %d;W toq;Ffpd;wJ.

49
gf;fk; |49
ml;ltiz 3: murhq;f epWtdq;fspdJk; mtw;wpd; NritfisAk; gw;wpa kf;fspd; mwpT

,y. epWtdk; Nritfs;

01 M];gj;jpup ,ytr M];gj;jpup mDkjp> rpfpr;ir> ,uz rpfpr;ir

02 M.O.H fhupahyak; jpupNgh\> mk;ikg;ghy; Fj;Jjy;

03 khtl;l nrayfk; (fr;Nrup ) fhzp khd;aq;fs;

04 G.N. fhupahyak; tjptpl rhd;wpjo; my;yJ ew;rhd;wpjo;fs;> tUkhdj;ij

cWjp nra;Ak; rhd;wpjo;> Njrpa milahs ml;il
my;yJ flTr;rPl;L tpz;zg;g Muk;gr; nraw;ghLfs;>
gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;> thf;fhsu; gjpT

04 D.S. fhupahyak; Njrpa milahs ml;il> flTr; rPl;L> gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;>

thfd tUkhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;> GdUj;jhgz epjpf;
Nfhupf;if> tpahghunkhd;iwg; gjpT nra;jy;
tpz;zg;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd eltbf;if

05 fr;Nrup thfd Xl;Leu; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

06 tptrha Nrit epiyak; cu khd;ak;> tpijfSk; fd;WfSk;> ePu;g;ghrd tup>

gz;iz njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;

07 rKu;j;jp tq;fp /fhupahyak; fld;fSk; Vida rKu;j;jp ed;ikfSk;

08 fhty; epiyak; rptpy; Kiwg;ghLfs;> nghyP]; mwpf;iffs;> rptpy;

gpzf;FfSk; ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;

09 $l;LwT rq;ff; fil gq;fPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; (fpuhkq;fspdhy; muprp kw;Wk;

kz;nzz;nza; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;)

10 jghy; epiyak; nghjpfs;> je;jp> fbjq;fs; jghy; nra;jy;

11 kpUfitj;jpau; mYtyfk; kpUf tsu;g;G kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; rpw;rpW cghijfs;

cl;gl fhy;eilg; guhkupg;G

12 FbapUg;gpd; kfhtypf; fhupahyak; ePu;g;ghrdj;Jf;fhd ePu;> fhzpAupik kw;Wk; cu khd;ak;

(fhydpf; fhupahyak;) njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;

ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nritfs; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fshy; Ntz;lg;

gl;l NritfshFk;. MapDk; gjpy; $wpa 160 Ngu;fSs; 75% tPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpf
khNdhu; jhk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l miktplq;fspy; fpilf;ff; $bajhfTs;s epWt
dq;fis ,dq;fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mtu;fSs; ,t;thwhd epiy
aq;fspypUe;J fpilf;ff;$ba xd;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd my;yJ midj;J mbg;
gilr; NritfisAk; ,dq;fhz KbahjpUe;jdu;. (me;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; jhk;
30 f;Fk; mjpfkhd Nritfis ,dq;fhl;bapUe;Njhk;.)
mur epWtdq;fis mZFtjw;fhf jhk; ez;gu;/cwtpdu; my;yJ xU ,ilj;
jufupd; cjtpia ehLtjhf rpyu; $wpdu;. xU Njrpa milahs ml;ilia
my;yJ gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; Nghd;w mtru Njitiag; ngwj; jhk; gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd rpyu; ntspg;gilahfNt $wpdu;. ,J ngUe; Njhl;lg; gFjp
fs; kpf ru;trhjhuzkhf tplakhFk;. nj`paj;jfz;batpy; jhk; re;jpj;j xU
egu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J jkJ kfid gpizapnyLg;gjw;fhf kdpj cupik
Mizf;FOtpy; xUtUf;F gzQ;nrYj;j Ntz;bajhf Fw;wQ;rhl;baJld;
mjdhy; xd;WNk eilngwtpy;iy vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. ,d;ndhU egu; $Wifapy;
fpuhk Nrtfu;fs; kpfj; je;jpurhypfs; vdTk; Jupjkhf Nritia toq;Ftjw;F
ifk;khwhf vijahtJ mtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwf; $ba tuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vd;
whu;. fhty;JiwapYs;s Mszpapdupy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; kf;fSld; vt;thW
50
gf;fk; |50
fz;zpaKld; NgRtJ vd;gij njupahjtu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vdf; fUj;J
$wpdu;. fhty; epiyaq;fSf;F tUk; kf;fNshL nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tJ
ey;ytUf;Fk; nfl;ltUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpj;jpahrj;ij fhzKbahJs;sJ.
murhq;f epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Ak;NghJ mq;F fpilf;ff;$ba Nrit
gw;wpNah my;yJ mYtyfq;fspy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba nray;Kiwfisg; gw;wpNah
cupa mwpit jhk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iyvd mNefkhNdhu; $wpdu;. jkf;F xU
Nrit NjitahapUf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l Nritf;fhf mt;thwhd
mYtyfq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;tjw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l Neuk; cs;sjh vd;gij
rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;shJ jhk; me;j mYtyfq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;tjhf rpyu;
$wpdu;. kpfr; nrhw;gkhd murhq;f mYtyfq;fNs mq;F fpilf;ff;$bajhf
Nritfspd; jd;ikfisAk; jdJ Nritfis nghJkf;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;
fhfTk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba nray;KiwfisAk; kf;fs; tpsq;ff; $bathwhd
jfty; gpuRuq;fis toq;Ftjhf mtu;fs; $wpdu;. MfNt mNefkhd kf;fspl
kpUe;J ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l $w;whtJ “Ntiynahd;iw nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf
fhiyapNyNa nry;Tj ed;W” vd;gJ Nrit toq;fy; njhlu;ghf ,e;j ,U
gf;fg; gupkhzq;fisAk; tpsf;fpaJ.
6.5 murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd;
murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwid Neubahf mstPL nra;a tpLf;fg;gl;l
tpdhf;fis tpdhf;nfhj;J nfhz;buhjNghjpYk; Nrit toq;fypy; mur epiy
aq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;ghd XusTf;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;
xU jdpahd tpdh xd;iw ,e;j Ma;T cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. MapDk; gjpy;
$wpatu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tpjj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; mur epW
tdq;fspd; nrayhw;wiy fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. khjpupahfg; ngwg; gl;l
jpypUe;J murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdpd; kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf gjpy;
$wpatu;fspd; mDgtq;fisAk; fzpg;gPl;ilAk; nfhz;l kpfTk; RUf;fkhd
tpguNk ,e;j cg gpupthFk;. tpidj;jpwdpd; kl;lq;fspy; xU gpujhd Rl;b
nfhLf;fg;gl;l gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l/nfhLf;fg;gl;l
Neukhf ,Ue;jJ.

Nritfis toq;f ruhrupahf vLf;Fk; jlitfs;

Nritapd; tif
GdUj;jhgz epjp my;yJ
el;l<L 5
cu khd;ak;
3
fpuhk NrtfuplkpUe;J rhd;wpjo;
3
NghyP]; mwpf;if
4
Gjpa kpd; ,izg;Gf;fSk;
gOJ ghu;g;Gk; 4
ePu; toq;fy; 3
rKu;j;jpf; fld;
1
gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo; ngwy(tpz;zg;gk;
KOikahfg; g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;L 1
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

51
gf;fk; |51
gjpy; $wpatu;fSf;fika Njitg;gl;l xU Nritia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s
,e;j Ma;tpy; cs;s murhq;f epWtdq;fSf;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tp[aq;fs;
ruhrupahf 1 njhlf;fk; 5 jlitfshf ,Ue;jd. ,e;j vz;zpf;if tpj;jpahr
khd ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ntz;lg;gl;l NritfSf;Fk; mika khWgl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ.
cjhuzkhf NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tiugpd;gb xU kuzk; njhlu;ghf gjpT
nra;tjw;F fy;Kid fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;J fpuhkNrtfu; mYtyfj;Jf;F ,e;j
Ma;tpy; Vida miktplq;fis tpl $Ljyhd Neuk; vLf;fpwJ.
jhk; thOk; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s murhq;f epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpa vz;zf;
fUf;fisAk; kdg;ghq;ifAk; ml;ltiz 4 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. rhjhuz kf;fSld;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy; nra;Ak; 12 murhq;f epWtdq;fis ehk; tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;L jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fspd;gb mit tpidj;jpwd; cilaitah>
tpidj;jpwd; mw;witah Coy; my;yJ mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf ghugl;rk; fhl;Lg
itah vd fUj;J tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; Nfl;bUe;Njhk;. khjpupf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSs; midtUk; me;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epWtdq;fSf;F
tp[ak; nra;tjd; fhuzkhf tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fhjNghjpYk; khjpupf;fhf
vLf;fg;gl;l ,e;j gzpapy; gq;Fgw;wpa (160) nkhj;j kf;fspy; ,Ue;J E}w;W
tpfpjq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. murhq;f epWtdq;fSs; kpf tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;l
jhd M];gj;jpupia ngUk;ghyhd (41%) kf;fs; ,dq;fhz;gJ mtjhdpf;
fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J fpuhk Nritfs; mYtyfk; (26%) rKu;j;jp 16%
kw;Wk; tptrhaf; fhzpr; Nrit epiyak; 9% vd ,Ue;jd. ,e;j Ma;tpd;gb
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; (78%) fhty;JiwNa tpidj;jpwdw;wjhfTk; Coy;
nfhz;ljhfTk; (28%) mjpfhuk; nfhz;l tUf;fhf ghugl;rk; fhl;Ltjhf (28%)
$wpdu;. tpidj;jpwdw;w mur epWtdq;fSs; D.S mYtyfk; (37%) fpuhk
Nritfs; mYtyfk; (33%) mLj;J ,lk; ngw;wd. ,jpy; vk; tpUg;gj;ijf;
ftu;e;j ntspg;ghL ahnjdpy; fhzpj; jpizf;fsj;ij jtpu midj;J jpizf;
fsq;fSk; tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;ljhf jkJ nrhe;j mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L
,dq;fhzg;gl;ljpd; khjpupapy; ,jpy; fz;Nlhk;. ml;ltiz ehd;fpd; gpd;Ds;
tUk; tiugpy; xg;gPlhd xU fzpg;gPL jug;gLfpd;wJ.

52
gf;fk; |52
 ml;ltiz 4: murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; jug;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; -

rfy gpuNjrq;fspYk; (kf;fspd; njhif 160 Ngu;)

kdg;ghq;F (160 Ngupy; gjpyspj;Njhu;)
epWtdk; tpidj;jpwd; % tpidj;jpwd; % Coy; % mjpfhu %
mw;wJ ghu
gl;rk;
fr;Nrup 10 6.2 15 9.3 03 1.8 05 3.1

D.S. fhupahyak; 11 6.8 60 37.5 31 19.3 28 17.5

G.N. fhupahyak; 42 26.2 54 33.7 41 25.6 33 20.6

M.O.H fhupahyak; 08 5.0 15 9.3 02 1.2 03 1.8

M];gj;jpup 67 41.8 11 6.8 03 1.8 04 2.5

fhty; epiyak; 06 3.7 117 78.0 46 28.7 46 28.7

rKu;j;jp tq;fp 27 16.8 12 7.5 09 5.6 08 5.0

/fhupahyak;
tptrha Nrit epiyak; 15 9.3 08 5.0 06 3.7 07 4.3

,yq;if kpd;rhu rig 10 6.2 10 6.2 06 3.7 05 3.1

ePu; toq;fy; rig 10 6.2 02 1.2 06 3.7 05 3.1

90
78
80

70

60

50 tpidj;jpwd;
41.8 Efficient
37.5
40 33.7 tpidj;jpwdw;w
Inefficient
28.7
30 Coy;
corrupt
20 BiasFpower
mjpfhu
ghugl;rk;
10

0
M.O.H..mYtyfk;

ePu; toq;fy; rig

Nrit epiyak;
tptrha fhzprp;
G.N..mYtyfk;

l i
N. y t
D.S.mYtyfk;

iya ce e ta e en d
jpizf;fsk;

dh ict pa
kpd;rhu rig

fic lic ar
fhty’epyak;

er ffi G. pi ur C r e
h O Of s Po
er
v ct Bo D
Ho
M]gj;jpup

ch
c S. OH Sa
m
Ele er d
D. rS at an
rKu;j;jp

Ka g L
fhzpj;

M
fr;Nrup

A W

53
gf;fk; |53
,t;thwhd ml;ltizg;gLj;jypy; ,Ue;J Njhw;Wk; xU xl;Lnkhj;jkhd fhl;rp
gpd;tUkhW jug;gLfpwJ. ruhrupahd mbg;gil kPjhf mJ jahupf;fg;gl;bUg;g
Jld; xt;nthU tiff;fhfTk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,t;thwhf ,dq;
fhzg;gl;litfspy; NkNyhl;lkhf E}w;Wtpfpjq;fshf 36% tpidj;jpwdw;wit
ahfTk; 20% Coy; nfhz;ljhfTk; 18% mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf ghugl;rk;
fhl;LgitahfTk; 24% tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fitahfTk; cs;sd.

murhq;f mYtyfq;f spy; jug;g Lk; Nritfs; gw;w pa

kf;f spd; vz;z q;f s;
18% 24%

tpidj;jpwd;
Effi ci ent
20% tpidj;jpwdw;w
Inefficient
Coy;
38%
Corrupt rk;
mmjpfhughugl;

Bia s F power

nghJthf murhq;f epWtdq;fspYs;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; midtiuAk; rk

khf elj;Jtjpy;iy vd kf;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs;
,e;j cj;jpNahfj;jiu mjpfhuk; nfhz;Nkhiu ed;F elj;JgtuhfTk; rhjhuz
kf;fsplkpUe;J mehtrpakhd mD$yq;fis ehLgtuhfTk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L
cs;sdu;;. ,jd;gb ,yq;ifapd; nghJj;JiwahdJ rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpf; Nfhl;
ghl;Lf;F mikthf ele;Jnfhs;tjpy; gyaPdkhfTs;sJ.
jkf;fhd Nritia cupa fhyj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s %d;whk; jug;nghd;iw
jhk; vg;NghJ Njbf;nfhs;stpUg;gjhf kf;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. fr;Nrup D.S mYty
fq;fspYs;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; r%fj;ij myl;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; jkJ
Ntiyia Nrhk;gyhf Mw;Wtjw;Fk; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gLfpd;wdu;. rpy Neuq;fspy;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; vijahtJ gpiofz;L tPl;Lf;F mDg;GtjhfTk; Ntiyia
,d;ndhU ehSf;F xj;jpg;NghtjhfTk; rpyu; $Wfpd;wdu;.
murhq;fk; ghukl;rkw;w Kiwg;ghl;L nghwpKiw xd;iwAk; nghJkf;fSf;F
epthuzk; ngwf;$ba nghwpKiw xd;iwAk; mwpKfQ;nra;jhy; jkJ Ntiy
fis ey;yKiwapy; nra;Jnfhs;sf;$ba rhj;jpak; ,Ug;gjhf rpyu; Fwpg;gpl;l
du;. ,yQ;rk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; vijahtJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;gKs;s
tu;fis ,dq;fhl;lg;gl;l fpuhkNrtfu;fSf;F vjpuhfNt ngUk; Kiwg;ghLfs;
,Ue;jd. NkYk; kf;fspd; NjitfSf;F gjpy;$wf;$ba mYtyf Neuq;fshf
xd;Nwh ,uz;L ehl;fis mtu;fspd; fhupahyaq;fspy; mtu;fs; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,NjNghd;W fhty;Jiw jpizf;fsKk; fpuhkj;jtu; kj;jpapy; cld;ghlhd
czu;Tfis Vw;gLj;jpapUf;ftpy;iy. fhty;Jiwapdu; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mtu;
fsJ Kul;Lj;jdkhd elj;ijapd; fhuzkhfTk; kf;fs; rhu;ghd ,uf;fkpd;ik
apdhYk; mtkjpg;Gf;F cs;shfpd;wdu;.
,t;thwhd $WfSf;fhf gpuNjr NtWghLfis toq;Fk; nghUl;L gpd;tUkhW
ntt;NtW ml;ltizfis ehk; Kd;itj;Js;Nshk;. ,e;j tiuGfs; E}w;W
tpfpjq;fis my;yhJ kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; nfhz;Nl jahu; nra;ag;gl;Ls;
sd. tpj;jpahrkhd gpuNjrq;fspy; tpj;jpahrkhd tifg;gLj;jy;fis murhq;f
54
gf;fk; |54
epWtdk; nfhz;bUg;gNj ,e;j ml;ltizfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. epWtdq;fspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mit mike;jpUf;Fk; kl;lj;Jf;fika (efu;g;Gw> fpuhkg;Gw>ngUe;
Njhl;l) NtWgLk; vd;gijAk; rpyu; cs;Su; gpuNjrq;fspy;(ngUe;Njhl;l kw;Wk;
kfhtyp gpuNjrq;fs;) toq;fg;gLk; NritfSf;fhd tpNrl epWtdq;fs; fpilf;
ff;$bajha; cs;s epiyikfisg; nghWj;Nj mt;thW fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
ml;ltiz 5 - murhq;f mYtyfq;fspd; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; gpuNjrthupahf
fy;Kid flw;fiug; gFjp

epWtdk; kdg;ghq;F (160 Ngupy; gjpyspj;Njhu;)

tpidj; % tpidj; % Coy; % mjpfhu %
jpwd; jpwd; ghu gl;rk;
mw;wJ
fr;Nrup 25 7.0 4 10 5 2 5 3
D.S. fhupahyak; 9 6.0 42 28 15 17 7 25
G.N 12 15 23 23 27 24 8 21
M.O.H fhupahyak; 8 5.0 15 10 2 1 2 2
M];gj;jpup 48 32 9 6 3 2 4 2.5
fhty; epiyak; 6 4 18 65 35 30 15 30
rKu;j;jp tq;fp /fhupahyak; 20 13 6 4 8 5.5 6 4
tptrha Nrit epiyak; 10 7 5 3 6 4 3 2
,yq;if kpd;rhu rig 7 4.5 10 7 5 3.5 4 2.5
ePu; toq;fy; rig 10 7 2 1 6 4 5 3
fhzpj; jpizf;fsk; - 5 10 7 8 5.5

People`s
mur mYtyfq;fspd; perception
Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;about
fspd; govt.institutions-Kalmunai
vz;zq;fs; gpuNjrthupahf fy; coasta
Kidl flw;fiug; gFjp
60 48
Nu.of people

50 42
40 35
24 2327
30 18 15 20
20 15 12 15
9 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 10
45 5 34 6 6 86 56 3 7 5 4 2 65 5 8
10 22 0
0
Authority
G.N

Hospital

Board
Kachcheriya

Police
D.S office

Bank/Office

Electricity

Water
M.O.H office

Ag. Service

Department
jpizf;fsk;
Samurdhi

Ceylon

Land
Board

Labour
Centre
M.O.H..mYtyfk;

ePu; toq;fy; rig

Nrit epiyak;
tptrha fhzprp;
G.N..mYtyfk;

fpf;
D.S.mYtyfk;

fhty’epyak;

kpd;rhu rig
rKu;j;jp/ tq;
mYtyfk;
M]gj;jpu

Institution
fhzpj;
fr;Nrup

Efficient Inefficient Corrupt Bias4power

tpidj;jpwd; tpidj;jpwdw;w Coy; mjpfhu ghugl;rk;

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gjpndhU murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kj;jpapy; Nkw;

Fwpg;gpl;l tiuapy; njspthf ,Ug;gJ ahnjdpy; tpidj;jpwidg; nghUj;jtiu
55
gf;fk; |55
apy; M];gj;jpupNa Nkyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT kf;fs;(80%) mur
epWtdq;fspy; kpf tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf fUJtJld; fr;Nrup 40% ck; rKu;jp
34%k; mjidg; gpd;njhlu;fpd;wd. NkYk; kw;w midj;J Rl;bfspYk; fr;Nrup
kl;LNk kpff; Fiwe;jstpy; kjpg;ngz;izg; ngWk; xNunahU epWtdkhFk;.
kWGwkhf DS mYtyfq;fSk; (70%)tPjkhf gjpy; $wpNahu;> fpuhk Nrtfu;
mYtyfq;fs; 39% fhty; epiyaq;fs; 18% mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; kpfTk; tpidj;
jpwdw;w murhq;f epWtdq;fshf ,dq; fhzg;gl;ld. ,Nj Nghd;W fhty;
JiwNa Mff;$Ljyhd CoYf;F cs;shdJk; (59%) mjpfhuk; nfhz;l kf;f
Sf;fhf ghugl;rk; fhl;LtjhfTk; rfy 11 murhq;f epWtdk; kj;jpapy; nfhs;
sg;gl;ld. ,d;DnkhU tpUg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa mtjhdpg;ghdJ fhzp mjpfhu
rigia tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf ve;jnthU gjpy; $WNthUk; ,dq;fhz
tpy;iy. Vida %d;W Rl;bfSld; Fiwthf mtu;fs; ,dq;fz;bUe;j jpYk;
$l NkYk; 11 murhq;f epWtdq;fSs; G.S> fpuhk Nrtfu;fs; mYtyfk;>
fhty; epiyak;> kpd;rhu rig kw;Wk; Rfhjhu itj;jpa mjpfhup mYtyfq;fs;
KjyhtJ tpidj;jpwd; Kjyhk; rYifia tpl> tpidj;jpwdw;w rYifapy;
$ba kjpg;ngz;iz ngw;wpUe;jd. Vida %d;W Rl;bfis tpl fhty; epiy
aq;fisAk; fpuhkNrtfu; fhupahyaq;fisAk; CoYld; Nru;j;J kf;fs; ehl;lq;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
ml;ltiz 6 - mur mYtyfr; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; gpuNjrthupahf-Etnuypa (jkpo;)

epWtdk; kdg;ghq;F (30 Ngupy; gjpyspj;Njhu;)

tpidj;jpwd; % tpidj;jpwd; % Coy; % mjpfhu ghu %

mw;wJ gl;rk;

fr;Nrup 09 30 12 40 08 27 01 3

D.S. fhupahyak; 03 10 01 3.0 01 3 01 3

G.N fhupahyak; 09 30 6 20 3 10 1 3

fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; 02 7.0 01 3.0 - - - -

M];gj;jpup 05 17 03 10 - - - -

fhty; epiyak; - - - - 03 10 - -

rKu;j;jp tq;fp /fhupahyak; 02 7.0 12 40 03 10 - -

tptrhaf; fld;fs; 03 10 - - - - - -

,yq;if kpd;rhu rig - - 03 10 - - - -

ePu; toq;fy; rig - - 01 3 - - - -

fhzp mjpfhu rig - - - - 03 10 - -

njhopw; jpizf;fsk; 01 3.0 03 10 04 13 02 7

ghlrhiy 03 10 - - - - - -

gjpthsu; fhupahyak; 02 7.0 - - - - - -

ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G 01 3.0 - - - - - -

56
gf;fk; |56
 mur mYtyfr;
People`s Nritfs;
perception gw;wpa
about kf;finstitutions-Nuwaraeliya
govt. spd; vz;zq;fs; - Etnuypa (jkpo;)
Tamil
Foreign
ntspehl;L Ntiy
tha;gemployment
;G 1
Registrar
gjpthsu; mYtyfk; 2
office
School
ghlrhiy 3
Labour 2
njhopw; fpizf;fsk;
Department 1 3 4
fhzpj;
Land 3
jpizf;Authority
fsk;
Water Board 1
ePu; toq;fy; rig
Ceylon
3 Institution Bias4power
institution

kpd;rhu Electricity
rig
Institution Corrupt
Agri.
fld;fLoan
tptrhaf; s; mjpfhu fhugl;rk;
3 Institution Inefficient
fhl;Lk; epWtdq; fs;
rKu;j;jpSamurdhi
/ tq;fpf; 3
Bank/Office
mYtyfk; 2 12 Institution
Coy;kpf;f Efficient
epWtdq;fs;
Police
fhty; epiyak; 3
tpidj;jpwdw;w
epWtdq;fs;
Hospital 3
M]gj;jpup 5
Dept. tpidj;jpwdhd
fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; 1 2 epWtdq;fs;
Education
fpuhk Nrtfu; 1 3
G.N 6 9
11
D.S office
D.S.fhupahyak; 1 3
fr;Nrup 1 8
Kachcheriya 12
9
0 5 10 15
nu.of
fspd; people
kf; vz;zpf;if

Etnuypahtpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l 15 murhq;f epWtdq;fSs; (jkpo;NgRk; gFjp)

30% khd kf;fshy; fr;NrupAk; fpuhk Nrtfu; mYtyfq;fSk; kpf tpidj;jpwd;
kpf;fjhd ,dq;fz;l NghjpYk; ,d;Dk; 20% MNdhUk; 40%MdhYk; KiwNa
fpuhkNrtfu; mYtyfq;fisAk; fr;NrhupfisAk; tpidj;jpdw;wjhf fUJ
fpd;wdu;. ,NjNghd;W NtW 40% MNdhu; rKu;j;jp tq;fpiaAk; mYtyfj;
ijAk; tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf Nru;j;Jg; ghu;g;gJld; Coy;kpf;f murhq;f epWtdq;
fSs; fr;Nrup 27% cld; Kjyplj;ijAk; mjidj; njhlu;e;J njhopw; jpizf;
fsk; 13% IAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mjpfhuj;ijg; nghUj;jstpy; ghugl;rk; fhl;Lk;
mur epWtdq;fisg; nghUj;jstpy; gjpy; $WNthupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg;
nghUj;js tpy; mtu;fspy; ,Utu; (7%) njhopw;jpizf;fsj;ij ,dq;fz;l
mNj Neuk; xUtu; (3-5%) fpuhkNrtfu;> D.S mYtyfk;> fr;Nrup Mfpa epWt
dq;fNs mNj itfapy; fUjpdu;. NkYk; Vida %d;W Rl;b fspypUe;J
kf;fs; toq;fpa kjpg;gPl;L vz;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ fr;Nrup rKuj;;jp kpd;rhu
rig> ePu;toq;fy; rig> njhopw;jpizf;fsk; Nghd;w Ie;Jk;> 15 murhq;f epWt
dq;fSs; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf fUjg;gl;ld.

57
gf;fk; |57
 ml;ltiz 7 - murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; jug;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; -
Etnuypa - fyhGu> rhe;jpGu (rpq;fsk;;)

epWtdk; kdg;ghq;F (30 Ngupy; gjpyspj;Njhu;)

tpidj; % tpidj; % Coy; % mjpfhu %
jpwd; jpwd; ghu
mw;wJ gl;rk;
fr;Nrup 01 4 12 40 01 4 02 7
D.S. fhupahyak; - 05 17 - - 03 10
tptrha Nrit epiyak; 04 13 02 7 -- - 02 7
rKu;j;jp tq;fp /fhupahyak; 02 7 04 13 01 4 02 7
fhzpj; jpizf;fsk; - - 04 13 01 4 03 10
ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G ,yhfh 01 4 01 4 - - - -
G.N fhupahyak; 09 10 6 30 02 7 1 4
khefu rig 04 13 - - - - - -
ghlrhiy 01 4 - - - - - -
M];gj;jpup 11 37 -- - - - - -

mur mYtyfr; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs;-

People` s perception about govt s.Inst it ut ion in Nuwara
Eliya(Sinhala)
Etnuypa (rpq;fstu;)
kf;fs; njhif
14

12

10 tpidj;jpwd;

efficient
tpidj;
8 jpwdw;w
inefficient
Coy; kpf;f
6 corrupt ion
bias of
mjpfhu power
ghugl;
rk;

0
fhzpj;jpizf;fsk;
ntspehl;L Ntiy

S .N a il e i y r
iya t
D. G eriy unc ff ic urt h en orit bou
Nrit epiyak;
tptrha fhzpr;
G.N..mYtyfk;

er
D.S.mYtyfk;

a
h nd co r o am olym ut h rt .l
jpizf;fsk;

c
Ke ipal ist e
khefurig

ach S p .A pa
gjpthsu;

k a g em and De epWtdq;fs;
rKu;j;jp

an inic Re
njhopw;
tha;g;G
fr;Nrup

vij en L
ko
m ri
Fo 58
gf;fk; |58
 NkNyAs;s tiugpd;gb Etnuypahtpy; cs;s rpq;fsg; gpuptpd; vy;yh 30 gjpy;
$wpNahu; ,dq;fz;l 11 murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kj;jpapy; mtu;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy;
kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f murhq;f epWtdkhM];gj;jpupia 37% MNdhu;
fUJtJld; 30% MNdhu; fpuhkNrtfu; mYtyfj;ij mjidj; njhlu;tjhf
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,NjNtiy nkhj;jk; 11 murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kj;jpapy;
,d;Dk; 40% MNdhu; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdw;wjhf fUJk; mNjNeuk; mg;gpuNjrj;
jpYs;s fpuhkNrtf mYtyfq;fs; (30%) mjidj; njhlu;fpd;wd. ,NjNghd;W
7% f;Fk; rw;Wf; Fiwe;Njhu; fpuhk Nrtf mYtyfj;ijAk; tptrha fhzpr;
Nrit epiyaj;ijAk; mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s 11 murhq;f epWtdq;fs; kj;jpapy;
oy; kpf;fjhf fz;lJ njspthfpd;wJ. fr;Nrup> tptrha fhzpr; Nrit epiyak;
kw;Wk; D.S mYtyfk; Nghd;wit nkhj;jk; gjpndhU murhq;f epWtdq;fSs;
tpidj;jpwdw;w jd;ikapy; Kjyplj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,d;DnkhU fUj;ij
ftUk; mtjhdpg;gjhf ,e;j tiugpypUe;JNjhw;Wk; tplakhtJ ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd;
kf;fs; ghlrhiy efurig kw;Wk; M];gj;jpup vd;gd cz;ikapNyNa tpidj
;jpwd; kpf;fjhf fUJtjpy; ehl;lq;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. NkYk; fhzpfs; jpizf;
fsj;ij gjpy; $wp xUtuhtJ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f murhq;fkhf fUjtpy;iy.
ml;ltiz 8 - murhq;f mYtyfq;fspy; jug;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;fs; -
nj`p mj;j fz;ba

kdg;ghq;F (40 Ngupy; gjpyspj;Njhu;)

epWtdk; tpidj; % tpidj; % Coy; % mjpfhu %
jpwd; jpwd; ghu
mw;wJ gl;rk;
kfhtyp gpuNjrf; fhupahyak; 03 15.0 06 20.0 ---- ---- ---- ----
(Nfhl;lf; fhupahyak;)
FbapUg;gpd; kfhtypf; fhupahyak; 09 12.5 02 15.0 ---- ---- ---- ----
(fhydpf; fhupahyak;)
D.S. fhupahyak; 02 5.0 13 32.5 06 15.0 18 45.0
G.N. fhupahyak; 08 20.0 04 10.0 03 7.5 1 2.5
ghlrhiy 02 7.5 ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
M];gj;jpup 08 20.0 02 2.5 ---- ---- ---- ----
rKu;j;jp tq;fp /fhupahyak; 05 12.5 02 ---- ---- ---- 1 ----
,yq;if kpd;rhu rig 03 7.5 03 7.5 01 2.5 01 2.5
fhty; epiyak; ---- ---- 25 62.5 05 12.5 05 12.5
nfhOk;G– Rfhjhu mikr;R ---- ---- 03 12.5 ---- ---- 01 2.5
fr;Nrup ---- ---- ---- ---- 01 3.0 01 3.0
tptrha Nrit epiyak; 01 2.5 01 2.5 ---- ---- 02 5.0
ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;G ,yhfh 01 2.5 ---- ---- ----- ---- 01 2.5

59
gf;fk; |59
 30
25
25 tpidj;
jpwd;
Efficient
20 18
tpidj;
Inefficient
jpwdw;w
15 13
Corrupt
Coy;
10 8 8 8 pwr bias
mjpfhu
6 6 6 ghugl;rk;
5 5 55
4
5 2
3 3 33 3
2
1 1 11 1 11 11
0

Rfhjhu inmikr;Re

Ag fhzpj;
G.N...mYtyfk;

fhty; epiyak;
kfhtyp fhydp

l
ff

er
i

e
f

D.SmYtyfk;f

ol

a
ff

M]gj;jpup ita

Co

jpizf;fsk;
dh
f

c it

lic

riy
iO

lO

O
SO

ho

iS
sp

ur

Po
tri

ist
GN

he

jpzf;fsk;ar
el

Co

Sc
mYtyfk;

mYtyfk;D

Ho

ec
ghlrhiy
aw

r
fr;Nrup hc

tptrhaf;
a

Sa

M
El
M
kfhtyp

rKu;j;jp

c
M

fhzpj;
Ka
NkNyAs;s tiugpd;gb nj`paj;jfz;ba gpuNjrj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 11 murhq;f
epWtdk; kj;jpapy; fzprkhd kf;fs; (20%) M];gj;jpupiaAk; fpuhk Nrtf
mYtyfq;fisAk; tpidj;jpwdpy; kpfr; rpwe;jjhf ,e;j tifapy; fUJtjhf
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jw;F kWGwkhf ,e;j tiuG vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tpjkhf
fhty;JiwAk; mNjNghd;W D.S fhupahyaKk; KiwNa 63%> 33% khf gjpy;
$wpNahuhy; kpfTk; tpidj;jpwdw;w murhq;f epWtdq;fshf ,dq;fhl;bAs;sJ.
NkYk; ,d;Dk; 20% MNdhu; mNjtifapy; kfhty mYtyfj;ijAk;
fUJfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ ahnjdpy; 40 gjpy; $wpNahupy;
18 Ngu; (45%) Mff;$Ljyhf mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf ghugl;rk; fhl;Lk; murhq;f
epWtdkhf D.S mYtyfj;ij fUJfpd;wdu;. ,NjNghd;W Coy; njhlu;ghd
Rl;bapy; kPz;L D.S fhupahykKk; fhty; epiyaKk; KiwNa 15% ck; 13%
ck; ngw;W Nkyplj;ij milfpd;wd. nkhj;jk; 40 gjpy; $wpNahupy; xUtuhtJ
fhty; epiyak;> Rfhjhu mikr;R fr;Nrup vd;gtw;wpy; tpidj;jpwDld;
cs;sjhf fhzhjJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. Mtu;fSs; 8% MNdhu;
rKu;j;jpiaAk; ghlrhiyiaAk; mtu;fSf;nfd xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;l ehd;F
Rl;bapy; tpidj;jpwDld; ,dq;fz;Ls;sdu;.
,d;ndhU fUj;ijf; ftUk; tplak; ahnjdpy; mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;jk; 12
murhq;f epiyaq;fs; kj;jpapy; Ie;J murhq;f epWtdq;fs; (kfhty gpuNjr
mYtyfk;> kfhty fhyzp mYtyfk;> D.S mYtyfk;> fhty; epiyak;>
Rfhjhu mikr;R) tpidj;jpwd; ryhifia tplf; $Ljyhf tpidj;jpwdw;w
ryhifapy; kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngWfpd;wd.
kj;jpa murhq;f jpizf;fsq;fshy; J}ug; gpuNjrq;fspd; fhupahyaq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;gjd; gpuNahf gpukhzq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj gaDs;sJ
vd;gNj gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gLk; 9 – 12 tiuahd ml;ltizfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
me;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; fle;j MW khjq;fSs; mtu;fs; tp[ak; nra;j murhq;f
epWtdq;fis ngaupLk;gb Nfl;Nlhk;. mj;Jld; Nritfis toq;fhky; ,Ug;g
jw;fhd my;yJ Nritfspd; toq;Ftjpd; jhkjk; Fwpj;J mtu;fs; ,dq;
fz;l fhuzq;fs; njhlu;ghf fUj;Jf; $Wk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhz;Nlhk;.
60
gf;fk; |60
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpapd; jkpo; kf;fSs; 96% MNdhu; fr;Nrupf;F(khtl;l nra
yf mYtyfk;) tp[ak; nra;jpUg;gJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidaLj;J
rKu;j;jp fhupahyaKk; 46% njhopw;jpizf;fsKk; (33%) ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rpy
fhyq;fSf;F Kd;du; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; cs;s kf;fs; rKu;jp epthuzj;
ijg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. rKu;jp mYtyfq;fSf;fhd $basthd tp[aq;fspd;
vz; zpf;if murhq;f epWtdj;ij ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fs; vjpu;ghu;g;gjhf vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. njhopw;jpizf;fsj;Jf;fhf $LkhdsT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tp[aq;
fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,k;kf;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lq;
fspy; $ypahl;fshfNt Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. MapDk; ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fs;
nghJj;Jiw Nritfis toikahfg; ngWNthuhf ,y;iy vd;gij ml;l
tiz fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fle;j MW khjq;fshf fpuhk Nrtfu; fhupahyaj;Jf;F
tp[ak; nra;jjhf xUtUk; $wtpy;iy.fhuzk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gFjpfspy; mtu;
fs; Ntiynra;tJk; Nritf;fhd Njitfis ngUe;Njhl;l Nkyjpfhupapd; fhup
ahyak; ngUe;Njhl;l njhopw;rq;f mYtyfq;fs; ClhfNt topnra;fpd;wdu;.
,jw;F khwhf Etnuypah tl;lj;jpy; rpq;fs fuhk kf;fs; fpuhk Nritfs;
mYtyfq;fSf;F (100%) M];gj;jpupf;F(93%)fr;Nrupf;F(43%)rKu;j;jp tp[aj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
tpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ,d;ndhU tplak; nj`paj;jfz;bapy; cs;Su; epu;th
fj;ijr; rhu;e;j fr;NrupAk; (2.5%) D.S fhupahyaKNk (1%) kf;fs; Mff; Fiw
thf tp[ak; nra;j murhq;f epWtdq;fshFk;.ePu;toq;fy; rig(100%) M];gj;
jpup(100%) kpUf itj;jpau; fhupahyak;(85%) njhopw;jpizf;fsk;(92%)vd;gdNt
kf;fs; $Ljyhf tp[ak; nra;j murhq;f epWtdq;fshFk;. nj`paj;j fz;ba
Nghd;w tptrha gpuNjr kf;fs; njhopw;jpizf;fsj;Jf;F $bajhf tp[aq;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;ljd; njhlu;ghf tprhupg;gJ tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa tplakhf mikAk;.
(fy;Kidg; gpuNjrj;jpy; jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fs; fhl;LtJ ahnjdpd;> jkJ
NritfSf;F kf;fs; D.S mYtyfj;Jf;F (81%) fpuhk Nrtfu; mYtyfj;
Jf;F (78%) M];gj;jpupf;F (75%) Rfhjhu itj;jpa mjpfhup mYtyfj;Jf;F
(61%) rKu;jpf;F (58%) $l;LwTr; rq;ff;fil (58%) tptrha fhzpr; Nrit
epiyaj;Jf;F (58%) fhty; epiyak; (48%) ePu;toq;fy; rig (41%) fr;Nrupf;F
(31%) tp[ak; nra;jpUg;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Vida cs;Su; gpuNjrq;fSld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ fy;Kid gpuNjr kf;fs; murhq;f Njitfis $Ljyhff;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;. efug; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
my;yJ ngUe;Njhl;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fis tpl murhq;f epWtdq;
fspd; Njitfisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gij ,J fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,JNghd;w
gpuNjrthupahd tpj;jpahrq;fs; fPNo Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sthwhd ml;ltiz
fspYk; tiuGfspYk; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

61
gf;fk; |61
ml;ltiz - 9 Etnuypahtpd; gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Js;s(jkpo;) kf;fs;

epWtdq;fs; tp[ak; nra;j rjtPjk;

kf;fspd; njhif
fr;Nrup 29 96.0
D.S fhupahyak; 08 26.6
rKu;j;jp 14 46.0
G.N fhupahyak; 06 20.0
M];gj;jpup 09 30.0
ghlrhiy 03 10.0
njhopw; jpizf;fsk; 10 33.3
fhty; epiyak; 04 13.3

Etnuypahtpd;.people
Nu.of gpujhd mur epWtdq;
visit fSf;F govet.inst
ed main tp[ak; nra;Js;it
sut
(jkpo;
ion) kf;fs;
in
Nuwara Eliya(Tamil)
35
30
25
20 tp[ak; nra;Js;s
15 kf;
fs;
Nu.of.people
10 visit .
5
0
fhty; epyak;
fpuhk Nrtfu;

S i N l l e
jpizf;fsk;

a D. urth G. pita hoo bour olic

fhupahyak;

fhupahyak;

riy
M];gj;jpup

he s c p
ghlrhiy

m l a
c Sa Ho S t.
p
ch
rKu;j;jp

De
njhopw;
fr;Nrup

Ka
D.S.

62
gf;fk; |62
ml;ltiz 10 - tUlj;jpd;NghJ gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Js;s kf;fs;
(nj`paj;j fz;ba)

epWtdq;fs; tp[ak; nra;j rjtPjk;

kf;fspd; njhif
fr;Nrup 01 2.5
D.S fhupahyak; 04 1.0
rKu;j;jp 26 65.0
ePu; toq;fy; rig 40 100.0
M];gj;jpup 40 100.0
tptrhaj; jpizf;fsk; 11 27.5
njhopw; jpizf;fsk; 37 92.5
kpUf itj;jpau; fhupahyak; 34 85.0

gpujhd murNu
epWof people
tdq;fSf;Fvisited
tp[ak; main govt.institutions
s kf;fs; nj`paj;jinfz;ba
nra;Js;
Dehiatakandiaya
kpUf itj;jpau;
Veterinary Office 34
fhupahyak;
in njhopw;
Depjpizf; fsk;
t. Labour 37
st
tptrhaj;
epWtdq;fs;

it Dep t. Agriculture 11
u jpizf;fsk;
M];gj;jpupHosp ital 40
ti
o Water Board 40
ePu; toq;fy; rig
n rKu;j;jp Samurdhi 26
s
D.S. fhupahyak;D.S 4

Kachcheriy a
fr;Nrup 1

0 10 20 30 40 50
Nu.of
kf;fs;p eop
vz;zle pf;if

63
gf;fk; |63
11. fy;Kid fl;w;fiug; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Js;s kf;fs;

,y. epWtdk; kf;fspd; rjtPjk;

njhif
1 M];gj;jpup 45 75.0
2 jghw;fhupahyak; 08 13.3
3 D.S. fhupahyak; 49 81.6
4 tptrha Nrit epiyak; 35 58.3
5 ePu;toq;fy; rig 25 41.6
6 rKu;j;jp tq;fp 35 58.3
7 fr;Nrup 20 33.3
8 tq;fp 10 16.6
9 $l;Lwt rq;ff; fil 35 58.3
10 M.O.H fhupahyak; 37 61.6
11 kpUf itj;jpau; fhupayak; 09 15.0
12 kPd;gpbf; $l;LwTf; fhupahyak; 08 13.3
13 fhty; epiyak; 29 48.3
14 G.N.fhupahyak; 47 78.3
fy;Kidapy; gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Js;s kf;fs;

kf;
fs; ofvz;
Num. zpf;if
people

60

50 49
45 47
40
37
35 35 35
30 29
25 institutions
20 20

10 8 10 9 8
0
l e e r a k p e n e e
ita ffic fic tre ard ank riy a n ho fic e ffic tio lic ffic
fpuhkNrtfu;mYtyfk;;
rKu;j;jp tq;fp fr;Nrup

$l;LwT rq;ff; fil

p f o e f o
fhzptptrha Nrit

s t o .o e n B iB h B e s o o r a P .o
Ho os .S ri.c ter dh chc ti v .H ary oop .N
M.O.H.mYtyfk;

kPd;gpbf; $l;LwT

P D a r a O
r M. rin h.c G
Ag W mu Ka
kpUf itj;jpau;

e
ePu;toq;fy;rig

e
D.S.mYtyfk;

op et fis
jghy;epiyak;

Sa
Co
fhty;epyak;

V
mYtyfk;
M];gj;jpup

epiyak;

tq;fp

64
gf;fk; |64
ml;ltiz 12 Etnuypahtpd; gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F tp[ak; nra;Js;s(rpq;fs) kf;fs;

,y. epWtdq;fs; kf;fl; Ehw;WtPjk;

njhif
1 M];gj;jpup 28 93.3

2 jghy; epiyak; 02 6.6

3 D.S. mYtyfk; 02 6.6

4 fhzp tptrha Nrit 13 43.3
mYtyfk;

5 gl;bd rig 05 16.6

6 rKu;j;jp tq;fp 14 46.6

7 fr;Nrup 16 53.3

8 ghlrhiy 12 40.0

14 fpuhk Nrtfu; mYtyfk;; 30 100

ml;ltiz - 9 Etnuypahtpd; gpujhd mur epWtdq;fSf;F

tp[ak; nra;Js;s(rpq;fs) kf;fs;
Num. of people visited main got.institution in Nuwara
Eliya(Sinhala)
35
30
30 28

25
20 16
13 14
15 12
10
5
5 2 2
0

tal e ce a il k a ol ce
rKu;j;jp tq;fp

fic an ffi
fpuhk Nrtfu;

ffi ay nc riy
fhzptptrha

pi f r u B e ho
gl;bd rig

s o o d c o
S. co i h
N.
mYtyfk
mYtyfk;

mYtyfk;;

Ho S
M];gj;jpup

st en dh hc
ghlrhiy

Po D. k n r c G.
epiyak;

a u a
na b
Ur m K
fr;Nrup
Nrit

ija Sa
jghy;

v
D.S.

K o

65
gf;fk; |65
7. KbG tpidj;jpwd; gsDWjp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wf; $ba Ml;rp
7.1 mwpKfk;
,jw;F Ke;jpa mj;jpahaq;fspy; murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wfukhf ,Ue;J mjd;
rl;lq;fs; nfhs;iffs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis mKyhf;f cjTk; nghJ epu;thfj;
JiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;l tplaq;fs; kPjhd fye;Jiuahly;fis toq;fpd.
NkYk; nghJj;Jiw Copau;fspd; nraw;ghLfSld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
,d;wpaikahj Njitfshf rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs;
vd;gdtw;iw ,f;fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,fq;fz;ld vdNt nghJj;Jiwapdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; Nritfspd; juj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F nghJ epu;thfj;jpy;
Nju;r;rp kl;Lkpd;wp mu;g;gzpg;Gk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
,d;DnkhU Kf;fpakhd gupkhzkhf ,e;j fye;Jiuahly;fspy;
,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ vd;dntdpy;> muRf;Fk; nghJ epu;yhfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNapyhd
gpizg;ghFk;. Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; <LgLk;NghJ nghJj;Jiw Nrit
Mszpapdu; muir gpujpejpj;jtk; nra;J mjd; mjpfhuj;ij kf;fs; kPJ
typAWj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. kf;fs;kPJ murpd; mjpfhuj;ij typAWj;Jtjpy;
rhjdkhf mikaf;$ba rpy Nritfs; cs;sd. r%fj;jpy; rl;lj;ijAk;
xOq;ifAk; mKy; nra;tjw;F ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rkhdJ epu;thfpfis mjw;
nfd jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s nray;Kiwahd kw;Wk; gpukhz tpjpfisf; nfhz;l
rl;lf tiuaiwfis gpd;gw;Wk;gb tw;GWj;JfpwJ. vg;gbapUe;jNghjpYk; NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;l Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghLfshd rl;lg;gb Ml;rp gpui[fspd; cupikfis
nghJj;Jiw epu;thfpfs; myl;rpag;gLj;j KbahJ. ,t;tpU Nfhl;ghLfSk;
xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpapUg;gjhfTk; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sd. ,t;tpuzbidg;gw;wpa
njhFg;gha;thdJ ey;yhl;rpf;F kpf jPu;f;fkhdjhFk;.
,e;j mj;jpahak; Fbkf;fspd; cupikfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jfpwJ. MapDk;
,f;ftdf; Ftpg;ghdJ Fbkf;fspd; rptpy; murpay; r%f kw;Wk; nghUdhjhu
cupikfs; md;wp tpidj;jpwd; gaDWjp rkj;JtkhdJk; nghWg;Gf; $wf;
$baJkhd Ml;rpf;fhd Fbkf;fspd; cupikfisg; gw;wpajhFk;.,g;gbahd
mk;rq;fs; epu;thfj;Jiw ciuahly;fspy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd.
,t;thwhd gjq;fs; xU nghUspayhsUf;F r%ftpayhsUf;F jdpahu;
JiwapYs;s Kftu;fSf;F tpj;jpahrkhd fUj;ijuf; nfhz;Ls;sd. nghJ
epu;thfj; Jiwapy; r;lg;gbahd Ml;rp kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; cupikfs; gw;wpa
Nfhl;ghlfis njhFf;ff;$ba nghJ epu;thfpfspd; Mw;wy; vd;wtifapy;
mit mstplg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ ,t;thwhd gjq;fSf;fhd
epu;thf uPjpapyhd tiutpyf;fzq;fis jUfpd;wd. mjhtJ tpidj;jpwd;>
gaDWjpg;ghL rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $wf;$ba jd;ik mit vt;tpjk;
Fbkf;fspd; cupikfshf mikfpd;wd vd;gijAk; fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
nehf;fk; ,t;thwhd mk;rq;fspy; tplakwpe;j rptpy; r%f fye;Jiuahly;
xd;Wf;F mDruizahf mike;J vkJ r%fj;jpd; xw;WikapYk;
Ntw;WikapYk; NghyNt tho;f;ifj; juj;jpd; tpUj;jp Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
murpay; ahg;G khw;wq;fspd; Kiwahd tl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa fpilf;ff;$ba
,ilntspia gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjhFk;.
7.2 tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
etPd [dehaf muRfspd; nghJ epu;thfj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; kj;jpa
xOq;fikf;Fk; vz;zf;fUf;fshf tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjpg;ghL kw;Wk;
rkj;Jtk; (3 E) cs;sd. ,itaidj;Jk; nghJj;Jiw tpOkpaq;fspy; rk
66
gf;fk; |66
mstpy; Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJld; ,tw;wpd;gb tplaq;fis epu;thfk; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
vd Fbkf;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;. nghJ epu;thfj;Jiwapd; nray;KiwfspYk;
fl;likg;GfspYk; ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; ed;F gjpf;fg;gl;L mikg;gpy; gzpGupNthu;
,t;thwhd tpOkpaq;fspy; cz;ikahfNt jk;ik mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhs;thu;
fshapd; ,e;j Kiwik nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba Ml;rpapd; ngWNgw;iwj; jUk;.
Kjypy; %d;W tpOkpa tpisTfisg; gw;wp ehk; guprPypj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
Fbkf;fspd; cupikfshf tpidj;jpwd;> gDWjpg;ghL> rkj;Jtk; nghJepu;thfj;
Jiwapy; ehk; Vw;fdNt nfhz;Ls;s fye;Jiuahly;fspd;gb ,t;thwhd %d;W
tpisTfisg; gw;wp gpd;du; ehk; Kiwahf rpe;jpj;J vkJ fz;Nzhl;lj;ij
tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.
Nfhgd;N`fd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;; rl;lj;Jiw tpupTiuahsu; ngd;l; fpwp];ld;
rd; fy;tprhu; E}y;fspy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; %d;W tpj;jpahrkhd fUj;Jf;fspy;
tpidj; jpwd;> gad;gLj;jpapUg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. (ngd; fpwp];ld;rpd; nghJ
epu;thfj; jpy; tpidj;jpwDk; r;lg;gbahd Ml;rpAk; ];fe;jpNetpa rl;lj;juzp
fspd; 26 MtJ $l;lj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Ma;twp;f;if n`y;rpq;fp Mf];l;
1972 gf;fq;fs; 55-56)
“Kjypy; ,g;gjkhdJ milag;gl;l ,yf;fpd; msit Fwpg;gpLtjw;F
gad; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;ij
epu;thfk; my;yJ Fwpg;ghd epu;thfr; nraw;ghL milAkhapd; mJ
tpidj;jpwd; cila jhFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf cyfpy; ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jd;ikf;Nfw;g Kfhikj;Jt nghUspay; rpe;jid
nray;Kiwapd;gb Nt&d;wpAs;s fUj;Jf; fika cw;gj;jpahdJ
,ad;wtiu ghupastpy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ngWNgW gzj;jpd; mstpy;
mstplg;gLkhdhy; ,J tof;fkhf tpidj;jpwd; vd;wiof; fg;gLk;.
%d;whtJ tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; epu;thf njhopw;ghL ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;
jpf;F rkkhf fhzg;glfpd;wJ. xUtif nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk;
cUthf;Ftjpy; epu;thfk; <LgLjy; vdNt tpidj;jpwdhdJ nghUs;
kw;Wk; Nritfs; Kjyhdit cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; msitg;nghWj;J
tpidj;jpwd; mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.”
nghUspayhsu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; tpidj;jpwdhdJ Ngw;Wf;Fk;
mjw;fhd toptiff;Fkhd cwitf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,jd;gb vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
ngWNgW fis Fiwe;j toptiffspy; %yk; ngWjy; my;yJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gl;ltiuf;Fk; Nkyhf ehk; gad;gLj;jpa toptiffs; Ngw;wpidj; juyhk; vd;W
ehk; $wpf;nfhs;tJ xU re;ju;gg ; j;ij> tpidj;jpwd; mw;wJ vd;w fUj;jpd; gb
ahFk;. nghUshjhu uPjpahd tpidj;jpwd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l toptiffs; kw;Wk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l NgWfis epjpapd; ngWkhdq;fis ngUk;ghYk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;tjhFk;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epu;thfj;Jiw Nghjidfspd;gb ,f; fz;
Nzhl;lkhdJ gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; epu;thf mikg;ghdJ vjpu;
ghu;f;fg;gLk; epiyfis miltjw;fhd njhopy;El;gKiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;
fz;Nzhl;lkhdJ tpidj;jpwid epu;thf mikg;gpd; gFj;jwpthd ftdpg;Gld;
rkk;gLj;jg; gl;ljdhy; gzj;ijj;jtpu Vida tpOkpaq;fis mJ myl;rpak;
nra;jjd; fhuzkhf nghJ epu;thfj;Jiwf;F Nkhrkhd topahl;bahf mike;j
jw;fhd gpd;du; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu tpidj;jpwdpy; tpku;rfu;fs;
thjpg;gJ ahnjdpy; nghJ epu;thfj;ij vg;NghJk; epjp rhu;e;j tpOkpaq;fSld;
Nru;j;Jg;ghu;f;f KbahnjdTk; Vnddpy; mJ kf;fspd; jpUg;jp nghJ ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; r%f ,yf;ffspd; epiwNtw;wy; vd;gtw;Wf;F mJ Kd;Dupik toq;F
fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd nghJepu;thfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s epjp rhu;e;jjy;yhj tpOkpaq;
fspy; rkj;jtk; vd;w gjk; kpf Mokhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L cs;sJ.

67
gf;fk; |67
r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rkkpd;ikAld; xd;W Nru;e;J Njhd;wp mjdhy;
my;yYWk; r%f FOf;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; epahakhf nghJ epu;thfk;
ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba rkj;Jtk; vd;w gjk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. vdNt nghJ
epu;thfj;jpd; gzp ntWkNd epahakhdJk; Neu;ikahdJkhd topapy; nghJj;
Jiw nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; toq;FtJ kl;Lkpd;wp r%fj;jpy; kpfTk;
nehk;gyhd gFjpapduhd twpa xJf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fs;> mq;f cghij fSf;F
cs;shfpa kf;fs;> taJte;j rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Njitfis Ntwhf
toq;FtJkhFk;. ,jdhy; Nrit toq;Feu;fs; thbf;ifahsiu tpj;jpahrkhf
kdjpw;nfhz;L mtu;fsJ tpj;jpahrkhd Njitfis tpj;jpahrkhd g+u;j;jp
nra;a Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Kiwrhu;e;j rkj;Jtk; vdg;gLtJ kf;fSf;F
ePq;fs; tha;g;ig toq;fp mjy; jhk; ngwf;$batw;iw gad;gLj;jp mtu;fSf;Nf
tpl;LtpLtjhFk;. MfNt mur ghlrhiyfspy; ,ytr fy;tpia toq;FtJ
vdg;gLtJ rfyUf;Fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba fy;tpia midtUk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba xNu khjpupahd tha;g;igAk; xt;nthU khztUk; jhk; ngw;w
tw;wpypUe;J $ba gaid miltJ vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. NkYk; rkj;Jt
nfhs;ifahdJ Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F msTf;fjpfkhd Neuj;ij vLf;fh
ky; kf;fs; jpUg;jpaile;jtu;fshf Mf;Ftjd; nghWg;ig nghJ epu;thfpfs;
Vw;gJk; rpf;fyhd Ntiyj;js xOq;Ffis fl;bnaOg;Gk; gbKiwfis
jtpu;g;gJkhFk;. toq;fg;gLk; NritfspD}lhf r%f ePPjp tplaq;fis gw;wpf;
ftdpg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. cjhuzkhf tUkhd tpepNahfj;ij
kPs xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghJeyf;nfhs;iffSk; mtw;iw
kPs tpepNahfpg;gJk; milaf;$baitAk; r%fj;jpy; rlj;jtj;ij epWTtjw;F
,d;wpaikahjit vd;W jw;NghJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ
nrytpdj;ij nfhz;lJld; mJ toq;fiy tpidj;jpwd; %ykhf ftdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. mfuhjpfspy; gaDWjp vd;w gjk; xU tpidj;jpwid
cUthf;ff;$ba mjpfhuj;ij cila my;yJ cz;ikapNyNa cUthf;Fk;
vd;W nghUs;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb gaDWjpg;ghLila nghJj;Jiw NritahdJ
rpf;fdkhfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk; tUkhdk; nrYj;JNthupd; epjpfis gad;
gLj;Jtjpy; tpidj;jpwDld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtj nghJj; JiwahdJ
ngWNgw;wpy; ftdj;ijf;nfhz;l xU jFjptha;e;j Ntiy nfhs;Nthuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;LNk xopa nrayhw;wy; Fiwthd Nrhk;gyhd mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; ed;ik
fis ghJfhf;Fk; cs;sf ghupasthd nrhe;j mikg;ghf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ
Mdhy; mNj Neuk; gaDWjpAila nghJj;Jiw nritahdJ ey;yKiwapy;
gjpy; $wf;$bajhf ,Ue;J mJTk; cupa fhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis
epiwNtw;w $bajhf ,Ug;gJ cz;ikahFk;. [dehaf Ml;rpapd; fPo;
nghJj;Jiw Nritapd; gaDWjpg;ghl;il mstpLtjw;fhd gpukhzq;fspy;
xd;W murpay; gjpy;4Wk; jd;ikf; Nfhl;ghl;il gpuNahfpg;gjhFk;. epu;thfj;Jiw
nrytpdq;fspy; FiwthdhfTk; cupa ,yf;if nfhz;ljhTk; epahakhd
jhfTk; ntspg;gil jd;ik nfhz;lJkhd nfhs;iffs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;
nray;Kiwfs;> nfhz;l nghJ epu;thfj;jpdhy; md;whlk; murpay; Nfhupf;if
fSf;F gjpy;$Wk; Njitia Fwpf;fpwJ. nghJj;JiwahdJ mur mjpfhuj;jpy;
VfNghfkhd jd;ikia itj;jpUg;gjhy; murpaypd; %yk; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;
Fbkf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;WtNj Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;l rl;luPjpahd
xg;ge;jq;fs; jdpahu; my;yJ ,yhgk; Njlhj Jiwfspdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gL
khapd; ,t;thwhd Fwpg;ghd tplaq;fspy; nghJj;JiwNa rl;lg+u;tkhd xg;ge;
jq;fspy; ,tu;fSld; nra;a Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vdNt [dehaf Ml;rpapd; xl;L
nkhj;jkhd gaDWjpg;ghl;bd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gupzhkkhf nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; juk; mikfpwJ. nghJj;Jiw Kfhikahsu;fspdJk; Nrit
toq;fypd; juj;jpdJk; Nju;r;rpia ,j;jifa nghJj;Jiwapd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd
gaDWjpg;ghL cs;slf;FfpwJ. Mit r%fj;jpd; rkj;jtj;ijAk; rkkpy;yh
jd;ikiaAk; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. Nritfs; nry;te;jUf;Fk; mjpfhukpf;nfhUf;Fk;
kl;LNk toq;fg;gLkhapd; ,ay;ghfNt mJ mjpfhukpf;NfhUf;F tUkhd tha;g;
68
gf;fk; |68
Gf;fis toq;Ftjhf mikAk;. ,JNt nghJj;Jiw NritahdJ rupahf
tpidj;jpwDld; elf;fhtpby; mNj ngWNgwhfNt mikAk;. nghJj;Jiw
NritahdJ rkkhf toq;fg;gbd; tUkhd tpepNahfj;ij tpUj;jpailar;
nra;tjpy; cjTtJld; Ngwhf xJf;fg;gl;l FOtpdu; tWik nghwpapypUe;J
ntspNa tUtjw;fhd jpwe;j tha;g;igAk; mJ tpisthf mikAk;.
7.3 Njrpa ,yf;Ffshf tpidj;jpwd; gaDWjpg;ghl;Lj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ruprkk;
vd;gd
ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW ,k;%d;Wk; kf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd tsq;fspd;
rpf;fdkhd gad;ghl;ilAk; ,t;tsq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gLk; tpisTfspd;
epahakhd tpepNahfj;ijAk; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; murhq;fkhdJ
kf;fSf;F mjpf nrytpy;yhjjhf miktJld; r%fj;jpy; cs;s r%f Vw;wj;
jho;Tfis mfw;Wfpd;w xU fUtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mt;thwhd murhq;fq;fs;
jkJ tsq;fisAk; epjpiaAk; rpf;fdkhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mLj;J jdJ
Fbkf;fSf;F rkkhd njupTfisAk; epahakhd tha;g;GfisAk; toq;F
fpd;wJ. Fiwe;j nrytpdj;ijf; nfhz;l murhq;fk; kf;fis jkJ %yjdj;
ijAk; njhopy; Kaw;rpj; jpwd;fisAk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ,af;f
tYthf mikg;gjw;F gad;gLj;j J}z;LfpwJ. muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; tY
Ts;sjhf;Fk; cz;ikahd rf;jpahf cs;s rptpy; r%fj;jpd; epiyg; ghlhdJ
rkkhd Rje;jpuk;> nfsutk;> kw;Wk; cupikfis r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jpdu; kj;jp
apy; Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; r%fKk; murk; kpf neUf;fkhf
gpd;dpg; gpize;j xU mikg;ghf khwp mjd; kf;fs; cz;ikahd Rje;jpuj;ij
mDgtpf;ff;$ba ey;yhl;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. jd; Fbkf;fSf;fhf
rkkhd njspTfisAk; epahakhd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;w murhq;fk;
epahakhf elj;jg;gLk; eilKiwia epWTfpwJ. Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;
fSf;Fk; mNj khjpupahd nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;G – tWikapy; vtUk; f\;lg;
gLtjpy;iy – jk; taJ Kjpu;e;j fhyj;jpy; vtUk; r%f cghijfspdhy;
f\;lg;gLtjpy;iy. tho;f;ifapNy nry;te;j kw;Wk; twpa FLk;gq;fspd; gps;is
fs; xNu khjpupahd mbg;gil Muk;gj;ij ngWfpd;wd – Nghd;wtw;iw vy;yhk;
mJ cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
Ntiy nfhs;Nthu; vd;w tifapYk; nfhs;ifia mKyhf;FNthu; vd;w
tifapYk; ,j;Njitfs; midj;ijAk; mtu;fs; epiwNtw;Wtij tpl cjtp
nra;tNj nghJj;Jiwapd; gz;ghFk;. Vg;gbahapDk; murhdJ tpidj;jpwDk;
ruprkkhf ,Ug;gJk; Njrpa ,yf;fhf khWfpwJ. vkJ Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk;
tha;g;Gf; fpilg;gjw;fhd mbg;gil cupikfSld; epu;thfpfs; ifahs Ntz;b
apUf;Fk;. gpd;du; mtu;fs; ghy;epiy> ,dq;fs;> Mw;wy;fs; gy;NtW tFg;G
fspd; ,ilNaAk; cs;s tpj;jpahrq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tij ifahs
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. cz;ikapNyNa tpidj;jpwDk; ruprkkhd Nfhl;ghLfisAk;
jdJ md;whl eilKiwfis gpd;gw;Wk; nghJ epu;thfkhdJ nghUshjhu
tsu;r;rp Ntiyapy;yhj; jd;ikapd; tPo;r;rp Fiwf;fg;gl;l tWik tpUj;jpahf;
fg;gl;l Nghl;bapLk; jd;ik Nghd;w Vida Njrpa eyd; ,yf;Ffis ehk;
miltjw;F vkf;Fj; J}z;bahf mikAk;. ,e;j topapy; ghu;f;ifapy; ,k;
%d;Wk; (3E) kdpjg;ghJfhg;ig mJ tYngwr;nra;tjhy; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig
Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. vdNt [dehafk;> epiyj;J epw;gjw;F mit ,d;wp
aikahjit ,jd;gb [dehaf Kiwik xd;wpy; Fbkf;fs; jk; cupikfis
mDgtpf;f cjTk; Njrpa ,yf;fhf miktJ tpidj;jpwDk; gaDWjpAk;
ruprkkhd Ml;rpAkhFk;.

69
gf;fk; |69
7.4 nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Ml;rp
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlu;GgLtjd; %yk; xU ehl;bd;
nghJ epu;thfkhdJ murpd; ghJfhg;ig tYngwr;nra;J Njrpa eyd;fSf;F
rpwg;ghf Nrit nra;Ak; vd;w cz;ikf;F jw;Nghija fye;Jiuahly;
milahsk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. xU ehl;bd; ep;thfk; epjp vd;wtifapYk; mNjNghy
epjp my;yhj tpOkpaq;fspd; tifapYk; ntspaPLfis tpisTfis cUthf;
Ftjpy; tpidj;jpwDld; ,Ue;J ehl;bd; xJf;fg;gl;l FOf;fSf;F epahakhd
jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jkhapd; ehl;bNy rl;lg;gbahd eilKiwfs; ed;F
epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
tu;j;juPjpapy; xU thbf;ifahsUf;F nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLjy; vd;gJ nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba nghWg;G tha;e;j nrayhFk;. murpay; uPjpapy; xU murpd; Ml;rp
epWtdq;fs; jd; Fbkf;fSf;F nghWg;Gld; nraw;gl Ntz;bapUg;gjd; fuzk;
kf;fspd; ,iwikapd; mbg;gilapNyNa murpd; mwpthu;e;j tpsf;fk;
mike;Js;sJ. murpay; uPjpapy; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtJ vdg;gLtJ
Fbkf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F nfhs;ifahf;FNthuhYk;
epu;thfpfshYk; cld;ghlhd jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;jg;gl;ls;sJ. [dehaf rpj;jhe;jkhdJ nfhs;if jPu;khdq;fis cUthf;
Fk; NghJ ntF[dq;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;Jf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; xU murhq;fkhf
nghWg;G tha;e;j murhq;fj;ij ,dq;fhz;fpd;wj. ,t;thwhd jd;ik kf;fspd;
Nfhupf;iffSf;F nrtorha;f;ff; $ba murhq;fj;ijSk; nghJ tsq;fspd;
gad;ghl;by; cau;kl;l juq;fisSk; NgZfpd;w mur rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;
[dehaf r%fq;fspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jfpd;wJ. Ml;rpapd;NghJ nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gly; vd;w gjk; nfhs;ifahf;FNthu; my;yJ nghJj;Jiw epu;thfpfs;
kf;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g tpiuthfTk; cld;ghlhfTk; gjpy; $wf;$ba
Mw;wiyAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J njhlu;ghf NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpAk;
nghJ kf;fspd; cupikfSk; nfhs;if Mf;FNthuhYk; epu;thfpfshYk;
vz;zpg;ghu;f;f Ntz;ba ,U Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fshFk;. vdNt nghWg;G $wf;
$ba Ml;rp vd;gJ> murhq;fk; jdJ rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; epu;thf
jPu;khdq;fisr; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpia kjpj;jthW tpidj;jpwDk; gaDWjpAk;
kw;Wk; ruprkkhd Ml;rpia NgZtjpy; mf;fiw nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.
,e;j tplaj;ijg nghWj;jstpy; nfhs;ifahf;FNthu; my;yJ murpay;thjp
epu;thfpfis tpl $ba nghWg;Gilatu;fshf cs;sdu;. Vnddpy; nghJ
kf;fspd; nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpg;gjpy; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf mjp cr;rkhd
nghWg;ig mtu;fNs nfhz;Ls;sdu;. nghJkf;fspd; nfhs;iffisAk; kf;fspd;
Nfhupf;iffisAk; nfhs;ifia cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L khw;Wfpd;w jPu;f;fkhd
gq;if murpay;thjpfs; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisAk;
Nfhupf;iffisAk; fye;JiuahLtjw;F nghJ tptfhuq;fspy; murpay;thjpfs;
gq;Fgw;wp nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fSf;F ,f;Nfhupf;iffis njhlu
;ghly; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; mtu;fs; rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpia epWTtjpYk;
kf;fspd; cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;JtjpYk; nghWg;Gilatu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
rpy ehLfspy; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Ml;rpf;Nfhl;ghLfis gpd;gw;whj
murpay;thjpfis kPs mioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpNrl nghwpKiwfis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;ldu;. xU njhifahd thf;fhsu;fs; ,t;thwhd murpay;thjpfspd;
[duQ;rf jd;ikia rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf cg Nju;jy; xd;iw elj;J
khW Nfhupf;if tpLf;fyhk;. ,d;DnkhU nghwpKiw ahnjdpy; Njrpa ghuhS
kd;wj;Jf;F nry;Ygbahfr; nra;tjw;fhf xU rl;l efy; xd;iw rku;g;gpg;g
jw;fhf xU njhif thf;fhsu;fis mDkjpg;gjhFk;.
,t;thwhd eltbf;iffs; Ml;rpapd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; epWtg;gl;L MSk;
epWtdq;fSf;F njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w murpay;thjpfSf;F rl;luPjpahd
70
gf;fk; |70
flikg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.
nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Ml;rpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf nghWg;Gld; nraw;gly; kpf;
Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ug;gJld; rLjpahfTk; jhdhfNt Vw;gLk; tpisTkhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW murpay; jiytu;fshy; kl;Lk; jdpNa nghWg;Gld; nraw;
gLk; Ml;rpia epWtKbahJ. tpidj;jpwDk; gaDWjpAlDkhd nghJ epu;thfk;
epiyj;jpUg;gJ ,jid r%fj;jpy; miltjw;fhd Kd;NjitahFk;. tpidj;
jpwDldhd epu;thf Kiwikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F jFjp tha;e;j mbg;gil
apyhd Ml;Nru;g;G> gapw;rp> epakdk;> kw;Wk; Cjpaf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;iw
epWTjy; kpf kf;fpakhdit. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Wjp miug;gFjp fhyj;jp
ypUe;J jFjp mbg;gilapyhd Mszp epu;thf Kiwikf;F murpay; jiyaPL
Mgj;jhdJ vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt mjpfhu tu;f;fj;ij murpay;kakhf;fp
nghWg;G tha;e;j Ml;rpapd; rhgf;NfL vd ePz;lfhykhf ,dq;fhl;lg;gl;ls;sJ.
jFjptha;e;j Kiwik murpay; my;yJ r%fj;jpNy cs;s Raeykpfshy;
J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gbd;> mjpd; ,Wjp tpisT jukhd Nrit toq;fypd;
tPo;r;rpahf KbAk;.
,J murpay; kakhf;fypd; fl;lg;ghlw;w jd;ikf;F toptFj;J nghJj;Jiw
Copau;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; rhjhuzkhd xd;whf mike;JtpLk;. nfhs;ifr;
nray; Kiwapd; ,Wjp toq;fy; ,lk; nghJ epu;thf Kiwikahf ,Ug;gjhy;
Ml;rp nray;Kiwapy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; gjpy; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLk; jd;ikapd;
msitg; NghJ epu;thfpfNs fhl;lf;$batuhf ,Ug;gu;. Nritfis toq;Fk;
NghJ nghJj;Jiwr; NritahdJ Coy; epiwe;jjhfTk; Nrhk;gy; jd;ik
nfhz;ljhfTk; tpidj;jpwd; mw;wjhfTk; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; ghu
gl;rk; mw;wjhfTk; ,Ug;gpd; Ml;rpr; nray;Kiwapy; rl;lg;gbahf kjpf;fg;gL
fpd;wJ vd vtuhYk; $w KbahJ.
7.5 kdpj cupikfSk; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glf;$ba Ml;rpAk;
gaDWjpAk; tpidj;jpwDk; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glf;$ba Ml;rpAk; jw;NghJ
midtUf;Fkhd kdpj cupikfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. 1948 ,y; ntsp
aplg;gl;l kdpj cupikfSf;fhd cyfshtpa gpufldk; ‘jdJ ehl;bd; murhq;
fj;jpy; gq;nfLj;J NeubahfNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfs; %ykhf jd; ehl;bd; nghJr;NritfSf;F rkkhf mZFtjw;F
cupik cilatuhfpd;whu;.’ (21 Mk; ruj;J) ,U gpujhd kdpjcupik xg;ge;jq;
fspd; ifr;rhj;jpl;ljd;gb cyfshtpa kdpj cupikfis fhg;Nghu; vd;w
tifapy; mjd; nghWg;Gjhupfshf jk;ik gpufldk; nra;J nfhz;l ehLfSf;
Fk; ehl;Lr; r%fq;fSf;Fk; ,J xU gzpg;Giuahf mike;jJ. rptpy; kw;Wk;
murpay; cupikfSf;fhd ru;tNjr ,iz xg;ge;jk; xU ehl;bd; Fbkf;fs;
murhq;fj;jpy; NeubahfNth mJNghy; kiwKfkhfNth gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd
cupikfs; cilatu;fs; vd ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j cupikapNy thf;Fupik>
Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jYf;fhd cupik murhq;f tptfhuq;fspy;
gq;Fgw;wy; Kjyhdit cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thwhd murpay; cupikfs; jd;
ehl;bd; murhq;fj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd Fbkf;fspd; cupikfis njspthf
mq;fPfupf;fpd;wd. mt;thwhf gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd Njitf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;
nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr ,iz xg;ge;
jj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NghJkhd tho;f;ifj; juk;> czT> tPL> Rfhjhu
eyNdhk;Gjy;> r%fg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fy;tpf;fhd cupikfis midtUk;
nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gij kpfj;njspthf mq;fPfupj;J cs;sJ.
cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
Njitfis toq;Ftjpy; jdpahu;Jiwf;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; midtuh
71
gf;fk; |71
Yk; ,e;j cupikfis mDgtpg;gij cWjp nra;tJ filrpapy; nghWg;Gf;
$WtJ vg;NghJNk murhq;fj;ijAk; mjd; epu;thfpfisAk; ghugl;r kw;wtu;
fshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; murhq;fj;jpd;
nfhs;iffs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; midj;J Fbkf;fSk;
gq;Fgw;w tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. Ml;rpapy; jkf;Fk; mtu;fs; xU gq;if Ntz;L
fpd;wdu;. mtu;fSf;F mt;thW nra;tjw;F jftiy ,yFthd mZFtjw;F
cWjp nra;ag;gLtJ mtu;fspd; Njitahd cs;sJ. gaDWjp tha;e;j gjtp
,lkhw;wiyAk; cs;Suhl;rp rigfSf;F nfhs;if Mf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fisAk;
tsq;fiyAk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jiy mtu;fs; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. midtUf;Fkhd
fy;tp vd;gij muR kjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd Fbkf;fs; Nfhupf;if tpLf;fpd;wdu;.
,jw;F kWgf;fkhf rdr%f kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f kf;fs; $Ljyhf tif$wf;
$baJk; xspTkiwtpy;yhjJkhd KiwikiaAk; murhq;fj;ijtpl ey;yhl;rp
fyhrhuj;ijANk tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. (rkeytha kd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J jOtg;gl;lJ.
Fbkf;fSk; Ml;rpAk;> Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;by; rptpy; r%fk; - ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
Njrpa rhuhk;r mwpf;if 5 mf;Nlhgu; 2000)
,jd;gb nghWg;Gld; nray;gLk; Ml;rpapd; fPo; murplk; ,Ue;J ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;f
Ntz;bapUg;gJ :-

 rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpiaAk; mbg;gilahd kdpj cupikfisAk; kjpj;jy;.

 tpidj;jpwDk; gaDWjpAlDkhd nghJr;Nritia cWjpnra;jy;.

 midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; mbg;gil Njitia toq;Fjy;.

 rfyUf;Fk; fy;tp RfeyNdhk;Gjy; r%fg;ghJfhg;ig mDgtpf;f

cjTjy;.

 twpa kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l FOf;fs; kdpj cupikfis mDgtpf;f

cjTjy;.

 nghUshjhu cjtpiaAk; tho;thjhuq;fisAk; Kd;ndLj;jy;.

 Fbkf;fspd; capu;> cilik> cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

 gq;Nfw;G kw;Wk; [dehaf Ml;rpia cWjpnra;jy;.

 ey;ynjhU r%fj;ij nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j xt;nthU $w;wpdJk;

KOikahf miltjw;fhf muRf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; cjTk;nghUl;L
njspthd fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; nghJr;NritAk; epu;thf KiwkikiaAk;
xOq;fikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
7.6 KbG
[dehaf Ml;rpr;#o;epiyapy; nghWg;Gf;$wg;gLk; Ml;rp vdg;gLtJ vd;d
vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s ,e;j mj;jpahak; tpidj;jpwd;> gaDWjpg;ghL kw;Wk;
ruprkkhd jd;ik vd;gtw;Wf;fhd tiutpyf;fzq;fs;fis Kd;itj;jJ.
r%ff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf muRf;F cjTk; nghUl;L nghJ
epu;thfk; nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gjdhy; mjd; nrayhw;wyhdJ epjp rhuhj tpOkpaq;
fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. mNj Neuk; etPd nghJ Kfhikj;
Jt Kiwfshd gzj;Jf;fhd ngWkhdk; ,af;f kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l nrayhw;wy;
72
gf;fk; |72
kjpg;gPLfSf;Fk; nrtprha;;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. etPd Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtk; ghtidahsu; nfhLg;gdT nra;jy; jdpahu; kakhf;fk;
nghJj;Jiw toptiffis xg;ge;jj;Jf;F tpLjy; Nghd;w mk;rq;fis
Kd;ndLg;G nra;jhYk; ngUkstpyhd twpa rpWghd;ik kw;Wk; xJq;fpthOk;
kf;fs; muirj; jtpu Ntnwe;j ghJfhg;igAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijg;
nghJepu;thfk; myl;rpag;gLj;j KbahJ.

73
gf;fk; |73
 அரச உ திேயாக த க கான ச வேதச நட ைத ேகாைவ

(அரச உ திெயாக த க கான ஒ ச வேதச நட ைத ேகாைவ 12 ச ப 1996

அ ஏ ெகா ள ப ட ெபா சைப த மான இல.51/59 ஊடாக ஐ கிய
நா கள னா ப ரகடன ப த ப ட )

I. ெபா வான ேகா பா க

1. ேதசிய ச ட தினா வைரவ ல கண ப த ப ட ேபா ஒ

அரச பதவ ெய ப , ெபா நல அ ல ம க நலன காக
ெசய ப ஒ கட பா ைட அ த ப ஒ ந ப ைக
ெபா பதவ யா . ஆைகயா அரச உ திேயாக த கள
இ தி வ வாசமான , அரசா க தி ஜனநாயக
நி வன க டாக ெத வ க ப வ ேபா அவ கள
நா ம கள நல க கானதாக இ த ேவ .

2. அரச உ திேயாக த க த கள கடைமக ம பண கைள

ச ட க அ ல நி வாக ெகா ைகக அைமவாக
வ ைன திறனாக , பய தியாக ம ேந ைம
திற ட நிைறேவ த ேவ . அவ க , தா
ெபா பாக ள அரச வள க மிக பய தியான
ம வ ைன திறனான மான வைகய நி வகி க ப வைத
உ தி ெச வத அைன ேவைளகள ய த
ேவ .

3. அரச உ திேயாக த க ,த கள பண கைள

நிைறேவ ைகய , றி பாக ெபா ம க டனான அவ கள
உற க கவன ட யதாக , நதி ம ப க சா ப ற
ைறய இ த ேவ . அவ க எ தெவா
சமய தி ஏேத ைறய ற ப க சா பான நடா தைல
ஏேத அ ல தன ப டவ க

74
gf;fk; |74
வழ வேதா அ ல ஏேத அ ல
தன ப டவ க எதிராக ைறய ற வைகய பாரப ச தி
ஈ ப வேதா அ ல அவ க வழ க ப ட த வ ம
அதிகார எ பவ ைற ப ரேயாகி கேவா டா .

II. நல கள ர பா ம த தியன

4. அரச உ திேயாக த க , அவ கள உ திேயாக வ அதிகார ைத

ைறய ற வைகய த கள ெசா த ேன ற அ ல
அவ கள ப தி தன ப ட அ ல நிதிசா த
நல க காக உபேயாகி த டா . அவ க த கள பதவ ,
பண க ம கடைமக அ ல இவ றி
நிைறேவ த க ட உக ததாக இ லாத ஏேத ப மா ற ,
ஏேத பதவ அ ல பண க அ ல ஏேத நிதி, வ தக
எ பைவ சா த நல க அ ல இவ ைறெயா த ேவ
நல க எ பவ ைற ெப ெகா த ேபா ற
நடவ ைககள ஈ ப த டா .

5. அரச உ திேயாக த க , அவ கள பதவ நிைலய னா

ேதைவ ப த ப மளவ , ச ட க அ ல நி வாக
ெகா ைகக அைமவாக நல கள ர பா க கான
சா தியெமா ைற எ வைகய நிதி தியான
ந ைமக காக ேம ெகா ள ப ட வ யாபார, வ தக ம
நிதி தியான நல க அ ல நடவ ைககைள ெவள ப த
ேவ . அரச உ திேயாக த கள கடைமக ம தன ப ட
நல க எ ’பவ கிைடய நல கள ர பா க கான
சா திய அ ல ர பா க உ ளதாக அறிய ப ட
நிைலைமகள , அவ க அ தைகய நல கள ர பா கைள

75
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 ைற பத அ ல இ லாததா வத தாப க ப ட
ைறக ட இண த ேவ .

6. அரச உ திேயாக த க , அவ கள உ திேயாக வ

கடைமகள நிைறேவ த அ ல அத வ ைள களா
ெப ெகா ட ெபா பண , ெசா , ேசைவக அ ல
தகவ கைள, அவ கள உ திேயாக வக பண க ட
ச ப த படாத நடவ ைகக ைறய ற வ த தி ஒ ேபா
பய ப த டா .

7. அரச உ திேயாக த க , த கள உ திேயாக வ

பதவ நிைலகைள வ வ லகிய ப ன த கள ைனய
பதவ கள அ ல கைள ைறய ற வைகய
பய ப தாதி பத ச ட அ ல நி வாக
ெகா ைககள னா தாப க ப ட நைட ைறக ட
இண த ேவ .

III. ெசா கைள ெவள ப த

8. அரச உ திேயாக த க , அவ கள பதவ நிைல அைமவாக ,

ச ட ம நி வாக ெகா ைககள னா அ மதி க ப ட
அ ல ேதைவ ப த ப டவா அவ கள தன ப ட
ெசா க ம ெபா க , அேதேபா அவ கள
வா ைக ைண ம /அ ல த கிய ேபா கள
ெசா க ம ெபா க எ பவ ைற அறிவ
அ ல ெவள ப ேதைவ பா க ட இண த
ேவ .

76
gf;fk; |76
 IV. அ பள க அ ல ஏைனய ச ைககைள ஏ ெகா த

9. அரச உ திேயாக த க , அவ கள பண க ம கடைமகள

நிைறேவ த க அ ல த க எ பவ ைற
அ ப யாசி பதி ெச வா ெச த ய ஏேத அ பள க
அ ல ஏைனய ச ைகக எ பவ ைற ேநர யாகேவா அ ல
மைற கமாகேவா ேக கேவா அ ல ெப ெகா ளேவா
டா .

V. இரகசியமான தகவ

10. ேதசிய ச டவா க , கடைமய நிைறேவ த அ ல நதிய

ேதைவக எ பவ றினா க டாயமாக
ேதைவ ப த ப டால றி அரச உ திேயாக த க த வச
ெகா இரகசிய த ைமயான வ டய கைள இரகசியமாக
ேப த ேவ . அ தைகய க ப த க , அவ க
ேசைவகள லி வ ப ட ப ன ட ப ரேயாகமாத
ேவ .

VI. அரசிய ெசய பா

11. அரச உ திேயாக த கள பதவ கள ப ரேயாக எ ைலக

ெவள ேயயான அரசிய அ ல ஏைனய ெசய பா களான ,
அவ கள பண க ம கடைமகள ப க சா ப ற
நிைறேவ த எ பத ம ம கள ந ப ைகைய

77
gf;fk; |77
பாதி பதாக இ லாம ச ட க ம நி வாக ெகா ைகக
எ பவ அைமவானதாக இ த ேவ .

78
gf;fk; |78
vj;jifa epWtd hPjpahd gz;Gfs; rdehafj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;F
,lkspf;fpd;wd> mjw;F jilfis tpjpf;fpd;wd> mjd; jd;ikiaj;
jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd?

epWtdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy gz;Gfs; rdehafj;jpw;F

rhjfkhditahf mike;Js;sNjhL> ,d;Dk; rpy gz;Gfs;
rdehafj;ij mopj;njhopf;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sd. ,e;j
rhjfkhdJk;> ghjfkhdJkhd gz;Gfs; VNjDNkhH tifapyhd
rdehafj;jpd; gz;gpid jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.

murpay; jiytHfspdJk; mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfspdJk; gz;Gfs;

murpay; Kiwiknahd;wpy; jiythpd; gz;Gfs;> mjhtJ>

mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; njhlHghf murpay; jiythpd;
kNdhghtq;fs; ahit> murpayikg;Gf;fhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; kPJ
mtH nfhz;Ls;s mHg;gzpg;G vj;jifaJ vd;w tplaq;fs;
rdehafj;jpd; ey; ,Ug;Gf;F Kf;fpakhd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

rdehafj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhd rdehafj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhd

kNdhghtq;fSk;> elj;ijfSk;> kNdhghtq;fSk;> elj;ijfSk;
tof;fhWfSk;. tof;fhWfSk;.

murpay; jiytHfSk; mur

cj;jpNahfj;jHfSk; cr;r kl;l
murpay; jiytHfspdJk; mur
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;F
cj;jpNahfj;jHfspdJk; rpy
79
gf;fk; |79
tpNrl nghWg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;s gz;Gfspd; tpisthf rdehaf
mNjNtis mt;thW hPjpapy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;w
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;fhd epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F
chpiiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. Nrjk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;
vdNt> mtHfsJ fhuzkhf jkf;Fhpa murpay;
kNdhghtq;fs;> elj;ijfs;> Kiwik kPJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
tof;fhWfs; vd;gd kpf ek;gpf;ifaPdk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshf ,j;jifa fhuzq;fspd;
mikfpd;wd. tpisthf ed;F gbj;jtHfSk;>
jifikfisf;
rdehafj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhd
nfhz;Ls;stHfSk; rptpy; r%f
murpay; jiytHfspdJk; mur
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglhky; tpyfp
cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspdJk; gz;Gfs;
epw;fpd;wdh;.
gpd;tUkhW:
murpay; jiytHfspdJk; mur
cj;jpNahfj;jHfspdJk;
ghjfkhd gz;Gfs; tUkhW:

nrhy;Yf;fikthfNt jkJ jhk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jPHkhdq;fs;

ehl;bd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s njhlHghf caH kjpg;gPL
gf;jpiaf; fhl;l Ntz;baNjhL nra;jy;> jdJ ngWkjpfSk;
ehl;bdJ murpayikg;gpYs;s ,yf;FfSk; murpayikg;igAk;
ngWkjpfspdJk; mjpYs;s gpujhd
Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; capNuhl;lj; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; tpl
jd;ikiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkyhditnad vz;zpf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; jdJ
nraw;ghLfs; murpayikg;gpd;
kf;fSf;F eyid Vw;gLj;Jk; tiuaiwfSf;F cl;glyhfhJ
Nehf;fpid ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd vd rpe;jpj;jy.;

80
gf;fk; |80
Mw;wy>; mjw;fhf Fuy;
nfhLg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; kw;Wk;
gpuirfisAk; ehl;bd;
mjid Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
rl;lj;ijAk; nfhr;irg;gLj;Jjy;.
Mw;wy; vd;gtw;iwf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.

jk;ikr; re;jpg;gjw;F nghJkf;fs;

nfhz;Ls;s tha;g;gpid
nghJ eyd; kPJ fhprid
,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.
fhl;LtNjhL tpUg;gj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdQ;
nrYj;Jjy;.
cz;ikapd; kPJ ve;jf;
fhpridiaAk; fhl;lhky;
,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; Vkhw;Wjy;>
ehl;by; eilKiwapYs;s
jphpGgLj;jpf; fhl;Ljy; vd;gd kPJ
rl;lq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jYk; mr;
mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUj;jy;.
rl;lq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
nghWg;gpid
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;.
kf;fis topelj;Jk; nghUl;L
mtHfsJ mbg;gil
czHTfisAk;
jdJ gjtpf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis
gbg;gwptpd;ikAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfTs;s mwpT
kw;Wk; Nkw;gb czHTfisg;
kw;Wk; jpwik vd;gtw;iwf;
gad;gLj;jp re;jh;g;gthj hPjpapy;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
gad;ngWjy;.

jkJ cjtpahsHfSlDk;
mjpfhuk; njhlHr;rpahf
Vida jiytHfs;
mjpfhpg;gij fhz;gjw;Fs;s
cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; kw;Wk;
tpUg;gk; my;yJ jdJ
vjpHf;fl;rp murpay;thjpfSlDk;
81
gf;fk; |81
el;GwNthL flikahw;Wtjw;F cj;jpNahfG+Ht gjtpapd; %yk;
tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUj;jy; kw;Wk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfis
jdJ fUj;jpNyNa njhq;fp tpQ;rp mjpfhuj;ijg;
epw;fhky; VidNahuJ gad;gLj;Jjy;.
fUj;Jf;fisAk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F tpUg;gk;
nfhz;bUj;jy;. rhJhpakhdJk; gykhdJkhd
epUthfnkhd;Wf;Fj; Njitahd
mwptpid
jdJ cjtpahsHfSld; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fs;s
Vida jiytHfSld; my;yJ tpUg;gpd;ik my;yJ ,ayhik.
cj;jpNahfj;jHfSld;
NeHikahd Kiwapy;
,zf;fg;ghl;bid mila rl;lhPjpahf xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Kbahjtplj;J Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuj;ijg;
jPHkhdk; njhlHghf jdpahf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fs;s ,ayhik
njhpgLtjw;F cs;s tpUg;gk;. my;yJ jaf;fk;.

jdJ gjtpf;fhyk; KbTw;w gpd; ,yQ;rk; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jkJ

my;yJ NjHjypy; Njhy;tpAw;w Ml;fSf;F tpNrl fhprid
gpd; jdJ gjtpiaf; iftpl fhl;Ljy; vd;gtw;iw cs;spl;l
cs;s tpUg;gk; Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrb.

cj;jpNahfG+Ht gjtpapd; %yk; mur Nritf;F Ml;Nrh;g;Gr;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij nra;Ak;NghJ jkf;Fj;
my;yJ jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; njhpe;jtHfSf;F tpNrl
mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; rYiffis toq;Fjy;.

82
gf;fk; |82
cs;s tpUg;gk;

neFOk; jd;ikapd;ik> jdJ

fUj;Nj rhpahdnjdr; rpe;jpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ cj;jpAld;
kw;Wk; jdJ fUj;ijf; iftpl;L
chpa Neu rl;lfq;fisg;
,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F tUtjw;Fs;s
gpd;gw;Wjy;> ve;j Neuj;jpy;
tpUg;gpd;ik.
nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gij
mwpe;jpUj;jy;> vjidAk;
nra;ahjpUf;f Ntz;ba Neuj;ij
VidNahuJ fUj;Jf;fis
mwpe;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk;
tpdhthkYk; vjidAk; fUj;jpw;
mtjhdpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;s
nfhs;shkYk; czH;r;rp trg;gl;L
Ntz;ba Neuj;ij mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
nraw;gLjy; my;yJ Njitiag;
ghhf;fpYk; gzpfis jhkjk;
nra;jy; kw;Wk; njspthd
tuyhw;W hPjpapy; jkf;Ff;
jPHkhdkpd;wp nraw;gLjy;
fpilf;Fk; gpugy;ak; njhlHghf
,d;Nwy; ];jpuj;jd;ikaw;W
my;yJ jkJ tuyhw;W
,Uj;jy;.
hPjpapyhd kuGhpikfs; njhlHghf
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;.

nghJkf;fspd; khdplg;
gz;Gfis Gwe;js;Sk; tifapy;
gue;j mbg;gilapy; khw;W
gpugy;aj;ijAk; ew;ngaiuAk;
Nehf;fpid fz;lwptjw;fhd
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Stjw;fhd
tpUg;gk;
tpUg;gk;.

murpay; mjpfhuk;> ehl;bd; rfy

rl;lq;fisAk; NkNyhq;fp
epw;fpd;wnjd;gij ek;Gjy;.

83
gf;fk; |83
 84
gf;fk; |84
mur epWtdq;fSf;fhd gz;Gfs;

xU ehl;bdJ mur epWtdq;fSf;fhd gz;Gfshf me;

epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuk; chpa tifapy; gphpj;njhJf;fg;gLjiyAk;>
me;j epWtdq;fSf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gfs;
epiwNtw;wg;gLjiyAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;. ,jd; %yk; rdehafj;jpd;
ey; ,Ug;Gf;F gaDs;s jhf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

rdehaj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhf rdehafj;jpw;Fg; ghjfkhf

mikfpd;w mur mikfpd;w mur
epWtdq;fSf;fhd gz;Gfs;: epWtdq;fSf;fhd gz;Gfs:;
cjhuzq;fs;: cjhuzq;fs;:

85
gf;fk; |85
epWtdq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fshdit jtwhf
rl;l ,yf;Ffs; my;yJ nghUs;Nfhly; nra;ag;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fs; rhHghf mit mjpfhuj;ijAk;>
nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j nghWg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
tiuaiwfs; ahg;nghd;wpy; njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;l
Kiwahf Fwpg;gplg;glhjpUg;gpDk; tiuaiwfs; ,d;wp epWtdq;fs;
mit r%fk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s jkJ mjpfhuj;ij msT fle;J
ngWkjpfspYk; Nfhl;ghLfspYk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; my;yJ
cs;slq;fpAs;sd. xU nghWg;Gf;fis Fiwthf
murhq;fk; kf;fspd; CopaNd epiwNtw;Wtjpy; <LgLk;. ,jw;F
xopa Kjyhspay;y vd;w Nkyjpfkhf rpwe;j Kiwapy;
fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa njspTgLj;jg;gl;l tiuaiwfs;
Nkw;gb tiuaiwfs; ,d;wp murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;>
tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; r%fj;jpd; rfy
mbg;gilapy; gpuirfspd; Njhw;wg;ghLfspDs;NsAk;
mbg;gil chpikfis Mf;fpukpg;G hPjpapy; cl;GFk;.
vt;tifapYk; kPw KbahJ.

epWtdq;fs; jkJ
Js;spakhd Kiwfis Nehf;fq;fisAk; ,yf;FfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kl;Lk; ;epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; vJtpj tiuaiwfSkpd;wp
,Uf;fpd;wik. epWtdnkhd;wpd; Kiwfisj; njhpT nra;fpd;wd.
Nehf;fq;fis my;yJ
,yf;Ffis mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfgad;gLj;jg;gLk; mur epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuk;
rfy KiwfisAk; epahag;gLj;j Fiwe;J nry;tjd; fhuzkhf
KbahJ. ,e;j Kiwfs; tifg; nghWg;Gf;fhd XH
rdehafj;jpd; mbg;gilg; mwpFwpiaf;$l fz;L gpbf;f
ngWkjpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
86
gf;fk; |86
vd;gtw;Wf;F mikthf KbahJs;sik.
tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gl
mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; jkJ
Ntz;Lk;.
mwpT kw;Wk; jpwik njhlHghf
caH kjpg;gPl;bidf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; kf;fisAk;
r%fg; gpur;rpidfSf;F chpa
rl;lq;fisAk; Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
gjpy;fis toq;FtJk;> ,g;
gpur;rpidfs; rk;ge;jkhf rhpahd
Kiwapy; nraw;gLtJk;> epjKk;
,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;fhd
gpuirfSf;F nghWg;Gf; $Wfpd;w
mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
kw;Wk; tifg; nghWg;G
tha;g;Gf;fs; gy cs;sjdhy;
njhptpf;fpd;w epiyikapy;
vJtpj khw;wkpd;ikAk; epHthfr;
,Ug;gJk;> nghJkf;fspd;
rPHNfLk; rfy JiwfspYk;
eydpd;ghy; ftdQ;
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sik.
nrYj;JtJk; mur
epWtdq;fspd; gzpahFk;.
ehl;bd; Njitfshdit
RahjPd ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
jpBnudNth gbg;gbahfNth
,ilA+Wfis tpistpj;jy;.
Njhd;Wfpd;witahf ,Ue;jhYk;
$l mj; Njitfis
epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;
,uhZtj;jpw;F vJtpj
epWtdq;fs; nefpOk;
jpwikNah mjpfhuNkh ,y;yhj
jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jiwfis Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;jy;

“jPa epUthfj;jpd;” gz;Gfis

Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; epWtdq;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wik. ,j; jPa gz;Gfs;
gpd;tUkhW:

87
gf;fk; |87
jpwikaPdk;

Coy;

khw;wkilahj;jd;ik

88
gf;fk; |88
 ெபா வா ைக ேகா பா க
(ஐ கிய இரா சிய அரசா க தினா ஏ ெகா ள ப ட )

யநலமி ைம

அரச பதவ கைள வகி பவ க ெபா நல க சா த நியதிக

அைமவாக ம ேம த மான கைள எ த ேவ .த க ,
த க ப ,அ ல அவ க ந ப க கான நிதி சா த
அ ல ெபா சா தந ைமகைள ெப ெபா அவ க
த மான கைள ேம ெகா ள டா .

நாணய

அரச பதவ கைள வகி பவ க , அவ கள உ திேயாக வ பண கள

நிைறேவ த கள ெச வா ைக ெச த யவா
ெவள யா க அ ல தாபன க ஏேத நிதி சா தஅ ல
ேவ கட பா கள த கைள இ த டா .

றி ேகா சா தத ைம

அரச நியமன க ,ஒ ப த கைள வழ த அ ல

தன ப டவ கைள ெவ மதிக ம ந ைமக
ப ைர த ’ உ பட அரச கா ய கைள ேம ெகா ைகய அரச
பதவ கைள வகி பவ க த திய அ பைடய ெத கைள
ேம ெகா த ேவ .

ெபா த

அரச பதவ கைள வகி பவ க அவ கள த மான க ம

ெசய பா க காக ெபா ம க ெபா த
ேவ ெம ப ட அவ கள பதவ ெபா தமான எ தைகய
ப சீலைன த கைள சம ப த ேவ .

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 ெவள பைட த ைம

அரச பதவ ைய வகி பவ க தா எ கி ற அைன த மான க

ம நடவ ைகக ப றி இய மானளவ
ெவள பைடயானவ களாக இ த ேவ . த கள
த மான க கான காரண கைள அவ க அள த
ேவ ெம பேதா ஓ ம ப த பர த ெபா நல சா த
வைகய ெதள வான ேகா ைக இ ெபா ம ேம
தகவ கைள ம ப த ேவ .

ேந ைம

அரச பதவ கைள வகி பவ க ,த கள அரச கடைமக ெதாட பான

ஏேத தன ப ட நல கைள ெத வ க ேவ யெதா
கட பா ைட ெகா ளனெர ப ட ெபா ம கைள பா கா
வைகய எழ ய ஏேத ர பா கைள த பத கான
நடவ ைககைள எ த ேவ .

தைமைம வ

அரச பதவ கைள வகி பவ க , தைலைம வ ம

தாரண க எ பவ றினா இ த ேகா பா கைள ேன றி
ஆதரவள த ேவ .

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