ksfhdackh iy iyNd.

s;ajh i|yd jk whs;sjdislu

ue;sjrK l%uhka u.ska Pkao odhlhd ;ukaf.a foaYmd,ksl leue;a; ke;skï ukdmh m<
lrkafka flfia o hkakg wjYH kS;s iuqodh ;SrKh lrhs' fï wkqj Pkao odhlhska md¾,sfïka; =
wiqka njg mßj¾;kh lrkakg;a ^jHjia:dhlhg f;dard.ekSï lsÍug ue;sjrK mj;ajk úg§&
ke;skï wdKavqfõ ks,hlg f;dard .kq ,eîug;a tfia;a ke;skï úOdhl ;k;=rej,g f;dardm;a
lr.kq ,eîug;a ^ckdêm;s OQrhg f;dard.ekSï lrk ckdêm;sjrKhl §& wjia:dj we;'

ue;sjrK l%uhka Pkaoh m< lrk wdldrh iy ue;sjrK m%Óm, j,g n,mEï we;s lrhs' tu.ska
foaYmd,ksl ksfhdackh iy foaYmd,k l%uhkaf.a rgdj ;Skaÿ lrhs' ue;sjrK l%uhl n,mEu
lsisfia;a wj;lafiare fkdl, hq;=h( foaYmd,ksl ukdmhka ;SrKh lsÍug iy n,h yqjudre
lsÍug ^md¾,sfïka;= wiqka f,ig fyda úOdhl ;k;=re f,ig& ue;sjrK l%uhka b;d jeo.;a
N+ñldjla r`.hs'

ck;djf.a Pkaofhka ck;dj ksfhdackh lrkq msKsi ksfhdað;hska f;dard.ekSfï m%cd;ka;%jdÈ

l%uh kï ue;sjrK fjhs' mj;sk foaYmd,ksl l%uh u; fyda ue;sjrK l%uhka u; ck;d
ksfhdack wdh;khka ks¾udKh lsÍu iy $fyda n,h mejÍu i|yd jk ;dlaIKh fyda úê l%uh
ielfikafka ue;sjrK u.sks'

ck;d ksfhdackh isÿ lrkakg iyNd.sùu fjkqfjka tla;rd ksfhdack wdldrhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
ue;sjrK u.ska isÿ flfrhs' ue;sjrK u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYmd,k l%uhlg jvd fyd|
ffk;sl;ajhla w;a lr fok njg ms<s.ekSula fjhs' ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhl §
ck;djf.a Pkaofhka wdKavqjla f;dard m;a lr.;a úg th kS;suh jQ yd m%cd;ka;%jdÈ tlla fia
ie,flhs' ,snr,a fyda ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoh hk ixl,amhkag wkqj md,l foaYmd,ksl m%N +ka
f;dard.ekSu isÿ l, hq;=j we;af;a ksoyia yd idOdrK wdldrfhka ue;sjrKhl § h'

;r`.ldß ue;sjrKhka ys ls%hdldß;ajh(

ue;sjrK ie,lsh hq;=j we;af;a my;ska ±lafjk ls%hdldß;ajhg bv i,ikakdjQ fohla f,ih(
- f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk mqoa.hka flfrys ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka ys isákakdjQ Pkao
odhlhska úYajdihla ;nhs¦
- ish¿ foaYmd,k mlaI" ck j¾.hka fyda wd.ñl lKavdhï fukau úúO lafIa;%hka yd
uÜgïj,ska ksfhdack md¾,sfïka;=jla fyda md,l iNdjla f;dard.kq ,eîu¦
- mj;skakd jQ wdKavqj md,kh lsÍug" kej; m;a lr.kq ,eîug fyda mrdch lsÍug we;s
yelshdj'

fujeks Wml,amkhka yryd ue;sjrKhka ljr ld¾hhla bgq l, hq;=j ;sfnkjdo hkakg
idudkHfhka ;SrKh l, yels fjhs' iudcfha ì£ï we;s ù ;sfnk rgj, ue;sjrKhka bgq l,
hq;=j we;af;a tlaflda úúO jd¾.sl" iudc ixialD;sl lKavdhïj,g idOdrK foaYmd,k
ksfhdackhla ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍuh" ke;skï foaYmd,kslj md¾,sfïka;= nyq;rhka tla fldg
we;s ù ;sfnk fn§ï ke;s lrkakg lghq;= lsÍuh' nyq,;aj iudchl§ ue;sjrKhka
meje;aùfuka woyia flfrkafka ish¿ ck j¾.hka o" wd.ñl lKavdhï o ksfhdackh lsÍug
wjia:dj ie,iSuh' ta w;ru nyq;r wdKavq msysgqùuo ^uef,aishdfõ we;s wdldrfhka& tu.ska woyia
flfrhs' ñka we`.fjkafka foaYmd,ksl mlaI w;r ;r`.ldß;ajh iSud úh hq;af;a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ
Ndú;djkag muKla njh'

ue;sjrKhka ie,iqï lsÍu fuu ls%hdoduhkaf.a b;d jeo.;a fldgila fjhs' wdKavql%u
jHjia:duh iy wdh;ksluh iajrEmhkaf.a mq¿,a ixo¾Nh ;=< isg ñi bka úhqla;j iy yqfol,d
fldg ue;sjrK l%uhka ie,iqï lsÍu isÿ l, fkdyelsh' tfukau .egqï l<uKdlrkh" ia;S%
mqreI iudc ksfhdackh iy foaYmd,ksl mlaI l%uhka jeä j¾Okh lsÍu jeks úúO jQ lafIa;%k a
flfrys ue;sjrK ie,iqï ;SrKd;aul n,mEï isÿ lrhs' ue;sjrK l%uhla jvd fyd¢ka ie,iqï

1
lrk ,o úg§ th foaYmd,ksl fjkiaùï we;s lsÍu o" ck;d iyNd.s;ajh Èßu;a lsÍuo iy jyd
bgq l, hq;=j we;s iy wkd.;fha§ bgq l, hq;=j we;s w;s úYd, mrdihl Èfjk wjYH;d iy
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fufyhjd .ekSug yelshdj we;s ffk;sl ksfhdað;hska f.dv ke.Su o isÿ lrhs'
ue;sjrK l%uhla b;d krlg ie,iqï lrk ,o úg§ th m%cd;ka;%jdohg hk udjf;ka msg
mekSug iy foaYmd,ksl wia:djr;ajh we;s lsÍug fya;= fjhs'

jvd;a id¾:l ùug kï ue;sjrK l%uhka ie,iqï lsÍfï ls%hdoduh u.ska wjfndaOh yd úYajdih
f.dv ke.sh hq;=fjhs' fuh yqfola foaYmd,k{hska iy ue;sjrK l<uKdldß;ajh w;r muKla
fkdj isú,a iudc ixúOdk" foaYmd,k úpdrlhska iy Bg;a jvd m%cd;ka;%jdofha uy;a jQ
w¾nqohka w;a olskakd jQ yd m%;sixialrKhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isákakd jQ nyq;r yd iq¿;r
ck lKavdhïj,g wh;a ish¿ mqrjeishka w;r ta úYajdih yd wjfndaOh f.dv ke.sh hq;=j we;'
ue;sjrK l%uhka ie,iqï l, hq;=j we;af;a mj;sk ;;a;ajhka iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍug
muKla fkdj ue;sjrK m%;s,dNhkaf.a fjkiaùu;a iu. wdl,am yd yeisÍïj, fjkiaùula o
wkd.;fha § wka;¾.; lr.ekSugh' ia:djr m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYmd,khla jeä j¾Okh lsÍug
fyda b;du;au krl wdldrfhka m%cd;ka;%jdohg ndOd muqKqjkakg ue;sjrK l%uhlg yelshdj
we;'

±kg Ndú;fha fh±ù we;s úúO ue;sjrK l%uhka úYd, m%udKhls' fï yeu l%uhl jeä jeäfhka
úmßKduhg ,la fjñka o mj;S' flfiafj;;a myiqj msKsi ue;sjrK l%uhka m%Odk ldKav
;=klg fjka fldg olajd we;( nyq;r $ nyq,;aj l%uhka" wkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhka iy ñY%
l%uhka hk tajdh'

fuu m%Odk ue;sjrK l%uhka w;r zWm ldKav oZ kjhla we;( ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau <`.d
ùu" nyq;r Pkaoh" mlaIhl nyq;r Pkaoh" úl,am Pkaoh iy jg fofla l%uh hk tajd nyq;r $
nyq,;aj Pkao l%uhka fjhs¦ iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= iy ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh hk
tajd wkqmd;sl Pkao l%uhkah¦ ñY% idudðl ksfhdackh iy iu.dñ Pkao l%uh hk tajd ñY% Pkao
l%uhkag WodyrK fjhs' fï tla tla l%uh ms<sn|j iúia;rdulj ±k .ekSug wuqKd we;s
f,aLkh lshjkak'

ck;d ksfhdackfha uQ,O¾u(

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ksfhdack l%uhka j¾. lsÍfï m%Odk uQ,O¾uhka folla we;( nyq;r
ksfhdackh fyda wkqmd;sl ksfhdackh hk tajd fjhs' fuu ue;sjrK ksfhdack l%uhka fol
ks¾Kdhlhka folla u; w¾: .ekaúh yels fjhs( ;SrK .ekSfï iQ;%hka iy ksfhdackfha
uQ,O¾uhka f,i ta w¾: .ekaùu l, yel'

nyq;r ksfhdack l%uhka ys § md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdikhla Èkd .ekSu fyda fjk;a ;k;=rlg
f;dard m;a lsÍu" nyq;r Pkao m%udKhla Èkd .ekSug Pkao wfmalaIlhdg fyda foaYdm,k mlaIhg
we;s yelshdj u; ;SrKh fjhs' wod, ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska idudkHfhka lshefjkafka znyq;r
Pkao m%udKhla Èkd.ekSug iu;a jkakd jQ Pkao wfmalaIlhd f;dard m;a flfrk njhsZ'
wkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhka ys § wdikhla Èkd .ekSu idudkHfhka isÿjkafka úúO Pkao
wfmalaIlhka fyda foaYmd,k mlaI ,nd.ekSug iu;a Pkao yqjudre ùfï fyda fn§ hEfï l%uh
u;h' f;dard m;a lr.ekSug wjYH Pkao m%udKh mQ¾jfhkau ;Skaÿ fldg ch.%yKh lrkakd jQ
Pkao wfmalaIlhd fyda foaYmd,k mlaIh f;dard .ekSug ,lafjhs' ue;sjrKhl § ,nd.kakd jQ
uq¿ Pkao m%udKh u; f;dard m;a lsÍug wjYH lrkakd jQ Pkao m%udKh ,eî ;sfí kï Bg
.e,fmk wdldrfhka foaYmd,k mlaIhlg wdik fjka lsÍu o ;SrKh flfrhs' ;Skaÿ .ekSfï
uQ,O¾uhla f,i nyq;rh i,lk úg bka we`.fjkafka m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;s Pkao
m%udKhkaf.a nyq;rh ;=<ska ch.%dylhd f;dard .ekSu isÿ flfrk njhs' ;Skaÿ .ekSfï
uQ,O¾uhla f,i wkqmd;sl;ajh i,lk úg bka we`.fjkafka ue;sjrKhl m%Óm,h ;SrKh
flfrkafka tla tla Pkao wfmalaIlhd fyda foaYmd,k mlaIh úiska ,ndf.k we;s Pkaoj,g
wkqmd;slj f;dard m;a lsÍï isÿ lrk njh'

2
nyq;r iQ;%h u; we;s flfrk foaYmd,ksl n,mEï(
nyq;r iQ;%h wod, lrùu u.ska we`.fjkafka foaYmd,ksl w¾:fhka .;a úg ch.%yKh lrkq
,nk Pkao wfmalaIhd ,ndf.k we;s Pkao m%udKh muKla .Kkh flfrk njh' nyq;r iQ;%h
ke;skï kshduh hgf;a m%ldYs; Pkao j,g úúO jákdlï yd ch.%yKhka wdfrdamKh flfrhs'
ch.%yKh lrkakd jQ Pkao wfmalaIlhdf.a foa muKla ÈKqu w;a lr.kakd w;r mrdchg m;ajk
Pkao wfmalaIlhdf.a foa mrdð; fia ie,flhs' ixLHd;aulj .;a úg;a" Pkao j, we;s zch.%dysz
jákdlïj,;a fjkialï we;'

nyq;r iQ;%h hgf;a mj;ajk ,o YS% ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhl my; ±lafjk m%Óm,
u.ska m%ldYs; Pkao iy ,ndf.k we;s wdik w;r iïnkaO;djh úia;r lrhs(

1970 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh

mlaIh m%ldYs; Pkao wdik Pkao % wdik %

tlai;a 2,440,476 116 49 77

fmruqK

tcdm 1,895,341 17 38 11

f*vr,a mlaIh 345,727 13 5 9

fou< 115,567 3 2 2
fldx.%ih

utfm 46,571 0 0.93 0

1977 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh

mlaIh m%ldYs; Pkao wdik Pkao % wdik %

tcdm 3,175,991 140 51 83

YS%,ksm 1,683,753 8 30 5

øtúfm 399,043 18 6 11

,iim 227,548 0 4 0

fldm 159,326 0 3 0

,lfldx 35,743 1 0.5 0.6

3
;jo" wjYH nyq;r Pkao m%udKhg jvd jeä Pkao m%udKhla hï Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= fyda
mlaIhla úiska Èkd .kq ,enqjo tys lsis;a jákdlula ke;' fuys foaYmd,ksl m%Óm,h kï tla
foaYmd,k mlaIhla úiska wdêm;Hh mj;ajkakd jQ Pkao fldÜGdYhlg nyq;r iQ;%h wod,
flfrk úg§ m%;súreoaO foaYmd,ksl lKavdhïj,g tu ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh ;=< ;r`. lsÍu
wffO¾hu;a flfrhs' fï ksid iuyr ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka ys § ;ks mlaI n, wdêm;Hh
me;sfrkq we;' tu.ska Pkao fldÜGdYh ;=< foaYmd,ksl WodiSk;ajh me;sr hk w;r tys
m%Óm,hla f,i Pkao odhlhdf.a Wjukdj fyda Wkkaÿj o" Pkao m%ldY lrkakg hk ixLHdfõ o
wvqùula olakg ,efnhs' ;jo" b;d iq¿ jYfhka me;sr we;s iq¿;r ck fldgiaj,g fyda Tjqkaf.a
mlaIj,g md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ksfhdackhla ,nkakg fyda fjk;a ;k;=rlg f;dard m;a lr.kq
,eîug wjia:dj ,efnkafka ke;' nyq;r iQ;%h jvd;a fyd| njg ms<s.efkkafka Pkao odhlhdg
jvd;a meyeÈ,s f,i ;Skaÿjg t<eöfï yelshdjla th ,nd fok ksidh' ;jo m%ldYs; Pkao iy
ue;sjrK m%Óm, w;r wjfndaO lghq;= iïnkaOhla iDcqju tu.ska we;s flfrk ksidh' Pkao
odhlhd iy f;dard m;a lr.kq ,enQ ksfhdað;hka w;r iïnkaOh iy Pkao odhlhka flf¾
f;dard m;a lr.;a ksfhdað;hkaf.a j.ùu Ylau;a lsÍu ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau hdu fkdfyd;a
nyq;r iQ;%h u.ska jvd fyd¢ka bgq flfrhs'

wkqmd;sl iQ;%fhka we;s flfrk foaYmd,ksl m%Óm,hka(

nyq;r iQ;%hg jvd wkqmd;sl iQ;%h m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajhla Wiq,hs' ue;sjrKhl § tla tla
foaYmd,k mlaIh ,ndf.k we;s Pkao m%udKh u; tu foaYmd,k mlaIh ie,ls,a,g Ndckh
lsÍu wkqmd;sl iQ;%h wod, l,djQ ue;sjrK m%Óm,fha l%u fõoh fjhs' idudkHfhka mrdchg
m;ajkakd jQ mlaI j,g o md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wiqka ysñfjhs' wkqmd;sl iQ;%h wod, lrùfuka Pkao
ixLHdjkaf.a iudk;djla iy m%ldYs; Pkaoj, zch.%dysZ jákdlï we;s flfrhs ^tho ish,a,kag
iudkd;au;dj we;s lrk ;dla ÿrg muKs&' nyq;r iQ;%hg jvd úYd, Pkao m%udKhla m%ldYs; ùu
;=< ue;sjrKfha § Pkao odhlhdf.a iyNd.s;ajh ch.%yKhla njg m;a lr,hs' ukao ta Pkao
u.ska foaYmd,k mlaIhlg wdikhla Èkd ÈSug iu;aj we;s neúks' wjidk .Kka ne,Sfï§ iEu
Pkaohlau .Kkh jk w;r tla tla Pkaoh fjkqfjka igka l, hq;= njg Wjukdjla yd
jákdlula foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ±fkkakg .kS' Pkao odhlhska úYd, m%udKhla Pkaoh m%ldY
lsÍug fhduqjkafka fï ;;a;ajh u;h' ft;sydislj .;a l, 18 jeks ishjfia § wkqmd;sl;ajh
ms<sn| woyi ls%hdjg kxjd .kakg jir ish .Kkla .; úh' 19 jeks ishji w. Nd.h jk úg
Pkao .Kkh lsÍfï l%ufõohg wod, mámdáh ksishdldrfhka ilid .; yels úh' wo" wkqmd;sl
ksfhdackh l%uhka Wfoid Ndú;d lrkakd jQ mámdàka ixLHdj w;s úYd,h' ñka iuyrla Pkao
odhlhdg wjfndaO lr.ekSu myiq ke;' ;j;a iuyr tajd tlu mlaIh ;=< isák Pkao
wfmalaIlhka w;r fyda fjk;a foaYmd,k mlaI w;r ±ä ;r`.ldß;ajhla we;s lrhs'

nyq;r iy wkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhka ys jdis(

nyq;r ksfhdack l%ufha jdis(
1' foaYmd,k mlaI ì£ hEu j<lajhs' md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< fyda fjk;a ;k;=rlg f;dard m;a lrkq
,eîug iq¿ mlaIj,g we;af;a b;d iSñ; wjia:djka we;'

2' mlaIh flfrys wjOdkh jeä lsÍu' mlaI fofla l%uhla ;ekSug we;s keñhdj fuu ksfhdack
l%uh ;=< ksi`.fhka ;sîu óg fya;=fjhs'

3' ia:djr wdKavq msysgqùu' md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<g ;ks mlaIfhl nyq;rhla f.k tafuka fuh
isÿfjhs'

4' foaYmd,ksl ueÈy;a nj we;s lsÍu' m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfhl iydh
,eîug wr., lrk ksidfjka tu ue;sjrKfhka ch.%yKh l< miqj foaYmd,ksl j.lSu ±Íug
o isÿfjhs' fï ksid fuu foaYmd,k mlaI ;ukaf.a foaYmd,kh ueoy;a Pkao odhlhska fj;

4
fufyheùu wjYH fjhs' ;ukag jdis odhl jkakd jQ yd ;ukaf.a wNsjDoaêh i|yd jQ jev igyka
iy m%dfhda.sl m%;sixialrKhka fj; fhduq ùu iSud lsÍug foaYmd,k mlaIj,g isÿfjhs'

5' wdKavqj ;=< úl,amhka ks¾udKh lsÍu' m%Odk mlaI úiska ,ndf.k we;s wdik ixLHdjka
Pkao m%udKfhl iq¿ fjkiaùula u; úYd, f,iska fjkilg ,la úh yel'

6' wdKavqj msysgqúh hq;af;a ljr foaYmd,k mlaIh úiska o hkak Pkaoodhlhskag iDcqju ;SrKh
l, yel' ue;sjrKfhka miqj ikaOdkhka f.dv k.kakg idlÉPd meje;aùu wjYH lrkafka
ke;'

wkqmd;sl ksfhdackfha jdis

1' md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ish¿ u;jdohkag bvla ie,fik wdldrfhka Wmßu ksfhdackhla ,nd §u'
fuh iEu mlaIhlgu ,efnk Pkaoj, m%;sY;h u; ;SrKh fjhs'

2' lD;su foaYmd,ksl nyq;rhka ks¾udKh ùu j<lajhs' ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfhl yenE nyq;rh
yd iu. fuh fkd.e,fmk w;r foaYmd,ksl wjYH;dj f.dvke.Sug wdh;ksluh ueÈy;a ùï
yryd ,nd.kakd jQ m%Óm,hka muKla fuys§ ksfhdackh fjhs'

3' idlÉPdj iy hï ;;a;ajhka w;a yeÍu u.ska nyq;rhka ks¾udKh l, yels fjhs' fuys§ úúO
jQ iudc n,fõ.hka o" jd¾.sl $ wd.ñl lKavdhï o iyNd.s fjhs'

4' wka;jdÈ foaYmd,ksl ls%hdldß;ajh j<lajhs' ue;sjrK l%ufha ljr fyda úlD;shla u.ska
foaYmd,ksl le<ô,s we;s lsÍug ^Pkao odhlhdf.a foaYmd,ksl ukdmhka fya;=fjka we;s
flfrk iajNdúl fjkialï yereKq fldg& fjk;a bvla fkdie,fihs'

5' iudÔhsh fjkialï iy kj foaYmd,ksl rgdjka ie,ls,a,g .kS' fuu kj n,fõ.hka

md¾,sfïka;= ls%hdoduh foig yerfjhs'

6' ia:djr mlaIhkaf.a taldêldrhla fyda zwêm;sjdÈ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uhlaZ we;s ùu je<elaùu'
wêm;sjdÈ mlaIhla ieu úgu ue;sjrK l%uh fj; Kh .e;s fjhs' tu.ska wdKavqjlg
m%cd;ka;S%h úl,amhka we;sùu jvd;a ÿIalr lrjhs' tfukau Bg lsis;a bvla fkdi,ihs'

úOdhl iajrEmh( md¾,sfïka;=jdohg tfrysj ckdêm;sjdoh

úOdhl ls%hdldß;ajh .ek i,ld n,k úg fndfyda m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYhka wdKavq flfrkafka §
we;s fuu l%uhka ;=fkka tllsks'

md¾,sfïka;= l%uh( kS;s iE§u iy ^nyq;r ;SrKhka u;& úOdhl n,;, fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu
m%Odk jYfhka isÿ flfrkafka jHjia:dodhlh u.sks'

ckdêm;s l%uh( úOdhl yd jHjia:dhl wxYhka fn§ fjkafldg we;' úOdhl n,;,
jHjdia:dodhlfhka msg; mj;S' tu n,;, ckdêm;sjrhd fyda Tyqf.a $ wehf.a leìkÜ uKav,h
i;=j we;'

w¾O ckdêm;s l%uh( w.ue;sjrfhl= iy leìkÜ wud;H uKav,hla iys; md¾,sfïka;= l%ufhls'
jHjia:dhl iNdfõ idudðlhkaf.ka fuu ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍï isÿ flfrk w;r Tjqka úOdhl
n,;, Ndú;d lrhs' ckdêm;sjrhdg o úOdhl n,;, we;'

ckdêm;s l%uhg tfrysj md¾,sfïka;= l%ufhka we;s jdis ms<sn|j flfrk újdoj,È jvd fyd|
l=ulao hkak m%YaK lsÍfï jeo.;alula ke;' wjYH lrkafka fok ,o iudchl tys iqúfYaIs
iudc jHqyhka o" nyq;r-iq¿;r iïnkaOhka o" foaYmd,k ixialD;sh iy b;sydih i,ld
ne,Sfuka o jvd;a iqÿiq foa f;dard .ekSu fjhs'
5
1978 wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj n,.kajk f;la ksoyi ,nd.;a od mgka YS% ,xldj md¾,sfïka; =
m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rgla fia mej;sfhah' 78 § md¾,sfïka;=jg f;dard .ekqkq ksfhdað;hskaf.ka m;a
lr.;a leìkÜ uKa,hla iu. úOdhl n,;, fnod .kakd jQ úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uhla y÷kajd
fokq ,eìks' úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh mj;ajd f.k hEu ms<sn|j Bg tl`.j yd úreoaOj újdo
.Kkdjla meje;afjhs' iuia: rgu ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhla fia f.k úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhd
f;dard m;a flfrk ksidfjka ckdêm;sjrhd njg m;ajkakdjQ ;eke;a;d iq¿;r ck fldgiaj,g
Wjukdjka ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla yd tajd flfrys ixfõÈ njla olajk wfhl= úh hq;=h' ukao
ckdêm;sjrKfha§ nyq;r ck;djf.a Pkao fn§ hEulg ,lajk ksid ckdêm;sjrhd f,i f;dard
m;a lrkq ,eîug iq¿ ck fldgiaj, iyfhda.h ;sîu jeo.;a fjhs' ;j;a iuyfrla ;¾l fldg
isákafka rg wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾Okh lsÍug;a" lsis úfgla ;ukaf.a idïm%odhsl wka;¾ mlaI
i;=re wdl,amhkaf.ka Tíng is;kakg fkdyelsj tl`.;djkaf.ka hq;= ;Skaÿ .ekSulg
fhduqjkakg wjYH miqìu fkdue;s b;d ±ä fia O%ùlrKh ù we;s md¾,sfïka;=jla ;sîu ksid;a
úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh ;sìh hq;= njhs'

md¾,sfïka;= iy ckdêm;s l%uhka ys jdis .ek bÈßm;a flfrk tlsfklg ;r`.ldß jQ woyia
jvd;a mg,eú,s iy.; iy úfgl m%;súfrdaê fyda mriamr njla Wiq,hs' flfiafj;;a iuyr
fhduqùï yd keñhdjka úuid ne,Su jà'

ia:djr m%cd;ka;%jdohla i|yd iu.s iïuq;sh o" uOHia:Ndjh o yd ish¿ oE wka;¾.; lr.ekSu
o wjYH flfrhs' uQ,slj .;a úg újdofha mg,eù isákakd jQ fomd¾Yjhu ;¾l fldg isákafka
;uka ukdm olajkakd jQ wdlD;sh iu.s iïuq;sh o" uOHia:Ndjh o yd ish¿ oE wka;¾.;
lr.ekSu o isÿ lrk b;du;au fyd| foa njh' fï ksid meyeÈ,s jk lreK kï ±ä fia fn§
fjkaj we;s iudchka ys m%cd;ka;S%h ia:djr;ajh we;s lsÍug fuu ,laIK iqÿiq njhs'

úOdhl wdlD;sh f;dard .ekSug" ;r`.ldß lKavdhï ^jd¾.sl& fld;rï úYd,;ajhla yd me;sr
hEula fmkakqï fldg ;sfnkjd o hkak m%Odk ldrKd fjhs' úOdhl jHqyhla f;dard.ekSfï§
úfYaIfhkau jeo.;ajkakd jQ ldrKd folla we;( tkï ;r`. jÈkakd jQ lKavdhïj, m%udKh
iy úys§ we;s wdldrhhs' o< jYfhka tl iudk m%udKhlska hq;= lKavhï ;=k y;rla ;sfnk
úg§ ish,a, tlai;a lsÍfï ks<hla jYfhka ckdêm;s Oqrh y÷kd.ekSu ÿIalr fjhs' fï
wdldrfhkau rfÜ ck;dj w;r tla ck lKavdhula nyq;rh ksfhdackh lrk úg§ fn§ fjkaj
isák iudchka md,kh lsÍfï wdïmkakhla jYfhka nyq;r wdêm;Hh we;s md¾,sfïka;=
ls%hd;aul fjhs' YS% ,xldj md¾,sfïka;= l%uhl isg 1978 § ckdêm;s l%uhla iys; rchla njg
mßj¾;kh jQfha tla;rd wdldrhlg wdêm;HOdß isxy, nyq;r ^iuia: ck.yKfhka ishhg 75
la& ck;dj iy fou< l;d lrkakdjQ iq¿ ck lKavdhu tlai;a lrjk yd ksfhdackh lrjk
cd;sl ks<hla fyda mqoa.,fhl= wjYH l, ksidfjks' fuu ;k;=r ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd wjYH
ckdêm;sjrKh ie,iqï lsÍfï§ fou< ck;djg o ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard .ekSu i|yd hï
n,mEula l, yels wdldrfhka th isÿ flßks' óg mriamr wdldrfhka flkahdfõ ckdêm;s
veksfh,a wrma fudhs ;ukaf.a l,skaðks f.da;s%lhka ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ ckdêm;sjrfhl=
f,i fmkS isáhs' trg nyq;rh jk lsl=hq f.da;s%lhka ksfhdackh Tyq w;ska isÿjkafka ke;'
ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard .ekSfï§ trg m<d;a wfgka wju jYfhka m<d;a myl ishhg 25 l
Pkaohla ckdêm;s wfmalaIlhdg ysñùu wjYH flfrhs'

úúO ks,hka i|yd f;dard.ekSï lsÍfï úêl%u u; fndfyda foa hefmhs' ck;d ksfhdað;hka
f;dardm;a lrkakg ks¾udKh fldg we;s ish¿ wdldr hdka;%Khkaf.ka md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK
iajrEmhka iy ckdêm;sjrK mj;ajk rgdjka w;r olakg we;s ;r`.ldß;ajh úhqla; f,i
ks¾Kh l, fkdyelsh' WodyrKhlg ue;sjrK l%ufha iajNdjh m%Odk ldrKh fjhs' tfukau
ck;dj w;r úfYaIfhkau olakg we;s ìh iel ixld hkdÈh úi|d,Sug md,l mx;Ska i;=
iSudjka o jeo.;ah' md¾,sfïka;=jdoh fhdackd lrkakjqka n,h fnod .ekSfï we;s jeo.;alu
lshd mdhs' ta yryd jHjia:dodhlh ;=< iq¿;r ck lKavdhï muKla fkdj nyq;r ck lKavdhï
o ksfhdackh l, yels njg wkqudk flfrhs' tfukau ;ks mlaI md,khg jvd ikaOdk
rchkaf.a md,kh iïu;hla njg ms<s.efkhs' fndfyda rgj, fuh f;areï lr fokafka .egqï
l<uKdlrk ksfhdað;fhl= jYfhka md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh ch.%yKh lrùug wkqmd;sl
Pkao l%uh b;d ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrk njh'
6
óg iudk f,iska ckdêm;sjrfhl=g wka;¾ jd¾.sl ueÈy;a ùula iy iu.s iïuq;shla we;s
lsÍug wjYH moku ,ndÈh yelafla tjeks iu.s iïuq;shlg wjYH Èߧula fjkqfjka meyeÈ,s
ue;sjrK ie,iqï ;sfí kï muKs' jd¾.sl .egqï ms<sn| iuyr úfYaI{hska mjikafka N+f.da,Sh
jYfhka Pkao úisr mej;Sfï wjYH;dj bgqlrk ue;sjrK ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;= njhs' tfia;a
ke;skï Pkao odhlhskaf.a fojeks yd ;=kajeks ukdmhka i,ld ne,sh yels ue;sjrK ie,eiaula
;sìh hq;= fjhs' fuu.ska jvd;a fyd| úu¾IKYS,s wdlD;shla imhd .; yels w;r f;dard.kq ,nk
ckdêm;sjrhd ish¿ ck j¾.hka ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ wfhl= njg m;afjhs' óg mriamrj
ckdêm;sjrK fyda md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhka" ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau <`.dùfï ke;skï
nyq;r Pkaofha mokñka meje;afjk úg ch.%dylhdf.a iyfhda.h uQ,sl jYfhka meñfKkafka
tla N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlska iy$fyda ck j¾.hlsks'

fï tla tla ue;sjrK l%ufhys jdis iy wjdis Wmßu ;,hg m;a lr.kq msKsi kuHYS,s;ajhg
iy ks¾udKYS,s;ajhg wjia:d yd bvlv wmuKj we;' md¾,sfïka;=jdoh ckdêm;sjrKh iy
w¾O ckdêm;sjrKh hk m%Odk j¾.SlrKhka ;=k h<s;a u;lhg k.d .ekSu fu;ek§ jeo.;a
jkafka tajd ksYaÑ; wdlD;Ska fia ie,flkjdg jvd tajd ;=< we;af;a mru wdlD;Skaf.a rEmhhs'
fï tla tla rgdfjys jdis iy wjdis Wmßu ;,hg m;a lr.kq msKsi kuHYS,s;ajhg iy
ks¾udKYS,s;ajhg wjia:d yd bvlv wmuKj we;' WodyrKhlg wms%ldj jeks iuyr
md¾,sfïka;=jdÈ rgj,a Tjqkaf.a w.ue;sjrhd wu;kafka zckdêm;sZ lshdh' fuu.ska tu OQrfha
we;s ixfÄ;d;aul n,hka Wmßu ;,hg kxjd.kakd w;ru md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha we;s jHqyd;aul
jdis o mj;ajd .kS' uE;l§ BY%dh,h ue;sjrK l%uhka folla w;r uqyqka ùu isÿ lrñka
md¾,sfïka;=fõ w.ue;sjrhd f;dard.ekSu ck;dj úiska iDcqj isÿ lrk fohla njg m;a lf,ah'
mska,ka;fha w¾O ckdêm;sjrK l%uh u.ska ckdêm;sjrhd ;ukaf.a n,;, jvd;a iudk
mokulska w.ue;sjrhd iu. fnod .kafkah' tys§ iuyr wxY fj; úfYaI j.lSï mejÍula isÿ
flfrhs' úfoaY m%;sm;a;s iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrkakg we;s n,;, tjekakls' fujeks
ks¾udKd;aul wdldrfhlska wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fufyheùu wNsu; b,lalhka jvd;a Wmßu
;,hlg m;a lsÍug wjia:d i,ik w;r wjdi iy.; foa fia y÷kd.;a foh wju lsÍug lghq; =
flfrhs'

ksfhdackh ,nd§u
ck;d ksfhdackh wju jYfhka y;r wdldrhla .kS' uQ,sl jYfhka N+f.da,Sh ksfhdackh u.ska
w`.jkafka .ula fõjd ke;skï k.rhla fõjd" m<d;la fõjd ke;skï ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalhla
fõjd ta tla tla fldÜGdYhg jHjia:dodhlfha ksfhdackhla ;sfnhs' wod, fldÜGdYhg wjidk
jYfhka j. lshkq msKsi jHjia:dhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;a lsÍu isÿ lrkafka tu
fldÜGdY u.sks' fojeksj .;a l, iudchla ;=< we;s u;jd§uh fjkialï jHjia:dodhlh ;=<
ksfhdackh flfrhs' fuh foaYmd,k mlaIj, ksfhdað;hka yryd fyda iajdëk ksfhdað;hska
u.ska ke;skï ta fofldgfiysu tluq;=fjka isÿ flfrhs' f;jeksj" u;jd§uh mokula
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g fkd;snqk o rg ;=< mj;akd mlaI foaYmd,kfha ;;a;ajh jHjia:dodhlh
u.ska ksfhdackh lrhs' Pkao odhlhskaf.ka wvla tla foaYmd,k mlaIhlg Pkaoh m%ldY l, o"
jHjia:dhlh ;=< tu foaYmd,k mlaIhg lsis;a wdikhla Èkd.ekSug fkdyels jqks kï fyda
tlÿ wdikhla Èkd.ekSug yelshdjla fkd;snqfka kï tu ue;sjrK l%uh ck;djf.a leue;a;
m%udKj;a f,i m%lg lrkakd jQ fyda ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ tlla fia ie,lsh fkdyel'
y;rjeksj" iúia;rd;aul ksfhdackh u.ska jHjia:dodhlh hï m%udKhlska zfoaYfha legm;Z
njg i,lkq ,efnhs' ck;dj iuia:hla f,i mrdj¾;kh lr olajk wdldrfhka jHjia:dodhlh
ls%hdlsÍu;a" is;Su;a" ixfõ§ ùu;a fuys§ jeo.;a fjhs' m%udKj;a f,i iúia;rd;aul jQ
jHjia:dodhlhla ;=< .eyeKq iy msßñ o" ;reK iy uy¿ msßio" Okj;=ka iy ÿ.Ska o wka;¾.;
flfrk w;r iudcfha we;s úúO wd.ñl iïnkaO;do" NdIduh jYfhka fjkia m%cdjka o iy
jd¾.sl lKavdhï o we;=<;a lr.kS'

7
iu.s ikaOdkh i|yd 駤u
wdKavq ks¾udKh lsÍug muKla ue;sjrK l%uhka mj;sk nj fkdis;sh hq;=h' iudch ;=< we;s
.egqï l<uKdlrkh lsÍuo ue;sjrK l%uhkaf.a ldßhls' iuyr wjia:dj,§ ;ukaf.a Pkao
mokug Tífnka Pkao iydh me;Sug iuyr ue;sjrK l%u u.ska foaYmd,k Èßu;a flfrhs'
WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg foaYmd,k mlaIh ;ukag wjYH iydh uQ,sl fldg nyq;r ck
lKavdhfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqjo fjk;a iqúfYaI ue;sjrK l%uhla u.ska iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,
fyda fjk;a Pkao odhlhskaf.ka iydh b,a,d isàug foaYmd,k mlaIj,g Èߧula lrkq we;'
fuhdldrhg .;a úg foaYmd,k mlaIhl m%;sm;a;suh moku jvd;a fkdìf|k iq¿ iy neyer
fkdflfrk ;;a;ajhlg m;ajk w;r th jvd;a tlai;a yd wka;¾.;Sh njla Wiq,kakg fjhs'
fujeks Èߧï ue;sjrK l%u yryd isÿ flfrk úg foaYmd,k mlaI jd¾.slj;a" l,dmShj;a"
NdIduh jYfhkq;a fyda u;jd§uh jYfhkq;a neyer lr,Su wju fjhs'

wfkla w;g ue;sjrK l%u u.ska Pkao odhlhska o Èßu;a l, yel' Tjqkag ;ukaf.a lKavdhug
Tífnka we;s ;;a;ajhka olskag;a" idïm%odhslj l,la uq¿,af,a fjk;a ck fldgila ksfhdackh
l, mlaI fj; ;ukaf.a Pkaoh m< lsÍug;a ue;sjrK l%u u.ska ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrjhs' tjeks
Pkao m< lsÍfï yeisÍula u.ska wka ish¿ ldrKd wka;¾.; lr.ekSug fyda ms<s.ekSug ,la
lsÍug o" m%cdj f.dvkexùug o Wmldr fjhs' tla ukdmhlg jvd jeä ukdm m%udKhlska ck;d
ksfhdað;hska f;dard m;a lsÍug Pkao odhlhdg we;s bvlv fya;=fjka l,ska wkqudk fldg f.k
we;s iudc iSudjka blaujd hEug Pkao odhlhdg wjldYhla ie,fihs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a
úg W;=re wh¾,ka;h 1998 uyd isl=rdod Èk we;s lr.;a ue;sjrK .súiqu u.ska ;ks yqjudre l,
yels Pkaoh hgf;a ziduhg ,eÈZ foaYmd,k mlaIj,g úfYaI jdishla w;ajqkq w;r jvd;a mq¿,a
wkqmd;sl m%Óm,hkag th fya;=ldrl jQfhah' flfiafj;;a 2003 ue;sjrKfha§ ±ä u;OdÍ mlaI
fj; m<uq ukdmhka ú;ekaùu fya;=fjka l,ska mej;s ;;a;ajhka jvd;a nrm;, f,i fjkia
lrkakg fya;=úh'

wdKavqj j.ùfuka hq;= ùu

ksfhdack wdKavqjl jvd;a jeo.;a moku ku j.ùuhs' tjeks j.ùula fkdue;s l, rfÜ
foaYmd,kfha §¾>ld,Sk wia:djr;ajhla we;sfõ' j.ùfuka hq;= foaYmd,k l%uhla hkq wdKavqj
Pkao odhlhskag yels by<u uÜgñka j.lSfuka ne£ isàuhs' wdKavqfõ iajremh ;Skaÿ lrkakg
Pkao odhlhskag n,mEï l, yels úh hq;=h' n,fha isákakd jQ ikaOdk mlaIhka fjkia lsÍug
fyda n,fha isá ;ks mlaIhla ck;dj fjkqfjka bgq l, hq;= foa bgq lrkakg wiu;a ùu
ksidfjka n,fhka fkrmd yeÍug ck;djg yels úh hq;=h' jvd;a fyd¢ka ie,iqï lrk ,o
ue;sjrK l%uhka fuu b,lal imqrd.ekSu myiq lrjhs'

fuu lafIa;%h iïnkaO idïm%odhsl ±kqu ir, tlla jkq we;' idïm%odhslj .;a l, nyq,;aj $
nyq;r l%uhka u.ska ;ks mlaI n,hg m;afjkq ±lsh yels úh' ta w;r iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%u
u.ska nyqmdlaIsl ikaOdkhka ieliSu isÿ úh' fï iïnkaOfhka j,x.= jQ mq¿,a ;¾lKhka
mj;sk kuqÿ ue; ld,fha§ Èkqï lKqj uq,skau miq lsÍfï l%uh Ndú;fhka nyqmdlaIsl leìkÜ
uKav, we;s flÍ we;s njg ^WodyrKhlg bkaÈhdj& m%udKj;a idlaIs we;' ke;skï iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdackh iys; ue;sjrKhl§ m%n, ;ks mlaIhl wdKavqjla msysgqjkakg yelsùu iïnkaOfhka
^WodyrKhlg ol=Kq wms%ldj& idlaIs we;' fï ksid tla ue;sjrK rgdjlska iqúfYaIS m%Óm,hka
rdcH md,kh iïnkaOfhka w;a lr.kq we;ehs wkqudk lsÍu iel ixld Wmojk ldrKhls'
kuq;a meyeÈ,sj i|yka l, yels foa kï rdcH md,kh iïnkaOfhka b;d m%n, yd w;sYh jeo.;a
ldrKd .Kkdjla ue;sjrK l%u yryd" tkï ckdêm;sjrK yd md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK l%u yryd
u;= flfrk njh'
;ks ck;d ksfhdað;hka j.ùfuka hq;= ùu
;ks mqoa.,hdf.a j.ùu flf¾ wjOdkfhka isàu ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfha ish¿ fokdf.a
lghq;a;ls' ck;d ksfhdað;fhl= f,i f;dard m;a lr.kq ,enQ ;ks mqoa.,hd ;ukaf.a Pkao

8
jHdmdrh mqrdjg f.k ±lajq fmdfrdkaÿ bgq lf,a o hkak fyda Tyq b;d wid¾:l mqoa.,fhl= f,i
lghq;= fldg we; hkak ;SrKh lsÍu;a" ;ukaf.a ks,h ;=< lsis;a jevla fkdlrñka l,a f.jd
we; hkak y÷kd.ekSu;a iy ztjekakka m<jd yeÍu;aZ Pkao fldÜGdYh ;=< isákakd jQ whf.a
j.lSu fjhs' iuyr ue;sjrK l%u" m%n, uOH.; mlaIhl kdhlhdf.a f;dard.ekSu u; kï
flfrk wfmalaIlhd flf¾ wjOdrKhla lrkjdg jvd m%dfoaYSh ckms%h Pkao wfmalaIlhkaf.a
N+ñldj wjOdrKh flfrhs'

nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uhka idïm%odhslj .;a l, wiu;alï mE ;ks mqoa., ksfhdað;hska
n,fhka fkrmd yeßug Pkao odhlhskag Wmßu wjia:djka i,id we;af;ah' kej;;a fuho
iuyr úfgl j,x.= fohla fia fmfkhs' flfiafj;;a Pkao odhlhska uQ,sl fldg Pkao
wfmalaIlhdg jvd foaYmd,k mlaIh iu. ±ä iïnkaOhla we;s lr.kakd úg ^tlai;a rdcOdksfha
fuka& th b;d nrm;, ldrKhla njg m;ajkafkah' ta w;r újD; yd ksoyia ,ehsia;= l%u iy
;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%u ie,iqï fldg we;af;a iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhl§ Pkao
wfmalaIlhd isÿ l, hq;= f;dard.ekSu Pkao odhlhd úiska isÿ lrkakg bv ie,eiaùugh'

foaYmd,k mlaI Èßu;a lsÍu

ia:djr iy w¨;ska we;s flrekq m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rgj,ska ,efnk idlaIsj,g wkqj m%cd;ka;%jdofha
ish¿ Yla;Ska f.dkq fldg .ekSu i|yd §¾> ld,hla .;fjhs' tkï foaYShj u;=j we;s
wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK foñka foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ia:djr lr.ekSug m%cd;ka;%jdÈ md,kh lghq;=
lrkafka flfiao hkak jeo.;a ldrKhls' fï i|yd m%n, n,mEulska hq;= foaYmd,k mlaIj,
jeãu iy meje;au wjYH flfrhs' ue;sjrK l%uh Èßu;a l, hq;af;a fuu ;;a;ajh ñi mlaI ì£
hEu fyda mlaIj,g iSud mkjd .ekSu Èßu;a lsÍu fkdjkafkah' wjYH iydh wju uÜgfï
mj;sk fyda b;d iq¿ iydhla we;s mlaI neyer lr,Sug ue;sjrK l%uhka ilia l, yel' ;ks
mqoa., foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a jdyk njg foaYmd,k mlaI m;aùu o ue;sjrK l%u u.sk a
myiqlrKh i,ikakd jQ fyda wffO¾hu;a l, yelaldjQ ;;a;ajhls' fuho ue;sjrK l%u ie,iqï
lsÍfï§ ;SrKh l, hq;= ldrKdjls'

fndfyda úfYaI{hska w;r tl`.;djla we;af;a mq¿,a foaYmd,k jákdlï yd u;jdo u; mokï jQ
foaYmd,k mlaI ks¾udKh lsÍug fyda f.dv ke.Sug Èß fok ue;sjrK l%u ie,iqï úh hq;=
njhs' fujeks foaYmd,k mlaIj,g iqúfYaIS m%;sm;a;suh jevigyka o we;' óg yd;amiska b÷rdu
fjkia ;;a;ajhla kï mgq jd¾.sl" cd;sjdÈ fyda l,dmSh Wjukdjka u; foaYmd,k mlaI
ks¾udKh ùuh' iudc .egqï wju lrkakd jQ" zfn§ï bj;,kZ mq¿,a mokï u; ieliqkq
mlaIj,g cd;sl u;h f.k olajkakg yelshdj we;' óg imqrdu fjkia ;;a;ajhla kï m%dfoaYSh
fyda mlaI.%dyS Wjukdjka fjkqfjka foaYmd,k mlaI ;ekSuh'

jHjia:dodhlfha úreoaO md¾Yjh iy tys wëlaIKh Èßu;a lsÍu

rdcH n,h w; we;s wh u; muKla m%n, rdcH md,khla r|d fkdmj;shs' rdcH md,kfha
isákakjqka g úreoaO;ajh mdkakd jQ iy rdcH md,lhka wëlaIKh lrkakd jQ msßi o m%n, rdcH
md,khla i|yd wjYH flfrhs' jvd;a Yla;su;a foaYmd,k mlaIhla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug
ue;sjrK l%uh iydh úh hq;=j we;' tjeks úreoaO mlaIhla u.ska jHjia:d iïmdok ld¾hh
we.hSu" úOdhlfha lghq;= m%YaK lsÍu" iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr,Su iy Bg
Pkaoh ,ndÿkakd jQ Pkaoodhlhska ksfhdackh lr,Su isÿ flfrhs' m%n, úreoaO mlaIhla ùug
md¾,sfïka;= l%uh ;=<§ m%udKj;a ksfhdað;hska m%udKhla isàu wjYH flfrhs' tfukau mj;sk
wdKavqjg h:d¾;jdÈ úl,amhla f,i mj;skakg o úreoaO mlaIhg yels úh hq;=h' yeneúkau
úreoaO mlaIfha Yla;sh r|d mj;skafka ue;sjrK l%uh u; muKla u fkdj' ta i|yd úYd,
ldrKdjka m%udKhla n,mdhs' kuq;a ue;sjrK l%uh úiska úreoaO mlaIh ÿn, tlla njg m;a
lrkafka kï m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rdcH md,kh ksi`.fhkau ÿ¾j, tlla njg m;ajkafkah'
kjiS,ka;h ñY% idudðl iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh Pkao l%uh fj; udre ùug m%Odk ldrKh
f,i olajkafka nyq;r Pkaoh ke;skï Èkqï lKqj uq,skau miq lsÍfï Pkao l%uh u.ska l%ufhka
9
l=vd úreoaO mlaIhka wvq ksfhdackhla iys; tajd njg m;aùuh' ta w;ru zch.%dylhd ish,a,
f.k hhsZ hk ;;a;ajhgo ndOd muqKqjkakg ue;sjrK l%uhka ilia úh hq;=h' ch.%dylhd
ish,a, ;uka i;= lr.kakd ;;a;ajhka ys § rdcH md,lfhda wka woyia iy wjYH;d o" úreoaO
mlaIhkag Pkaoh m, l,djQ Pkao odhlhska .eko lsis;a wjOdkhla fkdfohs' tjeks md,lhska
ue;sjrKhka iy wdKavq olskafka lsis;a ;r`.hla ke;s fi,a,ula f,ih'

ckdêm;sjrKhl§" ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhlfha iEfyk ksfhdað; msßilf.a iydh wjYH

flfrhs' flfiafj;;a úreoaO;ajh mEug;a iy rcfha kS;s iïmdok fhdackd úu¾IKh lr
ne,Sug;a wka whg we;s N+ñldj tl yd iudk f,iskau jeo.;ah' jHjia:dodhlh iy úOdhlh
w;r n,h fjka lr ±laùu u.ska úreoaO mlaIj, idudðlhka .ek muKla fkdj ish¿ jHjia:d
iïmdolhskaf.a lghq;= wëlaIKh lrkakg úOdhlhg yelshdjla ,nd fohs' fï ksid foaYmd,k
mlaI iy tajdfha f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hska w;r iïnkaOhg wod,j o" foaYmd,k mlaI iy Pkao
wfmalaIlhska iïnkaOj o idfmalaIl jeo.;a lula fokq msKsi ue;sjrK l%uhka ys we;s uQ, sl
wx. flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;HjYHh'

ldka;d ksfhdackh
YS% ,xldfõ ldka;dj iuia: ck.yKfhka ishhg 52 la ksfhdackh lrhs' kuq;a md¾,sfïka;=j
;=< Tjqkaf.a ksfhdackh ishhg 5 lg;a wvq m%udKhls' m<d;a md,k ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh
ishhg 2 lg;a wvq uÜgul mj;S' foaYmd,k ;,fha§ ldka;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh §¾> ld,hla
uq¿,af,a újdohg ,la fjñka mej;=ks' md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ldka;dj ksfhdackh jkq msKsi fldagd
l%uhla y\qkajd §ug mK;a flgqïm;la ieliSug wjYH mshjr .Kkdjla .kq ,eìks'
wjdikdjlg fuu ish¿ mshjrhka ixjdo uÜgug muKla iSud úh'

YS% ,xldfõ 6 jeks md¾,sfïka;=fõ ue;sjrK m%;si xialrK md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï lñgqj bÈßm;a l,
jd¾;djg wkqj foaYmd,kfha§ ldka;d ksfhdackhg wod, .eg¨ úi|d,Sug yqÿ ks¾foaY muKla
bÈßm;a fldg ;snqKs' tu ks¾foaYhg wkqj foaYmd,k mlaI úiska ldka;d ksfhdað;hska kï l,
hq;= w;r úúO ;,j,§ Tjqkaj ck;d ksfhdackh i|yd f;dard m;a lr.kq ,eìh yels jkafkah'
fuh foaYmd,k mlaIj, m%;sm;a;s ;=<g we;=¿ lr.kakd f,io tu jd¾;dj u.ska ks¾foaY lr
we;' tkuq;a foaYmd,k mlaI iy ue;sjrK j,g wod, uE; ld,Sk wK mk;a u.ska fuu
ks¾foaYh o u. yer we;' ta fjkqjg i|yka fldg we;af;a foaYmd,k mlaIj, ;SrK .ekSfï
lñgq ;=<g ldka;dj we;=¿ lrjk f,ih'

cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï iïu;hkag yd iïuq;Skag wkqj foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól iy iudc Ôú;fha
ish¿ wxYhka flfrys lsisÿ fjkialulg ,la fkdùug ldka;djg whs;sjdislula we;s w;r ;Skaÿ
.ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§;a" ish¿ uÜgïj, n,h ±Íug;a iudk f,iska iyNd.sjkakg ldka;djg
whs;sjdislï we;' ;jo ldka;djg ysñ whs;sjdislï mQ¾K f,i imqrd .kakg yelshdj ,efnkafka
ldka;dj mQ¾K yd iudk f,iska ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg iyNd.s jqjfyd;a muKs hkakg o
wjOdrKh fldg we;'

ldka;djg tfrys ish¨ fjkialï bj;a lr,Sfï cd;Hka;r .súiqfuys j.ka;s wxl 7" 8 iy 14 o"
ixj¾Okh i|yd whs;sjdislug wod, cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sfhys 8 jeks j.ka;sh o" 1905 îð ys
meje;ajqkq îðx ls%hdldß;aj uKavmfha f,dal ldka;d iuq¿fjys 181" 190 iy 195 fþohka o" îð
m%{ma;sfha 13 jk fþofha o" úhdkd m%{ma;sfha 43 jk fþofha o" 1993 udkj ysñlï ms,n| f,dal
iuq¿fjka o" 1995 iudc ixj¾Okh ms<sn| f,dal iuq¿fõ fldmkafya.ka m%{ma;sfha 4 iy 5
j.ka;Ska o ldka;dj iïnkaOfhka wdKavqj,g we;a;djQ j.lSaï f.k olajhs' ish¿ rdcHhka fuu
cd;Hka;r f,aLk ms<s.; hq;= w;r tajdfha i|yka foa bgq lsÍug o ne£ we;af;ah'

ldka;d ksfhdackh by< kexúh yels l%u fndfyduhla we;' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh u.ska
ldka;djka fndfyduhla f;dard m;a lsÍug bv wjia:d we;' úYd, ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalhka Ndú;d
lrkakd jQ Pkao l%uhka ldka;djka kï lsÍug foaYmd,k mlaI Èß.kajhs' fujeks ldka;d kï
10
lsÍula u.ska foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ;ukaf.a ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;a lr.ekSug we;s bvlv
jeäfjhs' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= Ndú;d lrkakd jQ iuyr rgj,a tla tla mlaIh úisk a
kï lrkakd jQ Pkao wfmalaIlhka w;r ldka;djg o tla;rd wkqmd;hla ysñlr fohs'

Pkao l%uh f;dard .ekSug wu;rj ldka;d ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj by< kexùug Ndú;d l,
yels fjk;a Wmdh ud¾.hka o we;'

w& m<uqj wdik fjkalr ;eîu isÿ l, yel' ldka;djka i|yd jHjia:dodhlfhys ksYaÑ; wdik
ixLHdjla fjka lr ;eìh yelsh' fuu wdik msrúh yelafla m%dfoaYSh ksfhdað;hkaf.ka fyda
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g cd;sl jYfhka ,efnkakdjQ iuia: Pkaofhka iDcq wkqmd;hla yeáhgh'
nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uhka ys wiqka fjka lr ;eîu idudkHfhka ±lsh yels ;;a;ajhls' th
rfÜ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.skau wdrlaId lr we;' fuh rgj,a lsysmhl muKla ±lsh yels
;;a;ajhls' we*a.ksia:dkh ^m<d;a 32 ka tla tla m<d;g ldka;djka fofofkl= fyda o< jYfhka
wdikj,ska ishhg 25 la&" W.kavdj ^Èia;s%lal 56 ka tla tla Èia;s%lalhg tla ldka;dj ne.ska fyda
o< jYfhka wdikj,ska ishhg 18 la& iy rejkavdj ^ldka;d Pkaohla u.ska muKla ldka;djka
24 fofkl= f;dard m;a flfrhs' fuh wdikj,ska ishhg 30 la ,nd§uls&' bkaÈhdfõ iuyr
m%dka;hka ys m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ^mxpdh;a& wdik lKavdhï ;=klg fjka fldg olajd we;(
tla tla ue;sjrKhl § tla wdik ldKavhlg ldka;djka muKla kï l, yel' ta wkqj
ldka;djkaf.ka ;=fkka tlla wju jYfhka f;dard m;a lrkq ,eîug yelshdj we;af;ah' Bg
iu.dój mqreIhska jir foll ld, iSudjlg f;dard m;a flfrhs'

wd' fojekqj" Pkao kS;sh m%ldrj foaYmd,k mlaI úiska f;dard m;a lrkq ,eîu msKsi ksYaÑ;
ldka;djka ixLHdjla Pkao wfmalaIlhska fia kï lsÍu isÿ l, yel' fuh fndfyda fldg
isÿjkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack Pkao l%uhka ys § h' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg keóìhdj
^m<d;a uÜgñka ldka;d Pkao wfmalaIsldjka ishhg 30 la& iy fmre ^ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka
ishhg 30 la& ±laúh yelsh' fnd,súhdfõ ñY% idudðl iudkqmd;sl Pkao l%ufha iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j o ^ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka ishhg 30 la& ±laúh yelsh' flfiafj;;a" fuu
b,lalhka imqrd,k njg kS;s lsisúfgl ;yjqrejla fkdfohs' ta i|yd ±ä kS;suh ksfhda.hla
;sìh hq;=j we;' tfukau ldka;djka mlaI ,ehsia;=j,ska f;dard m;a flfrk njg ;yjqrejla
ue;sjrK hdka;%Kh ;=<ska u n,.ekaúh hq;=j we;' tjekakla wd¾fckaákdfõ o ^ishhg 30 l
ch.%dys ia:dkhka ;sîu&" fn,aðhfï o ^jeä Pkao ,nd.;a Pkao wfmalaIlhska fofokd ldka;djl
yd mqreIfhl= úh hq;=h& iy fldiagd ßldfõ o ^ch.%dys ia:dkhka ishhg 40 la ;sîu& ±lsh yelsh'

we' ;=kajeksj" foaYmd,k mlaI úiska jHjia:dodhlh ksfhdackh lrkakg mlaI ;=<u fldagdjka
m%udKhla ldka;djka fjkqfjka fjka fldg ;sìh yelsh' foaYmd,ksl Ôú;h ;=< ldka;djf.a
iyNd.s;ajh Èß .kajkq msKsi idudkH jYfhka Ndú;fha fhdojd we;s hdka;%Kh fuh fjhs'
f,dalh mqrd úúO m%udKhkaf.ka fuu l%ufha id¾:l;ajh ±lsh yelsj we;( ol=Kq wms%ldfõ
wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih" fmfrdksiaÜ mlaIh iy wd¾fckaákdfõ /äl,a isúla hQkshka"
fnd,súhdfõ fldkafvmd ^mS;DN+ñfha yDoh idlaIsh&" fulaisfldafõ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ úma,ùh mlaIh
iy TiafÜ%,shdfõ yd tx.,ka;fha lïlre mlaI yd ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, tu id¾:l;ajh
Èiafjhs' 1997 § tx.,ka; ue;sjrKhg lïlre mlaIh úiska ldka;djka muKla Pkao
wfmalaIlhka f,i kï lsÍfuka md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh 60 isg 119 olajd by<
kexúks'

2004 j¾Ifha§ rgj,a 14 la ;ukaf.a wdKavql%u jHjia:d u.ska ldka;djka i|yd jk fldagd
m%udKh wdrlaId lr.kakd ,È ^uE; ld,Skj Bg tla jQfha we*a.ksia:dkhhs&' kS;sh u.ska tjeks
fldagd m%udKhla ldka;djka fjkqfjka fjka fldg we;s rgj,a ixLHdj 32 ls' rgj,a 61 l mlaI
125 la u.ska ;ukaf.a mlaI i|yd iafjÉPdfjkau fldagd l%uhla Èh;a fldg we;' ue;sjrK l%u
.ek i,ld n,k úg rgj,a 17 la nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uh u.ska ldka;djkag fldagdjla
fjka fldg we;s w;r ñY% Pkao l%uhka we;s rgj,a 15 l o" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh we;s rgj,a
45 l o ldka;djkag fldagdjka fjka fldg we;' we*a.ksia:dkh iy fcd¾odkh o ldka;djka
fjkqfjka fldagdjka fjka fldg we;'

11
jHjia:dodhlhka ys ldka;d ksfhdackh ,nd fokakd jQ Pkao l%uhka tajdfha id¾:l;ajh yd w;a
lrf.k we;a;d jQ m%Óm, u; fjkiaùï fmkakqï lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg fjka l,
wdik ldka;djka ck;d ksfhdackh i|yd f;dard m;a lrkq ,eîu ;yjqre lrhs' kuq;a iuyr
ldka;djka ;¾l fldg lshd isákafka fldagd l%uh yqfola ldka;dj iekiSu i|yd fhÿ
Wml%uhla nj;a" tu.ska ldka;dj l%ufhka mfilg ;,a¨ lrkq ,eîu wruqKq fldg we;s nj;a h'
jHjia:dodhlhg f;dard m;a lr.kq ,eîu ;SrK .ekSfï n,h ysñ lr§ula fia woyia fkdfjhs'
iuyr rgj, ldka;d jHjia:d iïmdolhska" úfYaIfhkau fjkal, wdik fyda úfYaI wdik u.ska
m;a l, ldka;djka" ienE ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdodufhka wE;a fldg ;nd we;' tfukau ;j;a rgj,
fldagd l%uhg ;k;=re ,nd.;a ldka;djka m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha iy zidïm%odhslZ m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokhg n,mEï lsßfï b;d jákd odhl;ajhla ,nd § we;' fï ms<sn| jeä úia;r
±k.ekSug www.quotaproject.org. fjí wvúhg msúfikak'

iq¿ ck fldgia ksfhdackh

Ys% ,xldj ;=< iq¿ ck fldgiaj, ksfhdackh iy iyNd.s;ajh 1931 § Pkao n,h ,nd ÿka ld,fha
mgka ;SrKd;aul .eg¿jlaj mej;sks' fuh jvd;a ;Sj% jQfha 1948 § ,xldjg ksoyi ysñùu;a
iu.h' YS% ,xldj fjiaÜñkaiag¾ iajrEmfha nyq;r wdKavqjla mj;ajd.kakg úh' ksoyiska miq
ieleiqkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 27 jeks j.ka;sfha 2 î fldgiska iq¿ ck fldgia wdrlaId lrkq
msKsi úê úOdk fhÿko th w;sYhskau m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fmkS .sfhah' bkaÈhdkq iïNjh
iys; fou< ck;djf.a mqrjeis whs;sjdislu 1948 ,xld mqrjeis mK;ska wfydais flßks' bkamiqj
1949 § bkaÈhdkq iïNjh iys; fou< jeishkaf.a Pkao whs;sh o wfydais lrk ,È' 1956 § f.k wd
rdcH NdId mK; u.ska isxy, NdIdj muKla rdcH NdIdj f,ig m%ldYhg meñKùfuka fou<
NdIdjg we;s iu ;ek wysñj .sfhah' fufia wLKavju foaYmd,ksljQ;a" wd¾Ól jQ;a neyer lsÍï
iq¿ ck fldgia fj; t,a,ùfuka m%dfoaYSh ksoyi iy f*vr,a iajrEmfha wdKavqjla b,a,d isàu
jeksfoa biau;= jkakg úh' fou< ck;djf.a iudc" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fiau iudkd;au;djh
wdrlaId lr.kq msKsi fuu b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lrk ,È' mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj, m%Óm,h jQfha
nKavdrkdhl ^w.ue;s& fp,ajkdh.ï ^f*vr,a mlaIfha kdhl - fou< ck;djf.a m%Odk
foaYmd,k mlaIh& w;r 1957 § .súiqula we;sùuh' miqj vâ,s fiakdkdhl ^w.ue;s& iy
fp,ajkdh.ï w;r .súiqula 1965 § we;súks' bkaÈhdkq w.ue;sjrhd iy YS% ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd
w;r .súiqula 1987 § we;s úh' fuh kñka bkaÿ-,xld .súiqu kï fõ' wjdikdjlg fï ish¿
W;aidyhka YS% ,xldfõ iq¿;r ck;djf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iy iudk iyNd.s;ajh ms<sn|
.eg¿ úi|d,Sug iu;a fkdùh' iq¿;rh uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ úi£ug .;a fï ish¿ W;aidyhka
wid¾:lúug n,mE tla ldrKdjla f,i jkafka nyq;rfha leue;a; u; iq¿;rfha whs;sjdislï
imqrd .ekSug isÿùuh' tkï nyq;r md,kh hgf;a iq¿;r whs;sjdislï ±ä iSud jkag ,laùuh'
YS% ,xldj" jd¾.sl" wd.ñl iy NdIduh iq¿;r lKavdhïj, whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrkq msKsi
ish¿ m%{ma;Skag yd .súiqïj,g w;aika ;nd tl`.;ajh m< fldg we;;a" iq¿;r ck;djf.a
whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; jk wdldrfhka cd;Hka;r mokï u; /£ tu whs;sjdislï rdcH m%;sm;a; Ska
;=<g we;=<;a fldg ls%hdjg kexúug wfmdfydi;a úh' fï ksid YS% ,xldfõ ðj;ajk iq¿ ck
fldgiaj,g jdishla jk wdldrfhka cd;Hka;r kS;sh m%ldrj lghq;= lrkakg ,xld rch wiu;a
úh'

ksoyi iufha YS% ,xldj wkq.ukh l,djQ uq,skau Èkqï lKqj miqlrk ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska
md¾,sfïka;=jg ksfhdað;hska 145 fofkl= f;dard.ekSug yelsúh' md,l mlaIh úiska kï lrk
,o yh fofkl=o we;=,;a lr.;a ksid md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðl ixLHdj 151 la úh' ;jo j;=lrfha
ue;sjrK fldÜGdYj,ska bkaÈhdkq iïNjh iys; fou< ckhd ksfhdackh lrkakg idudðlhska
y;a fofkl= md¾,sfïka;=jg f;dard .eksks' 1948 § bkaÈhdkq iïNjh iys; fou< jeishkag
Pkaoh m< lsÍfï whs;sh wfydais lrk ,o ksidfjka 1977 jir jk f;la lsisÿ md¾,sfïka;=jlg
Tjqka ksfhdackh fjkqfjka tlÿ idudðlfhl= f;dard m;a lr.kakg wjia:djla fkdúks'
md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< fuu iudc lKavdhu i|yd ksfhdackh ,nd.ekSug yels jQfha md¾,sfïka;=
idudðl;ajhg kdu fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍfuks' fuu myiqlu 1972 olajd iEu wdKavqjla hgf;au
ysñúh' 1972 § n,.kajk ,o fojeks wdKavql%u jHjia:dj md¾,sfïka;=jg kï lrk ,o
12
idudðlhka bj;a l, w;r nyq idudðl ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhla ^kqjr t<sh - uiafl,sh
m%foaYhg idudðlhska ;sfofkl=f.a fldÜGdYhla f,ig& we;s lrk ,È' tys§ bkaÈhdkq iïNjh
iys; fou< jeishkag tla ksfhdað;fhl= md¾,sfïka;=jg heùug wjia:dj Wodúks' ;j;a nyq
idudðl ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ;=kla mej;sks - uOHu fld<U" fírej, iy uvl,mqj tu
ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka h' fuu.ska iq¿ ck fldgiaj,g ;ukaf.a ksfhdackh i|yd f;dardm;a
lsÍï isÿ lrkakg wjia:dj Wodúks' 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh
hgf;a Èia;s%lal ,ehsia;= l%uhla y÷kajd fok ,È' fuu.ska ish¿ iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g iy l=vd
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ;ukaf.a wdik m%udKh jeä lr.ekSug wjia:dj Wodúks'
iq¿ ck fldgiaj, md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackfha fuu ixLHd;aul jeäùu ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§
iudk iyNd.s;ajh ,nd§u flfrys lsis;a n,mEula we;s lf,a ke;' iq¿ ck fldgia foaYmd,ksl
yd wd¾Ól jYfhka wka;¾.; lr.kq msKsi n, .kajd fkd;sîu óg fya;=j úh'

iq¿;r jd¾.sl lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh by< kexùu msKsi fndfyda úê l%u fhÈh yelsj ;sfí'
kej;;a" úYd, Èia;s%lalhka Ndú;hg .kakd jQ ue;sjrK l%uhka u.ska iq¿;r lKavdhï
ksfhdackhg kdu fhdackd bÈßm;a lrk f,ig foaYmd,k mlaI ffO¾uh;a flfrhs'
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a ta ;dla W!K ksfhdackh iys; jQ fyda ksfhdackh fkdue;s
lKavdhïj,g wjia:djka ie,fihs' nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uhka ys iq¿;r ck fldgia iy
jd¾.sl lKavdhï i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik fjka lr ;eîula iuyr úfgl isÿ flfrhs'

jHjia:dodhlh ;=< fjka fldg we;s wdik iqúfYaIs iq¿;r ck fldgia ksfhdackhg fhdod
.efkhs' úúO rgj, y÷kd.;a jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl iq¿;rhkag wdik fjka lr ;eîu ±lsh yels
fjhs' fldf,dïìhdj ^l¿ ck fldgia&" fl%dtaIshdj ^yxf.aßhdkq" b;d,s" fpla" iaf,djela"
re;skshdkq" Wlaf¾kshdkq" c¾uka iy Tiaá%hdkq iq¿;r fldgia&" bkaÈhdj ^jHjia:dfõ wvx.= f.da;%
iy l=,j,g wh;a fldgia&" fcd¾odkh ^ls%ia;shdks iy i¾leishka fldgia&" khs.rh ^;=wfr.a ck
fldgi&" kjis,ka;h ^u´ß ck fldgi&" mlsia:dkh ^uqia,sï fkdjk iq¿;rhka&" m,ia;Skh
^ls%ia;shdks yd iudß;dkq fldgia&" iefudjdj ^foaYSh fkdjk iq¨ ck lKavdhï&" iaf,dúkshdj
^yxf.aßhdkq iy b;d,s ck fldgia& yd ;dhsjdkh ^wdÈ jdis ckhd& hk rgj,a fufia wdik
iqq¨;r lKavdhïj,g fjka lr ;nhs'

fuu fjkal, wdikj,g ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrkafka wfkla ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrk
wdldrhguh' ue;sjrK kS;sfhys olajd we;akï iuyr wjia:dj,§ tu iqúfYaI ck lKavdhu
úiska ;ukaf.a idudðlhka f;dard m;a lrkq ,nhs' fï i|yd wod, ck fldgfia kdu f,aLkhla
;sìh hq;= fjhs' ish¿ l=vd lKavdhï ksfhdackh lsßu b;d fyd| fohla jqj;a jHjia:dhlfha
ksfhdackh msKsi jHqyhka ilia lr,Su jvd fyd| Wml%uhla nj ;¾l flfrhs' ta wkqj
ue;sjrK kS;sh wksis f,i yiqrejd,Su fyda kS;suh ne£ï lv lsÍu je,elafjhs' fldagd l%uhg
,ndfok wdik ksid nyq;r ck;dj w;r úfrdaO;d mek ke.Sug bvlv we;' tfukau úúO
ixialD;sl ck lKavdhï w;r wúYajdih jeä j¾Okh jkq we;' fï ish,a, je,elaùug jHqyhka
ie,iqï l, hq;= fjhs'

úêu;a f,i fjka lrk ,o wdik yerekq fldg ksh; N+f.da,Sh mßirhl isákakd jQ ck
fldgia ksfhdackh jeä lrkq msKsi m<d;a wdYS%;j wê ksfhdackhla isÿ l, yel' tlai ;a
rdcOdksh" iafldÜ,ka;h iy fõ,aih fjkqfjka ì%;dkHfha md¾,sfïka;=jg jeä uka;S%ka
ixLHdjla m;a fldg we;' Tjqkaf.a ck.yK m%udKh muKla tlu ks¾Kdhlh jQjd kï Tjqkag
fuu wjia:dj ysñjkafka ke;' fkamd,fha l÷lr m<d;aj, o fuu i;Hh ±lsh yels fjhs' ;j;a
úl,amhla jkafka zfyd|u mrdð;hdZ Pkao l%uhhs' fuh fudÍIiaj, Ndú;hg fhdojd we;'
lsishï iq¿ ck lKavdhul idudðlfhl= jeä Pkao m%udKhla ,ndf.k o mrdch jk úg tu
Pkao wfmalaIlhd g md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik ysñ lr fok w;r tu.ska iuia: jd¾.sl
ksfhdackfha ;=,khla we;s lsÍug yels fjhs'

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY iSudjka yiqrejd,Su u;o iqúfYaI lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a l, yels
fjhs' wefußldfõ Pkao whs;sjdislï mK; u.ska w;S;fha§ úYd, fjkialï iys; Èia;s%lal ilia
lsÍug rchg wjia:dj ,nd § ;snqks' tys wruqK jQfha l¿" ,;sfkd fyda wdishdkq-wefußldkq ck
fldgia Ôj;ajk Èia;s%lal ;=< nyq;rhka ks¾udKh lsÍugh' fuh zidOkSh ls%hdoduhlaZ fia

13
ye¢kaúh yels fjhs' flfiafj;;a iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a lsÍug fyda wdrlaId
lr,Sug ljr fyda ue;sjrK l%uhla yiqrejd ,Su újdod;aul fkdjkafka fkdfõ'

jd¾.sl jYfhka úIu;d iys; iudchka lsysmhlau wdik fjka lr ;eîfï ixl,amh ms<sf.k
we;' ta i|yd Tjqkag ;¾lkhla we;' fuu wdik jd¾.sl mokulska fjka lr ;nkjd muKla
fkdj jHjia:dodhlfha iuia: ksfhdack l%uh o jd¾.sl ldrKd u;u mokï flfrhs' tla tla
ksYaÑ; ck lKavdhu i|yd ue;sjrK f,aLkhla mj;ajd f.k hk w;r th Ndú;fhka
jHjia:dodhlh i|yd ziajlSh lKavdhfukaZ muKla idudðlhka f;dardm;a lsÍu isÿ flfrhs'

jd¾.slj nyq, jQ iudchka ys ue;sjrK l%uhka ;lafiare lrkq msKsi Wmldr jkakd jQ
ks¾Khlhka lsysmhla(

ffk;sl;ajh( ksfhdack wdKavqjla msysgqjkakg iqÿiq ksis wdh;ksluh jev ms<sfj,la f,ig
nyq;r iudch úiska ue;sjrK l%uh ms<sf.k we;so@ mrdch jkakd jQ iq¿ ck lKavdhï fyda
foaYmd,k mlaIhka ue;sjrK m%Óm, kS;Hdkql+, njg ms<s.kS o@

foaYmd,ksl taldnoaO;djh( ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska rg taldnoaO flfrhso@ ke;skï rg folv

flfrhs o@ tu.ska O%eùlrKh jeä lrhs o@ ke;skï wju lrhs o@ foaYmd,ksl .egqï iduldó
úi÷ï lrd fhduq lr,Sug wjYH ls%hdmámdàka yryd th lghq;= lrhs o@ ke;skï úi÷ï w;a lr
fokafka wú n,fhka fyda u¾OkSh ls%hd l,dmhkaf.ka o@

foaYmd,k mlaI( jd¾.sl mokï u; ieliqkq foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufhl m%ldYs; ùu fya;=fjka"
jd¾.sl fjkialï foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu j<lajd ,Sug ue;sjrK l%uhg yelshdj we;s o@

ksfhdack wdKavqj( iqúfYaI ue;sjrK l%uhla u.ska f;dard m;a lrkq ,enQ ue;sjrK l%uhlg
úúO jd¾.sl lKavdhï j, iy iqúfYaIs jd¾.sl iq¿;rhkaf.a Wjukdjka ksfhdackh lrkakg
yelshdjla we;so@ iq¿;r ck;djkag ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO úh yels f,iska ue;sjrK
l%uh u.ska ikaOdkjdÈ wdKavq msysgqùug bv i,ihss o@

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a ta ;dla W!K ksfhdackh iys; jQ fyda ksfhdackh fkdue;s
lKavdhïj,g wjia:djka ie,fihs' nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uhka ys iq¿;r ck fldgia iy
jd¾.sl lKavdhï i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik fjka lr ;eîula iuyr úfgl isÿ flfrhs'

jHjia:dodhlh ;=< fjka fldg we;s wdik iqúfYaIs iq¿;r ck fldgia ksfhdackhg fhdod
.efkhs' úúO rgj, y÷kd.;a jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl iq¿;rhkag wdik fjka lr ;eîu ±lsh yels
fjhs' fldf,dïìhdj ^l¿ ck fldgia&" fl%dtaIshdj ^yxf.aßhdkq" b;d,s" fpla" iaf,djela"
re;skshdkq" Wlaf¾kshdkq" c¾uka iy Tiaá%hdkq iq¿;r fldgia&" bkaÈhdj ^jHjia:dfõ wvx.= f.da;%
iy l=,j,g wh;a fldgia&" fcd¾odkh ^ls%ia;shdks iy i¾leishka fldgia&" khs.rh ^;=wfr.a ck
fldgi&" kjis,ka;h ^u´ß ck fldgi&" mlsia:dkh ^uqia,sï fkdjk iq¿;rhka&" m,ia;Skh
^ls%ia;shdks yd iudß;dkq fldgia&" iefudjdj ^foaYSh fkdjk iq¨ ck lKavdhï&" iaf,dúkshdj
^yxf.aßhdkq iy b;d,s ck fldgia& yd ;dhsjdkh ^wdÈ jdis ckhd& hk rgj,a fufia wdik
iqq¨;r lKavdhïj,g fjka lr ;nhs'

fuu fjkal, wdikj,g ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrkafka wfkla ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrk
wdldrhguh' ue;sjrK kS;sfhys olajd we;akï iuyr wjia:dj,§ tu iqúfYaI ck lKavdhu
úiska ;ukaf.a idudðlhka f;dard m;a lrkq ,nhs' fï i|yd wod, ck fldgfia kdu f,aLkhla
;sìh hq;= fjhs' ish¿ l=vd lKavdhï ksfhdackh lsßu b;d fyd| fohla jqj;a jHjia:dhlfha
ksfhdackh msKsi jHqyhka ilia lr,Su jvd fyd| Wml%uhla nj ;¾l flfrhs' ta wkqj
ue;sjrK kS;sh wksis f,i yiqrejd,Su fyda kS;suh ne£ï lv lsÍu je,elafjhs' fldagd l%uhg
,ndfok wdik ksid nyq;r ck;dj w;r úfrdaO;d mek ke.Sug bvlv we;' tfukau úúO
ixialD;sl ck lKavdhï w;r wúYajdih jeä j¾Okh jkq we;' fï ish,a, je,elaùug jHqyhka
ie,iqï l, hq;= fjhs'

14
úêu;a f,i fjka lrk ,o wdik yerekq fldg ksh; N+f.da,Sh mßirhl isákakd jQ ck
fldgia ksfhdackh jeä lrkq msKsi m<d;a wdYS%;j wê ksfhdackhla isÿ l, yel' tlai ;a
rdcOdksh" iafldÜ,ka;h iy fõ,aih fjkqfjka ì%;dkHfha md¾,sfïka;=jg jeä uka;S%ka
ixLHdjla m;a fldg we;' Tjqkaf.a ck.yK m%udKh muKla tlu ks¾Kdhlh jQjd kï Tjqkag
fuu wjia:dj ysñjkafka ke;' fkamd,fha l÷lr m<d;aj, o fuu i;Hh ±lsh yels fjhs' ;j;a
úl,amhla jkafka zfyd|u mrdð;hdZ Pkao l%uhhs' fuh fudÍIiaj, Ndú;hg fhdojd we;'
lsishï iq¿ ck lKavdhul idudðlfhl= jeä Pkao m%udKhla ,ndf.k o mrdch jk úg tu
Pkao wfmalaIlhd g md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik ysñ lr fok w;r tu.ska iuia: jd¾.sl
ksfhdackfha ;=,khla we;s lsÍug yels fjhs'

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY iSudjka yiqrejd,Su u;o iqúfYaI lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a l, yels
fjhs' wefußldfõ Pkao whs;sjdislï mK; u.ska w;S;fha§ úYd, fjkialï iys; Èia;s%lal ilia
lsÍug rchg wjia:dj ,nd § ;snqks' tys wruqK jQfha l¿" ,;sfkd fyda wdishdkq-wefußldkq ck
fldgia Ôj;ajk Èia;s%lal ;=< nyq;rhka ks¾udKh lsÍugh' fuh zidOkSh ls%hdoduhlaZ fia
ye¢kaúh yels fjhs' flfiafj;;a iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a lsÍug fyda wdrlaId
lr,Sug ljr fyda ue;sjrK l%uhla yiqrejd ,Su újdod;aul fkdjkafka fkdfõ'

jd¾.sl jYfhka úIu;d iys; iudchka lsysmhlau wdik fjka lr ;eîfï ixl,amh ms<sf.k
we;' ta i|yd Tjqkag ;¾lkhla we;' fuu wdik jd¾.sl mokulska fjka lr ;nkjd muKla
fkdj jHjia:dodhlfha iuia: ksfhdack l%uh o jd¾.sl ldrKd u;u mokï flfrhs' tla tla
ksYaÑ; ck lKavdhu i|yd ue;sjrK f,aLkhla mj;ajd f.k hk w;r th Ndú;fhka
jHjia:dodhlh i|yd ziajlSh lKavdhfukaZ muKla idudðlhka f;dardm;a lsÍu isÿ flfrhs'

jd¾.slj nyq, jQ iudchka ys ue;sjrK l%uhka ;lafiare lrkq msKsi Wmldr

jkakd jQ ks¾Khlhka lsysmhla(
ffk;sl;ajh( ksfhdack wdKavqjla msysgqjkakg iqÿiq ksis wdh;ksluh jev ms<sfj,la f,ig
nyq;r iudch úiska ue;sjrK l%uh ms<sf.k we;so@ mrdch jkakd jQ iq¿ ck lKavdhï fyda
foaYmd,k mlaIhka ue;sjrK m%Óm, kS;Hdkql+, njg ms<s.kS o@

foaYmd,ksl taldnoaO;djh( ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska rg taldnoaO flfrhso@ ke;skï rg folv

flfrhs o@ tu.ska O%eùlrKh jeä lrhs o@ ke;skï wju lrhs o@ foaYmd,ksl .egqï iduldó
úi÷ï lrd fhduq lr,Sug wjYH ls%hdmámdàka yryd th lghq;= lrhs o@ ke;skï úi÷ï w;a lr
fokafka wú n,fhka fyda u¾OkSh ls%hd l,dmhkaf.ka o@

foaYmd,k mlaI( jd¾.sl mokï u; ieliqkq foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufhl m%ldYs; ùu fya;=fjka"
jd¾.sl fjkialï foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu j<lajd ,Sug ue;sjrK l%uhg yelshdj we;s o@

ksfhdack wdKavqj( iqúfYaI ue;sjrK l%uhla u.ska f;dard m;a lrkq ,enQ ue;sjrK l%uhlg
úúO jd¾.sl lKavdhï j, iy iqúfYaIs jd¾.sl iq¿;rhkaf.a Wjukdjka ksfhdackh lrkakg
yelshdjla we;so@ iq¿;r ck;djkag ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO úh yels f,iska ue;sjrK
l%uh u.ska ikaOdkjdÈ wdKavq msysgqùug bv i,ihss o@

úreoaO foa=Ymd,kh( foaYmd,k ls%hdj,sfha§ jvd m%n, N+ñldjla bgq lrkakg úreoaO
foaYmd,khg yelsjk msKsi ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska nyq;rhka w;sYfhdala;shg kexùu j<lajd
isào@ md¾,sfïka;=jla m%n, jkafka úOdhlfha wdêm;Hhg m%;súreoaOjh'

iyNd.sùug we;s whs;sjdislu(

15
iqÿiq ue;sjrK l%uhka u.ska m%udKj;a ksfhdackhla iy;sl fldg isàu muKla iudk
iyNd.s;ajh ;yjqre lrkakg iu;a jkafka ke;' iyNd.sùu i|yd iudk whs;sjdislï we;s njg
;SrK .ekSfï jHqyhka úiska ;yjqrejla Èh hq;j
= we;'

iyNd.sùug we;s whs;sjdislu iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ yd cd;Hka;rfha ±lau(

cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï iïu;hka yd iïuq;Ska u.ska ldka;djkag" msßñkag" ;reKhkag iy
<uqkag" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc iy ixialD;sl Ôú;h ;=< lsisÿ wdldrfhl fjkialulg ,la
fkdùug iy ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd iudk yd mQ¾K iyNd.s;ajhla ;sîug;a" n,fha úúO
uÜgï fj; <`.d ùug;a whs;shla we;af;ah'

ue;sjrK u.ska tla wdldrfhl foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajhla ks¾udKh lrhs' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
u.ska wdh;k .; flrekq fjk;a wdldrhkaf.a iyNd.s;ajhka we;' cku; úpdrKh tjekakls'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia:dms; flrekq wdh;khka u.ska" udkj ysñlï N=la;s ú£ug tfrysj
fjkialï isÿ lsÍu" iudk whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍu fyda iïm;a fyda wjia:d fjka lsÍfï§
fjkialï isÿ lsÍu hkdÈh j<lajd isà'

YS% ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj rdcH md,kh iïnkaOfhka iyNd.s;ajh m< lsÍug ljr
wdldrfhlj;a n, lsÍula ke;' tys i|yka jkafka l,ska l,g rdcH md,kfha ;, ;=k" tkï
md¾,sfïka;=j" m<d;a iNd iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k hkdÈhg ksfhdað;hska f;dard m;a lsÍu
muKla isÿ lrk yeáhg h' tkuq;a rdcH m%;sm;a;Ska iy wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ y;r jeks
fþofha i|yka hq;=lï iïnkaOfhka i,lk l, iyNd.s;ajhg iy fjkialï lsÍug tfrysj
uQ,sl ksfhda.hka .Kkdjla bÈßm;a lrhs' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ yh jeks fþofha 27 jeks
j.ka;sfha 4 jeks Wm j.ka;sh u.ska cd;sl Ôú;fha iy wdKavqj ;=< úúO uÜgïj,ska
iyNd.sjkakg whs;shla we;s njg iúia;rd;aulj ms,sf.k we;'

Zrcfha m%cd;ka;%jdos jHqyhka iy ck;djf.a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ whs;Ska mq¿,a fldg Yla;su;a lsÍu;a
iy mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu;a" cd;sl ðú;fha iy wdKavq md,kfha iEu uÜgul§ u
iyNd.sjkakg ck;djg ish¿ wjia:djka ;sfíZ'
iudkd;au;djh" iudk wjia:d ;sîu iy md,kfha§ lsisÿ fjkilg ,la fkdùu hk uQ,sl
O¾u;d f.k olajk ksfhda. lsysmhla we;' kuq;a fuu mßÉfþofha 29 j.ka;sh u.ska rdcHh iy
m%;sm;a;s yd n,.ekaúh fkdyels uQ,sl hq;=lï .ek i|yka lrhs'

zfuu mßÉfþofha úê úOdk m%ldrj lsisÿ wêlrKhl § fyda úksYaph iNdjl§ n, .ekaúh
fkdyels" ffk;sl whs;Ska fyda ne£ï mekfjkafka ke;' tjeks úê úOdk yd fkdmEfyk njg
lsisÿ wêlrKhl§ fyda úksYaph iNdjl§ m%YaK l, fkdyelaflahZ'
ish¿ uÜgïj,§ md,kh talSh nyq;r l%uhl md,khla ùu u.ska md,l mlaIhkag iqúfYaIS
n,;, Ndú;d lrñka ;SrK .kakg bvla ie,fihs' ;ukaf.a Ôú;j,g n,mdkakd jQ ;SrK .kq
msKsi iy iyNd.s jkakg neyer lrk ,o ñksiqkag we;s whs;sjdislï f.k olajkakd jQ fjk;a
ffk;sl fyda wdh;ksl ie,iqï o fkdue;af;ah'

foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh
;ukag n,mdkakd jq ;Skaÿ .ekSug iEu flfkl=gu whs;shla we;af;ah' jd¾.slj yd b;d oreKq
wdldrfhka fn§ fjkaj we;s foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhla ;=< Ôj;ajkakdjQ iq¿ ck lKavdhï i|yd
fuh úfYaIfhkau jeo.;a fjhs' iq¿;r lKavdhï fu;rï wjOdkhg yiqlr.; hq;af;a wehs
hkak w;sYhskau jeo.;a ldrKhls' ukao Tjqka ;uka fj; ksYaÑ; wkkH;djka ysñ lr f.k
isák w;ru lsisÿ n,hlska f;drj o isà' n,h fkdue;s lu iu. B<`.g mqoa.,hd ;=<g we;=¿
jkafka bj;a lr,Su ms<sn| ye`.Suhs' fuh b;d myiqfjka m%pKav;ajh lrd fhduq flfrhs'
;ukaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSug we;s tlu úl,amh m%pKav;ajh fia Èiafjhs' wfkla iEu
16
ñksfil=gu fiau iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g o ;uka i|yd n,mdkakd jQ foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól ;Skaÿ
.ekSug o whs;sjdislï we;' kuq;a n,h fkdue;slu fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a yelshdjka ;yjqre
lrkakg úfYaI mshjrhka .; hq;=j we;' fuh iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g wh;a .eyeKqkag iy
msßñkag o wod, jkakdjq .eg¿jla ksid iq¿;r lKavdhug wh;ajkakdjQ .eyeKqkag Tjqkaf.a
ðú;j,g n,mdk wdldrfhka ;Skaÿ .ekSu i|yd msßñkag jvd jeä n,hla lsis fia;a ke;af;ah'

foaYmd,k lghq;=j,§ iq¿ ck fldgiaj,g lsisÿ y~la fkdue;s úg§ .egqu ieuúgu biau;=
jkafkah' ukao foaYmd,k y~ ish¿ whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú¢kakg we;s uQ,sl h;=r jk ksidh'
WodyrKhla f,i .;a úg iudc ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka tkï wOHdmkh /lshd wjia:d iy bvï
whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka we;s wjia:d iy iïm;a wrNhd ;SrK .kakg iyNd.s ùu neyer
lr,Su u.ska isÿjkafka fjkialï isÿ lsÍu j,lajd isàug" rcfha m%;sm;a;Skag iy Ndú;djkag
n,mEï lsÍug iq¿ ck lKavdhï wfmdfydi;a ùuhs' ;jo" iq¿ ck fldgia foaYhg whs;s msßila
fkdjk njg ix{djla nyq;r ck;dj úiska iq¿;r ck;djkag ksl=;a lrhs' fujeks neyer lsÍï
isÿ flfrk úg§ fn§ fjkaùu yefrkakg fjk;a úl,amhla iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g fmfkkaf ka
ke;' YS% ,xldfjys mYapd;a ksoyia iufha wka;¾ jd¾.sl iïnkaO;dj,ska w;a olskakg ,enqfka
fuu ;;a;ajhs'

iq¿;r iyNd.s;ajhg hdka;%Kh

iq¿;r lKavdhïj, foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh f.dv ke.Su isÿ l, yelafla cd;sl fyda m%dfoaYSh
uÜgïj,§ ^fuu fojeks ;;a;ajh idudkHfhka fN!ñlj me;sr isák lKavdhïj,g wod,j& h'
fïjd úêu;a ^wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska ms<s.ekqkq& fyda wúêu;a iy úOdhlhla we;s fyda yqfola
WmfoaYd;aul uÜgñka mj;sk hdka;%Khka úh yel'

ue;sjrK l%u iy wdik fjka lsÍu

cd;sl ;,fha§ iq¿ ck fldgia i|yd wdik fldagdjla fjka lr ;eîu idudkH ms<sfj, fjhs'
fïjd rcfha weu;s ;k;=re iy $ fyda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wiqka úh yel' Bg wu;rj nyq;r Pkaoh"
wdjD; fyda újD; iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= iy yqjudre l, yels Pkao jeks ksYaÑ;
ue;sjrK ie,iqï u.ska iq¿ ck fldgiaj, ksfhdackh ;yjqre flfrkafka ke;' fu;ek§
jeo.;a ldrKd f,i u;=jkafka iq¿;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska b;d meyeÈ,s f,i ;ukaf.a
m%cdj ksfhdackh lsßu;a ^fuu iq¿ ck fldgiaj," tkï tu lKavdhïj,g wh;a ldka;djka o
we;=¿j iuia: úúO;ajhu& yd Ndú;fha§ Tjqkag we;s n,mEu;a fndfyda y~j,a w;r tla y~la
jkafkah' bkaÈhdfõ jHjia:dodhlfhys wdikj,ska ishhg 22 la iq¿ ck lKavdhï i|yd fjka
fldg we;' fï ksid .egqï je<elaùu ms<sn| ;;a;ajh ñY% tlla f,i mj;S' fuu ;;a;ajh u;
fjka l, wdik u.ska we;s flfrk n,mEu ksYaÑ;ju f.k ±laùu ÿIalrh' ukao rgmqrd úYd,
m%udKfhka yd úIu wdldrfhka .egqï me;sr m%dfoaYSh yd cd;sl uÜgï fj; n,mEï t,a, fldg
we;s ksidh' flfiafj;;a" úúO m¾fhaIK u.ska Tmamq ù we;af;a iq¿ ck fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï
Èß.kajkq msKsi n,h fnod yeÍu wjYH nj;a" tu.ska wd;;Ska iukh lsÍu wjYH nj;ah'
tfukau cd;sl ;,fha§ iq¿ ck fldgia ksfhdackh ùu jeo.;a jkafka iq¿ ck fldgia i|yd
n,mdkakdjQ ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§ nyq;r-iq¿;r tl`.;dj we;s lr .ekSug;ah' fï
iïnkaOfhka fjka l, wdikj,g jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lsÍug we;' fldfidafjda ys § zrch
;=< iq¿ ck lKavdhï ksfhdackh ;yjqre lrk msKsi úúO iNdjka ys § ir, ksfhdackh g jvd
jeäZ m%fõYhla .ekSfï fyd| Ndú;djla olakg we;' flfiafj;;a f;dardm;a lr.;a iq¿ ck
lKavdhï ksfhdað;hska Tjqkaf.a Pkaoodhlhska fj; we;s j.ùu imqrd,sh hq;=j we;af;ah'
jHjia:dodhlhka ;=< iq¿;r ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj jeä lsÍfuka foaYmd,k Ôú;fhys
iq¿;rfha y~ Yla;su;a f,i biau;= lr,Sug" fjka l, wdikj,g yelshdjla ,efnkafkah'

;jo rch me;af;ka .;a l, tu mshjrhka jvd fyd| ix{djka ksl=;a lrk w;r wka;¾.;Sh
mßirhla ks¾udKh lrkakg jeo.;a odhl;ajhla iemfhhs' fuys§ iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g wkkH
úh yels ;;a;ajhka we;s jk w;r foaYfha fldgia lrejka njg Tjqka ;=< ye`.Sula o we;s
flfrhs' fuu.ska fnÿïjd§ fyda .egqïldÍ m%jK;djka je,elafjhs' flfiafj;;a wd¾Ól
lafIa;%fhys .kq ,nk jvd idOkSh mshjrhka fya;=fjka nyq;r ck;djkag fuh zwidOdrKhlaZ
17
iy zfjkialï lsÍulaZ fia Èiaúh yels ;;a;ajhka u;= úh yel' tu.ska ±ä wd;;Skaf.ka hq; =
;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh úh yel' fï fya;=j ksid fujeks mshjrhka y÷kajd§fï§ rdcHhka m%fõYï
úh hq;= w;r úksúo núka hq;=j tu mshjrhka bÈßm;a l, hq;af;ah' tjeks mshjrhka wjYH
lrkafka wehs hkakg rchka úiska meyeÈ,s úia;r lsÍula l, hq;=j we;af;ah' tfukau tu
mshjrhka iuia:hla jYfhka foaYhg fld;rï jevodhl o hkako fmkajd Èh hq;af;ah' fï
;;a;ajh Ndú;fhka iq¨ ck fldgia i|yd iudkd;au;djh iy wka;¾.; lr.ekSug we;s
whs;Ska imqrd,Su m%udo lrkakg rchka lghq;= fkdl, hq;af;ah'

iq¿ ck lKavdhï úiska wdêm;H orkakd jq ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalhka ks¾udKh lrkakg iSud
udhsï fjkia lr,Su idOkSh mshjrla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' ksYaÑ; Èia;s%lalhkaf.ka iq¿;r ck
fldgia f;aÍ m;aùu ;yjqre lrkakg fujeks ie,eiqula wjYHh' flfiafj;;a" zjd¾.slj
ieleiqkq ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka hkq iq¿;r wdêm;Hh iys; Pkao m%foaYhka fjhs' kuq;a nyq;r
lKavdhug wh;a Pkao odhlhska wdêm;Hh orkakd jQ ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka o fndfyduhla
we;' fï ksid iq¿;r lKavdhïj, iyfhda.h fyda iq¿;r lKavdhïj, Wjukd tmdlï .ek
nyq;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska lror úh hq;= fkdjkafkah' ksjeßÈ ;;a;ajhka ;=<§ iuyr
Pkao l%u u.ska jHjia:dodhlfhys iy rchka ;=< iq¿;r ck;djf.a ksfhdackh Yla;su;a
flfrk w;r mYapd;a .egqï ;;a;ajhka j,§ kej; hqoaOhlg we§ hEu je,elaùfï bvlv jeä
lrhs' fujeks ;;a;ajhka w;a ±l we;s rchka l, hq;af;a ixúOdkd;aulj ck.yKh yqjudre
lsÍfï lghq;=j,ska wE;aj isàuh' ukao tjeks foa fndfyda fldg isÿ flfrkafka iq¿ ck fldgia
mÈxÑ m<d;aj, Tjqkaf.a wdêm;Hh ÿ¾j, lsÍugh' ta i|yd nf,kau wfkla ck;djka iu. iq¿
ck fldgia iïñY%Kh ùug ie,eiqï flfrhs'

nyq jd¾.sl iduchka ys úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lsÍug iq¿;r lKavdhï

iyNd.s;ajh(
YS% ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard .ekSug iy ,kavkfha k.rdêm;sjrhd f;dard.ekSug ukdm
l%uhla Ndú;d lrhs' fuu fojeks ukdmh w;sf¾l Pkaohla f,i ie,flhs' Pkao odhlhska
;ukaf.a m<uq ukdmh muKla fkdj fojeks ukdmho ke;skï f;dard.ekSu o i,l=Kq lrhs ^YS%
,xldfjys ;=kajeks ukdmhla o we;&' fuh isÿ lrk wdldrfhys fjkialï we;( YS% ,xldfjys
Pkao wfmalaIlhskaf.a kï bÈßmsg b,lalï z1Z z2Z iy z3Z i,l=Kq lrk yeáhg
Pkaoodhlhskaf.ka b,a,d isà' fï wdldrhgu úl,am Pkaoh iy ;ks yqjudre Pkaoh Ndú;hg
fhfohs' Pkao .Kkh fohdldrfha§u tl iudk fjhs( Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= m<uq ukdmhkaf.ka
nyq;r Pkao m%udKh f.k we;akï tu ;eke;a;d fyda ;eke;a;sh jyd f;dardm;a lr.;a nj
lshefjhs' flfiafj;;a tlÿ Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= nyq;r Pkaohla ,ndf.k ke;skï jeäu Pkao
,ndf.k we;s fofokd yerekq fldg wfkla wh bj;a lrkq ,efnhs' Tjqkaf.a fojeks ^YS%
,xldfõ§ fojeks iy ;=kajeks& ukdmhka fuu jeäu Pkao ,nd .;a wfmalaIlhka fofokd w;r
fnod yefrhs' fuys we;s Okd;aul ,laIKh kï ish¿ Pkaoodhlhskaf.a nyq;r Pkaofhka fyda
ukdm u.ska fyda iDcqju ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard m;a flfrk njg ;yjqrejla fok w;ru Pkao
wfmalaIlhkag o ;ukaf.a mlaIfhka fyda jd¾.sl lKavdhfuka msg; fojeks ukdmhl iydhla
fjk;a lKavdhïj,skao ,nd.ekSug Èßu;a fldg isàuhs' 1982 mgka YS% ,xldfjys ckdêm;s OQrh
i|yd meje;ajQ ue;sjrK mfya § n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjqkq wdldrfhka ch.%dys wfmalaIlhdg m<uq
jgfha§u nyq;r Pkaohla ysñj ;snqfkah' fï ksid ukdm .Kka lsÍula wjYH jQfha ke;'

bkaÿkSishdj flkahdj iy khsÔßhdj hk rgj,a ;=k Tjqkaf.a ckdêm;sjrKhka zfnodyeÍfï

wjYH;djlaZ iu. noaO flfrhs' Pkao wfmalaIlhka Tjqkaj f;dard m;a lr.kq ,eîug fmr
nyq;r Pkaohg wu;rj m<d;a jYfhka ;ukaf.a Pkao me;sr we;s njg ;yjqre lr.; hq;=j we;'
2004 § bkaÿkSishdj m<uq iDcq ckdêm;sjrKh meje;ajQ w;r ch.%dys ckdêm;sjrhd iy Wm
ckdêm;sjrhd cd;sl Pkaofhka nyq;rh Èkd.; hq;=j ;snqks' tfukau ish¨ m,d;aj,ska
wvlskaj;a ishhg 20 lg jeä Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.; hq;=j ;snqks' fufia isÿ flrefka fojeks
jghlg Pkao .Kka lsÍu je,elaùugh' fuu wjYH;djg W;af;ackh ,nd.ekqfka
khsÔßhdfjks' tu rg m<d;a jYfhka o" úYd,;ajfhka o úúO;ajh m< lrkakls' fuys§ ckdêm;s
wfmalaIlhd cd;sl Pkaofhka nyq;r Pkaoh Èkd.ekSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdjkafkah' rfÜ
18
m<d;aj,ska wju jYfhka ;=fkka foll Pkaoj,ska wvqu ;rñka ;=fkka tllaj;a Èkd.ekSu
wjYH lrkafkah' wjYH;d fnod yeÍu ;=<ska ckdêm;s Pkao wfmalaIlhkag ;ukaf.a m<d;aj,ska
fyda jd¾.sl mokïj,ska Tíng fjk;a msßif.ka b,a,Sï lrkakg isÿfjhs' fuh iqÿiq wdldrfhka
ls%hdfõ fh±ùu ;=< jvd fyd| m%Óm, w;a lr.; yels jkafkah' flfiafj;;a ch.%yKh i|yd
wjYH;d folla kshu lr isàfuka ieuúgu lsisÿ Pkao wfmalaIlfhl=g ch.%yKh i|yd tu
wjYH;d folu iïmqQ¾K lrkakg fkdyels fjhs' ue;sjrK ie,iqï lrkakka úiska fuu
;;a;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu wjYH fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh úi|d,Sug mshjr .ekSu jeo.;ah' ukao
ch.%dylfhl= ìys fkdlrk ue;sjrK l%uhla fya;=fjka n,hla fkdue;s wjldYhla ks¾udKh ù
wia:djr;ajfha Nhdkl;ajh lshd mdkakg fjhs'

by< uka;%K iNdjla f;dardm;a lsÍu

ish¿u jHjia:dodhlhka ;ks uka;%K iNdjlska hq;= tajd fkdjkafkah' úYd, rgj,
jHjia:dodhlhka fndfyda úg uka;%K iNd follska hq;=h' fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka
^fndfyda úg i|yka flfrkafka by< uka;%K iNdj fyda fifkÜ iNdj kñka& tla fyda
fohdldrhl ldrKd i|yd h' m<uq ldrKh kï fjkia wdldrhl ksfhdackhla ,nd §ug fyda
fjkia wjYH;djka ksfhdackh lsÍugh' fndfyda úg rfÜ l,dmhka fyda m<d;a ksfhdackh
lsÍugh' fojeks ldrKh kï zúu¾IK iNdjlaZ f,i ls%shd;aul ùugh' my< uka;%K iNdj
úiska .kakdjQ yÈis ;SrK kj;ajd,Su fyda m%udo lr,Su fuys lghq;a; fjhs' by< uka;%K
iNdj, n,hka fndfyda úg my< uka;%K iNdjkaf.a tajdg jvd wvq uÜgul mj;s' úfYaIfhkau
tajd úu¾IK iNdjka njg m;ajk úg tjeks ;;a;ajhla u;=fjhs' f,dalh mqrd rgj,ska ;=fkka
foll we;af;a ;ks uka;%K iNdjlska hq;= jHjia:dodhlhka h' b;sß rgj,a ;=fkka tflys
we;af;a tla;rd wdldrhl fojeks uka;%K iNdjls' fïjdfha jHqyhka úYd, f,i fjkiafjhs'
kuq;a fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka lghq;= lrkafka f*vr,a ke;skï ikaëh ie,iqï
ksfhdackh lsÍugh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, wefußldj iy ´iafÜ%,shdj" c¾uksfha
,dkav¾ iy ol=Kq wms%ldfõ m<d;a ish,a, fjk fjku by< uka;%K iNdj ;=< ksfhdackh fjhs'
fuu.ska l=vd m%dka;hka fyda m,d;a i|yd wjYH iydh ks¾udKh flfrhs' fuh ksfhdackfha
iudkd;au;djh fmkakqï lrhs' Bg wu;rj fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka weÈ we§ hk
ue;sjrKhkaf.ka hq;= fjhs' TiafÜ%,shdfõ iy cmdkfha fojeks uka;%K iNdjg iEu jir
;=klg j;djla f;dard.ekSï isÿ lrhs' wefußldfõ iy bkaÈhdfõ fojeks uka;%K iNdjkag iEu
jir follgu j;djla ;=fkka tll f;dard.ekSula isÿ lrhs'

úl,am ksfhdackfha idudkHfhka olakg ke;s ;;a;ajhla kï fojeks uka;%K iNdj iqúfYaIs
jd¾.sl" NdIduh" wd.ñl fyda ixialD;sl lKavdhï ksfhdackh lsÍuh' fojeks uka;%K iNdjg
o isú,a iudcfhka ksfhdað;fhda f;dard .efkhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a ud,dúfh ys
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska f;dard .;a fifkÜ iNslhska 80 w;ßka 32 la iudcfha zúúO wjYH;d
we;s lKavdhïZ u.ska iliafldg kï l, ,ehsia;=jlska f;dard .efkhs' fuu lKavdhïj,g"
ldka;d ixúOdk" wdndê; mqoa.,hskaf.a ixúOdk" fi!LH iy wOHdmk ixúOdk" jHdmdr yd
f.dú;eka wxYh" jD;a;Sh iñ;s" iudcfha ms<s.ekSug ,lajQ idudðlhska iy wd.ñl kdhlhska
we;=<;a fjhs' fuhdldrhgu fojeks uka;%K iNdjka we;s *sð iy fndÜiajdkd jeks rgj,
ksfhdackh isÿjkafka idïm%odhsl fyda f.da;s%l kdhlhska úisks'

fuu fjkialï fya;=fjka fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka wv jYfhka f;dardm;a lr.;a tajd
jk w;r jl%j f;dard .ekqkq fyda fkd.ekqkq tajd fjhs' f;dard .ekSug ,la jQ tajdfha n,;,
uka;%K iNdjka foflys fjkialï fmkakqï lrhs' fuu iNdjka fol i|yd mj;ajk ue;sjrK
l%uo fjkia fjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka TiafÜ%,shdfjys my< uka;%K iNdjg f;dard.ekSï
lrkafka nyq;r Pkao l%uh u.sks' úúO m%dka; ksfhdackh lrkakdjQ by< uka;%K iNdjg
f;dard.ekSï lrkafka wkqmd;sl l%uhgh' iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g my< uka;%K iNdfõ
ksfhdackhla fkd,efnk úg§ by< uka;%K iNdj ;=< ksfhdackhla ,nd.kq msKsi m%dka;
ksfhdackh yryd bvla ie,fihs'

19
bkaÿkSishdfjys my< uka;%K iNdjg f;dard.ekSï isÿ lrkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
,ehsia;=fjks' by< uka;%K iNdj m<d;a y;ßka ksfhdað;hska y;r fofkl= f;dard.ekSug ;ks
yqjudre l, fkdyels Pkaoh Ndú;d lrhs' fldf,dïìhdfõ uka;%K iNd folgu f;dard.ekSï
lrkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh yrydh' fifkÜ iNdjg f;dard.ekSu lrkafka uq¿ rgu ;ks
Èia;s%lalhla yeáhg i,lñks' fï ksid l=vd foaYmd,k mlaI iy iq¿;r lKavdhïj, wjYH;d
ksfhdackhg bvla ie,fihs'

iajhx md,kh iy f*vr,ajdoh

iq¿ ck lKavdhï iqúfYaI m%foaY j,g iSud ù we;s rgj, foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh
isÿúh hq;af;a m%dfoaYsh uÜgñks' fï i|yd we;s idudkH hdka;%Kh kï iajhx md,khhs' tla;rd
n,hla ^fndfyda úg ixialD;sl wd¾Ól wOHdmk iy wd.ñl wxY wdjrKh lrñka& uOHu
wdKavqj u.ska m<d;a wdKavqjg mjrkq ,nhs' fuh ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh mßirhlg ^tla fyda Bg jeä
iq¿ ck lKavdhï m%udKhla Ôj;ajk& iSud fjhs' f*vr,ajdofha§ iuia: rgu uOH.; tall
njg fjka flfrhs' tla tla tallh fnod yßk ,o n,hla Ndú;d lrhs' f*vr,a $ iajhx md,k
iSudjka jd¾.sl $ wd.ñl m%cdjka mÈxÑ ia:dk mokï fldg ie,iqïjkafka ke;' iajhxmd,kh
fkdfyd;a n,h úuOH.; lsÍu w¿;a iq¨;r lKavdhï ^úfgl nyq;rhg wh;aj isá msßila úh
yelshs& ks¾udKh lsßug fya;=fjhs' iq¿ ck lKavdhï tla m<d;lg muKla iSudù fkdisák
wjia:dj,§ ^ixialD;sl fyda lKavdhï iajhx md,kh f,i fndfyda úg kï flfrhs& fN!ñl
fkdjk iajhx md,khla ie,eiqï lsÍu myqih' fuu.ska iq¿;r lKavdhulg ;SrK .ekSfï n,h
mjrd§u isÿ flfrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl" wOHdmk" mqoa., kS;s iy
wd.ñl ldrKd u; mokïj ksfhdack iNdjla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g
yelsh' fuu iajhx md,k iNdj u.ska nÿ wh lsÍfï n,h iy uOHu rcfhka wruqo,a
,nd.ekSfï n,h ysñ lrf.k isà' fï i|yd WodyrK tiaf;dakshdj" yxf.aßhdj" reishdkq
iuQydKavqj" iaf,dùkshdj hk rgj, iy bkaÈhdfõ uqia,sï mqoa., kS;s úOdk u.ska ±laúh yelsh'

iajhx md,kh fyd| fyda krl fõjd §¾> ld,Sk iduh f.dvke.Sfï hdka;%Khka yryd fuh
Èh;a lrkafka flfiao hkak ;SrKh fjhs' flfiafj;;a zmßiaiïldß f,i ie,iqï lrk ,o
iajhxmd,khla iy iaj md,k rdcHhka wdêm;Hh fkdue;s lKavdhïj,g ienE iajmd,kh w;a
olskakg wjYH m%udKj;a wjldYhka imhkakd jQ wdh;ksluh jHqyhka ks¾udKh lr.ekSug
bv i,ihs' fï w;r wêm;HOdß lKavdhïj,g wkd.;fha iuia: rdcHfha meje;au wkdrlaIs;
fkdjk njg ;yjqrejla flfrhsZ'

iajhx md,kh iïnkaOfhka bkaÈhdfõ WodyrKh b;du;au Okd;aulh' ;ñ,akdvqj ;=<u øúv
jHdmdrh fjku rdcHhla b,a,d isák ;;a;ajhla ksoyiska miqj ±l.kakg ,enqks' zjd¾.sl iajhx
md,kh" m%dka; yd cd;sl uÜgïj,ska m%udKj;a ksfhdackhla ,nd§u" l=vd iq¿;r lKavdhï
jd¾.sl n,h fnod .ekSfï jev ms<sfj, ;=< wka;¾.; lr.ekSu iy rdcHh u.ska ,ndfokakd jQ
m%;s,dNhka N=la;s ú¢kakg wjldY ie,iSu u.ska fnÿïjd§ jHdmdrhka m%cd;ka;%jdÈ n,fõ.hka
njg mßj¾;kh l, yelsfjhs' tfukau rdcHh;a iu. leue;af;kau fldgialdrhska njgo
m;afjhsZ'

ixlS¾K n,h fnod yod .ekSu

wjidk jYfhka iuyr úfYaI{hska" mq¿,a ck iyNd.s;ajh ilia lrkq msKsi ixlS¾K
meflachka fhdackd fldg isà' fï ish,a, ks¾udKh flfrkafka m%pKavjQ .egqfuka miqj iduh
f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,fhys fldgila f,i h' tjeks meflachka folla kï ikaOdkjdoh iy
wka;¾.;Sh n,h fnod yod .ekSu fjhs' ikaOdkjdoh uQ,sl jYfhka wdrïN flrefka wrkaâ
,smacd;a kue;s ´,kao foaYmd,k úfYaI{hd ksidh' fndfyda úg weu;s uvq,a,g fjka fldg we;s
wdik u; úOdhlhg wh;a jkakd jQ ck lKavdhï w;r n,h fnod yod .ekSu isÿ flfrhs' ta
w;ru iajhx md,khg ie,eiqï ms<sfh, fjhs' fï wkqj iudcfha zúúO fldgiaZ ^WodyrKhlg
iq¨;r ck fldgia& ;uka wrNhd ;Skaÿ .ekSu myiq lrjhs'

20
fuu ie,iqï i|yd iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackfha iydh ysñfjhs ^WodyrKhla f,i .;a úg rdcH
wxYfha /lshd" wruqo,a iy $ fyda foaYmd,k ksfhdackh&' tfukau tla tla ck lKavdhu Tjqkag
n,mdkakd jQ m%Odk ldrKd iïnkaOfhka wfkHdakH tl`.;djkag fhduq fjhs' tlg tlaù n,h
fnod yod.ekSu idudkHfhka iïnkaO jkafka fvdk,aâ fydfrdúÜia f.a woyia ±laùï yd
iu.h' kï lrk ,o ck lKavdhï fjkqfjka n,h wdrlaId lr§ug wdh;khla msysgqùug
lghq;= flfrhs' tu.ska ue;sjrK l%uhkag iydh m< lrk w;r iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh isÿjkafka
úl,am m%;sm;a;Ska u;h' ;jo jd¾.sl yd wd.ñl fjkaùï wNsNjd hñka ñ;%hka f.dv k.d .ekSu
isÿ flfrhs' fï ish,a, m%n, iq¿ ck lKavdhï ys whs;sjdislï wdrlaId flfrk rdcHhla
i|ydh' fuys,d fjkialï mEfï l%uh bj; ,Eu iy hdka;%Khka Yla;su;a lsÍu isÿ flfrhs'

ikaOdkjdÈ n,h fnod.ekSu fmkakqï lrk WodyrK .Kkdjla we;' fï yryd flá ld,hla
;=<§ .egqïj,ska bj;g ú;a isákakg iudchkag Woõ lrhs' flfiafj;;a fuh isÿjkafka jd¾.sl
wkkH;d >kSN+; lrñks' fuu ;;a;ajh fndiakshdj iy y¾fidf.dúkdfjys olakg we;' fuys
Pkao odhlhska ;uka zPkaoh ,ndfok ñksiqkaZ lKavdhï ;=fkka tlla ksfhdackh l, hq;= fjhs'
fuu.ska ñY% wkkH;d hk ldrKh bj;a flfrhs' ;jo iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g ;uka iq¿;rhla
f,i y÷kajd.kakg we;s whs;sjdislu fyda iq¿;rhla fkdjk njg y÷kajd.kakg we;s
whs;sjdislu W,a,x>kh flfrhs' fuu f;dard.ekSu u; jdis fyda wjdis w;a fkdúh hq;=h'
jvd;au ck lKavdhï i|yd ksYaÑ; wdik m%udKhla fjka lr ;nd we;s úg§ wdik fnod §fï
l%uh ck;djf.a mÈxÑùïj, fjkiaùï iu. h,a mek.sh fohla njg m;afjhs'

wjidk ks.uk yd bÈß .uk

ue;sjrK ksfhdack l%uhkaf.a o" n,h fnod .ekSfï l%uhkaf.a o m%;sixialrKhka isÿ lsÍfuka
fyda neyer lrk ,o ish¿ ck;d fldgiaj," lafIa;%hkaj, iy m%cdjkaf.a ^.%dóh fyda fldka
flÍug ,lajqkq m%cdjka" ldka;djka" iq¿;r ck lKavdhï& m%udKj;a iy iudk iyNd.s;ajh
ms<s.;a cd;sl hdka;%Khla ks¾udKh lsÍu u.ska rch o ms<sf.k we;s yd wkqu; fldg we;s
cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï f,aLkj,ska ms<s.ekqkq iïu;hka g wkql+,j ish,a,kag ;ukaf.a
iyNd.s;ajh ,nd§ug we;s m%cd;ka;S%h whs;sh ms<s.; hq;=j we;' .egqï je,elaùug;a"
iudkd;au;dj fyda iduh f.dv ke.Sug;a iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.ekSug
hdka;%Khka ilia lrk úg u;= jqkdjQ tla ksfIaOkSh ;¾lKhla kï ztaldnoaO ùug tfrysj
fn§ fjkaùuZ f,i ±laúh yelsh' ft;sydisl ÿla.ekú,s we;s wjia:dj,§ ^fndfyda fldg ue;
Nd.fha§& úúO lKavdhïj,g úúO hdka;%Khka l,dmSh uÜgñka ^iajhx md,k whs;sh& fyda
cd;sl uÜgñka ^m%cdjg wkql+,j wdik" ;k;=re iy fjk;a foa fnod yeÍug n,h fn§fï
hdka;%Khla ;sîu& we;s lsÍu jvd;a idudkH ls%hd l,dmh fjhs' foaYmd,k{hskag ish¿ ck;djka
fj; .uka lrkakg wjYH Èß §u ,nd §" ish,a,kag iudk f,i iyNd.s jkag wjia:d i,ik
;;a;ajhka we;s fldg" iuia:hu we;=,;a lr.kakd jQ úi÷ula fj; fhduq úu fjkialï isÿ
lsÍug tfrys m%n, mshjrhka .ekSuls' idu .súiqï úYaf,aIkh lsÍfï§ fmkS hk lreK kï
ixl%dka;sh i|yd tl`. jk foaYmd,k mlaI ikaOdkjdÈ .súiqï fj; fhduq ùu wjYH njh'

fn§ fjkaùu u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k l%uhka §¾>ld,Skj iduh wjYH lrkakd jQ úúO
lKavdhï taldnoaO lrkakg bgq lrk jev fldgi b;d iq¿ mgqh' m%pKav;ajhg fya;= ldrKd jQ
foa" l%udKql+,j fjkialï isÿ lsÍu iy wkkH;djka m%;slafIam lsÍu jeks foa úi|d,kakg
tjeks foaYmd,k l%uhkaf.ka lsis;a fiajhla jkafka ke;' ol=Kq wms%ldkq w;a ±lSug wkqj uQ,sl
jYfhka n,h fnod yod .ekSu ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjYH hdka;%Kh ilid .ekSu isÿ l, yel'
jir .Kkdjla ;siafia fuu ksÍlaIKh isÿl, hq;= jk w;r jvd;a taldnoaê; l%uhla ta fjkqjg
wdfoaY l, yel ^¨kaâ ks¾foaYhka u.ska fujekakla fhdackd fldg we;&' m%cd kdhlhska g
;uka fuf;la ±rE ;k;=re jvd;a Ylau;a l,djQ hdka;%Khka w;a yer ±óu myiq lreKla
fkdjkafkah' fuh iduh §¾>ld,Skj ;sridr lr.ekSug ys;lr ;;a;ajhla fkdfjhs' ta i|yd
iudc taldnoaO;dj;a" wka;¾ m%cd wjfndaOh;a wjYH h' §¾> ld,Skj ls%hd;aul úh yels tlu
l%uh kï iq¿;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska fldgq fkdlrk¦ iq¿;r ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska wdrlaId fldg iqrlsk¦ Okd;aul jQ ls%hdldß;ajhla fmkakqï lrk¦
wkuH fldagd l%uhka fkdue;s¦ ft;sydislj isÿ l,djQ fjkialï wdrlaId fkdlrk¦ wOHdmk
l%uh iy ckudOH yryd iudcfha ish¿ ck fldgiaj, wjfndaOh iy ±kqu j¾Okh lrk¦ iy
21
iq¿ ck fldgiaj, ldka;djka we;=¿ iudcfha ish¿ fldgia fjkqfjka y`v k.k l%uhhs' fuu
jHqyhg jvd;a Yla;shla Èh yelafla fjkialï lsÍug tfrys m%n, kS;s mekùfuka iy tajd
ls%hd;aul lsÍug mshjr .ekSfuks' tu.ska ish¿ wdldr fjkialï lsÍï wNsfhda.hg ,la l, yels
w;r foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh ;=< we;s flfrkakd jQ fjkialï lsÍïo Bg we;=<;a fjhs' Bg
wu;rj fjkialï lsÍï j,g tfrys hdka;%Khka fyda iudk wjia:d fok fldñiï u.ska cd;sl
;,fha§ wdKavqj iy m%cdj w;r ixjdohg myiqlrKh iemehsh yels jkaafkah' fuu.ska .egqï
je,elaùug;a" jvd;a idOkSh wdldrfhka .eg¿ foi ne,Sug;a" iq¿ ck fldgia w;r wd;;sh we;s
lrkakd jQ .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka idOkShjQ yd jHqyd;auljQ úi÷ï lrd fhduqjkag;a bv ie,fihs'
tjeks uKavm yryd wd;;Ska iukh lsÍu muKla fkdj" §¾> ld,Skj n,mdkakd jQ wdldrfhka
wúêu;a f,i iudcfhys úúO;ajh l<uKdlrkh lsÍu;a isÿ l, yelaflah'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a ta ;dla W!K ksfhdackh iys; jQ fyda ksfhdackh fkdue;s
lKavdhïj,g wjia:djka ie,fihs' nyq,;aj $ nyq;r Pkao l%uhka ys iq¿;r ck fldgia iy
jd¾.sl lKavdhï i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik fjka lr ;eîula iuyr úfgl isÿ flfrhs'

jHjia:dodhlh ;=< fjka fldg we;s wdik iqúfYaIs iq¿;r ck fldgia ksfhdackhg fhdod
.efkhs' úúO rgj, y÷kd.;a jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl iq¿;rhkag wdik fjka lr ;eîu ±lsh yels
fjhs' fldf,dïìhdj ^l¿ ck fldgia&" fl%dtaIshdj ^yxf.aßhdkq" b;d,s" fpla" iaf,djela"
re;skshdkq" Wlaf¾kshdkq" c¾uka iy Tiaá%hdkq iq¿;r fldgia&" bkaÈhdj ^jHjia:dfõ wvx.= f.da;%
iy l=,j,g wh;a fldgia&" fcd¾odkh ^ls%ia;shdks iy i¾leishka fldgia&" khs.rh ^;=wfr.a ck
fldgi&" kjis,ka;h ^u´ß ck fldgi&" mlsia:dkh ^uqia,sï fkdjk iq¿;rhka&" m,ia;Skh
^ls%ia;shdks yd iudß;dkq fldgia&" iefudjdj ^foaYSh fkdjk iq¨ ck lKavdhï&" iaf,dúkshdj
^yxf.aßhdkq iy b;d,s ck fldgia& yd ;dhsjdkh ^wdÈ jdis ckhd& hk rgj,a fufia wdik
iqq¨;r lKavdhïj,g fjka lr ;nhs'

fuu fjkal, wdikj,g ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrkafka wfkla ksfhdað;hska m;a flfrk
wdldrhguh' ue;sjrK kS;sfhys olajd we;akï iuyr wjia:dj,§ tu iqúfYaI ck lKavdhu
úiska ;ukaf.a idudðlhka f;dard m;a lrkq ,nhs' fï i|yd wod, ck fldgfia kdu f,aLkhla
;sìh hq;= fjhs' ish¿ l=vd lKavdhï ksfhdackh lsßu b;d fyd| fohla jqj;a jHjia:dhlfha
ksfhdackh msKsi jHqyhka ilia lr,Su jvd fyd| Wml%uhla nj ;¾l flfrhs' ta wkqj
ue;sjrK kS;sh wksis f,i yiqrejd,Su fyda kS;suh ne£ï lv lsÍu je,elafjhs' fldagd l%uhg
,ndfok wdik ksid nyq;r ck;dj w;r úfrdaO;d mek ke.Sug bvlv we;' tfukau úúO
ixialD;sl ck lKavdhï w;r wúYajdih jeä j¾Okh jkq we;' fï ish,a, je,elaùug jHqyhka
ie,iqï l, hq;= fjhs'

úêu;a f,i fjka lrk ,o wdik yerekq fldg ksh; N+f.da,Sh mßirhl isákakd jQ ck
fldgia ksfhdackh jeä lrkq msKsi m<d;a wdYS%;j wê ksfhdackhla isÿ l, yel' tlai ;a
rdcOdksh" iafldÜ,ka;h iy fõ,aih fjkqfjka ì%;dkHfha md¾,sfïka;=jg jeä uka;S%ka
ixLHdjla m;a fldg we;' Tjqkaf.a ck.yK m%udKh muKla tlu ks¾Kdhlh jQjd kï Tjqkag
fuu wjia:dj ysñjkafka ke;' fkamd,fha l÷lr m<d;aj, o fuu i;Hh ±lsh yels fjhs' ;j;a
úl,amhla jkafka zfyd|u mrdð;hdZ Pkao l%uhhs' fuh fudÍIiaj, Ndú;hg fhdojd we;'
lsishï iq¿ ck lKavdhul idudðlfhl= jeä Pkao m%udKhla ,ndf.k o mrdch jk úg tu
Pkao wfmalaIlhd g md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< wdik ysñ lr fok w;r tu.ska iuia: jd¾.sl
ksfhdackfha ;=,khla we;s lsÍug yels fjhs'

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY iSudjka yiqrejd,Su u;o iqúfYaI lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a l, yels
fjhs' wefußldfõ Pkao whs;sjdislï mK; u.ska w;S;fha§ úYd, fjkialï iys; Èia;s%lal ilia
lsÍug rchg wjia:dj ,nd § ;snqks' tys wruqK jQfha l¿" ,;sfkd fyda wdishdkq-wefußldkq ck
fldgia Ôj;ajk Èia;s%lal ;=< nyq;rhka ks¾udKh lsÍugh' fuh zidOkSh ls%hdoduhlaZ fia
ye¢kaúh yels fjhs' flfiafj;;a iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, ksfhdackh Èßu;a lsÍug fyda wdrlaId
lr,Sug ljr fyda ue;sjrK l%uhla yiqrejd ,Su újdod;aul fkdjkafka fkdfõ'

22
jd¾.sl jYfhka úIu;d iys; iudchka lsysmhlau wdik fjka lr ;eîfï ixl,amh ms<sf.k
we;' ta i|yd Tjqkag ;¾lkhla we;' fuu wdik jd¾.sl mokulska fjka lr ;nkjd muKla
fkdj jHjia:dodhlfha iuia: ksfhdack l%uh o jd¾.sl ldrKd u;u mokï flfrhs' tla tla
ksYaÑ; ck lKavdhu i|yd ue;sjrK f,aLkhla mj;ajd f.k hk w;r th Ndú;fhka
jHjia:dodhlh i|yd ziajlSh lKavdhfukaZ muKla idudðlhka f;dardm;a lsÍu isÿ flfrhs'

jd¾.slj nyq, jQ iudchka ys ue;sjrK l%uhka ;lafiare lrkq msKsi Wmldr jkakd jQ
ks¾Khlhka lsysmhla(

ffk;sl;ajh( ksfhdack wdKavqjla msysgqjkakg iqÿiq ksis wdh;ksluh jev ms<sfj,la f,ig
nyq;r iudch úiska ue;sjrK l%uh ms<sf.k we;so@ mrdch jkakd jQ iq¿ ck lKavdhï fyda
foaYmd,k mlaIhka ue;sjrK m%Óm, kS;Hdkql+, njg ms<s.kS o@

foaYmd,ksl taldnoaO;djh( ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska rg taldnoaO flfrhso@ ke;skï rg folv

flfrhs o@ tu.ska O%eùlrKh jeä lrhs o@ ke;skï wju lrhs o@ foaYmd,ksl .egqï iduldó
úi÷ï lrd fhduq lr,Sug wjYH ls%hdmámdàka yryd th lghq;= lrhs o@ ke;skï úi÷ï w;a lr
fokafka wú n,fhka fyda u¾OkSh ls%hd l,dmhkaf.ka o@

foaYmd,k mlaI( jd¾.sl mokï u; ieliqkq foaYmd,k mlaI l%ufhl m%ldYs; ùu fya;=fjka"
jd¾.sl fjkialï foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu j<lajd ,Sug ue;sjrK l%uhg yelshdj we;s o@

ksfhdack wdKavqj( iqúfYaI ue;sjrK l%uhla u.ska f;dard m;a lrkq ,enQ ue;sjrK l%uhlg
úúO jd¾.sl lKavdhï j, iy iqúfYaIs jd¾.sl iq¿;rhkaf.a Wjukdjka ksfhdackh lrkakg
yelshdjla we;so@ iq¿;r ck;djkag ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO úh yels f,iska ue;sjrK
l%uh u.ska ikaOdkjdÈ wdKavq msysgqùug bv i,ihss o@

úreoaO foa=Ymd,kh( foaYmd,k ls%hdj,sfha§ jvd m%n, N+ñldjla bgq lrkakg úreoaO
foaYmd,khg yelsjk msKsi ue;sjrK l%uh u.ska nyq;rhka w;sYfhdala;shg kexùu j<lajd
isào@ md¾,sfïka;=jla m%n, jkafka úOdhlfha wdêm;Hhg m%;súreoaOjh'

iyNd.sùug we;s whs;sjdislu(

iqÿiq ue;sjrK l%uhka u.ska m%udKj;a ksfhdackhla iy;sl fldg isàu muKla iudk
iyNd.s;ajh ;yjqre lrkakg iu;a jkafka ke;' iyNd.sùu i|yd iudk whs;sjdislï we;s njg
;SrK .ekSfï jHqyhka úiska ;yjqrejla Èh hq;j
= we;'

iyNd.sùug we;s whs;sjdislu iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ yd cd;Hka;rfha ±lau(

cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï iïu;hka yd iïuq;Ska u.ska ldka;djkag" msßñkag" ;reKhkag iy

<uqkag" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc iy ixialD;sl Ôú;h ;=< lsisÿ wdldrfhl fjkialulg ,la
fkdùug iy ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd iudk yd mQ¾K iyNd.s;ajhla ;sîug;a" n,fha úúO
uÜgï fj; <`.d ùug;a whs;shla we;af;ah'

ue;sjrK u.ska tla wdldrfhl foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajhla ks¾udKh lrhs' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
u.ska wdh;k .; flrekq fjk;a wdldrhkaf.a iyNd.s;ajhka we;' cku; úpdrKh tjekakls'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia:dms; flrekq wdh;khka u.ska" udkj ysñlï N=la;s ú£ug tfrysj
fjkialï isÿ lsÍu" iudk whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍu fyda iïm;a fyda wjia:d fjka lsÍfï§
fjkialï isÿ lsÍu hkdÈh j<lajd isà'

YS% ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj rdcH md,kh iïnkaOfhka iyNd.s;ajh m< lsÍug ljr
wdldrfhlj;a n, lsÍula ke;' tys i|yka jkafka l,ska l,g rdcH md,kfha ;, ;=k" tkï
md¾,sfïka;=j" m<d;a iNd iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k hkdÈhg ksfhdað;hska f;dard m;a lsÍu
muKla isÿ lrk yeáhg h' tkuq;a rdcH m%;sm;a;Ska iy wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ y;r jeks

23
fþofha i|yka hq;=lï iïnkaOfhka i,lk l, iyNd.s;ajhg iy fjkialï lsÍug tfrysj
uQ,sl ksfhda.hka .Kkdjla bÈßm;a lrhs' wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ yh jeks fþofha 27 jeks
j.ka;sfha 4 jeks Wm j.ka;sh u.ska cd;sl Ôú;fha iy wdKavqj ;=< úúO uÜgïj,ska
iyNd.sjkakg whs;shla we;s njg iúia;rd;aulj ms,sf.k we;'

Zrcfha m%cd;ka;%jdos jHqyhka iy ck;djf.a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ whs;Ska mq¿,a fldg Yla;su;a lsÍu;a
iy mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu;a" cd;sl ðú;fha iy wdKavq md,kfha iEu uÜgul§ u
iyNd.sjkakg ck;djg ish¿ wjia:djka ;sfíZ'

iudkd;au;djh" iudk wjia:d ;sîu iy md,kfha§ lsisÿ fjkilg ,la fkdùu hk uQ,sl
O¾u;d f.k olajk ksfhda. lsysmhla we;' kuq;a fuu mßÉfþofha 29 j.ka;sh u.ska rdcHh iy
m%;sm;a;s yd n,.ekaúh fkdyels uQ,sl hq;=lï .ek i|yka lrhs'

zfuu mßÉfþofha úê úOdk m%ldrj lsisÿ wêlrKhl § fyda úksYaph iNdjl§ n, .ekaúh
fkdyels" ffk;sl whs;Ska fyda ne£ï mekfjkafka ke;' tjeks úê úOdk yd fkdmEfyk njg
lsisÿ wêlrKhl§ fyda úksYaph iNdjl§ m%YaK l, fkdyelaflahZ'

ish¿ uÜgïj,§ md,kh talSh nyq;r l%uhl md,khla ùu u.ska md,l mlaIhkag iqúfYaIS
n,;, Ndú;d lrñka ;SrK .kakg bvla ie,fihs' ;ukaf.a Ôú;j,g n,mdkakd jQ ;SrK .kq
msKsi iy iyNd.s jkakg neyer lrk ,o ñksiqkag we;s whs;sjdislï f.k olajkakd jQ fjk;a
ffk;sl fyda wdh;ksl ie,iqï o fkdue;af;ah'

foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh
;ukag n,mdkakd jq ;Skaÿ .ekSug iEu flfkl=gu whs;shla we;af;ah' jd¾.slj yd b;d oreKq
wdldrfhka fn§ fjkaj we;s foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhla ;=< Ôj;ajkakdjQ iq¿ ck lKavdhï i|yd
fuh úfYaIfhkau jeo.;a fjhs' iq¿;r lKavdhï fu;rï wjOdkhg yiqlr.; hq;af;a wehs
hkak w;sYhskau jeo.;a ldrKhls' ukao Tjqka ;uka fj; ksYaÑ; wkkH;djka ysñ lr f.k
isák w;ru lsisÿ n,hlska f;drj o isà' n,h fkdue;s lu iu. B<`.g mqoa.,hd ;=<g we;=¿
jkafka bj;a lr,Su ms<sn| ye`.Suhs' fuh b;d myiqfjka m%pKav;ajh lrd fhduq flfrhs'
;ukaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr.ekSug we;s tlu úl,amh m%pKav;ajh fia Èiafjhs' wfkla iEu
ñksfil=gu fiau iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g o ;uka i|yd n,mdkakd jQ foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól ;Skaÿ
.ekSug o whs;sjdislï we;' kuq;a n,h fkdue;slu fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a yelshdjka ;yjqre
lrkakg úfYaI mshjrhka .; hq;=j we;' fuh iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g wh;a .eyeKqkag iy
msßñkag o wod, jkakdjq .eg¿jla ksid iq¿;r lKavdhug wh;ajkakdjQ .eyeKqkag Tjqkaf.a
ðú;j,g n,mdk wdldrfhka ;Skaÿ .ekSu i|yd msßñkag jvd jeä n,hla lsis fia;a ke;af;ah'

foaYmd,k lghq;=j,§ iq¿ ck fldgiaj,g lsisÿ y~la fkdue;s úg§ .egqu ieuúgu biau;=
jkafkah' ukao foaYmd,k y~ ish¿ whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú¢kakg we;s uQ,sl h;=r jk ksidh'
WodyrKhla f,i .;a úg iudc ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka tkï wOHdmkh /lshd wjia:d iy bvï
whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka we;s wjia:d iy iïm;a wrNhd ;SrK .kakg iyNd.s ùu neyer
lr,Su u.ska isÿjkafka fjkialï isÿ lsÍu j,lajd isàug" rcfha m%;sm;a;Skag iy Ndú;djkag
n,mEï lsÍug iq¿ ck lKavdhï wfmdfydi;a ùuhs' ;jo" iq¿ ck fldgia foaYhg whs;s msßila
fkdjk njg ix{djla nyq;r ck;dj úiska iq¿;r ck;djkag ksl=;a lrhs' fujeks neyer lsÍï
isÿ flfrk úg§ fn§ fjkaùu yefrkakg fjk;a úl,amhla iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g fmfkkaf ka
ke;' YS% ,xldfjys mYapd;a ksoyia iufha wka;¾ jd¾.sl iïnkaO;dj,ska w;a olskakg ,enqfka
fuu ;;a;ajhs'

24
iq¿;r iyNd.s;ajhg hdka;%Kh
iq¿;r lKavdhïj, foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh f.dv ke.Su isÿ l, yelafla cd;sl fyda m%dfoaYSh
uÜgïj,§ ^fuu fojeks ;;a;ajh idudkHfhka fN!ñlj me;sr isák lKavdhïj,g wod,j& h'
fïjd úêu;a ^wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska ms<s.ekqkq& fyda wúêu;a iy úOdhlhla we;s fyda yqfola
WmfoaYd;aul uÜgñka mj;sk hdka;%Khka úh yel'

ue;sjrK l%u iy wdik fjka lsÍu

cd;sl ;,fha§ iq¿ ck fldgia i|yd wdik fldagdjla fjka lr ;eîu idudkH ms<sfj, fjhs'
fïjd rcfha weu;s ;k;=re iy $ fyda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wiqka úh yel' Bg wu;rj nyq;r Pkaoh"
wdjD; fyda újD; iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= iy yqjudre l, yels Pkao jeks ksYaÑ;
ue;sjrK ie,iqï u.ska iq¿ ck fldgiaj, ksfhdackh ;yjqre flfrkafka ke;' fu;ek§
jeo.;a ldrKd f,i u;=jkafka iq¿;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska b;d meyeÈ,s f,i ;ukaf.a
m%cdj ksfhdackh lsßu;a ^fuu iq¿ ck fldgiaj," tkï tu lKavdhïj,g wh;a ldka;djka o
we;=¿j iuia: úúO;ajhu& yd Ndú;fha§ Tjqkag we;s n,mEu;a fndfyda y~j,a w;r tla y~la
jkafkah' bkaÈhdfõ jHjia:dodhlfhys wdikj,ska ishhg 22 la iq¿ ck lKavdhï i|yd fjka
fldg we;' fï ksid .egqï je<elaùu ms<sn| ;;a;ajh ñY% tlla f,i mj;S' fuu ;;a;ajh u;
fjka l, wdik u.ska we;s flfrk n,mEu ksYaÑ;ju f.k ±laùu ÿIalrh' ukao rgmqrd úYd,
m%udKfhka yd úIu wdldrfhka .egqï me;sr m%dfoaYSh yd cd;sl uÜgï fj; n,mEï t,a, fldg
we;s ksidh' flfiafj;;a" úúO m¾fhaIK u.ska Tmamq ù we;af;a iq¿ ck fldgiaj, whs;sjdislï
Èß.kajkq msKsi n,h fnod yeÍu wjYH nj;a" tu.ska wd;;Ska iukh lsÍu wjYH nj;ah'
tfukau cd;sl ;,fha§ iq¿ ck fldgia ksfhdackh ùu jeo.;a jkafka iq¿ ck fldgia i|yd
n,mdkakdjQ ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§ nyq;r-iq¿;r tl`.;dj we;s lr .ekSug;ah' fï
iïnkaOfhka fjka l, wdikj,g jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lsÍug we;' fldfidafjda ys § zrch
;=< iq¿ ck lKavdhï ksfhdackh ;yjqre lrk msKsi úúO iNdjka ys § ir, ksfhdackh g jvd
jeäZ m%fõYhla .ekSfï fyd| Ndú;djla olakg we;' flfiafj;;a f;dardm;a lr.;a iq¿ ck
lKavdhï ksfhdað;hska Tjqkaf.a Pkaoodhlhska fj; we;s j.ùu imqrd,sh hq;=j we;af;ah'
jHjia:dodhlhka ;=< iq¿;r ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj jeä lsÍfuka foaYmd,k Ôú;fhys
iq¿;rfha y~ Yla;su;a f,i biau;= lr,Sug" fjka l, wdikj,g yelshdjla ,efnkafkah'

;jo rch me;af;ka .;a l, tu mshjrhka jvd fyd| ix{djka ksl=;a lrk w;r wka;¾.;Sh
mßirhla ks¾udKh lrkakg jeo.;a odhl;ajhla iemfhhs' fuys§ iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g wkkH
úh yels ;;a;ajhka we;s jk w;r foaYfha fldgia lrejka njg Tjqka ;=< ye`.Sula o we;s
flfrhs' fuu.ska fnÿïjd§ fyda .egqïldÍ m%jK;djka je,elafjhs' flfiafj;;a wd¾Ól
lafIa;%fhys .kq ,nk jvd idOkSh mshjrhka fya;=fjka nyq;r ck;djkag fuh zwidOdrKhlaZ
iy zfjkialï lsÍulaZ fia Èiaúh yels ;;a;ajhka u;= úh yel' tu.ska ±ä wd;;Skaf.ka hq; =
;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh úh yel' fï fya;=j ksid fujeks mshjrhka y÷kajd§fï§ rdcHhka m%fõYï
úh hq;= w;r úksúo núka hq;=j tu mshjrhka bÈßm;a l, hq;af;ah' tjeks mshjrhka wjYH
lrkafka wehs hkakg rchka úiska meyeÈ,s úia;r lsÍula l, hq;=j we;af;ah' tfukau tu
mshjrhka iuia:hla jYfhka foaYhg fld;rï jevodhl o hkako fmkajd Èh hq;af;ah' fï
;;a;ajh Ndú;fhka iq¨ ck fldgia i|yd iudkd;au;djh iy wka;¾.; lr.ekSug we;s
whs;Ska imqrd,Su m%udo lrkakg rchka lghq;= fkdl, hq;af;ah'

iq¿ ck lKavdhï úiska wdêm;H orkakd jq ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalhka ks¾udKh lrkakg iSud
udhsï fjkia lr,Su idOkSh mshjrla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' ksYaÑ; Èia;s%lalhkaf.ka iq¿;r ck
fldgia f;aÍ m;aùu ;yjqre lrkakg fujeks ie,eiqula wjYHh' flfiafj;;a" zjd¾.slj
ieleiqkq ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka hkq iq¿;r wdêm;Hh iys; Pkao m%foaYhka fjhs' kuq;a nyq;r
lKavdhug wh;a Pkao odhlhska wdêm;Hh orkakd jQ ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka o fndfyduhla
we;' fï ksid iq¿;r lKavdhïj, iyfhda.h fyda iq¿;r lKavdhïj, Wjukd tmdlï .ek
nyq;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska lror úh hq;= fkdjkafkah' ksjeßÈ ;;a;ajhka ;=<§ iuyr
Pkao l%u u.ska jHjia:dodhlfhys iy rchka ;=< iq¿;r ck;djf.a ksfhdackh Yla;su;a
25
flfrk w;r mYapd;a .egqï ;;a;ajhka j,§ kej; hqoaOhlg we§ hEu je,elaùfï bvlv jeä
lrhs' fujeks ;;a;ajhka w;a ±l we;s rchka l, hq;af;a ixúOdkd;aulj ck.yKh yqjudre
lsÍfï lghq;=j,ska wE;aj isàuh' ukao tjeks foa fndfyda fldg isÿ flfrkafka iq¿ ck fldgia
mÈxÑ m<d;aj, Tjqkaf.a wdêm;Hh ÿ¾j, lsÍugh' ta i|yd nf,kau wfkla ck;djka iu. iq¿
ck fldgia iïñY%Kh ùug ie,eiqï flfrhs'

nyq jd¾.sl iduchka ys úOdhl ckdêm;sjrhd f;dardm;a lsÍug iq¿;r lKavdhï

iyNd.s;ajh(
YS% ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard .ekSug iy ,kavkfha k.rdêm;sjrhd f;dard.ekSug ukdm
l%uhla Ndú;d lrhs' fuu fojeks ukdmh w;sf¾l Pkaohla f,i ie,flhs' Pkao odhlhska
;ukaf.a m<uq ukdmh muKla fkdj fojeks ukdmho ke;skï f;dard.ekSu o i,l=Kq lrhs ^YS%
,xldfjys ;=kajeks ukdmhla o we;&' fuh isÿ lrk wdldrfhys fjkialï we;( YS% ,xldfjys
Pkao wfmalaIlhskaf.a kï bÈßmsg b,lalï z1Z z2Z iy z3Z i,l=Kq lrk yeáhg
Pkaoodhlhskaf.ka b,a,d isà' fï wdldrhgu úl,am Pkaoh iy ;ks yqjudre Pkaoh Ndú;hg
fhfohs' Pkao .Kkh fohdldrfha§u tl iudk fjhs( Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= m<uq ukdmhkaf.ka
nyq;r Pkao m%udKh f.k we;akï tu ;eke;a;d fyda ;eke;a;sh jyd f;dardm;a lr.;a nj
lshefjhs' flfiafj;;a tlÿ Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= nyq;r Pkaohla ,ndf.k ke;skï jeäu Pkao
,ndf.k we;s fofokd yerekq fldg wfkla wh bj;a lrkq ,efnhs' Tjqkaf.a fojeks ^YS%
,xldfõ§ fojeks iy ;=kajeks& ukdmhka fuu jeäu Pkao ,nd .;a wfmalaIlhka fofokd w;r
fnod yefrhs' fuys we;s Okd;aul ,laIKh kï ish¿ Pkaoodhlhskaf.a nyq;r Pkaofhka fyda
ukdm u.ska fyda iDcqju ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard m;a flfrk njg ;yjqrejla fok w;ru Pkao
wfmalaIlhkag o ;ukaf.a mlaIfhka fyda jd¾.sl lKavdhfuka msg; fojeks ukdmhl iydhla
fjk;a lKavdhïj,skao ,nd.ekSug Èßu;a fldg isàuhs' 1982 mgka YS% ,xldfjys ckdêm;s OQrh
i|yd meje;ajQ ue;sjrK mfya § n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjqkq wdldrfhka ch.%dys wfmalaIlhdg m<uq
jgfha§u nyq;r Pkaohla ysñj ;snqfkah' fï ksid ukdm .Kka lsÍula wjYH jQfha ke;'

bkaÿkSishdj flkahdj iy khsÔßhdj hk rgj,a ;=k Tjqkaf.a ckdêm;sjrKhka zfnodyeÍfï

wjYH;djlaZ iu. noaO flfrhs' Pkao wfmalaIlhka Tjqkaj f;dard m;a lr.kq ,eîug fmr
nyq;r Pkaohg wu;rj m<d;a jYfhka ;ukaf.a Pkao me;sr we;s njg ;yjqre lr.; hq;=j we;'
2004 § bkaÿkSishdj m<uq iDcq ckdêm;sjrKh meje;ajQ w;r ch.%dys ckdêm;sjrhd iy Wm
ckdêm;sjrhd cd;sl Pkaofhka nyq;rh Èkd.; hq;=j ;snqks' tfukau ish¨ m,d;aj,ska
wvlskaj;a ishhg 20 lg jeä Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.; hq;=j ;snqks' fufia isÿ flrefka fojeks
jghlg Pkao .Kka lsÍu je,elaùugh' fuu wjYH;djg W;af;ackh ,nd.ekqfka
khsÔßhdfjks' tu rg m<d;a jYfhka o" úYd,;ajfhka o úúO;ajh m< lrkakls' fuys§ ckdêm;s
wfmalaIlhd cd;sl Pkaofhka nyq;r Pkaoh Èkd.ekSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdjkafkah' rfÜ
m<d;aj,ska wju jYfhka ;=fkka foll Pkaoj,ska wvqu ;rñka ;=fkka tllaj;a Èkd.ekSu
wjYH lrkafkah' wjYH;d fnod yeÍu ;=<ska ckdêm;s Pkao wfmalaIlhkag ;ukaf.a m<d;aj,ska
fyda jd¾.sl mokïj,ska Tíng fjk;a msßif.ka b,a,Sï lrkakg isÿfjhs' fuh iqÿiq wdldrfhka
ls%hdfõ fh±ùu ;=< jvd fyd| m%Óm, w;a lr.; yels jkafkah' flfiafj;;a ch.%yKh i|yd
wjYH;d folla kshu lr isàfuka ieuúgu lsisÿ Pkao wfmalaIlfhl=g ch.%yKh i|yd tu
wjYH;d folu iïmqQ¾K lrkakg fkdyels fjhs' ue;sjrK ie,iqï lrkakka úiska fuu
;;a;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu wjYH fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh úi|d,Sug mshjr .ekSu jeo.;ah' ukao
ch.%dylfhl= ìys fkdlrk ue;sjrK l%uhla fya;=fjka n,hla fkdue;s wjldYhla ks¾udKh ù
wia:djr;ajfha Nhdkl;ajh lshd mdkakg fjhs'

by< uka;%K iNdjla f;dardm;a lsÍu

ish¿u jHjia:dodhlhka ;ks uka;%K iNdjlska hq;= tajd fkdjkafkah' úYd, rgj,
jHjia:dodhlhka fndfyda úg uka;%K iNd follska hq;=h' fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka

26
^fndfyda úg i|yka flfrkafka by< uka;%K iNdj fyda fifkÜ iNdj kñka& tla fyda
fohdldrhl ldrKd i|yd h' m<uq ldrKh kï fjkia wdldrhl ksfhdackhla ,nd §ug fyda
fjkia wjYH;djka ksfhdackh lsÍugh' fndfyda úg rfÜ l,dmhka fyda m<d;a ksfhdackh
lsÍugh' fojeks ldrKh kï zúu¾IK iNdjlaZ f,i ls%shd;aul ùugh' my< uka;%K iNdj
úiska .kakdjQ yÈis ;SrK kj;ajd,Su fyda m%udo lr,Su fuys lghq;a; fjhs' by< uka;%K
iNdj, n,hka fndfyda úg my< uka;%K iNdjkaf.a tajdg jvd wvq uÜgul mj;s' úfYaIfhkau
tajd úu¾IK iNdjka njg m;ajk úg tjeks ;;a;ajhla u;=fjhs' f,dalh mqrd rgj,ska ;=fkka
foll we;af;a ;ks uka;%K iNdjlska hq;= jHjia:dodhlhka h' b;sß rgj,a ;=fkka tflys
we;af;a tla;rd wdldrhl fojeks uka;%K iNdjls' fïjdfha jHqyhka úYd, f,i fjkiafjhs'
kuq;a fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka lghq;= lrkafka f*vr,a ke;skï ikaëh ie,iqï
ksfhdackh lsÍugh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, wefußldj iy ´iafÜ%,shdj" c¾uksfha
,dkav¾ iy ol=Kq wms%ldfõ m<d;a ish,a, fjk fjku by< uka;%K iNdj ;=< ksfhdackh fjhs'
fuu.ska l=vd m%dka;hka fyda m,d;a i|yd wjYH iydh ks¾udKh flfrhs' fuh ksfhdackfha
iudkd;au;djh fmkakqï lrhs' Bg wu;rj fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka weÈ we§ hk
ue;sjrKhkaf.ka hq;= fjhs' TiafÜ%,shdfõ iy cmdkfha fojeks uka;%K iNdjg iEu jir
;=klg j;djla f;dard.ekSï isÿ lrhs' wefußldfõ iy bkaÈhdfõ fojeks uka;%K iNdjkag iEu
jir follgu j;djla ;=fkka tll f;dard.ekSula isÿ lrhs'

úl,am ksfhdackfha idudkHfhka olakg ke;s ;;a;ajhla kï fojeks uka;%K iNdj iqúfYaIs
jd¾.sl" NdIduh" wd.ñl fyda ixialD;sl lKavdhï ksfhdackh lsÍuh' fojeks uka;%K iNdjg
o isú,a iudcfhka ksfhdað;fhda f;dard .efkhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a ud,dúfh ys
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska f;dard .;a fifkÜ iNslhska 80 w;ßka 32 la iudcfha zúúO wjYH;d
we;s lKavdhïZ u.ska iliafldg kï l, ,ehsia;=jlska f;dard .efkhs' fuu lKavdhïj,g"
ldka;d ixúOdk" wdndê; mqoa.,hskaf.a ixúOdk" fi!LH iy wOHdmk ixúOdk" jHdmdr yd
f.dú;eka wxYh" jD;a;Sh iñ;s" iudcfha ms<s.ekSug ,lajQ idudðlhska iy wd.ñl kdhlhska
we;=<;a fjhs' fuhdldrhgu fojeks uka;%K iNdjka we;s *sð iy fndÜiajdkd jeks rgj,
ksfhdackh isÿjkafka idïm%odhsl fyda f.da;s%l kdhlhska úisks'

fuu fjkialï fya;=fjka fndfyda fojeks uka;%K iNdjka wv jYfhka f;dardm;a lr.;a tajd
jk w;r jl%j f;dard .ekqkq fyda fkd.ekqkq tajd fjhs' f;dard .ekSug ,la jQ tajdfha n,;,
uka;%K iNdjka foflys fjkialï fmkakqï lrhs' fuu iNdjka fol i|yd mj;ajk ue;sjrK
l%uo fjkia fjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka TiafÜ%,shdfjys my< uka;%K iNdjg f;dard.ekSï
lrkafka nyq;r Pkao l%uh u.sks' úúO m%dka; ksfhdackh lrkakdjQ by< uka;%K iNdjg
f;dard.ekSï lrkafka wkqmd;sl l%uhgh' iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g my< uka;%K iNdfõ
ksfhdackhla fkd,efnk úg§ by< uka;%K iNdj ;=< ksfhdackhla ,nd.kq msKsi m%dka;
ksfhdackh yryd bvla ie,fihs'

bkaÿkSishdfjys my< uka;%K iNdjg f;dard.ekSï isÿ lrkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack

,ehsia;=fjks' by< uka;%K iNdj m<d;a y;ßka ksfhdað;hska y;r fofkl= f;dard.ekSug ;ks
yqjudre l, fkdyels Pkaoh Ndú;d lrhs' fldf,dïìhdfõ uka;%K iNd folgu f;dard.ekSï
lrkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh yrydh' fifkÜ iNdjg f;dard.ekSu lrkafka uq¿ rgu ;ks
Èia;s%lalhla yeáhg i,lñks' fï ksid l=vd foaYmd,k mlaI iy iq¿;r lKavdhïj, wjYH;d
ksfhdackhg bvla ie,fihs'

iajhx md,kh iy f*vr,ajdoh

iq¿ ck lKavdhï iqúfYaI m%foaY j,g iSud ù we;s rgj, foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh
isÿúh hq;af;a m%dfoaYsh uÜgñks' fï i|yd we;s idudkH hdka;%Kh kï iajhx md,khhs' tla;rd
n,hla ^fndfyda úg ixialD;sl wd¾Ól wOHdmk iy wd.ñl wxY wdjrKh lrñka& uOHu
wdKavqj u.ska m<d;a wdKavqjg mjrkq ,nhs' fuh ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh mßirhlg ^tla fyda Bg jeä
iq¿ ck lKavdhï m%udKhla Ôj;ajk& iSud fjhs' f*vr,ajdofha§ iuia: rgu uOH.; tall
njg fjka flfrhs' tla tla tallh fnod yßk ,o n,hla Ndú;d lrhs' f*vr,a $ iajhx md,k
27
iSudjka jd¾.sl $ wd.ñl m%cdjka mÈxÑ ia:dk mokï fldg ie,iqïjkafka ke;' iajhxmd,kh
fkdfyd;a n,h úuOH.; lsÍu w¿;a iq¨;r lKavdhï ^úfgl nyq;rhg wh;aj isá msßila úh
yelshs& ks¾udKh lsßug fya;=fjhs' iq¿ ck lKavdhï tla m<d;lg muKla iSudù fkdisák
wjia:dj,§ ^ixialD;sl fyda lKavdhï iajhx md,kh f,i fndfyda úg kï flfrhs& fN!ñl
fkdjk iajhx md,khla ie,eiqï lsÍu myqih' fuu.ska iq¿;r lKavdhulg ;SrK .ekSfï n,h
mjrd§u isÿ flfrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl" wOHdmk" mqoa., kS;s iy
wd.ñl ldrKd u; mokïj ksfhdack iNdjla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g
yelsh' fuu iajhx md,k iNdj u.ska nÿ wh lsÍfï n,h iy uOHu rcfhka wruqo,a
,nd.ekSfï n,h ysñ lrf.k isà' fï i|yd WodyrK tiaf;dakshdj" yxf.aßhdj" reishdkq
iuQydKavqj" iaf,dùkshdj hk rgj, iy bkaÈhdfõ uqia,sï mqoa., kS;s úOdk u.ska ±laúh yelsh'

iajhx md,kh fyd| fyda krl fõjd §¾> ld,Sk iduh f.dvke.Sfï hdka;%Khka yryd fuh
Èh;a lrkafka flfiao hkak ;SrKh fjhs' flfiafj;;a zmßiaiïldß f,i ie,iqï lrk ,o
iajhxmd,khla iy iaj md,k rdcHhka wdêm;Hh fkdue;s lKavdhïj,g ienE iajmd,kh w;a
olskakg wjYH m%udKj;a wjldYhka imhkakd jQ wdh;ksluh jHqyhka ks¾udKh lr.ekSug
bv i,ihs' fï w;r wêm;HOdß lKavdhïj,g wkd.;fha iuia: rdcHfha meje;au wkdrlaIs;
fkdjk njg ;yjqrejla flfrhsZ'

iajhx md,kh iïnkaOfhka bkaÈhdfõ WodyrKh b;du;au Okd;aulh' ;ñ,akdvqj ;=<u øúv
jHdmdrh fjku rdcHhla b,a,d isák ;;a;ajhla ksoyiska miqj ±l.kakg ,enqks' zjd¾.sl iajhx
md,kh" m%dka; yd cd;sl uÜgïj,ska m%udKj;a ksfhdackhla ,nd§u" l=vd iq¿;r lKavdhï
jd¾.sl n,h fnod .ekSfï jev ms<sfj, ;=< wka;¾.; lr.ekSu iy rdcHh u.ska ,ndfokakd jQ
m%;s,dNhka N=la;s ú¢kakg wjldY ie,iSu u.ska fnÿïjd§ jHdmdrhka m%cd;ka;%jdÈ n,fõ.hka
njg mßj¾;kh l, yelsfjhs' tfukau rdcHh;a iu. leue;af;kau fldgialdrhska njgo
m;afjhsZ'

ixlS¾K n,h fnod yod .ekSu

wjidk jYfhka iuyr úfYaI{hska" mq¿,a ck iyNd.s;ajh ilia lrkq msKsi ixlS¾K
meflachka fhdackd fldg isà' fï ish,a, ks¾udKh flfrkafka m%pKavjQ .egqfuka miqj iduh
f.dvke.Sfï ls%hdj,fhys fldgila f,i h' tjeks meflachka folla kï ikaOdkjdoh iy
wka;¾.;Sh n,h fnod yod .ekSu fjhs' ikaOdkjdoh uQ,sl jYfhka wdrïN flrefka wrkaâ
,smacd;a kue;s ´,kao foaYmd,k úfYaI{hd ksidh' fndfyda úg weu;s uvq,a,g fjka fldg we;s
wdik u; úOdhlhg wh;a jkakd jQ ck lKavdhï w;r n,h fnod yod .ekSu isÿ flfrhs' ta
w;ru iajhx md,khg ie,eiqï ms<sfh, fjhs' fï wkqj iudcfha zúúO fldgiaZ ^WodyrKhlg
iq¨;r ck fldgia& ;uka wrNhd ;Skaÿ .ekSu myiq lrjhs'

fuu ie,iqï i|yd iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackfha iydh ysñfjhs ^WodyrKhla f,i .;a úg rdcH
wxYfha /lshd" wruqo,a iy $ fyda foaYmd,k ksfhdackh&' tfukau tla tla ck lKavdhu Tjqkag
n,mdkakd jQ m%Odk ldrKd iïnkaOfhka wfkHdakH tl`.;djkag fhduq fjhs' tlg tlaù n,h
fnod yod.ekSu idudkHfhka iïnkaO jkafka fvdk,aâ fydfrdúÜia f.a woyia ±laùï yd
iu.h' kï lrk ,o ck lKavdhï fjkqfjka n,h wdrlaId lr§ug wdh;khla msysgqùug
lghq;= flfrhs' tu.ska ue;sjrK l%uhkag iydh m< lrk w;r iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh isÿjkafka
úl,am m%;sm;a;Ska u;h' ;jo jd¾.sl yd wd.ñl fjkaùï wNsNjd hñka ñ;%hka f.dv k.d .ekSu
isÿ flfrhs' fï ish,a, m%n, iq¿ ck lKavdhï ys whs;sjdislï wdrlaId flfrk rdcHhla
i|ydh' fuys,d fjkialï mEfï l%uh bj; ,Eu iy hdka;%Khka Yla;su;a lsÍu isÿ flfrhs'

ikaOdkjdÈ n,h fnod.ekSu fmkakqï lrk WodyrK .Kkdjla we;' fï yryd flá ld,hla
;=<§ .egqïj,ska bj;g ú;a isákakg iudchkag Woõ lrhs' flfiafj;;a fuh isÿjkafka jd¾.sl
wkkH;d >kSN+; lrñks' fuu ;;a;ajh fndiakshdj iy y¾fidf.dúkdfjys olakg we;' fuys
Pkao odhlhska ;uka zPkaoh ,ndfok ñksiqkaZ lKavdhï ;=fkka tlla ksfhdackh l, hq;= fjhs'
fuu.ska ñY% wkkH;d hk ldrKh bj;a flfrhs' ;jo iq¿ ck lKavdhïj,g ;uka iq¿;rhla
28
f,i y÷kajd.kakg we;s whs;sjdislu fyda iq¿;rhla fkdjk njg y÷kajd.kakg we;s
whs;sjdislu W,a,x>kh flfrhs' fuu f;dard.ekSu u; jdis fyda wjdis w;a fkdúh hq;=h'
jvd;au ck lKavdhï i|yd ksYaÑ; wdik m%udKhla fjka lr ;nd we;s úg§ wdik fnod §fï
l%uh ck;djf.a mÈxÑùïj, fjkiaùï iu. h,a mek.sh fohla njg m;afjhs'

wjidk ks.uk yd bÈß .uk

ue;sjrK ksfhdack l%uhkaf.a o" n,h fnod .ekSfï l%uhkaf.a o m%;sixialrKhka isÿ lsÍfuka
fyda neyer lrk ,o ish¿ ck;d fldgiaj," lafIa;%hkaj, iy m%cdjkaf.a ^.%dóh fyda fldka
flÍug ,lajqkq m%cdjka" ldka;djka" iq¿;r ck lKavdhï& m%udKj;a iy iudk iyNd.s;ajh
ms<s.;a cd;sl hdka;%Khla ks¾udKh lsÍu u.ska rch o ms<sf.k we;s yd wkqu; fldg we;s
cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï f,aLkj,ska ms<s.ekqkq iïu;hka g wkql+,j ish,a,kag ;ukaf.a
iyNd.s;ajh ,nd§ug we;s m%cd;ka;S%h whs;sh ms<s.; hq;=j we;' .egqï je,elaùug;a"
iudkd;au;dj fyda iduh f.dv ke.Sug;a iq¿ ck lKavdhïj, iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.ekSug
hdka;%Khka ilia lrk úg u;= jqkdjQ tla ksfIaOkSh ;¾lKhla kï ztaldnoaO ùug tfrysj
fn§ fjkaùuZ f,i ±laúh yelsh' ft;sydisl ÿla.ekú,s we;s wjia:dj,§ ^fndfyda fldg ue;
Nd.fha§& úúO lKavdhïj,g úúO hdka;%Khka l,dmSh uÜgñka ^iajhx md,k whs;sh& fyda
cd;sl uÜgñka ^m%cdjg wkql+,j wdik" ;k;=re iy fjk;a foa fnod yeÍug n,h fn§fï
hdka;%Khla ;sîu& we;s lsÍu jvd;a idudkH ls%hd l,dmh fjhs' foaYmd,k{hskag ish¿ ck;djka
fj; .uka lrkakg wjYH Èß §u ,nd §" ish,a,kag iudk f,i iyNd.s jkag wjia:d i,ik
;;a;ajhka we;s fldg" iuia:hu we;=,;a lr.kakd jQ úi÷ula fj; fhduq úu fjkialï isÿ
lsÍug tfrys m%n, mshjrhka .ekSuls' idu .súiqï úYaf,aIkh lsÍfï§ fmkS hk lreK kï
ixl%dka;sh i|yd tl`. jk foaYmd,k mlaI ikaOdkjdÈ .súiqï fj; fhduq ùu wjYH njh'

fn§ fjkaùu u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k l%uhka §¾>ld,Skj iduh wjYH lrkakd jQ úúO
lKavdhï taldnoaO lrkakg bgq lrk jev fldgi b;d iq¿ mgqh' m%pKav;ajhg fya;= ldrKd jQ
foa" l%udKql+,j fjkialï isÿ lsÍu iy wkkH;djka m%;slafIam lsÍu jeks foa úi|d,kakg
tjeks foaYmd,k l%uhkaf.ka lsis;a fiajhla jkafka ke;' ol=Kq wms%ldkq w;a ±lSug wkqj uQ,sl
jYfhka n,h fnod yod .ekSu ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjYH hdka;%Kh ilid .ekSu isÿ l, yel'
jir .Kkdjla ;siafia fuu ksÍlaIKh isÿl, hq;= jk w;r jvd;a taldnoaê; l%uhla ta fjkqjg
wdfoaY l, yel ^¨kaâ ks¾foaYhka u.ska fujekakla fhdackd fldg we;&' m%cd kdhlhska g
;uka fuf;la ±rE ;k;=re jvd;a Ylau;a l,djQ hdka;%Khka w;a yer ±óu myiq lreKla
fkdjkafkah' fuh iduh §¾>ld,Skj ;sridr lr.ekSug ys;lr ;;a;ajhla fkdfjhs' ta i|yd
iudc taldnoaO;dj;a" wka;¾ m%cd wjfndaOh;a wjYH h' §¾> ld,Skj ls%hd;aul úh yels tlu
l%uh kï iq¿;r lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska fldgq fkdlrk¦ iq¿;r ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska wdrlaId fldg iqrlsk¦ Okd;aul jQ ls%hdldß;ajhla fmkakqï lrk¦
wkuH fldagd l%uhka fkdue;s¦ ft;sydislj isÿ l,djQ fjkialï wdrlaId fkdlrk¦ wOHdmk
l%uh iy ckudOH yryd iudcfha ish¿ ck fldgiaj, wjfndaOh iy ±kqu j¾Okh lrk¦ iy
iq¿ ck fldgiaj, ldka;djka we;=¿ iudcfha ish¿ fldgia fjkqfjka y`v k.k l%uhhs' fuu
jHqyhg jvd;a Yla;shla Èh yelafla fjkialï lsÍug tfrys m%n, kS;s mekùfuka iy tajd
ls%hd;aul lsÍug mshjr .ekSfuks' tu.ska ish¿ wdldr fjkialï lsÍï wNsfhda.hg ,la l, yels
w;r foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh ;=< we;s flfrkakd jQ fjkialï lsÍïo Bg we;=<;a fjhs' Bg
wu;rj fjkialï lsÍï j,g tfrys hdka;%Khka fyda iudk wjia:d fok fldñiï u.ska cd;sl
;,fha§ wdKavqj iy m%cdj w;r ixjdohg myiqlrKh iemehsh yels jkaafkah' fuu.ska .egqï
je,elaùug;a" jvd;a idOkSh wdldrfhka .eg¿ foi ne,Sug;a" iq¿ ck fldgia w;r wd;;sh we;s
lrkakd jQ .eg¨ iïnkaOfhka idOkShjQ yd jHqyd;auljQ úi÷ï lrd fhduqjkag;a bv ie,fihs'
tjeks uKavm yryd wd;;Ska iukh lsÍu muKla fkdj" §¾> ld,Skj n,mdkakd jQ wdldrfhka
wúêu;a f,i iudcfhys úúO;ajh l<uKdlrkh lsÍu;a isÿ l, yelaflah'

29
 f,dalh mqrd we;s Pkao l%uhka
f,dalh mqrd ue;sjrK i|yd Ndú;d flfrk Pkao l%uhka ys .Kkh l, fkdyels ;rï
fjkialï we;' tkuq;a mq¿,a ldKav ;=klg jefgk fia tajd m%Odk Pkao l%uhka kjhlg fnod
fjka l, yel' Pkao l%uhka jvd;a fmdÿ wdldrhlg y÷kd.efkkafka cd;sl Pkao m%udKhka
fld;rï md¾,sfïka;= wdik m%udKhla Èkd §ug iu;a fjkjdo hkak u; ldKav .; lsÍfuks'
tkï tu Pkao m%udKhka ljr wkqmd;slhla fmkakqï lrkjdo hkak u;h'

fndfyda Pkao l%uhka ys we;af;a yqjudrejls( tla w;lska Pkao wkqmd;slh Wmßu ;,hg
kxjd.ekSu iy ish¿ lKavdhï wka;¾.; lr.ekSu isÿfjhs' ke;skï ;ks mlaI rchka msysgqùu
u.ska j.ùu mj;ajd .ekSu' ta yryd wdKavqfõ olaI;dj Wmßu ;,hlg kxjd.ekSu isÿ l, yels
fjhs' uQ,slju" nyq,;aj-nyq;r Pkao l%uhka" w¾O iudkqmd;sl;ajh iys; Pkao l%uhka iy
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh iys; Pkao l%uhka yeáhg m%Odk Pkao l%uhka ldKav .; flfrhs'

nyq,;aj-nyq;r Pkao l%uh

fuu Pkao l%uh ;=< nyq,;aj l%uhka folla mj;S' ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau <`.d ùu ke;s kï
jeä Pkao ixLHdjlska ch.%yKh lsÍu iy fndfyda Pkao wfmalaIlhska isákakd jQ ;ks ue;sjrK
Èia;s%lalhska md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hska lsysm fofkl= f;dard.ekSfï Pkao l%uhhs' ;jo" nyq; r
Pkao l%uhka folla mj;S( md¾,sfïka;= iNslhska f;dard.ekSug jeäu ukdm Pkao ,nd.ekSfï
l%uh iy fojeks Pkao Ndú;h tkï nyq;r Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.;a Pkao wfmalaIlhd Èkùfï
l%uh'

1. ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,k s au <`.d ùu fkdfyd;a jeä Pkao ixLHdjlska ch.%yKh lsÍu
f,dalfha jvd;a fmdÿ f,i olakg we;s Pkao l%uh fjhs' mlaIfhl ;ks ksfhdacs;fhl=
isákakdjQ Èia;s%lalhka ys meje;afjk ue;sjrKhkaf.ka jeäu Pkao Èkd.;a Pkao
wfmalaIlhd ch.%dylhd njg m;afjhs' tkuq;a nyq;r Pkao m%udKhla Èkd .ekSu fuys§
w;HjYH fkdfjhs' ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau <`.dùfï Pkao l%uh jeä ckms%h;ajhla
iys; Pkao l%uhla ù we;af;a tys ir,;ajh fya;= fldg f.kh' ;jo" ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh
m%foaYhkag iSudfjñka ck;d ksfhdað;hka f;dard.ekSug bvla ,nd fok ksidfjka o
fuu Pkao l%uh flfrys jeä leue;a;la olajkq fmfka' tlai;a rdcOdksh" wefußld
tlai;a ckmoh" bkaÈhdj" lekvdj iy ì%;dkH wêrdcHhg lf,l iïnkaOj mej;s
rgj,a fnfyduhla fuu Pkao l%uh Ndú;d lrkakd jQ rgj,a jYfhka ±laúh yelsh'

2. ;ks Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= fjkqjg jeä Pkao wfmalaIlhka m%udKhla isákakd jQ

Èia;s%lalfhlska md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hska lsysm fofkl= f;dard.ekSug ÈKqï lKqj fj;
uq,skau <`.d ùfï l%uh Ndú;hg fh±ùuhs' jeä wiqka m%udKhlg ksfhdað;hsk a
f;dard.ekSug we;s ksidfjka Pkao odhlhskag o fndfyda Pkao m< lsÍfï bvla ysñfjhs'
fï ksid jeäu Pkao ixLHdjka ,nd .kakd jQ Pkao wfmalaIlhska ;ukag yeneúka ysñjk
Pkaoj, wkqmd;hka .ek lsis;a ie,lSulska f;drj md¾,sfïka;= wiqka msrùug f;dard
.efkhs' fuu Pkao l%uh wdishdfõ iy ueo fmrÈ. iuyr rgj,a Ndú;d lrhs' óg fjkia
jkafka zmlaI i|yd Pkaoh m< lsÍfï l%uhhsZ' fujeks Pkao l%uhla isx.mamQrej iy
fudÍIia ¥m;aj, ±lsh yelsh' fuys§ isÿjkafka Pkao odhlhska Pkao wfmalaIlhka w;r
f;dard.ekSula lrkjdg jvd mlaI w;r f;dard.ekSula fldg jeäu Pkao ,nd .kakd jQ
mlaIh wod, Èia;s%lalfha ish¿ wdik ysñ lr.ekSuhs'

3. md¾,sfïka;= iNslhska f;dard.ekSug jeäu ukdm Pkao ,nd.ekSfï l%uh u.ska Pkao
odhlhska ;ukaf.a f;dard.ekSu u; ;uka leue;su Pkao wfmalaIlhd z1Z f,i igyka
lrk w;r fojeks f;dard.ekSu z2Z f,i igyka lrhs' ;jo" z3Z f,i ;=kajeks f;dard.ekSu
igyka flfrk w;r thdldrfhka ukdm m, lsÍu isÿfjhs' fuu Pkao l%uh u.ska yqfola
;ukaf.a m<uq ukdmh muKla fkdj ;ukaf.a leue;a; we;s ms<sfj,g Pkao wfmalaIlhka
g ukdm ,nd§ug Pkao odhlhskag bvla ie,fihs' lsisÿ Pkao wfmalaIlfhla ishhg 50
lg jeä m%udKhlska m<uq ukdm Èkd .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a" nyq;rhla ukdm

30
 Èkd.;a Pkao wfmalaIlhd u;= fjk f;la wvq ukdm Pkao tajd ,eî we;s ms<sfj,g tl;=
flfrkq we;' fuu Pkao l%uh ´iafÜ%,shdj iy fjk;a iuyr olaIsK meismsla l,dmSh
rgj,a Ndú;d lrhs'

4. fojeks Pkao Ndú; l%uh ;=< Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug wjia:d folla ie,fihs' tla j;djla
Pkaoh m< fldg bka i;shlg fyda i;s follg miqj kej; Pkaoh Ndú;d lsÍug bv
ie,fihs' m<uq jgh uq,skau ÈKqï lKqj fj; <`.dùfï idudkH ue;sjrK l%uh yd
iudk fjhs' Pkao wfmalaIlfhl= nyq;r Pkao m%udKhla Èkd .;afyd;a tu ;eke;a;d fyda
;eke;a;sh f;dard .efkkq we;' túg fojeks Pkaohl wjYH;djla u;=jkafka ke;'
flfiafj;;a" lsisÿ wfmalaIlfhl=g nyq;r Pkaohla ysñ fkdjqjfyd;a fojeks j;djg
Pkaoh m< lsÍfï bvla ,efnkafkah' fuu jgfha§ ch.%yKh lrkakd jQ mqoa.,hd f;dard
m;a lr.kq ,eîug iqÿiqlï ,nkafkah' fuu Pkao l%uh m%xYh" m%xYhg hg;aj mej;s
rgj,a iy fidaúhÜ foaYhg wh;aj ;snQ iuyr rgj,a Ndú;d lrhs'

w¾O iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%u

w¾O iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a Èkd.;a wdik fj; ,enqkdjQ Pkao" iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack l%uh iy nyq,;aj-nyq;r l%uhka ys nyq;r;ajh w;r ;ekla .kS' w¾O iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack Pkao l%uhka fol kï ;ks yqjudre l, fkdyels Pkaoh iy iu.dó ^fyda ñY%& Pkao
l%uhka'

5. ;ks yqjudre l, fkdyels Pkao l%uhka ys iEu Pkao odhlfhl=gu tla Pkaohla m%ldY
lsÍug yelshdj we;' tkuq;a iEu Èia;s%lalfhlu wdik lsysmhla msrùug ;sfí' fï ksid
jeäu Pkao ,nd.;a Pkao wfmalaIlhska úiska fuu wdik mqrjkq ,nhs' WodyrKhla
jYfhka .;a l, ñka lshefjkafka idudðlhska y;r fofkl=f.ka hq;= Èia;%slalhl tla
Pkao wfmalaIlfhl=g wjYH lrkafka m%ldYs; Pkaoj,ska ishhg 20 lg u|la jeä Pkao
m%udKhla muKs' fuu Pkao l%uh wo Ndú;d flfrkafka fcd¾odkh iy jkqwd;= hk
rgj, muKs' flfia kuq;a cmdkh o 1993 olajd ;ks yqjudre l, fkdyels Pkao l%uh
Ndú;hg .;af;ah'

6. iu.dñ Pkao l%uhka" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= iy ;ks Pkao wfmalaIl Èia;s%lal
iu. iu.dój ls%hd;aul fjhs ^iu.dó hk fhÿu fhfokafka fï ksidh&' md¾,sfïka;=fõ
idudðlhkaf.ka fldgila f;dard .efkkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh u.sks' ;j;a
fldgila f;dard .efkkafka tla;rd nyq,;aj fyda nyq;r Pkao l%uhla ke;skï jeäu
Pkao ,ndf.k ch.%yKh lsÍfï l%uhla u.sks' iu.dñ Pkao l%uhka 1990 .Kkaj, § kj
m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYhka úiska Ndú;hg .kakd ,È' Bg fya;=j jkakg we;af;a neÆ ne,aug
u iu.dñ l%uh" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j yd tlaj ;ks idudðl Èia;s%l al
ksfhdackh .;a úg tys hï jdishla we;ehs fmfkk ksidfjka úh yel' flfiafj;;a"
fuu Pkao l%uh ie,iqï lsÍfï l%uh u; nyq;r-nyq,;aj Pkao l%uhka fiau iu.dñ Pkao
l%uh o wiudkqmd;sl;ajhla ks¾udKh lrkq we;'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh

iEu iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhla u b,lal lr.kafka foaYmd,k mlaIhla ,nd.kakd cd;sl
Pkao iy Bg ,efnkakd jQ md¾,sfïka;= wiqkaj, m%udKh w;r úIu;dj wju lsÍug h'
WodyrKhla jYfhka olajf;d;a" m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaIhla m%ldYs; Pkaoj,ska ishhg 40 la Èkd
.;fyd;a tu mlaIhg md¾,sfïka;= wiqkaj,ska ishhg 40 la Èkd.ekSfï yelshdj o ;sìh hq;=h' ta
yd iudkju ishhg 10 la ,nd.;a iq¿;r mlaIhlg md¾,sfïka;=fõ wiqkaj,ska ishhg 10 la
ysñlr .ekSug wjia:dj ;sìh hq;=h' m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rdcHhka njg w¿;ska m;ajQ fndfyda rgj,a"
úfYaIfhkau ±ä fn§ fjkaùï fmkakqï l,d jQ rgj,a" ish¿ jeo.;a hehs yef`.kakd jQ lKavdhï
md¾,sfïka;=jg we;=¿ lr.ekSug W;aidy lsÍu ;=< m%cd;ka;%jdoh jvd;a Yla;su;a lsÍug jákd
fldkafoais imhkq we;' tl`.;djka f.dvk.d .ekSu iy n,h fnod yod .ekSu hk ldrKd u;
w;a lr.kakd m%Óm, idudkHfhka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackhla wka;¾.; lr.kS' iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdackh ms<sn| úfõpkh fohdldr fjhs( tu.ska ikaOdk rchka msysgqjd .ekSug wjia:dj
ie,fihs' tu.ska mlaI l%ufhys ì| jeàula iy wdKavqj, wia:djr;ajhka ks¾udKh lsÍfï wjdis
31
iy.; ;;a;ajhka f.dv kef.hs' tfukau iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh u.ska f;dardm;a lr.kq
,nk ksfhdað;hd iy Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a N+f.da,Shuh ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh w;r iïnkaOh
ÿ¾j, tlla njg m;a flfrhs' ;jo" Pkao odhlhskaf.ka wfmalaId flfrkafka mlaIhg Pkaoh
§ug ñi mqoa.,hkag fyda mqoa., lKavdhïj,g Pkaoh m< lsÍug fkdj' fï ksid îcdxl=r
wjia:dfõ fyda ,sys,a ;;a;ajfha mj;sk mlaI jHqyhka we;s rgj,g fyda iudchkag fuu
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack Pkao l%uh Èh;a lsÍu b;d ÿIalr fohla jkq we;'

7' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= l%uhka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackfha b;du;au idudkH Pkao rgdj
fjhs' iudkqmd;sl;ajh Wmßu jYfhka ,ndfokakdjQ wêl wdik m%udKhla iys; Èia;s%lalhka ys
fndfyda fldg iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= l%uh ls%hdjg kexfjhs' tla tla foaYmd,k mlaIh
úiska ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh i|yd Pkao wfmalaIlhskaf.a ,ehsia;=jla bÈßm;a lsÍu iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack ,ehsia;= l%ufha wjYH;dj fjhs' túg Pkao odhlhska ;ukaf.a Pkaoh Ndú;d lrkafka
Pkao wfmalaIlfhl=g fkdj mlaIhlg h' tla tla foaYmd,k mlaIh cd;sl jYfhka ,nd.kakd jQ
iuia: Pkao m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj Tjqkag md¾,sfïka;= wiqka m%udKhla ysñfjhs' ch.%dys
ksfhdað;hska f;dard .efkkafka mlaIh úiska bÈßm;a fldg we;s ,ehsia;=fõ m%uqL;djh olajd
we;s wdldrhg h' fuu Pkao l%uh hqfrdaamd uyd oaùmh" ,;ska wefußldj iy ol=Kq wms%ldj jeks
rgj, o fndfyda fia Ndú;d lrhs'

8' ñY% idudðl iudkqmd;sl Pkao l%uh" jeä Pkao ,ndf.k ch.%yKh lsÍfï nyq;r Pkao
l%ufha;a" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufha;a jvd;a idOkSh ,laIK tla lr.ekSug W;aidy ord we;s
Pkao l%uhls' fuu Pkao l%uh c¾uksh" kjiS,ka;h" fnd,súhdj" b;d,sh" fulaisfldaj"
jeksishq,dj iy ykaf.aßhdj hk rgj,a Ndú;hg .kS' md¾,sfïka;=fõ wiqkaj,ska fldgila
^c¾uksh" kjiS,ka;h" fnd,súhdj iy jeksishq,dj jeks rgj,a .;a úg tajdfha md¾,sfïka;=j,
wiqkaj,ska o< jYfhka wvla muK& idudkHfhka ;ks Pkao wfmalaIl Èia;s%lalj,ska tkï
nyq,;aj-nyq;r Pkao l%uhkaf.ka f;dard m;a flfrhs' b;sß md¾,sfïka;= wdik m%udKh
msrfjkafka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= j,sks' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackfhka ,efnkakd jQ wdik
fndfyda fldg Èia;s%la wdik m%Óm,j,ska we;s flfrk wiudkqmd;sl ;;a;ajhka u. yerùug
Ndú;d flfrhs' tfukau ;ks Pkao wfmalaIl ke;skï ;ks idudðl Èia;s%lal u.ska Pkao
odhlhkag hï N+f.da,Shuh ksfhdackhla ,nd§ug lghq;= flfrhs'

9' ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh Ndú;d flfrkafka nyq, ksfhdackhla iys; Èia;s%lal j,h'
fuys§ úl,am Pkaoh fiau Pkao m;s%ldfõ i|yka wfmalaIlhskag ;ukaf.a ukdmh mßÈ Pkao
odhlhska úiska 1" 2 iy 3 jYfhka ukdm ,ndfohs' m<uq ukdm uq¿ ixLHdj ii|d ne,Sfuka
wk;=rej Pkao zfldagdjlaZ ;SrKh flfrhs' Pkao wfmalaIlhd f;dard m;aùug kï tu Pkao
fldagdj ,ndf.k ;sìh hq;=h' fldagdjg jvd jeäfhka m<uq ukdmhka ,ndf.k we;s Pkao
wfmalaIlfhl= isà kï Tyqj jyd f;dard.kq ,efnhs' lsisÿ Pkao wfmalaIlgfhl=gu wod, Pkao
fldagdj ,nd.ekSug fkdyels ù we;akï wvqu m<uq ukdmhka ,ndf.k we;s Pkao wfmalaIlhd
bj;a lrkq ,efnhs' Tjqka ,ndf.k we;s fojeks ukdmhka b;sß wfkla Pkao wfmalaIlhka w;r
fnod yefrhs' f;dardf.k we;s ksfhdað;hska ,nd.;a jeä Pkao m%udKhka ke;skï Pkao
w;sßla;hka ^tkï fldagdj blaujd hk Pkao m%udKhka& ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka ys wdik ish,a,
msrfjk f;la Pkao m;s%ldj, fojeks ukdmhkag wkql+,j kej; fnod yefrhs' fuu Pkao l%uh
wh¾,ka;h iy fuda,agdj jeks rgj, b;d fyd¢ka ia:dms;j we;'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j" ikaOdkjdoh kue;s wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska ieleiQ
meflacfhl w;HjYH wx.hla fjhs' ikaOdkjdoh wdKavqj ;=<u n,h fnod .ekSfï tl`.;djla
ks¾udKh lrkakls' jd¾.sl;ajh" wd.u iy NdIdj úiska meyeÈ,s f,iu iudcfhys fn§ fjkaj
isák fldgia w;r iduqysl;ajh f.dv ke.Su fuys wruqK fjhs' ikaOdkjd§ iudchka f,ig
fn,aðhu" fko¾,ka;h" ´iaá%hdj iy iaúÜi¾,ka;h ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu ixl,amkdj ;=<
uQ,sl ldrKd y;rla wka;¾.; fjhs( ^w& w;s ±jeka; ikaOdk.;ùu ^ish¿ jeo.;a lKavdhïj,
ksfhdað;hska iu. úOdhl n,;, fnod yod .ekSu&¦ ^wd& lKavdhï iajdëk;ajh ^n,h fnod
.ekSug fhduqj we;s lKavdhï ;=< w;s úYd, m%udKfhl iajdëk;ajhla meje;Su&¦ ^we&
iudkqmd;sl;ajh ^isú,a fiajd ;k;=rej, iy fmdÿ wruqo,a iudkqmd;slj fjka lsÍu iy
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh&¦ iy ^wE& wfkHdakH ksfIaO n,h ^b;d jeo.;a ldrKd iïnkaOfhka
32
iq¿;r ksfIaO n,hl wjYH;dj ;sîu&' fuu uQ,sl ldrKd y;r fya;= fldgf.k rchla nyq
jd¾.sl ikaOdkhla njg m;ajk wdldrh ;yjqre fjhs' fuh ch ,nkakd ish,a, f.k hk
fjiaÜñkaiag¾ m%cd;ka;%jdoh jeks i;=re iajNdjfha l%uhla fkdfjhs'

ikaOdkjdoh fhdackd lrkakka iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=jg tl`.;dj m< lrkafka th (

^1& w;sYhskau iudkqmd;sljQ ue;sjrK m%Óm, ,ndfok ksidfjka¦ ^2& whq;= jdis i|yd ue;sjrK
fldÜGdY udhsï fjkia lsÍug bvla ,nd fkdfok ksidfjka¦ iy ^3& Pkao odhlhskag;a"
ue;sjrK ks<OdÍkag;a fuh wfkla fndfyda úl,am Pkao l%uhkag jvd ir, tlla jk
ksidfjka' tksidu fufoi ielfhka ne,Su wju fjhs' 1994 § ol=Kq wms%ldj ;ukaf.a ixl%dka; sl
ue;sjrKfha§ iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j b;d id¾:l f,i Ndú;hg fhÿfõh' th
fld;rï fyd| WodyrKhla ù o h;a tys§ by;ska ±lajQ fyd| ,laIK ish,a, ms<sônq jkakg úh'
;jo iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;=j u.ska foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ;ukaf.a mlaI ,ehsia;= yryd
ldka;djka fyda iq¿;r ck fldgia ch.%yKh lrjkakg o yels úh' tkuq;a fï iudkqmd;sl
ksfhdack ,ehsia;= l%ufha wjdis o we;' ukao fuu ,ehsia;= fndfyda fldg fhdod .efkkafka
nyq;r ksfhdackhla ke;skï idudðl;ajhla ,ndfok ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalj,gh' Pkao odhlhska
iy Tyqka úiska f;dardm;a lr.;a md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hska w;r N+f.da,Shuh iïnkaO;djlg
fuu l%uh bv fkdfohs' N+f.da,Sh jYfhka w;s úYd, nyq jd¾.sl iudchka isák ol=Kq wms%ldj
iy bkaÿkSishdj b;d id¾:l f,i iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= Ndú;d fldg ;snqKo" ±ka tu
rgj,a ;ks ksfhdað; fyda idudðl ue;sjrK fldÜGdY yryd tla;rd N+f.da,Shuh j.ùula
f.dvk.d .ekSug úl,am i,ld n,ñka isá;s'

fojeks ldrKh kï fn§ fjkajqkq iudchkag ikaOdkjdoh ieuúgu iqÿiq jkafka ke;s njg
mq¿,a ;¾lKhla mj;S' ukao ck jd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g wh;a kdhlhska Tjqkaf.a Woõ lrejkag
ke;skï iyfhda.h ,nd fokakkag jvd jeä ueoy;a njla mdkq we;s njg wfmalaId lsÍu myiq
ke; ksid h' ikaOdkjdoS jHqyhka wka;¾ jd¾.sl iyÔjkh fyda ñ;%;ajh Èßu;a lrkakg lghq; =
lrkjd fjkqjg yqfola jd¾.sl foaYmd,kh wdrlaId lrkakg lghq;= lrhs' fï ksid ixl%dka; sl
iuhka miq lrñka isákakd jQ ±ä fia fn§ fjkaj isák iudchkag iduQySiudcShslrKjdoh jvd
fyd| Wmdh ud¾.hla jkq we;' tkuq;a bkamiqj m%cd;ka;%jdoh jvd Yla;su;a f,i f.dkq fldg
taldnoaO lrkakg kï ikaOdkjdoh iqÿiq jkafka ke;'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= l%uh ms<sn| w;a ±lSï .ek l;d lrk úg fâÜka fndiakshd
mYapd;a .egqï iufha§ fhdod .eKqkq iudkqmd;sl ksfhdackh yqfola ish¿ ldrKd wka;¾.;
lr.kakg m%udKj;a fkdjk njg fyd| WodyrKhls' fndiakshdfõ§ md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackh hï
lKavdhulg ysñjkafka iuia: m%cdj ;=< Tjqkaf.a ck lKavdhfï m%udKhg iudkqmd;sljh'
;jo" foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ;u ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ch.%yKh lr.ekSug ;ukaf.au m%cdjf.a
idudðlhkaf.ka ,efnkakd jQ Pkao u; muKla iyuq,skau úYajdih ;nd isàug yels ksid
jd¾.sl .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka jvd;a wkq.%yYS,sj úi÷ï fidhd.ekSfï bvlv ilid .ekSug
,ndfok iydh wju fjhs' we;a; jYfhkau iydh fhduq flfrkafka fjk;a Èidjkag h' zjd¾.sl
f,an,hZ bÈßhg oudf.k ;ukag wjYH iydh Èkd.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu myiq ksid fndiakshdfõ
m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI isÿ lrkafka jd¾.sl .eg¿j,g jeä wjOdrKhla ,nd§u;a" wka;jd§ fyda
mlaI.%dyS Wjukdjka fjkqfjka fmkS isàu;ah' 1996 § fndiakshdfõ È meje;ajQ ue;sjrK
meyeÈ,sju jd¾.sl ix.Kkhla jeksh' tys§ Pkao odhlhska ;u Pkao m< fldg isáfha jd¾.sl
mokï u; jk w;r tla tla m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaIh ;ukag wjYH iydh ,nd.;af;a yqfolau
;u cd;shg ke;skï jd¾.sl lKavdhug wh;a idudðlhkaf.ks'

úl,am Pkaoh

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ie,iqï lsÍfï§ úl,am m%fõYhla jkafka iudkqmd;sl m%Óm, u; jeä
wjOdrKhla fkd;nd" úúO lKavdhïj,g tlg tlaj jev lrkakg n, lrk Pkao l%uhla
f;dard.ekSuhs' fuu m%fõYfha yrh jkafka ;ukaf.au ck j¾.h u; fyda ;u lKavdhfï
ys;j;=ka u; muKla úYajdih ;nd fkdisg fjk;a lKavdhï ;=< ;ukag ,nd.ekSug yels Pkao
fjkqfjka foaYmd,k{hska lghq;= lsÍfuka Pkao wfmalaIhkag ue;sjrK m%;s,dNhka ysñfjhs'
úl,am Pkaohla m< lrkakg ,nd§fuka Pkao odhlhskag Pkao m;s%ldjl i|yka Pkao
wfmalaIlhskaf.ka m<uq f;dard.ekSu isÿ lsÍug;a" ta yd iu.u fojeks yd ;=kajeks wkqms<sfj,g
33
;ukaf.a leu;a; mßÈ ish¿ Pkao wfmalaIlhska w;=ßka f;dard.ekSï isÿ lsÍug;a yelshdj ,efnhs'
Pkao l%ufha fuu ,laIKh fmkakqï lrkafka fjk;a lKavdhïj,g fyda ck j¾.hkag wh;a
Pkao odhlhdf.a fojeks ukdmh ;uka fj; ,nd .ekSug Pkao wfmalaIlhskag lghq;= lsÍug
isÿjk njh ^fuys§ Pkao odhlhdf.a m<uq ukdmh iudkHfhka ysñjkafka ;ukaf.a ck j¾.hg
fyda lKavdhug whs;s wfhl= f;dard m;a lsÍugh' úl,am Pkao kS;Ska g wkql+,j Pkao odhlhdf.a
uq,a ukdmh ysñjkafka idudkHfhka Tyqf.au lKavdhfï idudðlfhl=gh&' úl,am Pkao l%uh
hgf;a Ph.%dylhska ksh; nyq;r Pkaohla Èkd .; hq;=j we;' ;ukag ,enqkq m<uq ukdmhka yd
wfkla whf.a fojeks ukdmhka id¾:l f,i zf.dkq lr.kakgZ yelshdj ;snQ Pkao wfmalaIlhsk a
jvd;a id¾:l ;eke;a;ka njg m;afjkq we;' fojeks ukdmhka ;uka fj; Èkd .ekSug wiu;a
jqkq whj¨ka wiu;a mqoa.,hska fjkq we;' ch.%yKh ,nkakg kï Pkao wfmalaIlhska mdfjk
Pkao Èkd.ekSug m%;sm;a;suh .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka jeä wjOdrKhla ,nd Èh hq;=j we;' tfia; a
ke;skï ;ukaf.a mq¿,a m%;sm;a;Ska ;=<g zjd¾.sl iSudjkag wod, .eg¿Z id¾:l f,i wka;¾.;
lr .ekSug yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h' fuu fohdldrfha Pkao rgdjka ms<sn|j §¾> b;sydihla
TiafÜ%,shdkq ue;sjrKj,ska y÷kd.; yel' úl,am Pkaoh Ndú;d lrkakd jQ tlu ia:djr
m%cd;ka;%jdoh we;af;a TiafÜ%,shdfõ h' tfukau úl,am Pkaoh Ndú;d lrkakd jQ wfkla rdcHh
kï jd¾.slj ì£ úisr .sh memqjd ksõ .sks rdcHhs'

ue;sjrK fldÜGdYfhl jeä lKavdhï m%udKhla ;r`. je§u u.ska jvd;a w¾:j;a wdldrfhka
zukdm yqjudre lr.ekSuZ isÿ flfrhs' flfiafj;;a" jd¾.sl jYfhka fn§ug ,laù we;s fndfyda
rgj, tlu ck j¾.fha idudðlhska tlg talrdYs ùug fhduq fjhs' fujeks wjia:dj,§" úl,am
Pkaofha ,laIKhla jk m%udKfhka l=vd" ;ks ksfhdað;fhl= fyda idudðlfhl= isákakd jQ
Èia;s%lalj, jd¾.slj taldnoaO jqkq ue;sjrK fldÜGdY ks¾udKh fjhs' hï m%foaYfhl n,h
;uka wh;a ck lKavdhug ysñ kï tys m%Óm,hla f,i m<uq ukdmhkaf.ka mQ¾K nyq;rh
;ukag ,efnk njg ±ä úYajdihla Pkao wfmalaIlfhl=g ;sfnk l, ;jÿrg;a tu wdikh Èkd
.ekSug;r`. lsÍfï wjYH;djla Woa.; jkafka ke;' fuys f;areu kï úl,am Pkao l%uh ;=<
ish¿ lKavdhï yd wxY we;=<;a lr.ekSug we;s n,mEug mQ¾j fldkafoaishla jkakd jQ úúO ck
jd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r zm<uq ukdmh yerekq fldg fojeks iy ;=kajeks ukdmhka o m<
lrkakg we;s bvZ yeneúkau weysfrk njh' fï ksid úl,am Pkao l%uh jvd fyd¢ka ls%hd;aul
jkafka tlaflda w;s úYd, f,iska jd¾.sl fn§ fjkaùu olakg we;s wjia:dj,§ fyda úYd, ck
jd¾.sl lKavdhï lsysmhla" b;d idudkH f,i olakg we;s wdldrfhkaa" mq¿,a f,i me;sr iy
wfkla lKavdhï iu. iïñY%ù ;sfnk wjia:dj,§ h' WodyrKh f,i olajf;d;a"
ckdêm;sjrKh i|yd úl,am Pkao m< lsÍfï l%uh ,xldfõ§ Ndú;hg fhÿkq w;r" jd¾.slj
iïñY%Kh ù we;s *sð rfÜ úl,am Pkao l%uh Ndú;d flrefka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iïu;
lr.ekSugh'

;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh

;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh" iudkqmd;sl;ajh Wmßu ;,hg f.k tk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
,ehsia;=j iy ish¿ lKavdhï we;=<;a lr.ekSfuka jdis ,nkakd jQ úl,am Pkao l%uh w;r ueo
;;a;ajhla orhs' iuyr úoaj;=kaf.a ;¾lKhg wkqj ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%uh u.ska
iudkqmd;sl;ajfha iy wkq.%yYS,s;ajfha oaú;aj jdis wjOdrKh flfrhs' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
Pkao l%uhla f,ig ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%uh u.ska we;s flfrkafka wkqmd;sl
m%Óm,hka h' by;ska ±lajQ wdldrhg fuu Pkao l%uh ;=<ska ukdm Pkao m< fldg isàfï hï
jdishla ysñfjhs' fï ksid jd¾.sl iSudjka ;=< isr fkdù bka Tíng lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdjla
foaYmd,k mlaIj, we;sfjhs' wkqmd;sl jYfhka .;a l, jHjia:dodhlh ;=< úúO u;jd§uh
lKavdhï o ksfhdackhg bvla ,efnkafkah' kuq;a túg § o fojeks ukdmh b;d jeo.;a núka
hq;= ùu ksid foaYmd,k m%N+kag fjk;a lKavdhïj, isákakd jQ idudðlhkag n,mEï lsÍfï
bvla ,efnkafkah' ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh fndfyda whf.a wjOdkhg yd wdl¾IKhg
,laj we;s Pkao l%uhls' kuq;a th md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK i|yd Ndú;hg fh§ we;af;a iSñ;
wjia:d .Kkl § h( wh¾,ka;h ^1921 mgka&" fuda,agdj ^1947 mgka&" TiafÜ%,shdkq fifkÜ
iNdjg iNslhska f;dard .ekSug ^1949 mgka&" iy tiaf;dakshdj yd W;=re wh¾,ka;h ztla
j;djlaZ muKla tjeks ue;sjrKhl w;a ±lSu ,enQy'

34
ksfhdað;hska f;dard.ekSug we;s hdka;%Khla f,i ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh ish¿ Pkao
l%uhka w;r jvd;a kùk l%uh fia ie,lsh yels fjhs' fuu l%ufhka mlaIh iy mlaIh ;=<
we;a;djQ idudðlhka ke;skï Pkao wfmalaIlhka w;r f;dard .ekSula isÿ lrkakg bv ,efnhs'
wjidk m%Óm,hka o tla;rd m%udKfhl iudkqmd;sl;ajhla fmkakqï lrhs' tfukau nyq;r
idudðl Èia;s%lalhka idfmalaIl jYfhka l=vd neúka Pkao odhlhd iy ksfhdað;hd w;r
N+f.da,Shuh iïnkaO;dj wdrlaId flfrhs' flfia fj;;a fuu Pkao l%uh fndfyda úg
úfõpkhg ,lajkafka fndfyda iudchka ys ukdm Pkao l%uh yqre mqreÿ fohla njg m;aj ke;s
ksidh' fuu Pkao l%uh i|yd wjYH lrkafka wl=re ,shkakg;a lshjkakg;a yd wxl ,sùug;a
we;s wju yelshdjhs' ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%uh u.ska ,ndfok m%Óm, .Kkh lsÍu b;d
ixlS¾K lghq;a;la fjhs' fï ksid tla;rd miqnEula fyda wid¾:l;ajhla olakg yelsfjhs' ;jo"
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a m;a flrekq ish¿ md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hka fj; wjdis
iy.; ;;a;ajhka o ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%uh u.ska we;s flfrhs' tkï iuyr
;;a;ajhka hgf;a iq¿;r lKavhïj, n,h w;sYfhdala;shg kexùu isÿfjhs'

wog;a fn§ fjkaj mj;akd iudchkag ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh Ndú;hg fh±ùu iSñ; yd
wjidkhla fkdue;s ;;a;ajhla fmkakqï lrhs' ztla j;djla meje;ajqkqZ cd;sl ue;sjrKhka
foll§ jd¾.slj fn§ fjkajqkq rdcHhka ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkaoh Ndú;d fldg we;( 1973
iy 1982 j¾Ij, W;=re wh¾,ka;h iy 1990 § tiaf;dakshdj fjhs' fuu wjia:d fofla§ u wvq
jYfhka ukdm Pkao m< fldg isàu fyda jd¾.sl .eg¿ úi|d .ekSug wvq jYfhka ls%hd;aul ù
we;' flfia fj;;a óg mriamrj ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%uh" wh¾,ka; ckrch iy
fuda,agdj úiska b;d id¾:l wdldrfhka Ndú;hg fhdojd we;' iudkqmd;sl;ajh Wmßu ;,hg
f.k tau;a" m%udKfhka l=vd nyq;r idudðl ue;sjrK Èia;s%lal Ndú;hg fh±ùfuka
N+f.da,Shuh j.ùu ;yjqre lr.ekSu ;ks yqjudre l, yels Pkao l%ufhka bgq lrf.k we;'
wh¾,ka; idu ie,eiafï fldgila yeáhg W;=re wh¾,ka;hg kej; j;djla ;ks yqjudre l,
yels Pkao l%uh y÷kajd § we;' lf;da,sl iy fm%df;ia;ka; ck;djka w;r n,h fnod yod
.ekSug yels mq¿,a jev ms<sfj,la fuu Pkao l%uh u.ska ilid § we;' 1998 § meje;ajqkq m<uq
mYapd;a .egqï iu:lrk ue;sjrKfha§ fuh id¾:lj Ndú;hg fh±úks' m<uq j;djg lf;da, sl
iy fm%df;ia;ka; Pkaoodhlhska jd¾.sl iSud yryd Pkao yqjudre fldg yßkakg ;u ukdmhka
Ndú;d lrk ,È'

ck jd¾.sl lKavdhï iDcq f,i ms<s.ekSu

ue;sjrKhka iy .egqï l<uKdlrkh i|yd fjkia m%fõYhla jkafka foaYmd,k ls%hdj,sh ;=<
lKavdhï wkkH;dj i|yd jeä jeo.;alula ,nd §uhs' fuh ue;sjrK kS;sh ;=<o ms<s.ekSug
fyda ffk;sl;ajhg m;a flfrhs' tu.ska ck jd¾.sl ksfhdackh iy md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< úúO
jd¾.sl lKavdhïj, m%;sY;h ia:djr f,i ;Skaÿ flfrhs' fuu is;Su ms<sônq lrkakd jQ meyeÈ,s
m%fõYhka y;rla we;(

jd¾.sl Pkao kdu f,aLkh' jd¾.sl;ajfha jeo.;alu iDcqj y÷kd.ekSfï Pkao l%uh kï jd¾.sl
ksfhdack l%uhhs' fuys§ md¾,sfïka;= wiqka muKla jd¾.sl;ajh u; fjka fkdflfrk w;r
iuia: md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdack ie,eiau u jd¾.sl mokï u; ielfihs' ñka idudkHfhka
ye`.fjkafka tla tla ksYaÑ; zjd¾.slZ lKavdhïj,g ;ukaf.au lshd Pkao wfmalaIl kdu
f,aLkhla mej;Suhs' ta wkqj z;ukaf.a m%cd lKavdhug wh;aZ idudðlhka muKla
md¾,sfïka;=jg f;dardm;a lr.ekSu isÿ flfrhs' wo *sð ¥m;a fuu Pkao l%uh Ndú;d lrhs' ;jo
kjiS,ka;fha ud´ß Pkao odhlhskag fuh úl,am f;dard.ekSula fjhs' fndfyda rgj, jd¾.sl
mokï u; isÿ flfrk Pkao l%uhka w;a yer oud we;af;a jd¾.sl jYfhka ieleiqKq ue;sjrK
fldÜGdY" lKavdhï ksfhdackh iy;sl lrk uq;a" ck j¾.hka w;r foaYmd,ksl iïñY%Khg
lsis;a bvla ,nd fkdfok ksidfjks' ;jo úfYaIs; lKavdhulg wh;a idudðlhdf.a wkkH;dj
f.k ±laùu iy ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhka jd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r idOdrK f,i fnod yeÍu isÿ
lrkafka flfiao hk .eg¿ w;s úYd, w¾nqo ks¾udKh lrkakg fya;= we;s ksidh'

cd;s" NdId fyda fjk;a iq¿;r lKavdhïj,g wdik fjka lsÍu' y÷kd.; yels iq¿;r cd;Sk ag
fyda wd.ñl lKavdhïj,g md¾,sfïka;= wiqka fjka lr ;eîu úl,am m%fõYhla fjhs' fndfyda
rgj,a fujeks lKavdhïj,g wiqka lsysmhla fjka lr ;nhs( WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l,
35
fcd¾odkh ^ls%ia;shdkska g iy i¾ldishdkqjkag&" bkaÈhdj ^jHjia:dfjka ms<s.ekqkq f.da;% yd
l=,hkag&" mlsia:dkh ^uqia,sï fkdjk iq¿;rhg&" fldf,dïìhdj ^l¿ ck;djg&" fl%dtaIshj
^yxf.aßhdkq" b;d,s" fpfldiaf,djelshdkq" iaf,djela" re;Skshdkq" Wlaf¾kshdkq" c¾uka iy
Tiaá%hdkq iq¿;rhkag&" ;dhsjdkh ^wdÈ jdis ck;djg&" ngysr iefudjd rg ^foaYSh fkdjk
iq¿;rhkag&" khs.¾ ^fgdard.a&" iy m,ia;Sk md,kdêldßh ^lss%ia;shdkskag iy iudßhhkag& wiqka
,nd fohs' kuq;a fndfyda úg újdohg ,laj we;af;a md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdackhg fmdaIKh jkakg
bv ,nd§u myiq lrjk jHqyhka ks¾udKh lr .ekSug jvd fyd| Wmdhsl ie,iqï ;sìh hq;=
njhs' túg ck;djf.a ksfhdackfhka m;a jqjo lsis;a ienE n,mEula l, fkdyels zkdñlz
md¾,sfïka;= iNslhska njg f;dard m;a lr.kq ,enQ idudðlhka m;aùu je,elafjhs' fjka l,
wdik u.ska o nyq;r ck;dj w;r úfrdaOh u;=ùug fya;=jla úh yels w;r iq¿;r lKavdhï
w;rg úYajdih ì| jeàu isÿjkq we;'

nyq,;aj-nyq;r Pkao l%uhla hgf;a ck jd¾.sl mokñka ieliqkq ,ehsia;= bÈßm;a lsÍu' ;=ka
jeks m%fõYh yeáhg i|yka l, yelafla mQ¾j jYfhka ksYaph l,d jQ ck jd¾.sl ,ehsi a;=
Ndú;hg fh±ùuh' mlaIhg ,efnkakd jQ nyq;r Pkaoh ls%hd;aul jkafka o l,ska úia;r l,djq
idudkH nyq,;aj-nyq;r Pkao l%uh fia uh' fuys§ isÿjkafka Pkao odhlhd ;ukaf.a Pkaoh
mqoa.,fhl=g ,nd fkd§ mlaIh úiska bÈßm;a l, Pkao wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=jlg Pkaoh m%ldY
fldg isàuh' jeäu Pkao Èkd.;a mlaIh Èia;s%lalfha ish¿u wiqka ,nd .kS' túg tu mlaIfha
Pkao wfmalaIl kdu ,ehsia;=fõ i|yka ish,a,kaj ksis mßÈ f;dard .efkhs' iuyr rgj,a fuu
Pkao l%uh Ndú;d lrkafka ck jd¾.sl ksfhdackfha iu;=,khla mj;ajd .ekSugh' úúO jQ ck
j¾.hkag wh;a Pkao wfmalaIlhkaf.a kdu ,ehsia;= bÈßm;a lsÍug fuu.ska foaYmd,k
mlaIj,g bvla ie,fihs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, f,nkkfha tla tla foaYmd,k mlaIh
úiska bÈßm;a lrkakd jQ kdu ,ehsia;=j, úúO ck jd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g wh;a Pkao
wfmalaIhkaf.a iïñY%Khla wvx.=j ;sîu wjYH flfrhs' túg Pkao odhlhska ;ukaf.a
f;dard.ekSu isÿ lrkafka ck jd¾.sl;ajhg jvd fjkia mokïj,sks' isx.mamQrej o ;u rfÜ
isákakd jQ iq¿;r uef,a iy bkaÈhdkq ck lKavdhï ksfhdackh jeä lrkq msKsi óg iudk
Pkao l%uhla Ndú;d lrhs' kuq;a nyq;r Pkaoh mlaIhla fj; ,nd .ekSfï we;s w;sYhskau krl
;;a;ajh kï zwê nyq;rZ Pkao m%Óm,hka ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdjhs' ukao iq¿ nyq;r
Pkaohlska tla mlaIhlg ish¿u wdik Èkd .ekSug yelshdjla ,efnk ksidh' WodyrKhla
jYfhka .;a úg 1991 § isx.mamQrefõ§ meje;ajQ ue;sjrKfhka md,l ck;d ls%hdldß mlaIhg
ishhg 61 l Pkao m%udKhla ,enqkq w;r md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik j,ska ishhg 95 la ,nd.ekSug
tu mlaIhg yels úh' ta w;r 1982 § iy 1995 § fudÍIia ys meje;ajQ ue;sjrKhkaf.ka tys
md¾,sfïka;=jg lsisÿ úmlaIhla fkdue;s ;;a;ajhg m;a flßks' fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh lrkq
msKsi fyda wju lrkq msKsi f,nkkfha wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj u.ska iuia: md¾,sfïka;=fõ ck
jd¾.sl ixhq;sh mQ¾j jYfhkau ksYaph fldg we;' fldákau ckdêm;s iy w.ue;s jeks m%Odk
;k;=re o tu ck j¾.hkag ysñjkafka flfia o hkak o wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj u.ska meyeÈ,s lr
we;'

zjvd;a fyd¢ka mrdch jkakdZ f.a wiqka ;=<ska md¾,sfïka;=fj ys ck jd¾.sl ksfhdackh ;=,kh
lsÍu' mlaIfha nyq;r Pkao n,h iu. iuyr wjia:dj,§ fh±fjk wjidk Pkao l%ufõoh kï
lsishï ksYaÑ; ck m%cdjlf.a zjvd fyd¢ka mrdch jkakdZ fjkqfjka wiqka fjka lr ;eîuh'
WodyrKhlg" fudÍIia rfgys jd¾.sl ksfhdackh ;=,kh lrkq msKsi wvq ksfhdackh iys; ck
jd¾.sl lKavdhïj, jeäu Pkao ,nd.kakd jQ ksfhdað;hska fjkqfjka zjvd fyd¢ka mrdch jkZ
wdik y;rla fjka fldg ;nd we;' flfia fj;;a uE;l§ fujeks wdik wj,x.= lr oukq msKsi
n,j;a ck;d b,a,Sula we;s úh' fudÍIia ys j¾.jdÈ foaYmd,kfha wjidk ,l=K ksfhdackh
lrkakd jQ foa yeáhg fï zjvd fyd¢ka mrdch jkZ wdik Èiafjhs'

ixl%dka;sl iy taldnoaê; ke;skï jvd;a Yla;su;aj f.dkqjQ m%cd;ka;%jdohka ys

wjYH;djka
mrudo¾YS Pkao l%uhla lshd fohla ke;' tjeks ie,eiaulg m%fõYjkakg zksjerÈZ lshd l%uhla o
ke;' kuq;a fn§ fjkajqkq iudchkag muKla fkdj" yeu iudchlgu Pkao l%uhla ilid
.ekSug we;s m%Odk ks¾Kdhlhka úfgl tajd w;ru .egqïldß;ajhg fyda wfkHdakHju
36
tlsfklska fjka jqkq ;;a;ajhg m;afjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l," Pkao wkqmd;slh jeä
lr.ekSug tla tla Èia;s%lalfhys wdik ixLHdj jeä lsÍu u.ska ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh iy
md¾,sfïka;=j w;r we;s N+f.da,Sh j.ùu wvq lr ±óug fya;= fjhs' fï ksid ue;sjrK
fldÜGdYh ie,iqï lrkakd jQ mqoa.,hd isÿ l, hq;=j we;af;a iqúfYaIs foaYmd,ksl ixo¾Nh ;=<
jvd;a jeo.;a jkakdjQ ks¾Kdhlhka f;dard tajdg uq,a ;ek §fï m%fõYïldß uQ,sl ls%hdoduhlg
fhduq ùuh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg uOHu wms%ldfõ jd¾.slj fjkajqkq rdcHhlg iq¿;r
jd¾.sl lKavdhï ksfhdackh neyer lsÍu je<elaùug uQ,sl fldg wjYHj ;sìh yel' ue;sjrK
ls%hdj,sfha ffk;sl;ajh r|jd .ekSug;a" Pkao l%uh widOdrK tlla h hk ye`.Su j,lajd,Su;a
fuys wruqK úh yel' Bg m%;súfrdaëj fuu .eg¿ jeo.;a tajd fia mj;sk w;rjdrfha wid¾:l
m%cd;ka;%jdohla mj;skakd jQ kef.kysr hqfrdamfha nyqjd¾.sl rdcHhlg fjk;a ldrKd jeo.;a
jkq we;' WodyrKhlg" lsis;a ìhlska fyda ndOdjlska f;drj md¾,sfïka;= wK mK;a
n,.ekaùug;a" wid¾:l kdhlhska isà kï Tjqkaj bj;a lr ±óug;a Pkao odhlhskag yelshdj
;sìh hq;= fjhs' fujeks ks¾Khlhka w;r uQ,sl;ajh Èh hq;= ldrKd f;dard.ekSu wdKavql%u
jHjia:d ie,eiqï lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfhys kshqla;j isákakd jQ foaYSh mqoa.,hskaf.a ld¾hhla fjhs'

taldnoaê; fyda Yla;sh jvd;a f.dkq fldg.;a m%cd;ka;%jdohka yd i,lk l, ixl%dka;sl

m%cd;ka;%jdohka ys wjYH;djka jvd;a fjkia iajrEmhla .kS' ir,j lsjfyd;a m%cd;ka;S%h
ixl%dka;sh i|yd jvd;a jeo.;a ue;sjrK wjYH;dj jkafka Wmßu jYfhka wka;¾.; lr.ekSï
isÿ l, yels" ish¿ mlaIj,g idOdrK jkakd jQ iy ue;srjKhg mQ¾jfhka isÿjkakd jQ .egqï
wju lr.; yels l%u bÈßm;a lrk ^tkï Pkaohla yryd f;dardm;a lsÍï isÿ l, yels iSudjka
fmkajd fok& Pkao l%uhl meje;Suhs' fuu b,lalhka jvd;a fyd¢ka imqrd.; yelafla wkqmd;sl
ksfhdackh iys; m%dfoaYSh fyda cd;sl ,ehsia;=jla u.sks' fï yryd zúYd,Z fyda zm%udKfhka jeäZ
ikaOdk rchla f;dardm;a lsÍug yelshdj ,efnhs' óg fjkia wdldrfhka Pkao odhlhskaf.a
wjYH;djkag m%;spdr ±laúh yels" N+f.da,Sh yd m%;sm;a;suh ldrKd iïnkaOfhka o j.ùfuka
hq;= yd wid¾: njla m< lf,d;a Pkaoodhlhska úiska zbj;g úis lr ±ñh yelsZ ikaOdk fyda ;ks
mlaI wdKavqjla ks¾udKh lsÍug bv ,ndfok Pkao l%uhla ilid .ekSug taldnoaê;
m%cd;ka;%jdohka jeä ie,ls,a,la olajhs' fujeks b,lalhka imqrd .; yelafla N+f.da,Sh jYfhka
l=v ue;sjrK Èia;s%lalhka u; mokï jQ Pkao l%uhla we;s lr.ekSfuks' fï wkqj 1994 §
wkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhla iys; cd;sl ,ehsia;=jla Ndú;d lrñka ol=Kq wms%ldj meje;ajQ id¾:l
ixl%dka;sl ue;sjrKh" 1999 § meje;ajQ B<`. ue;sjrKfhka Pkaoodhl moku u; ieliqkq
l%uhla fj; fhduqùu ±lsh yel' ixl%dka;sl yd taldnoaê; m%cd;ka;%jdohka ys wjYH;djkaf.a
fjkialï my; ±lafjhs'

fn§ fjkajqkq iudchka ys fuu woyiaj,ska iuyrla fyda ish,a,u i,ld ne,Su fojeks ;ekg
m;ajkafka ish¿ md¾Yjhkag bvla ,ndfok yd ueoy;a jQ foaYmd,k rgdjla we;s lr.ekSu
Èß.ekaùfï wjYH;dj ±äj mj;sk ksidh' iq¿;r lKavdhï ksfhdackh fjkqfjka jeä bvla
,ndfok ^wkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= iy jd¾.slj ieleiqkq ,ehsia;= iys;& Pkao l%uhka iy
iq¿;r n,mEu wjOdrKh lrkakd jQ Pkao l%uhka w;r ±ä wd;;shla mj;shs' jvd;a fhda.Hu foh
kï fï l%u folu mj;ajd .ekSuhs( m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï ls%hdodufha§ jeä n,mEula lrkakg yd
Bg iïnkaO jkakg Wmßu jYfhka ish¨ jeo.;a lKavdhï l,g bvla ,efnk wdldrfhka
Tjqkaf.a ksfhdackh isÿùu' fuu wruqK jvd fyd¢ka bgq lr.; yelafla Pkao l%uhka ;=< wka;¾
jd¾.sl ksfhdackhg bvla ,ndfok yd wkqmd;sl f,i Pkaoh .Kkh lsÍu myiq lrjk
l%ufõohka Pkao l%uh ;=<g we;=¿ lsÍfuks' kuq;a fuu b,lalhka ieuúgu wfkHdakHj
tlsfkl yd .e,mSula isÿ fkdfjhs' fojeks ;,fha wd;;shla mj;skafka m%N+jreka we;=¿
lr.ekSfï ^úfYaIfhkau wkqmd;sl ksfhdack ,ehsia;= u.ska& Pkao l%uhka iy ueoy;a
foaYmd,khla fjkqfjka ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh u; hefmk Pkao l%uhka u;h' ue;sjrK
fldÜGdY u.ska m;a flfrkjdg jvd ueoy;a foaYmd,khla fjkqfjka m%N+jreka fhduq flfrk
ksid m%Odk mlaIj,g ;ukaf.a ksfhdack ,ehsia;= ;=<ska úúO lKavdhïj,g wh;a mqoa.,hska m;a
lr.ekSug bv ie,fihs' ueoy;a foaYmd,kh i|yd m%Odk hdka;%Kh njg ue;sjrK fldÜGdYh
m;ajk úg úl,am Pkao Ndú;h iy fjk;a Pkao l%uhka u.ska Pkao talrdYS lsÍu Èßu;a flfrhs'
fuu.ska jvd;a ueoy;a kdhlhska iy ish¿ ldrKd wka;¾.; lr.ekSu myiq lrjk m%;sm;a;Skag
bv ,ndfok ue;sjrKhla mj;ajd.ekSfï yelshdj we;sfjhs' flfiafj;;a" lsisÿ lKavdhula
ueoy;a nj fkdfmkajk úg§ .egqug uq,ajk ldrKd" tkï wdik fjka lsÍu fyda jd¾.slj
ieleiqkq ,ehsia;= y÷kd .efkk m%fõYhlg fhduq úh hq;=j we;' fujeks i,ld ne,Sulska
37
ue;sjrK ldrKdjla jYfhka jd¾.sl;ajhg we;s wjOdrKh zksIalS%hZ l, yels fyd|u m%fõYh
iemfhhs'

c¾udkq ue;sjrK l%uh

c¾uksfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ye¢kafjkafka uQ,sl kS;sh yeáhgh' uQ,sl kS;sh lshk fhÿu
idudkHfhka úia;r lr isákafka th ;djld,sl fohla njhs' kuq;a fidndjfhka fï uQ,sl kS;sh
ixl%dka;sl ke;skï fjkiajk iajrEmhla wjYHfhkau Wiq,hs' ngysr c¾uksh fuu uQ,sl kS;sh
hk fhÿu Ndú;d lf,a wjidk jYfhka kef.kysr c¾uksh iu. kej; tlajk f;la
;djld,sl mshjrla yeáhg h' flfiafj;;a c¾uksh kej; tlg tlaù jir y;<syla f.ù we;;a
lsisÿ w¿;a wdKavq l%u jHjia:djla ks¾udKh lrf.k ke;' iuia: c¾uka N+ñh mqrdu uQ, sl
kS;sh wod, lrùug fï ;dla c¾uka n,OdÍka lghq;= fldg we;' md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu;
lr.kakd idudkH zjHjia:duh kS;shZ mjd m%;slafIam lrñka jvd;a wdrlaIdldß f,i mj;skakg
uQ,sl kS;shg yelshdj ,eî we;'
uQ,sl kS;sh u.ska c¾uksh md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYhla njg ia:dms; flßks' tu foaYfha
n,h úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh iy wêlrKh hk wxY ;=kg fn§ f.dia we;' jHjia:dodhlh
fmkakqï lrkafka c¾uksfha f*vr,a jHqyhhs' tkï c¾uksfha olakg we;s ikaëh md,k rgdjhs'
c¾uksfha m%dka; ksfhdackh flfrkafka md¾,sfïka;=fõ W;a;Í;r iNdj ;=<sks' md¾,sfïka;=fõ
my< uka;%K iNdjg idudðlhka f;dard .efkkafka iDcq Pkaofhka iy iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%ufhl iïñY%Kfhka h'
c¾uksfha md¾,sfïka;=j uKav, oajhlska iukaú; jQjls' tkï md¾,sfïka;=j uka;%K iNd
follska hqla;h' fuu uka;%K iNd fol kï W;a;rS;r iNdj iy my< uka;%K iNdj fjhs'
fuu uka;%K iNd folgu jHjia:d iïmdokh lsÍfï n,;, we;' uQ,sl jHjia:d iïmdol
wdh;kh kï my< uka;%K iNdjhs' tys ck;d ksfhdað;hska 656 la isá;s' ck;dj úiska iDcqju
f;dard m;a lr.;a m%dka; ksfhdað;hska ke;skï f*vr,a ks<OdÍka fuu my< uka;%K iNdfõ
idudðlhka fj;s' fuu ish¿ idudðlhska wju jYfhka jhiska wjqreÿ úis tl imqrd ;sìh hq;=h'
Tjqka fuu uka;%K iNdfõ /£ isák ld,fhys iSudjla ke;'
fojeks jHjia:dodhl iNdj kï W;a;Í;r uka;%K iNdjhs' fï ;=< fN!ñl wdKavq oyihla
ksfhdackh fjhs' W;a;Í;r iNdfõ idudðlhka ck;djf.a Pkaofhka m;a flfrk wh fkdfjhs'
Tjqkaj m;a flfrkafka wod, fN!ñl wdKavq u.sks' fuu idudðlhka fN!ñl wdKavqj,
weu;sjreka fj;s' W;a;Í;r iNdj ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ Tjqkaf.a ixLHdj yeg kjhla fjhs'
fuu oaúuKav, l%ufhys jdis lsysmhla we;' iuyr foaYmd,k ksÍlaIlhkag wkqj
jHjia:dodhlfha we;s fuu uka;%K iNd fol ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ úúO nyq;r lKavdhï wK
mK;a ish,a, iïu; flfrk wjia:dj,§ tajdg w;s mq¿,a foaYmd,k jmißhl iyfhda.h ,nd
.ekqug iu;a fjhs' c¾uksh kej; tlaùfuka wk;=rej mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk fuu jákd
,laIKh b;du;au ;SrKd;aul jQ m%;sm;a;uh ldrKdj,§ tl`.;djka we;s lr.ekSug w;sYhskau
jeo.;a fjhs'
c¾uka f*vr,a ckdêm;sjrhd c¾uka rdcHfha m%Odkshd fjhs' th b;du;au W;al¾Ij;a ks,hla
jk w;r ffoksl foaYmd,kfha§ Bg we;af;a b;d iq¿ N+ñldjla muKs' f*vr,a ckdêm;sjrhdg
my< uka;%K iNdj úiqrejd yeÍug lsisÿ n,hla ke;s w;r md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r Pkaoh
fkdue;sj kj pdkaia,¾jrfhl= m;a lsÍu o isÿ l, fkdyel' ckdêm;sjrhd f;dard .efkkafka
f*vr,a iuq¿jl § ryis.; Pkaofhka h' my< uka;%K iNdfõ idudðlhska o" Bg iudk jQ
m%udKfhl fN!ñl wdKavqj,ska f;dard .ekqkq ksfhdað;hska o wod, f*vr,a iuq¿jg iyNd.s
fj;s' Wm ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks<h uQ,sl kS;sh u.ska ks¾udKh flrefka ke;' ckdêm;sjrhd ;u
ks< ld,h ;=< ñh .sfha kï Èk ;syla ;=< Tyqf.a wkqm%dma;slhdj f;dard .efkkafkah'
ckdêm;sjrhd njg m;aùug wod, wfmalaIlhd jhi wjqreÿ y;<sy iïmQ¾K fldg ;sìh hq;=h'
pdkaia,¾jrhdj f;dard m;a lrkafka my< uka;%K iNdj u.sks' Tyq fyda weh f*vr,a leìkÜ
wud;H uKav,fha uQ,sl;ajh fydnjhs' f*vr,a pdkaia,¾jrhdf.ka o" f*vr,a wud;Hjrekaf.ka
o f*vr,a wdKavqj iukaú; fjhs' iEu jir y;rlg jrlau mj;ajk cd;sl ue;sjrKfhka miqj
iy cd;sl jYfhka my< uka;%K iNdjg f;dard .ekqkq idudðlhka wiqka .ekSfuka wk;=rej
f*vr,a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska tla wfhl= kï lrkq ,nk w;r my< uka;%K iNdfõ nyq;r
Pkaofhka tu ;eke;a;d pdkaia,¾jrhd njg f;dard m;a flfrhs'

38
uQ,sl kS;sfha Ndrlrejd c¾uka jHjia:dhl wêlrKh fjhs' fuh iajdëk jHjia:dhl
wdh;khla jk w;r wêlrKfha fldgila o fjhs' fuh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj" fmdÿ kS;sh iy
cd;Hka;r kS;sh iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrhs' md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska iïu; lrkakd jQ wK mk;a
uQ,sl kS;shg mgyeksj hkafka kï tajd wj,x.= fldg Y=kH njg m;a lsÍu fuu wdh;kfhka isÿ
flfrhs'
c¾uka ue;sjrK l%uh iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufha;a" zÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau hEfïZ l%ufha;a
iïñY%Khls' fï Pkao l%u foflau we;s idOkSh ,laIK r|jd .ksñka iDKd;aul ,laIK neyer
lrñka c¾uksh ;u ue;sjrK l%uh mj;ajdf.k hhs'
fuu ue;sjrK l%ufha m%Odk ,laIK iy tajd wod, flfrk wdldrh my; f.k ±lafjhs(
c¾uka rg ue;sjrK fldÜGdY 100 lg fjka lr we;s nj is;d .kak' ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau
<`.d ùug wfmalaIlhska 100 la f;dard .efkhs'
b;sß wfmalaIlhska 100 f;dard .efkkafka foaYmd,k mlaI úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o cd;sl
,ehsia;=j, wkqms<sfj,g igyka ù we;s mqoa.,hkaf.ks' fuu wkqms<sfj, miqj fjkia l,
fkdyelalls'
iEu Pkaoodhlfhl=gu Pkao m;s%ld fol ne.ska ,efí'
 ;ukaf.a ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhg md¾,sfïka;= iNslfhl= f;dard .ekSug
 Tyq fyda weh leu;s mlaIhg Pkaoh m< lsÍug' Pkao odhlhd fuu Pkaoh tlu mlaIhlg
fyda fjk;a mlaIj,g ,nd Èh yel'

md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 200 fjka lsÍu ;Skaÿ flfrkafka" my; i|yka wdldrhg" tla tla mlaIh
úiska ;u cd;sl ,ehsia;=jg ,nd.;a Pkao wkqmd;h wkqjh'
1' tla tla ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhg ,eî we;s Pkao m%udKh .Kka flfrhs' jeäu Pkao m%udKhla
,ndf.k we;s wfmalaIlhd f;dard .;a njg m%ldYhg m;a flfrhs'
2' tla tla mlaIhg ,eî we;s Pkao ixLHdj .Kka flfrhs' tu mlaI ,ndf.k we;s Pkao m%udKh
wkqj Tjqka ljr Pkao m%;sY;hla ,ndf.k we;s ±hs ;Skaÿ flfrhs'
3' cd;sl jYfhka tla tla mlaIhg ,eî we;s Pkao m%;sY;h wkqj tu mlaIj,g ,efnk wdik
m%udKh ;Skaÿ flfrhs'
4' tla tla mlaIh ue;sjrK fldÜGdY mokñka Èkdf.k we;s wdik m%udKh ;Skaÿ flfrhs'
bkamiqj" cd;sl jYfhka tu mlaIh ,ndf.k we;s Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj tu mlaIh
,ndf.k we;s uq¿ wdik ixLHdj ;Skaÿ lrkakg cd;sl ,ehsia;=j,ska wdik tla flfrhs'

c¾uka ue;sjrK l%uhg WodyrKhla(

A) md¾,sfïka;=j – wdik 200 hs

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY 100 hs
cd;sl ,ehsia;= 100 hs - wfmalaIl kdu wkqms<sfj, igyka fldg we;

B) tla tla Pkaoodhlhdg – Pkao 2 hs – Pkao m;s%ld 2 hs

ue;sjrK fldÜGdY uka;s%jreka 1 hs
cd;sl ,ehsia;= 1 hs - wfmalaIl kdu wkqms<sfj, igyka fldg we;

C) tla tla mlaIhg cd;sl jYfhka ,eî we;s Pkao ^cd;sl ,ehsia;= Pkao& .Kka flfrhs' tu
Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj wdik ixLHdj fjka flfrhs'
A mlaIh -38% - wdik 76
B mlaIh - 35% - wdik 20
C mlaIh - 5% - wdik 10
D) ÈKqï lKqj fj; uq,skau <`.d ùu hgf;a tla tla ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhg ysñjk m%Óm,h

A mlaIh -35/100
B mlaIh -40/100

39
 C mlaIh - 6/100
E) cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka jeä wdik m%udKhla Èkd .ekSu

A mlaIhg ysñ wdik ixLHdj 76 hs¦ ,ndf.k we;af;a 35 hs' fï ksid cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka kï 41
la fhdackd lsÍug yelshdj we;'
B mlaIhg ysñ wdik ixLHdj 70 hs; ,ndf.k we;af;a 40 hs. fï ksid cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka kï 30
la fhdackd lsÍug yelshdj we;'
C mlaIhg ysñ wdik ixLHdj 10 hs; ,ndf.k we;af;a 6 hs. fï ksid cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka kï 4 la
fhdackd lsÍug yelshdj we;'

cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjys mqrmamdvqjla we;akï tu mlaIfha cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjys kï wkqms<sfj,g B<`.g

we;s mqoa.,hdf.a ku fhdod tu mqrmamdvqj iïmQ¾K flfrhs'
fuys§ 5] l lmd yeÍfï m%;sY;hla wkq.ukh fldg we;' ue;sjrK kS;sh hgf;a ishhg myl
m%;sY;h iïnkaOfhka j.ka;shla tla fldg we;' bka úia;r flfrkafka tla tla mlaIh cd;sl
jYfhka wju jYfhka ishhg myl Pkao m%;sY;hla ysñ lr.; hq;= njh' ke;skï wju jYfhka
ue;sjrK wdik ;=kla Èkd.; hq;= njh' túg my< uka;%K iNdjg lsishï ksfhdackhla isÿ
lsÍug tu mlaIj,g bv ,efnhs'
jhi wjqreÿ 18 g jeä ish¿ c¾uka mqrjeishkag uQ,sl kS;sh hgf;a Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug whs;sh
we;' fufia c¾uka mqrjeishdg Pkaoh m< lsÍug iqÿiqlu ,efnkafka ue;sjrKhg fmr lsishï
ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhl wju jYfhka udi ;=kla j;a mÈxÑ ù isáhfyd;a muKs'
ish¿ ue;sjrK meje;afjkafka bßod Èkj, § h' Pkaoh m%ldY lsÍug meñfKk Pkaoodhl
ixLHdj by< uÜgulska mj;S' fndfyda fldg th ishhg wkQjls' ue;sjrK ls%hdodufha§ ;ukaf.a
Pkaoh m< lsÍug fkdjrojd meñfKkafka isú,a fiajlhska h' Pkaoh m< lsÍu iy iudc"
jD;a;Shuh ;;a;ajhka o yd wdodhu o by< kxjd .ekSu w;r iy iïnkaOhla mj;S'
c¾uka ue;sjrK l%uh ms<sn|j woyia olajk iuyr úpdrlhska mjikafka fuu Pkaofhka
uka;s%jreka foj¾.hla ks¾udKh flfrk njh' fudjqkag ;r`.ldß Wjukdjka fkdue;s w;r
fjkia Wjukdjkaf.ka hq;=h' fuh i;Hhla jk w;rjdrfha th jdishla ñi wjdishla fkdjk
ldrKhla njg o ;¾l l, yel' ukao jHjia:dhlhg we;=¿jk idudðlhka rfÜ we;s .eg¿
foi n,kafka ta fohdldrfhka iy cd;sl udkhlska ke;skï ±laulsks' tu.ska jHjia:dodhlfha
ksfhdack ,laIKh lsishï Yla;su;a wdldrhlska m%ldYhg m;a flfrhs' fuys we;s tla;rd
miq.dó ;;a;ajhla kï cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka wfmalaIlhka bÈßm;a lrkakg l=vd mlaIj,g
ÿIalr;d ;sîuh'

ksfhdackh ms<sn| msÜlskaf.a u; y;r

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amhg wod,j jvd;a mßmQ¾K jQ idlÉPdjla msÜlska bÈßm;a
lrhs' ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amh hk wef.a lD;sfhys ksfhdackfha m%;súfrdaë .;s ,laIK
iïnkaOj weh ú.%yhl fhfokakS h' ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amhg wod, fuu iïNdjH
idlÉPdj b;du;au n,mEulska hq;= yd foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| idys;Hh ;=< ieu úg
i|yka flÍug ,lajQ lD;sh fjhs' úÜ.kaiaghskshdkq NdId rgdfjka ;u m%fõYh ,nd.kakd jQ
msÜlska" foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha ixl,amh f;areï .ekSug kï fuu fhÿu Ndú;hg fhdojd
we;a;d jQ úúO wre;a fyda l%u ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH nj lshd isákakS h' fuu fhÿu w¾:
.ekaùug Ndú;d l,d jQ úúOdldr jQ l%uhka ksid ta tla tla Ndú;dj úiska fuu ixl,amhg úúO
udkhka imhhs'

ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amh msÜlska ixikaokh lrkafka zwkaOldr l=áhla ueo we;s b;d
ixlS¾K jQ" ljr fohla ±hs f;areï .; fkdyels jl .eiS .sh ;s%udK jia;=jlaZ f,ig h' zúúO
me;sj,ska fuu ;s%udK jia;=j foi n,d þj,k n,anfhka PdhdrEmZ bÈßm;a lrkakg foaYmd,k
kHdhjd§ka lghq;= fldg we;' jvd;a ksh; f,i mjikafka kï foaYmd,k kHdhjd§ka úiska
ksfhdackh ms<sn|j m%Odk jYfhka ixl,am y;rla bÈßm;a fldg we;' wjdikdjlg fuka
foaYmd,kh ksfhdackh ms<sn|j bÈßm;a flfrk fuu úúO u;hka tlg tlajkafka fyda

40
ieif|kafka flfia ±hs msÜlska lsis úia;rhla bÈßm;a lrkafka ke;' úfgl fuu ck;d
ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amh tlg tlaldiq ù we;s fohla f,ig weh w`.jhs' ;j;a fj,djl weh
fuu úúO u; w;r >Ügkhka we;s njg wjOdrKh lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka olajf;d;a
iúia;rd;aul ksfhdackh j.ùug tfrysj msysgkafka flfia o hkak weh f.k olajhs' ;ukaf.a
þj,k n,an Wmud rEmlh bÈßm;a lrñka msÜlska ;¾l lr isákafka ksfhdackh ms,sn|
ixl,amh w¾: .ekaùu isÿ l, hq;af;a Bg wod, ixo¾Nhla ;=< msysgqjd njhs' iuld,Sk
foaYmd,kh ;=< ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amh Ndú;fha fhdojd we;s wdldrh u; tu fhÿfï
w¾:h tlaflda mq¿,a úh yel' ke;skï ta ms<sn|j wmf.a we;s ±kqu wksis f,i iSudjkag ,la ùu
isÿ úh yel'

msÜlska g wkqj ksfhdack ixl,amfha w¾:hka ms<sn| hï fkdtl`.;djka we;skï tajd w¾O
jYfhka fyda hï iu.s iudodkhlg m;a l, yelafla ksfhdackh ms<sn| ljr w¾:hla b,a,d
isákafka o hkak meyeÈ,s lsÍu u;h' msÜlska g wkqj wvqu ;rñka ksfhdackh ms<sn| úúO u;
y;rla we;( úêu;a ksfhdackh" iúia;rd;aul ksfhdackh" ixfÄ;d;aul ksfhdackh iy
w;HdjYH ksfhdackh hk tu úúO u; y;rhs' ^ksfhdackh ms<sn| fuu úúO u; y;r .ek o<
úia;rhla my; j.=fjys f.k olajd we;&' fuu tla tla u;h úiska ksfhdackh j. úNd. Lr
n,kakg wjYH úúO m%fõYhka imhhs' tfukau ck;dj úiska f;dard m;a lr.kakd ,o
ksfhdað;hska ;lafiare lsÍfï ld¾hhg wjYH úúO m%ñ;ska o ksfhdackfha fuu úúO u;hka
úiska iemfhhs' fï ksid ck;dj m;a lr we;a;d jQ ksfhdað;hska l, hq;=j we;af;a l=ula ±hs
hkakg we;s flfrk úúO u;hkaf.a fkdtl`.;d jvd;a ;Sj% jQ fyda nrm;, ;;a;ajhlg m;a
lrkafka ck;dj ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka jerÈ woyia ordf.k isák ksidh' ke;skï ck;dj
úiska ksfhdackfha m%ñ;Ska jerÈ f,i wod, lrjkakg hEfuka fuu mriamr;d fyda fkdtl`.;d
we;sfjhs' ksfhdackh ms<sn| fuu ixl,amh iuld,Sk foaYmd,k l;sldj ;=< nyd,kakg msÜlska
úúO l%u u.ska W;aidy fldg we;s nj fmfkhs' foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| ixl,amhg lsishï
l%udkqrEm rgdjla ,ndfoñka weh fuu ldßh bgq lrhs'

ksfhdackh tla tla u;h ;=< we;s ksfhdað;hka we.hSu

ms<sn| u; flá úia;rhla
m%Odk m¾fhaIK m%YaKh i|yd we;s jHx. m%ñ;Ska
y;r
1. úêu;a ksfhdackh f;dard .ekSu;a" ksfhdað;fhl=f.a lsisjla ke;
ksfhdackh ls%hdjg kexùu;a wdh;klsuh ;;a;ajh
wdh;ksluh ie,iqï yryd l=ulao@
isÿfjhs' úêu;a ksfhdackfha
me;s udkhka folla we;(
wkqu; lsÍfï n,h yd
j.ùu
(wkqu; ksfhdað;fhla wef.a fyda ksfhdað;fhla n,h ksfhdað;fhl= fld;rï
lsÍfï n,h) Tyqf.a ;;a;ajh" ;k;=r fyda ,nd.kakd l%shdoduh fyd¢ka l%shd lrkjd o
ks,h ,nd.kakd úêl%uh ljf¾o@ ^WodyrKhlg( hkak ;lafiare l, yels
fuh fõ' ue;sjrKh& m%ñ;Ska lsisjla ke;'
ksfhdað;fhl=g Tyqf.a ksfhdað;fhla Tyqf.a
fyda wehf.a ;SrK fyda wehf.a ;k;=r
n,.ekaùug we;s l%u kS;Hdkql+,j ord
fudkjdo@ isákjdo hkak muKla
flfkl=g ;lafiare l,
yel'
(j.ùu) ksfhdað;hska ck;djf.a Pkao odhlhska fj; ksfhdað;fhl= fld;rï
wNs,dIhka m%ldrj lghq;= we;a;d jQ wkqu; lsÍfï fyd£ka ls%hd;aul fjkjd
fkdlrkafka kï ;ukaf.a hdka;%Khka fudkjdo@ o hkak ;lafiare

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 ksfhdað;hdg o`vqjï lsßfï ksfhdað;hd Tyqf.a fyda lrkakg m%ñ;Ska lsisjla
yelshdjla Pkao odhlhskag wehf.a Pkaoodhlhska ke;' ksfhdað;fhl=g
we; ^WodryKhla f,i( f.a Wjukdjka g ms<s;=re wkqu; lsÍfï n,h fyda
f;dard m;a lr.;a fokjdo ke;skï m%;sp¾hd;aul ùfï
ksfhdað;fhl= ue;sjrKhl m%;sp¾hd;aul jkjdo@ yelshdjla ;sfnkjdo
§ mrdchg m;a lrùu& fyda hkak muKla flfkl=g
ksfhdað;hd úiska Pkao ;SrKh l, yel'
odhlhska fj; ms<s;=re
iemhSu '
2. ksfhdað;fhl= ;uka ksfhdackh lrkq ksfhdað;hska ;lafiarejg
ixfÄ;d;aul ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ ,nkakd jQ whf.ka ljr ,la lrkq ,nkafka Tjqka
ksfhdackh wfhl= fjkqfjka zfmkS wdldrfhl m%;spdrhka ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ
isákZ wdldrhka - tkï ksfhdað;hd úiska ,nd wh w;r fld;rï ÿrg
ksfhdakh lrkakd jQ wh .kakjdo@ ms<s.efkkjdo hkak
iïnkaOj ksfhdað;hdg we;s u;h'
f;areï .ekSu fjhs'
3. ksfhdað;fhl= g ;uka f;dard m;a lr.kq ,enQ ksfhdað;hd iy
iúia;rd;aul ksfhdackh lrkakdjQ wh yd ksfhdað;hd ksfhdackh ksfhdackh lrkakka
ksfhdackh iudkùug we;s yelshdj. lrkq ,nkakd jQ whf.a w;r we;s iudk;djfha
hï w;a±lSï fnod ksjeßÈ;djh u;
.ekSu;a" Tjqka yd iu. ksfhdað;hdj ;lafiarejg
fmdÿ Wjukdjka mj;ajd ,la flfrhs'
.ekSu;a fyda iudk njla
mEu;a isÿ lrkjd o@
4.w;HdjYH ksfhdað;hkaf.a ls%hdldrlï ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ ksfhdað;fhl= úiska
ksfhdackh - tkï" ksfhdackh lrkakd whf.a Wjukdjka ueÈy;a ùï fldg ie,iqï
jQ wh fjkqfjka" Tjqkaf.a imqrd,kakg yels l,d jQ m%;sm;a;s Tyqf.a
ksfhdað;fhl= f,i" m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï lghq;= Pkao odhlhskaf.a
Tjqkaf.a Wjukdjka iïnkaOfhka Wjukdjka fjkqfjka
fjkqfjka iy ksfhdackh ksfhdað;hd ueÈy;aùï zjvd fyd¢ka fmkS
lrkakd jQ whf.a lrhso@ isákakgZ yels tajd o
wdfoaYkhla jYfhka hkak u; ksfhdað;hdj
ksfhdað;hka lghq;= lr ;lafiarejg ,la flfrhs'
we;s wdldrh'

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaO iuld,Sk wjfndaOh ilikakg msÜlska isÿ l, odhl;ajh wê

;lafiare lrkakg lsisfjl=g" úfYaIfhkau foaYmd,k úYdrohskag lsisfia;a fkdyelsh'
WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a l, iúia;rd;aul ksfhdackh j.ùug tfrysj mj;skaklah hkakg
weh f.k olajk ldrKd ieuúgu iuld,Sk idlÉPd wrUkakg fya;=jk lreKq fjhs' tkï
fldka flÍug fyda neyer lr,Sug ,la fldg we;s lKavdhï i|yd tu lKavdhïj,skau
ksfhdað;hska m;a lsÍug wjYH o hk ldrKd h'

óg iudk f,iskau foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha iajNdjh iïnkaOj we;s .eg¿ iy.; nj ms<sn|
;ukaf.a woyia f.k olajk msÜlska lshd isákafka wkque;sh ,nd§u yd j.ùu iïnkaO úêu;a
ls%hdoduhka g ^úêu;a ksfhdackh& flaka§%h ia:dkhla ,ndfokakg foaYmd,k úfYaI{hska yd
iuld,Sk foaYmd,k úYdrohska .kakd jQ W;aidyhg ;ukaf.a iydh ,nd fok njh'
úfYaIfhkau ksfhdackh wdh;khka ksis f,i ie,iqï lsÍu iïnkaOj b;d úYd, f,i
kHdhd;aul wjOdkhka fhduq flÍ we;' fujeks wjOdkhla yeneúkau wjYH njg wjfndaO
jkafka ksfhdack ixl,amh .ek we;s flÍ we;s w¾nqoldß ;;a;ajh úi|d,kakg tla wdldrfhl
fyda ueÈy;aùula wjYH flfrk ksidh' fï ksid ksfhdackh hkq l=ula ±hs wrNhd w¾: iemhSu
zck;dj úiska ;Skaÿ l<d fõZ hkak tla úi÷ï ls%hdj,shls' fjk;a jpkj,ska lshkafka kï"
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;uka f;dard m;a lrkakd jQ ksfhdað;hka ljr wdldrfhlska yeisßh hq;= o ke;skï lghq;= l,
hq;= o hkak .ek u; w;r hï .egqï iy.; ;;a;ajhka Woa.; fjhs kï" tu .egqï iu:hlg
m;a lsÍfï tla l%ufõohla f,i m%cd;ka;S%h mqrjeishkag tu .egqï iu.s iudodkhlg m;a
lrkakg wjYH idOdrK ls%hdoduhka ia:dms; lrkakg wjia:dj i,id §uh' fuhdldrfhka
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ixjdohka fyda l;sldjka fhduq jkafka foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh m%uqL fldg uQ,slhd yd ksfhdað;hd w;r iïnkaOhla yeáhg f.k olajkakg h' ;jo
ue;sjrK .ek wjOdrKh flfrk úg § o foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms,sn| ixl,amh m%cd;ka;%jdoh
ms<sn| idlÉPdjka njg ks;r lvd jeàu ;=<ska o ta ms,sn| hï w¾: .ekaùula flfrhs'
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ^1& ffk;sl jQ m%cd;ka;S%h wdh;khka ia:dms; lrjkakg;a ^2& mqrjeishka
fj; m%;spdrd;aul jkakg wdKavqj,g wjYH wdh;ksl m%;s,dNhka ks¾udKh fldg isákakg;a
we;s u.la fia f;areï flfrhs'

fâúâ maf,dÜ kue;s foaYmd,k úfYaI{hd mjik wdldrhg wkque;sh §u yd j.ùu hk ldrKd
foaYmd,k ixo¾Nhka ;=< iS;, hqoaOhka mj;sk úg§ Ndú;hg fhÈh hq;= b;d jákd hdka;%Khka
fjhs' foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha fuu wjfndaOh ^úfYaIfhkau iyNd.s;aj m%cd;ka;%jdoh l=ula±hs
hkak meyeÈ,s lr.kq msKsi& fldñhqksiaÜ rgj,ska ngysr m%cd;ka;%jdÈ rgj,a fjka lr y÷kd
.ekSug b;du;a u bjy,a fjhs' ue;sjrKhka mj;ajk rgj,a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ foaYmd,k rgdjka
we;s rgj,a fia ie,flhs' tjeks fjkia lr y÷kd.ekSula m%fhdackj;a ldßhla ±hs maf,dÜ m%YaK
lrhs' maf,dÜ ks¾foaY fldg isákafka foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| wmf.a wjfndaOh jvd;a mq¿,a
lrkafka kï t;=< ck;djf.a Wjukdjka yd wNs,dIhka ksfhdackh .eíjk njh' ta yryd
ck;djf.a ksfhdað;hska ls%hdl, hq;= ksis ms<sfj, ms<sn| újdoh biau;= fjhs' iS;, hqoaOh
wjidk jkakg;a fmr foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha idïm%odhsl wjfndaOhka kskakdo jkakg jQfha wehs
±hs maf,dÜ g ;snQ ±kqu úiska fmkajd isákafka foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn| iQ;k wjfndaOh
foaYmd,k h:d¾;hka ;=< tla;rd m%udKhlg wka;¾.;j mj;sk njh' fï fya;=j lrK fldg
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh w¾: olajkakg W;aidy lrkakd jQ mqoa.,hska foaYmd,k h:d¾;hka
fjkiajk wdldrh ms,sn|j o y÷kd.kakg iu;a úh hq;=h' tu.ska foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms<sn|
iuld,Sk wjfndaOhg n,mEï flfrkafka flfiao hkak f;areï .; yelsfjhs' kej;;a msÜlsk a
bÈßm;a lrkakd jQ woyia wkqj hñka wmg lsj yelafla foaYmd,k ksfhdackh ms,sn| wmf.a
woyia ck;d ksfhdackfha ld,Sk foaYmd,ksl Ndú;djka ;=< wka;¾.;j we;s njhs'
j¾;udkfha§ ck;dj ksfhdackh isÿ flfrkafka flfiao hkak u; foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
ms<sn| wmf.a wjfndaOh o wkjr;fhkau iliafjhs'

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