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rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpf;fhd cupik

Right to Rule of Law

Discussion Materials compiled by NDI for the

District Multi stake holder forums on Constitution
and Peaceful Co-Existence

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Content

1. Rule of law research paper

2. Law and democracy
3. Constitutionalism and Constitution
4. Constitutional Democracy
5. Declaration of Delhi on the Rule of law in a Free society
6. Basic principles on the independence of Judiciary
7. Judicial independence and financial Disclosure
8. Code of conduct for Law enforcement officials
9. Guidelines on the role of prosecutors
10. Basic principles on the use of fire arms by law enforcement officials

11. Basic principles on the role of lawyers

12. Educating Communities about how to be policed in a democracy

13. Introduction on the policing in South Asian Countries

14. Police reform in Sri Lanka
15. Police Accountability
16. Forced displacement and housing land and property ownership

challenges in post conflict and reconstruction

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rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;fhd cupik

A. rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;fhd tiutpyf;fzk;
gy Mz;Lfshf rl;l tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fspd; Mu;tq;fis> rl;lg;gb Ml;rp vd;why;
vd;d? mjd; %yhjhukhd ngWkhdq;fs; vd;gd <u;j;Js;sd. rl;lg;gb Ml;rpiag;
gw;wp tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy rl;l nfhs;ifapayhsu;fSk;> vOj;jhsu;fSk;
fUj;Jf; $wNth my;yJ tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jNth Kad;wNghjpYk; 19Mk;
E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j Nguhrpupau; V.tp.ilrp mtu;fNs ,e;j vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghf
njspthd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fpa NghjpYk;> gpw;fhyj;jpa nfhs;ifahsu;fshy; mtuJ
fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; fLikahf tpku;rpf;fg;gl;ld.

a) ilrpapd; rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rp

ilrpiag; nghUj;jstpy; rl;lg;gb Ml;rp %d;W mu;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

1. gutyhd jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F jdp

egu;fs; cl;gLjy; $lhJ. MfNt> rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;fhd mbg;gil> vy;yh
mjpfhuq;fSNk cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhfNth my;yJ VjhtJ rl;luPjpahd mbg;giliaf;
nfhz;bUf;fNth Ntz;Lk;. gutyhd jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fs;> mjpfhu
J\;gpuNahfj;ijNa Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;Ak;. Vnddpy; nghJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>
epahakw;w tifapy; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l ed;ikf;fhf mjidg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd
mtu; fUjpdhu;.

2. rkj;Jtk; vdg;gLk; vz;zj;ij rl;lg;gb Ml;rp cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,q;F mtu;

ehl;bd; rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fshy; gupghypf;fg;gLk; xNu khjpupahd rl;lj;Jf;F rfy
tFg;ghu;fSk; rkkhfNt cl;gLj;jg;gLtu; vd typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. cau;kl;l cj;jp
Nahfj;ju;fspypUe;J fPo;kl;lk; tiuapyhd cj;jpNahfj;ju;tiu ve;jnthU
gpui[f;fhfTk; rl;luPjpahd epahag;gLj;jYld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xt;nthU
nraYf;Fk; xNu khjpupahd nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

3. ilrpapd; rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rp> jdpg;gl;l vOj;J%y murpay;ahg;Gf; FwpaPl;il

cs;slf;fpapUf;ftpy;iy. rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dhy; jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; cupikfis
jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf nfhz;L tug;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbTfshf mikfpd;witNa
murpay;ahg;Gr; rl;lnkd mtu; ek;gpdhu;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,jidj;njhlu;e;J tpy;ypak; nuhg;rd; kw;Wk; Itu; n[dpq;];1
MfpNahuhy; vOjg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fshy;; ilrpapd; vz;zq;fs; tpku;rdj;Jf;F
cs;shfpd. ilrpapd; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpapd; tbtikg;gpypUe;J gy gpur;rpidfs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
gpur;rpidfs; / fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fs;

 muRf;Nfh my;yJ murhq;fj;Jf;Nfh gutyhd jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fis xg;gilg;gJ

J\;gpuNahfj;Jf;Fk; CoYf;Fk; jtpu;f;f KbahjthW topaikf;Fk; vd;w fUj;ij
ilrp epuhfupj;jhu;. MapDk; eyNdhk;Gjy; kw;Wk; r%f Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; etPd
murhq;fq;fspd; gq;F tpupthf;fg;gl;lJld;
(Rfhjhuk;>fy;tp>tPlikg;G>njhlu;ghly;>ifj;njhopy;fs; Nghd;wit) rl;lj;ijAk;
xOq;ifAk; NgZk; mjd; ghuk;gupa njhopw;ghl;Lf;F Nkyjpf khfTk; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ntsptptfhuq;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jTk; Nkyjpfkhf kf;fSf;F gaDWjpAk;
tpidj;jpwdhd NritiaAk; toq;Ftjw;fhf epiwNtw;Wk; gpupTf;F ([dhjpgjpf;F)
NkYk; NkYk; jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fis toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jid ePq;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fsh?

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1.
rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk; mjd; cs;shu;e;j ngWkhdq;fSk; - khwpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; murpay; ahg;G. n[g;up
N[hty;> 6Mk; gjpg;G 2007 - 6 Mk; gf;fk; ghu;f;f
 ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lq;fSf;fika Nkyhz;ik mspf;fg;gl;l my;yJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rfy
rl;lq;fSk; ,d;Dk; $l fLikahdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf epwntwp njhlu;ghd
njd;dhgpupf;fr; rl;lq;fs; r%fj;jpd; xU gpuptpd;kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;
,ayhikfisAk; rl;lq;fs; Ntz;L nkd;W ghugl;rkhf ele;Jnfhz;ld. ,d;ndhU cjhuzk;:
,yq;ifapy; cs;s mtrufhy gpukhzq;fSk;(ER) gaq;futhj jLg;Gr; rl;lKk;(PTA) MFk;.
,jpy; rl;lg;gb Ml;rp kw;Wk; Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w mbg;gil
cupikfSf;F vjpu;g;ghd gy;NtW tpjpfs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf> mtrufhy gpukhzq;fspd;
19Mk; ruj;jpd; gb ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ve;j nthU tpjj;jpy; Fe;jfk; tpistpf;fNth my;yJ
nghJr; rl;lq;fisg; NgZtjw;F my;yJ mj;jpahtrpa NritfSf;nfjpuhf ele;J
nfhz;likf;fhf ePjp rhu;e;j kPsha;TfSf;fhd mZFjy;fs; ,y;yhJ Xuhz;L tiuf;Fk;
egu;fs; ifJ nra;aNth my;yJ jLj;J itf;fg;glNth KbAk;.2

 rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fshy; tprhupf;fg;gLfpd;w rl;lq;fSf;F midtUk; rkkhf elj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd ilrp tw;GWj;jpa NghjpYk; etPd [dehaf murpay; ahg;GfspYk; $l> vy;yh
tFg;gpdUk; xNu tpjkhf elj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. rpy nghJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; VidNahu;fshy;
gadilahj rpwg;Gupikfis mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. ePjpgjpfs;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;>
J}Jtuhya Nrit fisr; rhu;e;j cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;luPjpahd nray;KiwfspypUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;l rpwg;Gupik fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,it rhjhuz kf;fshy;
mDgtpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. murpay;ahg;gpd; 35Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb ehl;bd; [dhjpgjp mtu;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; cj;jpNahfg+u;t khfNth my;yJ jdpg;gl;l uPjpapNyh Mw;wpAs;s
my;yJ Mw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpa ve;j tplaj;Jf;fhfTk; tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.

 mj;Jld; ilrp> rhjhuzkhd rl;lj;ijAk; rhjhuzkhd ePjpkd;wq;fisg; gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. MapDk; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l mikg;G rpf;fyhd xU fyitia jd;dpy; nfhz;L
cs;sJ. ,jpy; Mq;fpNya nghJr;rl;lk; (ePjpgjpapdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fs;) kw;Wk; ehl;bd;
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fSf;Fr; nry;Ygbahfpd;w Nuhkd; lr;Rr;rl;lk;> ,j;Jld; r%fj;jpd; rpy
gpuptpdUf;F kl;LNk gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l fz;ba rl;lk;> K];yPk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; Njr toikr;
rl;lq;fs; (aho;g;ghzj; jkpo;r;rl;lk;) Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fSk; cs;sd. ,t;thwhd
jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; murpay; ahg;gpd; 16 Mk; cWg;Giuapy;; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

 NkYk; vy;yh egu;fSNk xNukhjpupahd ePjpkd;wq;fshy; tprhupf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,yq;if>

K];ypk; rl;lj;jpy; jpUkzk; kw;Wk; tpthfuj;J njhlu;ghd tplaq;fspd; fhrp ePjpkd;wk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; tpNrlkhd ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Nf K];ypk;fs; tpz;zg; gpf;fpd;wdu;. NkYk; etPd
Kiwfspd;gb epahar;rigfs; my;yJ tof;Fj; jPu;f;Fk; tpNrlkhd mikg;Gfisf;
nfhz;litAk; (kPsha;Tf;fhd tUkhd tupr;rig> njhopy; epahar; rigfs;> ,yQ;r tprhuiz
epahar; rig Nghd;wd) cs;sd. ,tw; Wf;F njhopy;El;g epGzj;Jtk; Njitg;gLtJld;
JupjkhfTk; kypthd gupghydj; Jf;fhfTk; ehl;bd; rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
cjtpahfTs;sd. murpay; ahg;gpd; rl;lkhdJ ePjthd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd ilrp
tFj;jhu;.

 vt;thwhapDk; vOjg;glhj murpay; ahg;G> vOjg;gl;l murpay; ahg;igtpl mbg;gil cupikf;F

cWjp $w KbAkh? my;yJ mjd; epue;juj; jd;ikAk; cWjpg;ghLk; nghJ mgpg;gpuhaj;jpYk;
nraw;ghl;bYk; jq;fpapUf;Fkh?

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gpd;thq;Fk; ePjp - ,yq;ifapd; rl;lj; njhopypd; Rje;jpuKk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk; njhlu;ghd mwpf;if
Nk 2009 ( jpwe;j r%f epWtdj;jpdhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl;l ru;tNjr tof;fwpQu; rq;fj;jpd; kdpj cupik
epWtd mwpf;if.

b. ilrpapd; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpapd; tpj;jpahrkhd cs;shu;e;j ngWkhdq;fs;

1. rl;lg+u;tkhdJ – rl;lj;Jf;F fPo;g;gbthf ,Uj;jy;. ,jd; fUj;J (m) rl;lkhdJ

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>jdpegu;fs; vd;w tpj;jpahrkpd;wp mDrupf;fg;gLjy;.(M) rl;lg;gbahf
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F jug;gLk; mjpfhuq;fSf;Fl;gl;ljhfNt mtu;fs; ele;Jnfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
2. epr;rakhdJ –epr;rakhdJk; Kd;$l;bNa $wf;$bajhfTk; rl;lq;fs; ,Uj;jy;. xU
gpui[f;F fLikahd rl;lq;fis tpl njupe;J itj;jpUf;fhj rl;lq;fshNyNa
$Ljyhd NfLfs; tpisfpd;wd vd;W ilrp fUJfpd;whu;.
3. khwhj; jd;ikAilaJ – epr;rakhd jd;ikapd; ngWkhdj;Jld; khwhj;jd;ik
njhlu;GilaJ. vg;NghJk; njupe;j rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjdhy;
rl;lq;fisAk; juq;fisAk; rkkhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij xUtu; Kd;ndLg;Gr;
nra;fpd;whu;.
4. tif$wy; - xU nraw;ghl;bd; rl;lg+u;tkhd jd;ikia mstpLtjwfhd
nghJj;juq;fis toq;Fk; rl;lq;fs;.
5. tpidj;jpwd; - rl;l mbg;gilahd nraw;ghLfs; tpidj;jpwid mspf;fpd;wd.
6. ePjpf;fhd cupa nray;KiwAk; mZFKiwAk; - ve;jnthU egUk;
ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; ghugl;rkpd;ikahfTk; gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ikahfTk; tprhupf;fg;glhJ>
(rpiw thrk; nra;ag;glNth mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;glNth) fz;ldj;Jf;F cs;shff;$lhJ.
gpur;rpidfs; / fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fs;
1. rl;lg;gb Ml;rpia cz;ikapNyNa rl;lg;gb Ml;rpapd; cs;shu;e;j ngWkhdk;>
epr;rakhdijAk;; khwhj;jd;ikiaAk; Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdth? xNu khjpupahf
elj;jg;gLtJ vg;NghJk; gjpy;$wf;$ba jd;ikiaAk; ePjpiaAk; Kd;ndLg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wdth? mg;gb apy;yhtpbd; vy;NyhUf;Fk; rkkhf rl;lj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gij
epahag;gLj;Jfpd;wjh? cjhuz khf> 1978 Mk; Mz;bd; murpay; ahg;gpd; (12 rp 4)
ruj;jpd;gb ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> tyJ Fiwe;j egu;fs; MfpNahUf;fhf kw;wtu;fis tpl
tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;L Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjw;fhd rl;lj;Jf;fhd tpNrl xOq;FKiw fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ.3 NkYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;fhd mDkjpapd;NghJ mJ jFjpapd;
mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg; gl;lJ. 55% Md ,lq;fis gy;NtW
khtl;lq;fSf;F rdj;njhifapd; mbg;gilapYk; 15% trjp Fiwe;j khtl;lq;fs; kj;jpapYk;
tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l cjhuzq;fspd;gb tpNrl ftdpg;G my;yJ
egu;fSf;fhd tpj;jpahrkhd ftdpg;Gf;F cs;s epahak; vd;d?
2. ilrp Fwpg;gpLtJNghy ‘njupe;j rl;lq;fshf’ cs;sit mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fj;ij cWjpg;
gLj;Jkh? MfNt njupe;j rl;lq;fspy; cs;sit Kf;fpak; NghyNt jdpg;gl;l egu;fis
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; jPu;khdq;fspd; cupa nray;KiwAk; nray;uPjpahd gq;Nfw;Gk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ciladth?
3. ePjpf;F mZFjy; vdg;gLtJ> ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd mZFjiy Fwpf;Fkh? rptpy; my;yJ
Fw;wtpayhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtw;Wf;F vjpuhd kdf;FiwfSf;fhd epthuzq;fis toq;Fk;
Kjd;ik topahf ePjpkd;wj;Jiz ,Ue;jNghjpYk; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ePjp toq;fg;
gLtjw;F ePjpkd;wq;fs; Vw;witahf ,y;iy. cjhuzk;: 1995 ,d; eLtu; jPu;g;Gr; rl;lk;
kw;Wk; 2000 Mk; Mz;bd; tu;j;jf uPjpahd ,zf;fr; rl;lk; vd;gd tu;j;jfuPjpahd
gpzf;Ffspy; Jupjkhd jPu;itf; fhz;gjw;F topnra;fpd;wd. NkYk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;GfshYk; ePjp kd;wq;fshYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpW gpzf;FfSf;fhd r%f ,dj;Jf;fhd
Vw;ghl;il ,zf;fr; rig rl;lk; toq;FfpwJ.
4. Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwf;fhd Nkyjpf epge;jidahf ,yq;if Nghd;w Nkhjy; kw;Wk;
NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa ehnlhd;wpy; ePjpf;fhd mZFKiwAld; KOikahf ,aq;Fk; ePjp
kd;wq;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;> ePjp kd;wq;fSf;F ngsjpf uPjpahf mZff;$bajhf
,Uj;jy;> ePjpkd;wq;fis mZFk; NghJ> fyhrhu r%f> nghUshjhu jilfs; Fiwjy;
tof;F thjhl tpUk;GNthupd; ghJfhg;Gk; mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jk; murpay; ahg;gpdhy; cWjp
nra;ag;gl;l tpUk;gf;$ba nkhopapy; njhlu;ghly; nra;td vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

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,Nj Nghd;W xU toptif ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; 15 Mk; ruj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb
ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahfTk; fy;tp rhu;e;jjhfTk; gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpdUf;Fk; rpy tif
rjpfSf;Fk; ,dq;fSf;Fkhf tpNrlkhd toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

B. rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdKk;

[dhjpgjpapd; (epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;) kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; (rl;lthf;fr; rig)
mjpfhuq;fis nrt;it ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; kf;fspd; cupikfis RahjPd
khd ePjpj;Jiw ghJfhf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. vt;tpj mr;rKk; ,d;wp ePjpj;Jiw
ahdJ ,aq;ff; $baij cWjp nra;tJ ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdkhf ,Ug;gjw;F kl;Lk;
Kf;fpaky;yhJ rl;lj;JiwapYs;s kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia NkNyhq;fr; nra;tjw;Fk;
Kf;fpakhFk;.

a). ePjpj;Jiwia murpay;kakw;wjhf Mf;Ftjw;Fk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdj;ij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhf murpay;ahg;G uPjpahd cWjpg;ghLk; typAWj;jp eilKiwg;
gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwAk;

murhq;fj;jpd; %d;W cWg;Gfshd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;> rl;lthf;fr; rig kw;Wk;

ePjpj;Jiw vd;gdtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis NtWgLj;Jtjw;fhd 1978 Mk; Mz;L
murpay; ahg;gpd; 4k; cWg;Giuapy; njspthf mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf
kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; mjpfhuq;fis
murpay;ahg;gpy; ed;F Mog;gjpe;Js;sd. mj;Jld; Nju;jy; kDf;fs; fPo;
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Nkd;;Kiw aPLfs;> murpay; ahg;G tplaq;fs;> mbg;gil cupikfs;
kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;Gupik kPwy; Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nky;
cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij kpf cau;thdJk; ,WjpahdJkhd kPAau; ePjpkd;wk; vd;wjd;
gq;if Fwpg;ghf murpay; ahg;G ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.4 ,J NghyNt murpay;ahg;G
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fisg; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fis
nghWj;jstpy; ePjpthd;fspd; epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk;>gjtpAau;T> xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;iffs; vd;gd ePjpj;Jiw Nrit Mizf; FOtpdhy; (JSC) Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLfp;d;wd.,yq;ifapd; murpay;ahg;G ePjpj; Jiwapd; RahjPdj;ij 107 Mk;
gpuptpy; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

murpay; ahg;Gf;fhd 17 Mk; gpupT ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fk;

gpujk ePjpauru; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytu; cl;gl midj;J ePjthd;fspd;
epakdk; kPjhf [dhjpgjp (epiwNtw;W) epiwa mjpfhuq;isf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,jw;F
Nkyjpfkhf ghuhSkd;wk; (rl;lthf;fr; rig) ePjpthd;fis ePf;Fjy; njhlu;ghf ePjp
kd;wk; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; vd;gdtw;wpd; ePjthd;fis epakpg;gJ njhlu;
ghf jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp cs;sd.

murpay; ahg;Gf;fhd 17 Mk; jpUj;jk;

ePjthd;fis epakpg;gJ cl;gl nghJr;Nrit murpay;kakw;wjhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; 17k;
jpUj;jk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; murpay;ahg;Gg; Nguit (CC) xd;iw
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J epakdq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpghupRfisAk; my;yJ rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nfe;jpukhd nghJj;Jiw fhupahyaq;fSf;fhd epakdq;fis
mq;fPfupf;fTk; MdhYk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s xU mikg;ghFk;.5 vt;thwhapDk;
[dhjpgjp epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;ltuhf ,Ug;gJld; CC apd; rpghupNrh
my;yJ mDkjpNah ,d;wp NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthW xUtuhy; ve;jtpj epakdNkh
Nkw;nfhs;sKbahJ. kPAau; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fk; gpujk
4
murpay; ahg;gpd; XV k; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTjy;> nghJ mku;Tfs;> ePjpgjpfspd;
rk;gsk;> ePjpgjpfspd; nrayhw;wYk; mtu;fspd; njhopw;ghLfSk;> ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;> ePf;Fjy;> xOf;
;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;> ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO> ePjpg;gupghyd tuk;ngy;iy> kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk;

6
 7

Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; rl;lq;fSk; gjpNtLfs; cl;gl ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf top
tiffSk; cs;slq;fpAs;sd.
5
murpay; ahg;Gg; NguitahdJ> 10 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;> Itu; r%fj;jpy; ‘cau; me;j];
Jk; Neu;ikAk; tha;e;Njhuha;’ gpujkuhYk; vjpu;fl;rpj; jiytuhYk; ngauplg;gLtJld;> Mwhktu;> ghuh
Skd;wj;jpy; cs;s Vida rpWfl;rpfshy; ngauplg;gLgtuhtu;. VohtJ cWg;gpdiu [dhjpgjp epakpg;g
Jld;> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l MW epakdq;fSk; jdf;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJk; mtu;fis epakpf;ff;
flikg;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;. Vida %tUk; jk; gjtp fhuzkhf epakpf;fg;gLgtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; gpujk
ke;jpup> vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytu; kw;Wk; ,f;FOtpd; jtprhsuhf ,Uf;fTs;s rghehafu; Mtu;.
ePjpauru; kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj; jiytu; Nghd;Nwhiu CCapd; mDkjp CC
apd; mDkjpapd;wp mt;thwhd epakdq;fis [dhjpgjpapdhy; nra;a KbahJ.

MfNt gutyhd [dhjpgjp mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd Kf;fpakhd rupgpiofis ghu;j;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd xU toptifia 17Mk; jpUj;jk; toq;fpaJ. MapDk; mjd; cWg;
gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; jtiziaj; njhlu;e;J CC nrayw;Wg; NghdJ.
,jw;Ff; $wg;gl;l gy fhuzq;fSs; Nju;e;njhLf;fg;gl;l egu; njhlu;ghf rpWghd;ikf;
fl;rpfSf;fpilNa cz;lhd ,zf;fkpd;ik> murpay; cWjpg;ghbd;ik vd;gd cs;s
lq;fpapUe;jd. ,J ePjpj;Jiwapd; RahjPdj;jpy; jhf;fNkw;gLj;jpaJ. rptpy; r%f FOf;
fspdJk; fupridf;Fs;shd nghJkf;fspd; Ml;Nrgq;fspdhy; murpay;ahg;gpy; $wg;
gl;bUe;j toptiffSf;F khwhf [dhjpgjp ,t;thwhd cWg;ghz;ikfSf;Fk; gjtp
fSf;Fk; Neubahd epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. cz;ikahfNt jw;;Nghija gpujk
ePjpauru; CC njhopw;glhj epiyapy; [dhjpgjpahy; Neubahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO
murpay; ahg;Gf;fhd 17 Mk; jpUj;jj;Jf;F Kd;du; murpay; ahg;gpd; 112 Mk; gpuptpd;
fPo; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; [dhjpgjpahy; gpujk ePjpaurUk;
,U ePjpgjpfSk; JSC f;F epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ePjpr;Nrit FOthdJ rfy cau;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; fPo; ePjp kd;wq;fspd; vy;yh ePjthd;fspdJk; gjtp cau;T> xOf;fhw;W>
,lkhw;wk;> gjtptpyfy;fSf;Fk; fPo; ePjpkd;w ePjthd;fspd; epakdj;jpw;Fk; nghWg;
ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;if murpay;ahg;gpd; 111 D-M cWg;Giufs; 17 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpdhy;
jpUj;jg;gl;L murpay; ahg;Gg; Nguitapd; Kd; mDkjpapd;wp ,U kPAau; ePjpkd;w ePj
thd;fis [dhjpgjp epakpg;gij jil nra;jJ.6 NkYk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
xUtiu ePf;Ftjhapd; murpay;ahg;Gg; Nguitapd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;
kl;LNk nra;a KbAk;.

gpur;rpidfs; / fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fs;

 2005 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J nray;uPjpahd murpay; ahg;G Nguit xd;W ,y;yhjjd; fhuz
khf [dhjpgjp 17 Mk; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;dpUe;j epiyikf;F khwpdhu;. mj;J
ld; nghJr;Nritfs; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpj;Jiw kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO kw;Wk;
Njrpa fhty;Jiw Mizf;FO vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; ntw;wplq;fSf;F epakdq;fis Nkw;
nfhz;lhu;. ,t;thwhd epakdq;fs; ,e;j Kf;fpakhd nghJ epWtdj;jpdupd; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l kw;Wk; cz;ikahd Rje;jpuq;fis ,t;thwhd epkdq;fs; Fiwj;jd.
eilKiwapYs;s 17Mk; jpUj;jk; mKyhf;fg;gl;lhik ,yq;ifapy; rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpf;F
ghuJ}ukhdJk; fpukkhdJkhd mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ePq;fs; ,jid Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwPu;fsh?

 ,t;thwhd gjtpfs; njhopw;glhkypUg;gpd; mjdhy; ,of;f NeupLfpd;w kf;fSf;fhd jkJ

flg;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ,t;thwhd Neubahd epakdq;;fis Nkw; nfhs;tjhf
murpd; gf;fj;jpypUe;J $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;$w;Wld; xj;Jg; NghtPu;fsh my;yJ murpay;
ahg;Gg; Nguit Vd; KjypNy njhopw;glhjpUf;fpwJ vd;w tpdhit ,e;j thjk; myl;rpak;
nra;fpwjh? NkYk; murpay;ahg;gpd; mDkjp kw;Wk; gupe;Jiuf;Fk; nghwpKiw epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuj;jpd; jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j Kad;wJ. 17 Mk; jpUj;jj;Jf;F Kd;du;

7
 8

6.
ghuk;gupaj;jpd;gbAk; eilKiwapd;gbAk; kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjthd;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J rpNu\;l
jd;ikapd;gb Vida ,U ePjthd;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fk; Row;rp Kiw
apy; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. jkJ gjtpf;fhyk; g+uhTk; gpujk ePjpauru; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpy;
njhlu;e;Jk; ,Ug;ghu;. ePjpr;Nrit Mizf; FOtpd; rfy jPu;khdq;fSk; ‘ngUk;ghyhd’ thf;Ffshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd rl;lg;gbahf ,aq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjhtJ %d;wpy; ,uz;L ,jpy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. %d;W cWg;gpdu;fSs; ,Utu; r%fkspj;jhNy Nfhuk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
jdJ gjtpfSs; xU ntw;wplk; ,Ue;jhy; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO mjw;Nfw;g ,aq;f mjpfhuk;
cilaJ.
,Ue;j epiyf;F khWtjd; %yk; Kjypy; mjd; epiyj; jpUf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd
Fwpf;NfhSf;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gJld; mJ epakpf;fg;gl;lNj ePjpj;Jiw cs;spl;l
mbg;gilahd nghJ epWtdq;fis murpay; kakw;wjhf Mf;Ftjw;NfahFk;. Vnddpy;
,tw;wpy; kf;fs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;jpUe;;jdu;.7 rl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fq;fSf;F Nkyhf murpay;
ahg;G toptiffspy; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;tjpy; ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jjhf jPtpukhfr; nraw;gLe;
jd;ik> rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpia cWjpnra;tij ,d;wpaikahjjhf;Fk;. murpay;ahg;G ghJ
fhg;gjhf thf;FWjp mspf;Fk; rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; cWjpia nra;aj;jtwpdhy; mJ
mjw;Nf Ntl;L itf;Fk;.
·
C. rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpapd; tif$wy; gaDWjpg;ghL kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w
jd;ikia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Njrpa epWtdq;fis tYt+l;ly;.
murpay;ahg;Gf;fhd 17Mk; jpUj;jk;

murpay;ahg;Gg; Nguitapd;(CC) Fwpf;Nfhs; ,yq;ifapd; Nfe;jpu epWtdq;fs; Kiw

ahf njhopw;gLtij RahjPdkhf Nkw;ghu;it nra;J> mjd;%yk; murpay;kakhffg;
gLjy; kw;Wk; epWtduPjpahd jg;Gnra;jy; njhlu;ghd VJk; nghJkf;fspd; Gyg;ghL;
fis mfw;Wk; nghUl;L RahjPdkhd toptiffis Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. 17Mk; jpUj;
jj;jpy; Nfe;jpug; nghJ epWtdq;fshd Nju;jy; Mizf;FO> nghJr; Nrit Mizf;
FO (PSC) Njrpa fhty; Nrit Mizf;FO (NPC) kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
(HRC)> Nju;jy; vy;iy epu;za Mizf;FO Nghd;W Kf;fpakhd jdpg;gl;l gjtp
fshd rl;lkh mjpgu;> fzf;fha;thsu; ehafk;> nghyp]; khmjpgu;> vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;
gl;Ls;sd. Nguitapd; Mizf; FOf;fspd; rpghupRfs; ,y;yhky; ve;jnthU egUk;
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;glf;;$lhJ.

murpay; ahg;Gg; Nguitapd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;F 17k; jpUj;jkhdJ ,U tifj;Jiw

njhFjpfis mikj;Js;sJ. rpy epakdq;fSf;Fg; Nguitapd; rpghupRk; VidNahuJ
mDkjpAk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;jy; Mizf;FO> nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO, Njrpa fhty; Nrit Mizf; FO

(NPC)kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO> ,yQ;rk; my;yJ Coy; njhlu;ghd Fw;wr;
rhl;Lf;fis tprhupf;Fk; Mizf;FO> epjp Mizf;FO kw;Wk; Nju;jy; vy;iy
epu;za Mizf;FO Nghd;w Nguitapd; Mizf; FOf;fspd; rpghupRfs; ,y;yhky;
ve;jnthU egUk; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;glf;; $lhnjd 41B (1) gpupT Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

gpujk ePjpauru;> kPAau; ePjpkd;w ePjthd;fs;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytUk;

Vida ePjpgjpfSk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; (jtprhsiuj;jtpu ,tu; vg;NghJk;
gpujk ePjpauruhfNt ,Ug;ghu;) cWg;gpdu;fs;> rl;lkh mjpgu;> fzf;fha;thsu; ehafk;>
nghyp]; khmjpgu;> epu;thfj;Jf;fhd ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu; (Mshl;rp mjpfhup)
Nghd;w epakdq;fSf;F cupa egiu Nguitf;F [dhjpgjp rpghupR nra;J> me; epak
dj;ijg; Nguit mDkjpj;jhnyhopa mt;thwhd gjtpfSf;F ve;jnthU egUk; epa
kpf;fg;glf;; $lhnjd 41C(2) gpupT Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
gpur;rpidfSk; / fye;JiuahlYk; tplaq;fs;
 murpay; ahg;Gg; Nguit xd;iw cUthf;fp [dhjpgjpapd; (epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;
nfhz;l) jw;Wzpig fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghwpKiwapd; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;ij
jtpu;j;J rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpia NkNyhq;fr; nra;tjw;F murpay; kdTWjp ,Ue;jh
nyhopa rhj;jpakhfhJ. murpay; ahg;Gg; NguitahdJ njhopw;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
fhyj;jpy; Nju;jy; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gltpy;iy. 8
 9

7
122 (1) (b) cWg;Giuapd; fPo; 17k; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;Jf;fhd kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ig crhtpf; nfhs;f.

Vnddpy;> murpay;ahg;Gg Nguitahy; rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l Nju;jy; Mizf;FO tpd;

jtprhsu; ngaiu rpghupir [dhjpgjp epuhfupj;jhu;. murpay;ahg;Gg; gpuptpdhy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLk; epakdq;fis epuhfupg;gjw;Fupa jw;Wzpig [dhjpgjp nfhz;b Ug;gpd; 17Mk;
jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpd; xl;L nkhj;jkhd mbg;gil Nfhl;ghl;ilNa mJ Njhy;tpailar; nra;J
tpLk;
 Nkw;$wpa cjhuzkhdJ kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf gad;gLj;Jtjd; nghUl;L kf;f shy;
(Nju;jy; Nghd;wit) ghuQ; rhl;lg; gl;l nghJ ek;gpf;if mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gd tw;wpy;
mtu;fs; gjtpapypUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; ,J ve;j tifapYk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gbDk; nghJthd
,yf;ifAila murpd; gy;NtW fhupahyaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd xj;Jiog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;ij ,J gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. xj;Jiog;gpy;yhj jd;ik murpd; cWg;Gfs; kPjhd rupgpio
ghu;f;Fk; nghUl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfspd Jk; rl;;lg;gb Ml;rpapdJk; epiyFiye;j
jd;ikNa tpisthf mike;jJ. cjhuzkhf> Mrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizf; FO
tpdhy; (AHRC) nra;ag;gl;l mwpf;iffspd; gb 17 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; tUk; vy;yh
epakdq;fSk; 17Mk; jpUj;jj;jpdhy; Mizaplg;gl;l gy Rje;jpu Mizf;FOtpd;
cWg;gpdu;fs; cl;gl Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F kPcau; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fk; epakpf;fg;
gl;ltu;fs; Nghy; midtUk; murpay;ahg;G Nguitapd; %ykhfNt epakpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd rl;lkh mjpgu; [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpj;jhu;. MapDk;> 2006 Mk; fhyg; gFjpapy;
kdpj cupik Mizf;FO> Njrpa fhty; Jiw Mizf;FO kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw
Mizf;FO> ePjprhu; Mizf;FOf;fs; epakdq; fis [dhjpgjp epakpj;jhu;.AHRC apy;
Fwpg;gpl;l thW rl;lkh mjpgupd; MNyhridia njhlu;e;Jk; myl;rpak; nra;jthW
Fwpg;ghf 17 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpy; Mizaplg;gl;l rigfSf;F [dhjpgjp epakdq;fis Nkw;
nfhz;lhu;. [dhjpgjp rl;lkh mjpgu; jpizf;fsj;jpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis gytPdg;
gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtu;fs; jkJ nrhe;jthz;ikj;Jiw ed;ikf;fhf jk; eyd;fis
tpupTgLj;Jk; nghUl;L murpay; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gLk; tpjkhf Mf;fg;gl;ldu.8;
 murpay; ahg;G Nguitapd; (CC) Nehf;fk; (epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;) [dhjpgjpapd; jw;W zpG
mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kl;Lkpd;wp Kf;fpakhd nghJj;Jiw epakdq;fs; kPjhd
murpay; nry;thf;if mfw;wp mit Rje;jpukhfTk; ghugl;rkpy;yhkYk; nraw; gl
toptFg;gitahFk;.
 rhjhuz FbkfDld; kdpj cupik Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ,yQ;r Mizf;FO Nghd;w
Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Neubahf njhlu;Gnfhs;s itf;Fk; mt;thwhd Kf;fpa
Mizf;FOTf;F epakdk; nra;Ak;NghJ> murpay;kakw;w jhf ,Ug;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
msTf;fjpfkhf typaWj;j mtrpakpy;iy. ,t;thwhd Mizf; FOf;fs; murpd;
cj;jpNahfj;juhy; tpistpf;fg;gLk; (mbg;gil cupik kPwy;fs;> ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy;
Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk;)ghuJ}ukhd kdf;FiwfSld; nfhLf; fy;> thq;fy; nra;a
Ntz;bAs;sJ. FLk;gk;> my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fs; gopthq;fg;gL Nthk; vd;w mr;rkpd;wp
,t;thwhd gjtpfSf;F vjpuhf nghJ kf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfs; nra;tjw;F Kd;tu
Ntz;Lkhapd; ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fs; kPjhd ek;gpf;if kPsf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJk; mjd;
Kjw;gb ghugl;rkhd mjd; Njhw;wj;ij mfw;WtJkhFk;.

· D. kdpj cupikfSk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk;

a). rl;lg;gb Ml;rpia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; toptiffs;

ru;tNjr kdpj cupik epWtdq;fs;

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghf tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;jg;gLtjw;F gyk; tha;e;j xU ,af;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. rl;lg;gb Ml;rpapd; ru;tNjr

9
 10

vz;zf;fUtpy; xU Kf;fpakhd ghfj;ij tbtikg;gjw;fhf tiutpyf;fzg; gpufl

dq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

8
fprhyp hpd;Nlh [atu;jd rl;lkh mjpgupd; nghJj;Jiwf;fhd tif$wy; - mtuJ rl;luPjpahd mjpfh
uq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ve;jsTf;F ePjpkd;wj;jhy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lKk; r%f
Kk; ek;gpf;if kPsha;T> njhFjp 15 kyu; 211 Nk 2005
ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; (UDHR) ru;tNjr kdpj cupikf; FOtpdhy;
tiuag;gl;L 1948 ,y; nghJr;rigfspdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vy;yh ehLfspYk;
cs;s vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; nghJthd juk; miltij ,g;gpufldk; typAWj;jpaJ.
,g;gpufldk; mur jug;ghu; kPJ rl;lg;gbahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jhtpl;lhYk; mJ murpd;kPJ
jhu;kPf kw;Wk; murpay; nry;thf;if typAWj;jpaJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J rptpy; kw;Wk;
murpay; cupikfs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifAk; ICCPR nghUshjhu r%f>
fyhrhu cupikfSf;fhd ru;tNjr gpufldj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cupikfisAk;
Rje;jpuq;fisAk; tpsq;fg;gLj;jpathW tiuag;gl;L cld;gbf;ifapYs;s toptif
fis mKy; nra;tjw;fhf mjpy; xg;gkpl;l muR fisidj;Jk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd $wg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ISSPRf;F Nkyjpf Kjw;Fwpg;G xd;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L
,jd; %yk; kdpj cupikfs; FOTf;F jdpg;gl;l njhlu;ghly;fis NkYk; mDkjpf
;fpd;w xUgbia kdpj cupikfs; vLf;f itj;jJ.9 ,t;nty;yh cld;gbf;if fisAk;
,yq;if cWjp nra;jJld; kdpj cupikfs; Fwpg;ghd cupikfshd ngz;fs;
cupik> rpWtu; cupikfs;> FbNaw;wj; njhopyhsu;; cupik Nghd;wtw;wpd; ghJfhg;G
Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;Ak; Vida cs;Su; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
cld;gbf;iffspd; fPOs;s mDkjpf; fg;gl;l ,t;thwhd cupikfis epiwNtw;W
tjw;Fupa flg;ghL ,yq;if muRf;F cs;sJ.10 ,t;nty;yh cld;gbf;iffisAk;
,yq;if cWjp nra;jJld; kdpj cupikfs; cjh uzk;> CEADW vd;w cld
;gbf;ifia ,yq;if 1989 ,y; cWjp nra;jJ. ,jd; tpis thf 2005 Mk; Mz;L
tPl;L td;Kiwfs; rl;lk; 35 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg; gl;lJ.
,jdhy;> ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo; mq;fPfupf; fg;gl;l cupikfSf;F topgpwe;jJ.11

NkYk;> ,yq;if murpay;ahg;ghdJ jdp egu; fspd; cupikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mNefkhd Kf;fpa ghJfhg;G toptiffs; cs;slf;fpAs;sd.

9.
Nkd;ikf; Fwpg;G (supra) 2 gf;fk; 19
10
,yq;if ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfspd; fUt+ykhd fUtpfis cWjp nra;Js;sJ. ,tw;Ws;
mlq;Fgit ,dg;gLnfhiy Fw;wq;fis jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; jz;lidf;fhd cld;gbf;if> rfytpjkhd
,dg;ghugl;rj;ij jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; jz;lidf;fhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if. rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; kPjhd ICCPR ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifAk; mtw;wpd; njupTf;Fupa Kjw;Fwpg;Gfs;
,uz;Lk; nghUshjhu r%f murpay; cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifAk; njupTf;Fupa mjd;
Kjw; Fwpg;GfSk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd cupikfs; kPjhd cld;gbf;ifAk; CROC njupTf;Fupa mjd;
Kjw; Fwpg;GfSk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd rfy tpjkhd ghugl;rq;fis ePf;Ftjw;fhd cld;gbf;if
CEAW mjd; njupTf;Fupa Kjw; Fwpg;GfSk; ,k;rpj;jy; kw;Wk; Vida nfh^ukhd kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w
Nftykhd elj;jg;gly; my;yJ jz;bf;fg;gLtjw;F vjpuhd eltbf;ifAk; mjd; njupTf;fhd
Kjw;Fwpg;GfSk; Nghu; Fw;wq;fSf;Fk; kdpjhgpkhdj;Jf;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fSf;Fr; rl;luPjpahd
tuk;Gfis tpjpf;fhj cld;gbf;if rfy FbNaw;w Ntiyahl;fs; mtu;fspd; FLk;g mq;fj;jtupd;
ghJfhg;G kPjhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy; ,d xJf;fPLf;nfjpuhd ru;tNjr
cld;gbf;if> tyk; Fiwe;j egu;fspd; cupikfs; kPjhd cld;gbf;if mjd; njupTf;Fwpg;GfSk;

10
 11

gyte;jkhf fhzhky; Nghfr; nra;tjpypUe;j rfy egu;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ru;tNjr

cld;gbf;if.
11.
If;fpa ehl;Lr; rigapd; nghJr;rig cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; kdpj cupikf;fhd ru;tNjr
gpufldj;jpd; toptiffs (UDHR), ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk; kPjhd If;fpa ehl;bd; mbg;gil
Nfhl;ghLfs> tof;fwpQu;fspd; gq;F gw;wpa I.eh.tpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;>; Fw;wQ;rhl;LNthu;
gq;fpd; kPjhd I.eh topfhl;ly;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,yq;if jd;id mu;g;gzpj;Js;sJ. ,yq;if
nghJeytha ehLfspy; xU gpujpepjpahfTk; cs;sJ. vdNt `uhNu gpufldj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s
nghJeythaj;jpd; mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fis epiyepWj;J tjw;Fk; mJ jd;id mu;g;gzpf;f Ntz;ba
flg;ghLilaJ.

1978 murpay; ahg;Gk; mbg;gil cupikfSk;

,yq;ifapy; kdpj cupikfSf;F murpay; ahg;gpd; %ykhf Mff;$ba ghJfhg;G

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Ke;jpa murpay; ahg;ghd Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;G 1972
murpay; ahg;G Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfis12 ghJfhg;gjw;fhd toptiffis
nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; 1978 Mk; murpay; ahg;gpd; fPo; mbg;gil cupikfs; 17 Mk;>
126 Mk; gpupTfspd; gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. mjhtJ gpupTfs; 17> kw;Wk; 126
My; toq;fg;gl;l nghwp Kiw apd;gb ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU egu; (jkJ mbg;gil
cupikfs; kPwg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;stu;) ehl;bd; mjpcau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; (kPAau;
ePjpkd;wk;) mjw;fhd epthuzj;ij murpay; ahg;gpd;gb mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil
cupik my;yJ nkhop cupikia epiwNtw;W my;yJ epu;thf13 eltbf;ifahy;
kPwg;gl;ljw;F my;yJ kPsg;gLtjw;F epthuzkhfg; ngwyhk;.

murpay; ahg;gpd; 10-14 gpupTfspy; mbg;gil cupikfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;ls;sd. ,tw;

wpy; rpe;jid kdr;rhl;rp kw;Wk; rka Rje;jpuk;14 ,k;rpj;jy;> nfh^ukhd kdpjhgpkhd
kw;w fPo;j;ju khf elhj;jg;gLtjpypUe;J Rje;jpuk;15 rl;lj;Jf;F Kd;dhy; rkj;JtKk;
rl;lj;jpy; rkkhd ghJfhg;G16 jd;dpr;irahd ifJ nra;ag;gly;> jLj;J itf;fg;gly;>
jz;bf;fg;gltjpy; Rje;jpuk;17 Ngr;R $Ljy;> rq;fk; mikj;jy;> njhopy; elkhLjy;
Mfpa Rje;jpuq;fs;18 Nghd;wd. Njrpa ghJfhg;G ,d uPjpahd my;yJ r%f ,zf;
fg;ghL Njrpa nghUshjhuk; ePjpkd; wj;ij mtkjpj;jy;> ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Gupikfs;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhd rpy mbg;gil cupikfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjpy; 15 Mk;
gpupT rpyfl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ. rpe;jid> kdrhl;rp> kw;Wk; kj Rje;jpuq;fs;
Jd;GWj;jg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk;> epahakhd tof;FfSf;fhd cupikfs;>
rl;lj;jpd; gbahyd;wp jz;bf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; vd;gd midj;jpYNk
KOikahd Rje;jpuk; KOikahd cupikfshFk;.19 nghJg;ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fs; cl;gl;l NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Vida cupik
fs; rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;lit. mjp\;ltrkhf gaq;futhj jLg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (PTA) epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpukhzq;fs; rl;lq;fshf fUjg;gL tjpy;iy.
mit mbg;gil cupik fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba cupikfisf; nfhz;lit.20

ICCPR rl;lk; Nghd;w rl;lq;fs; kdpj cupik kPwy;fSf;F vjpuhf ghJfhg;ig

toq;Ffpd;wd.
b). rl;lg;gb Ml;rp gaDWjpAld; mKy; nra;ag;gltij cWjp nra;Ak; toptiffs;

11.
If;fpa ehl;Lr; rigapd; nghJr;rig cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; kdpj cupikf;fhd ru;tNjr gpufl
dj;jpd; toptiffs (UDHR), ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk; kPjhd If;fpa ehl;bd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs>
tof;fwpQu;fspd; gq;F gw;wpa I.eh.tpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;>; Fw;wQ;rhl;LNthu; gq;fpd; kPjhd
I.eh topfhl;ly;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F ,yq;if jd;id mu;g;gzpj;Js;sJ. ,yq;if nghJeytha ehL
fspy; xU gpujpepjpahfTk; cs;sJ. vdNt `uhNu gpufldj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nghJey thaj;jpd;
mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fis epiyepWj;J tjw;Fk; mJ jd;id mu;g;gzpf;f Ntz;ba flg;ghLilaJ.
12.
mbg;gil cupikfs; murpay; ahg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupikfshFk;. vy;yh mbg;gil
cupikfSk; kdpj cupikfshf ,Uf;Fk; mNj Neuk; vy;yh kdpj cupikfSk; mbg;gil cupik
fsy;y. cjhuzkhf tho;tjw;fhd cupikia kdpj cupikahf ICCPR Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk;

11
 12

1978 murpay; ahg;gpd;gb mjpy cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tho;tjw;fhd cupik mbg;gilahd cupikahf

nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
13.
,yq;ifapy; mbg;gil cupikfs; (ghu;f;fTk;) 2 Mk; gjpg;G Iak;gjp tpf;ukul;d 2006 gf;fk; 754
14.
cWg;Giu 10
15.
cWg;Giu 11
16.
cWg;Giu 12
17.
cWg;Giu 13
18.
cWg;Giu 14
19.
Nkd;ikf;Fwpg;G(supra) 13 gf;fk; 211
20.
jtdPjd; vjpuhf jah jprhehaf;f 2001 – I Sri I L R 74
mbg;gil cupikfs;
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; ahg;gpd; gb mbg;gil cupikfs; Kiwahf mq;fPfupf;fg;
gl;Ls;s mNj Neuk; kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epthuzj;ij ehlf; $ba xUtopia mJ
toq;fpAs;sJ. MapDk; 17 Mk; 126 Mk; cWg;Giufspy; Fwpg;ghff; $wg;gl;Ls;s
epthuzg; nghwpKiwapy; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kjyhtjhf 17
Mk; gpupT epiwNtw;W my;yJ eputhfr; nraw;ghl;bdhy; mbg;gil cupikfs; tuk;G
kPwg;gLtijg;gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. vdNt> ,g;gpuptpd; tplag;gug;gpypUe;J rl;lthf;f
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffshy;21 tuk;G kPwg;gLtJ Ntz;L nkd;Nw
jtpu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cWg;Giu vd;gJ (3) ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpdJk;
mbg;gil cupikfs; vg;gbg;gl;ltifapYk; kPwg;gLtjd; #o;epiyapy; mjd; nry;Ygb
ahFk; jd;ik gw;wp ePjpkd;wNkh epahar;rigNah tpdTtij jilnra;fpwJ. murpay;
ahg;ghdJ kNrhjh epiyikapy; mJ (ghuhSkdwj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg; gLtjw;F
Kd;gjhf rl;l kNrhjh vd;wiof;fg;gLk;) murpay; ahg;gpy; mjd; nry;Ygb ahFk;
jd;ik my;yJ VNjDk; xt;thj jd;ik Fwpj;J ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpdTtjw;F kl;LNk
murpay; ahg;G mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.22 MapDk; khfhz rig xd;wpdhy; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;l
xU rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ikiag; gw;wp Nfs;tp Nfl;gjw;F vt;tpj jd;ikAk;
,y;iy.23 ,uz;lhtjhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; mbg;gil cupikfs; cz;ikahfNt
kPwg;gl;l my;yJ kPwg;gLk; rhj;jpaKs;s xU khjj;Jf;Fs; kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F kD
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtjhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;ghu; my;yJ mtuJ tof;fwpQu;
fSf;Nf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kD rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhd rl;lg;gbahd cupik cz;nld murpay;
ahg;G tw;GWj;JfpwJ. MapDk; ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,r;rl;lj;ij jsu;j;jpaJ. ve;jsTf;F
vdpd; rk;ge;jg;glhj jug;ghiuAk; kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; eyidf;fUjp kD
nra;tjw;F mDkjpj;jik ahFk;. ehd;fhtjhf> re;ju;g;gj;ij nghUj;jstpy; epaha
khdjhfTk; rkj;Jtkhf ,Ug;gpd; mt; thwhd gzpg;Giufis my;yJ epthuzk;
juf;$bajhf toq;Ftjw;F kPAau; ePjpkd;wk; tYt+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.24 ,J xt;nthU
tplaq;fSk; xg;Gik ,y;yhj epiyf;F toptFf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; tpj;jpahrg;glyhk;.

kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO

If;fpa ehl;Lr rigapd; cWg;gpdu; vd;wtifapy; kdpj cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
murpd; mu;g;gzpg;Gf;F tY Nru;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; 1996,y; kdpj cupik Mizf;FO
epWtg;gl;lJ. murpay; ahg;gpd; fPo; mbg;gil cupik kPwYf;fhd nghwpKiw Vw;f
dNt ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mt;thwhd kPwYf;fhd epthuzj;ij fpuhkq;fspypUe;J kpfj;
njhiytpy; nfhOk;gpy; mike;J cs;s xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk ngwKbAk;
vd;gij rhjhuz gpui[fSs; xU rpyNu mwptu;. MfNt kdpj cupikfis kf;f
Sf;F kpfr; rkPgkhf tur;nra;J mjid ajhu;j;jkhf25 Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa kdpjcupik
Mizf;FOthFk;. murpay; ahg;Gf;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 17Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb kdpj
cupikfs; Mizf;FO kpfTk; tYTs;sjhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ve;jnthU ghugl;rk;
my;yJ murpay; nry;thf;Fg; gw;wpa czu;it Mizf;FOtpypUe;J mfw;wp Mizf;
FOTf;fhd epakdq;fis [dhjpgjpf;F rpghupR nra;tjw;fhf murpay;ahg;Gg;
Nguitia mwpKfk; nra;jJ
21.
Fkhurpq;fTf;F vjpuhf rl;lkh mjpgu; kPAau; ePjpkd;w tpz;zg;gk; 54/82 SCMN 06/09/1982 mj;Jld;
jahee;jTf;F vjpuhf tPurpq;f FRD(2)292
22.
cWg;Giufs; 121> 122
23.
Nkd;ik 14> gf;fk; 755

12
 13

24
cWg;Giu 126 (4)
25.
kdpj cupik Mizf;FO Ie;J cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fs; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fspy; mwpit my;yJ nray;uPjpahd mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpd;
njhopw;ghlfs; gutyhfTs;sJld; mbg;gil cupik kPwy;fisg; gw;wp tprhuj;Jg; guprPyid nra;tjw;
fhd mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;ljhfTk; mbg;gil cupikfSld; xj;Jg;Nghfhj nray; xOq;Ffs; njhlu;
ghd Kiwg;ghlfis tprhupj;Jg; guprPyid nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cilad. Mizf;FOTf;F tprhuiz
nra;fpd;w gue;jsthd mjpfhuq;fs; cilaJld; mt;thW nra;tjw;F cg FOf;fisAk; epakpf;fyhk;.
mj;Jld; jd; nrhe;j tpUg;gpd;gb xU Kiwg;ghL ,d;wpNa kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;
tprhupf;ff;$ba mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mizf;FO mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghd ePjpkd;w
tprhuizfspy; jiyaplTk; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Nlhupd; eyid mtjhdpf;fTk; KbAk;.
MapDk; murpay; ahg;Gg; Nguit njhopw;glhjjd; fhuzkhfTk; tsq;fspy;yhik
fhuzkhfTk; Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fis mKy;gLj;j kdTWjp ,y;yhik
Nghd;w fhuz khf kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F ,d;W kdpj
cupikfs; Mizf;FO jtwpAs;sJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpNyAs;s ,d;DnkhU gpujhdkhd
FiwghL ahnjdpy; ,e;j Mizf;FOtpdhy; ,zf;fQ; nra;aNth my;yJ kj;jpak;
nra;aNth rpghupR my;yJ gzpg;Giufis kl;LNk toq;f KbAk;. jtpu mt;thwhd
tpjg;Giufis typAWj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuNkh my;yJ nry;thf;Nfh nfhz;bUf;f
tpy;iy. Nkyjpf eltbf;iff;fhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapdhy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;
gLtjw;fhd mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYf;fhf mwptpg;gijj; jtpu NtnwJkpy;iy.

epWtdj;Jf;fhd ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu; (Mshl;rp mjpfhup)

nghJj;Jiw fhupahyq;fspdhy; nghJj;JiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;l fhupahyaq;fspdhy;
cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhu rigfspdhy; my;yJ mit Nghd;w epWtdq;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;
sg;gl;l mePjpahd my;yJ mbg;gil cupik njhlu;ghd KiwaPL my;yJ Fw;wr;
rhl;L xd;iwg; ngWkplj;J Mshl;rp mjpfhup tprhuiz nra;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;f
yhk;. ,q;Fs;s mbg;gil Nfhl;ghL kdpj cupik Mizf;FOit NghyNt ePjpia
kf;fSf;F rkPgpf;fr; nra;tjhFk;. NkYk; 17 Mk; jpUj;jkhdJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;
jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ve;jnthU nry;thf;ifAk; mfw;Wtjd; %yk; ,g; gjtpia
murpay;kakw;wjhf;f Kad;Ws;sJ.
gpur;rpidfSk; fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fSk;

ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; ,ay;ghfNt mur jug;ghiu mjw;F cld;gLkhW fl;Lg;
gLj;jhtpbDk; xU cld;gbf;ifapy; xU muR xg;gkpLtJld; jdJ cs;Su; kdpj
cupik Mjhu %yq;fs; njhlu;ghf ru;tNjr tprhuizfspy; XusTf;F mJ jhdh
fNt miog;G tpLf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. ru;tNjr tprhuiz gy Njhw;wq;fis vLf;f
yhk;. cld;gbf;if apdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikg;GfSf;F mwpf;if
gLj;Jk; Njit Kjyht jhFk;. ICCPRIg; nghUj;jstpy; cld;gbf;if apy; $wg;gl;l
cupikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;f xt;nthU murhq;fj;jpdhYk; vLf;fg; gl;l eltbf;if
fs; gw;wp ICCPRf;F mwptpg;gJ) ,uz;lhtjhf ru;tNjr r%fkhdJ If;fpa ehl;Lr;
rig Nghd;w ru;tNjr nghwpKiwfs; %ykhf my;yJ gpuhe;jpa nghwpKiwfs; %yk;
,t;thwhd cupikfis epiwNtw;W tjw;F mOj;jj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf
,yq;if Nkhjypd; ,Wjpapy; td;Kiwfs; mjpfupj;jjd; fhuzkhf ru;tNjr kdpjhgp
khd kw;Wk; kdpj cupikr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mjd; flg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf fupridf;
Fs;shd ru;tNjr r%fj;jpdhy; mJ gyj;j tprhuizf;Fs;shfpaJ. If;fpa ehl;L
(UN) kdpj cupikg; Nguit td;Kiwf; nfjpuhf ghJfhf;Fk; cs;Su; kdpj cupik
fl;likg;Gfspd; Mw;wy;fspYs;s FiwghLfs; ru;tNjr kdpj cupik cld;gbf;if
fis Kiwahf mKy; elj;J tjw;F Njrpa rl;l thf;f rigapd; Mw;wy;fs; kw;Wk;
kdpj cupik epakq;fs; kPwy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;l Nghjpa tprhuizfs; ,d;ikAk;
vd;gd FiwghLfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. 2008 Mk; Mz;by; If;fpa ehl;L kdpj
cupikfs; Nguitapy; kPz;Lk; njupT nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Njhy;tp fz;lJ.26
%d;whtjhf> xU ehl;bd; rpwe;j kdpj cupikfs; %yk; gjpTfs; cjtpfs; kw;Wk;
Vida nghUshjhur; rYiffis xJf;PL nra;tjw;fhd Kd;epge;jidahf cs;sJ.
cjhuzkhf 2008 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gpa Mizf;FO (EU) GSP+ jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
mtrpa khd rpy ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs; mKyhf;fk; nra;tJ njhlu;ghf ,e;j
jplk;lj;jpd; ,yq;ifapd; cWg;ghd;ik ePbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ thg]; ngw
Ntz;Lkh vd;gw;fhf xU tprhuizia Kd;ndLg;Gr; nra;jJ.27

murpay; ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;L mbg;gil cupikfs; xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fhl;bdhYk;
mjpy; gy FiwghLfs; cs;sd. Kjypy; mjd; cs;slf;fj;ij nghWj;jstpy; capu;
tho;tjw; fhd cupik Rje;jpuk; xU egupd; ghJfhg;G my;yJ nghUshjhu my;yJ13
r%f cupikfs; Nghd;w ,d;waikahj cupikfis cs;slf;fpapUf;f tpy;iy.
,uz;lhtjhf mjpy; gy fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf epiwNtw;W my;yJ
 14

26
Nkd;ikf; Fwpg;G (Supra) 2. 20Mk; gf;fk;
27.
,jw;F Ke;jpa E}ypy; $wg;gl;lthW

epu;thf eltbf;if fSf;F vjpuhfNt mbg;gil cupik kPwy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J jdpg;gl;l eltbf;ifia tpjptpyf;F Mf;FfpwJ. epiw Ntw;W my;yJ epu;thf eltbf;
iffs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wpa kDf;fis tprhupf;f kPAau; ePjp kd;wNk Vf
mjpfhu tuk;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mNj Neuk; jdpg;gl;l jug;nghd;wpdhy; mbg;gil cupik
kPwy; gw;wpa tof;nfhd;iw gpw jdpahu; fk;gdpfSf;F vjpuhf khtl;l ePjp kd;wq;fs; Nghd;w
,d;ndhU ePjp kd;wj; jpy; tof;Fj; njhluyhnkd thjpf;f KbAkh?
 mbg;gil cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd;gb fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;lit. MfNt rl;lkhdJ
nghJg;ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; fPo; [dhjpgjpapdhy; Mf;fg;gLk; mtrufhy rl;lq;fs; Nghd;w
nghJg;ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;Gila mr;rkaj;Jf;Fupa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpukhzq
;fis rl;lk; cs;slf;FfpwJ. MfNt> mtrufhy rl;lq;fs; nghJ kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;
fhd Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l mNj cupikfis gbg;gbahf Nja;e;J nry;Yk; my;yJ vLj;
Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; epiyikia cUthf;Fk;. cjhuzk;> mtrufhyg; gpukhzk; 64,d;gb xU
egu; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gbUg;gpd; ePjthd; Kd;dpiyapy; M[u; nra;ag;gl;L me;j ePjthDf;F me;
egiu jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;fNth my;yJ gpizapy; tplNth jw;WzpG ,y;yhj epiyapy;
me;egiu jLg;Gf; fhtypy; itf;f cj;juT ,l fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwhu;. ,J 13 Mk; cWg;G
iuapd;; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s cupikfis kPwp elg;gjhFk;.
 fle;j Mz;L fshf kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; mbg;gil cupik njhlu;ghd tpahf;fpahdk;
nra;ag;gl;lik goik tha;e;jjhfTk; njhopy;El;guPjpahf ,Ue;jjhfTk; fLikahd rl;l
uPjpahff; ftdpj;Jg; ghu;g;gijtpl murpay; uPjpahd mf;fiwfs; kw;Wk; Njrpa eyidf;
nfhz;ljhf thjpf;fg;gLtjhfTk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xt;thj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk; rpy
tof;Ffs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtjhf tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt mbg;gil cupikfis rl;lj;
jpd; fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Kf;fpak; NghyNt ,t;thwhd tplaq;fis tprhupg;gjw;F Rje;jpu
khdJk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
 MfNt mbg;gil cupikfis KOikahf cWjp nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; gy jpUj;jq;
fs; murpay;ahg;Gf;Fr; nra;tJ mu;j;jkw;wjhfptpLk;. ,t;thwhd cupikfis KOikahf
miltjw;Fk; ghJfhf;Fk;tpjkhf mtw;wpd; gq;ifAk; tpahf;fpahd El;gq;fisAk; jpUj;jpa
ikj;jhy; xopa.

D. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk;

a). rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;fhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; tfpg;Nghupd; tif$Wk; jd;ik
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;Fkhf njhlu;ghf 1959 Mk; Mz;L ru;t
Njr [_upfs; fhq;fpurpd; ,uz;lhtJ mwpf;ifapy; vl;lg;gl;l KbTfis ,uz;lhtJ
mwpf;if nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij J\;gpu
Nahfk; nra;tjw;F vjpuhf NghJkhd ghJfhg;Gf;fis rl;lKiwfs; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq; ifAk; NgZtjpy; jpwiknfhz;l gaDWjpkpf;f murhq;
fk; xd;W ,Ug;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> r%fj; jpDs; r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfis
milaf; $bajhd nghJkf;fspd; nghUahjhu ghJfhg;G nghUshjhu ed;ikfs;
kw;Wk; fy;tpiag; gw;wpa epahakhd juj;ij cUthf;ff; $baij cWjp nra;Ak;.

,yq;ifapd; [dhjpgjp MW Mz;L fhyj;Jf;Fk; [duQ;rfkhd thf;Ffspd; %yKk;

,uz;lhtJ jtizf;F jFjp tha;e;jtuhfTk; njupT nra;ag;gL fpd;whu;. [dhjpgjp
murpd; jiytuhfTk; gzpGuptJld; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; murhq;
fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; MAjg;gilfspd; (gpujk jsgjpahfTk; gzpGupfpd;whu;. mtNuh/
mtNsh gpujk ke;jpup ve;jnthU nghWg;igAk; jd;dplNk itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;w
iyAk; nghJ[d thf;nfLgnghd;iw gpufldg;gLj;j$ba Mw;wiyAk; ghuhSkd;wj;

14
 15

jpdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;l kNrhjhf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; cl;gl) kw;Wk; mikr;ruitAk;

mtu; jiyik jhq;Ffpd;w mtuJ njhopw;ghLfisAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; gutyhd mjpfh
uq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. [dhjpgjp jdJ mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gfs;> njhopw;ghL
fs; Nghd;wtw;iw murpay; ahg;gpd;gb gad;gLj;jTk; nrayhw;wTk; epiw Ntw;wTk;
nghJg;ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd28 ve;jnthU vOj;J %ykhd rl;lk; jw;NghJ epiyikf
Nfw;w rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F nghWg;Gf; $wf; $batuhf ,Uf;fp
whu;. MfNt eilKiwapYs;s murpay; ahg;G fl;likg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp gjtpia
tfpf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fzprkhd msT fhyj;ij [dhjpgjp gad;gLj;JtJld; [dhjpgjp
gjtp fhyj;Jf;Fs; cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhfNth my;yJ jdpg;gl;l uPjpapNyh VJk; nra;jp
Ue;jhy; my;yJ nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jhy; [dhjpgjpf;F tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gL
fpd;wJ.
gpur;rpidfSk; fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fSk;
 murpay; ahg;gpy; toq;fg;gl;l tpjptpyf;fpd; fhuzkhf jdJ gjtpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ> [dhjp
gjp (epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;) gue;jstpyhd mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjp mDgtpf;fpwhu;. 35Mk;
cWg;Giuapd;gb epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpdhy; mDgtpg;gLk; tpjptpyf;fpd; fhuzkhf murp
ay;ahg;Gg; Nguitapd; mq;fPfhukpd;wp nra;ag;gLk; Neubahd [dhjpgjp epakdq;fs; rth
Yf;Fs;shf KbahJ. MapDk; 35 Mk; cWg;Giuappd; fPo; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpjp
tpyf;F mtu; [dhjpgjp fhyj;jpy; nra;Ak; eltbf;iff;Nf nry;YgbahFk;. MfNt
[dhjpgjp xUtupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; KbtilAk;NghJ epiwNtw;wjpfhuj;Jf;F toq;fg;gl;l tpjp
tpyf;F fhyhtjpahfpwJ. MfNt 17Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; tplag;gug;Gf;F ntspapy; [dhjpgjp
ahy; nra;ag;gLk; epakdq;fs; mtuJ Ml;rpf;fhyk; fhyhtjpahdJk; rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;
;gl KbAkh? ,jid Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp re;jpupfh gz;lhuehafh Nthl;lu;]; v[; tof;F
njhlu;ghf tif$w Ntz;ba epiyikAld; xg;gpLf
 ehd;fhk; cWg;Giuapd; gb mjpfhuq;fs; NtWgLj;jg;gly; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt
murhq;fj;jpd; vy;yh %d;W cWg;GfshYk; mjpfhuk; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tij fl;Lg;gLj;
Jk; tpjkhf rupgpio ghu;f;Fk; Kiw nahd;iw mJ Vw;gLj;jfpd;wJ. MfNt rl;lg;gb
Ml;rpia cWjp nra;tjw;fhf %d;W cWg;GfSk; jkJ njhopw;ghLfisAk; tuk;Gfis
Ak; kjpg;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. mt;thW nra;aj; jtwpdhy; mJ rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;Nf Ntl;L
itj;JtpLk;. muR xd;wpd; ve;jnthU ePjpj;JiwapdJk; Kf;fpakhd Fwpfhl;bahf [dhjp
gjpf;Fk; (epiw Ntw;W) ePjpj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT cs;sJ. KO ePjpj;JiwANk
my;yJ ePjpj; Jiwapd; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdiu murpay; uPjpahf epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jp
dhy; fLk; tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shf;FtJ fzprkhd msT neUf;fbf;F cs;shtJld; murp
ay; uPjpahf czu;r;rpkpf;f tof;Ffis ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; Rje;jpukhfTk; tprhupf;ff;$ba ePjp
thd;fspd; Mw;wypy; Fwpg;ghf jPq;fhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 ,Nj Nghd;W ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPu;g;gf;fis murhq;fk; mKy; elj;j jtWk; NghJ mJ
rl;lg;gb Ml;rpiaAk; ePjpapd; gupghydj;ijAk; mbg;gilahfNt jfu;j;JtpLk;.cjhuzkhf
kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fSf;F vjpupilahf [dhjpgjp fle;j fhyj;
jpy; ele;J nfhz;l gy;NtW rk;gtq;fs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf ngtpjp `z;l vdg;gLk;
gpugy;akhd tof;fpy; ngtpjp `z;l vDk; mikg;gpdhy; nghJrd thf;nfLg;G njhlu;ghf
mr;rplg;gl;l gpuRuq;fis ifg;gw;wpaik rl;l tpNuhjkhdJ vdTk; fk;g`h fhty; Jiw
mj;jpal;rfUf;F Nrjq;fisAk; nrytpdq; fisAk; nrYj;JkhW kPAau; ePjpkd;wk; cj;ju
tpl;lJ. ,r;re;jug;gj;jpy; murhq;fk; kf;fs; epjpapypUe;J mguhjj;ij nrYj;jpaJ kl;Lk;
my;y> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ig mtkjpf;Fk; tpjkhf rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupia gjtp cau;T
toq;fpaJ. kpf mz;ikf; fhy cjhuzkhf kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,ilf;fhy jPu;g;ig
murhq;fk; mKy; elj;jj;jtwpaikahFk;. ,j;jPu;g;Gld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpur;rpid ngw; Nwhypa
tpiy Fiwg;ghFk;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J rpf;fyhd rl;l thjg;gpujpthjq;fspd; gpd;du; 2008
brk;gupy; jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;L xU yPl;lu; ngw;Nwhypd; tpiyia 122 &gh tpypUe;J
(mnkupf;f nlhyu; 1.07 ,ypUe;J) 100 tiuf;Fk; (m.nlh.0.8) yPl;lUf;F murhq;fk; Fiwf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,j;jPu;g;G murpay;ahg;gpd; 12 Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb rkj;Jtj;Jf;fhd
cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; mbg;gil cupik kDnthd;W njhlu;ghf Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,jpy; kDjhuu;fs; cyf krnfz;nza; tPo;r;rpapd;29 gpd;dUk; ,yq;if ngw;Nwhy; tpiy
fis ,yq;if ngw;Nwhypa $l;Lj;jhgdk; Fiwf;ftpy;iy vd Kiwg;ghL nra;jdu;.29
29.
,j;jPu;g;ig murhq;fk; KOikahf mKy; nra;;atpy;iy. khwhf tpiyfis 2 &ghthf Fiwj;J 120
&ghthf (m.nlj.1.5) ,e;j KbT kPcau; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ midj;J ,ilf;fhy cj;juTfisAk; ,uj;
Jr; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf murhq;fk; rpf;fyhdJk; tpiy mjpfupj;jjpy; ,Ue;J jd
;idf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cs;Su; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr tq;fpfSld; Vw;ghLfspd; fhuzkhf fzprkhd el;l

15
 16

<l;il Nfhupf;iffSf;F murhq;fk; js;sg;gl Ntz;ba epiyikf;F MfpaJ. Murhq;fk; Muk;g cj;j
uit jhd; KOikahd mKyhf;fhnjdTk; mJ Aj;jj;Jf;fhd Kaw;rpfSf;F tpNuhjkhf mikAk;
vdTk; gfpuq;fkhf Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy;> ngw;Nwhy; tpiyfis epu;zapj;jy;
Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j jiyaPL epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; Kiwahd mjpfhu vy;iyf;
Fs; mtrpakhd vy;iy kPwpg; gpuNtrkhfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;ig KO
ikahf mKy; elj;Jtjw;F kWf;fpd;w epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; gjpybahdJ ePjprhu; mjpfhuj;jpd;
toikf;F khwhd nra;ifapd; fhuzkhf KLf;fptplg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhu
khdJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ig myl;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;F KbT nra;ayhk; vd;gJ Mgj;jhd Kd;khjpupia
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;fj;jpd; ,UgpupTfSf;fpilapyhd ,e;j MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;F cfe;jjhd fapwp
Oj;jy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpf;fhd cld;ghlhd gq;fspg;G MfhJ.
F rl;lthf;fKk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpAk;

1959 ru;tNjr [_upfs; ehl;by; rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;lg;gb Ml;rp njhlu;ghd Kjyh
tJ mwpf;ifapy; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpapd; fPo; xU rl;lthf;f rigapd; njhopw;ghL xU
jdpg;gl;l egu; vd;w tifapy; mtuJ nfsutj;ij Nkk;glr; nra;Ak;tpjkhf epiyik
fis cUthf;fp mijg; NgZtjhFk;. vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rp>
rl;lthf;f rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs; murpay; ahg;G topKiwfshy; mikf;f Ntz;b
apUf;Fk;. ,J Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy;fis cWjp nra;jy; rl;lthf;f rigapdhy; ,aw;w
Ntz;ba rl;lq;fisAk; ,aw;Wjy; ghuQ;rhl;lg;gl;l rl;lq;fis fl;Lg;ghl;il cWjp
nra;jy;> Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwapd; epiy Ngw;iwAk; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; mbg;gil
cupikfs; kw;Wk; gpd;Ndhf;fpa rl;lq;fis ghjpf;Fk; tpjkhf ghugl;rkhd rl;lq;fis
rl;lthf;fr; rig ,aw;whjpUj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

murpay; ahg;gpd; 93 Mk; gpupT Nju;jy;fs; Rje;jpukhdjhfTk; rk tha;g;GfisAila

jhfTk; ,ufrpa thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; elf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; gpufldk; nra;fpd;wJ.
cWg;Giu 4 (V) kw;Wk; cWg;giu 75 vd;gd ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kPJ rhjhuzkhf
rl;lj;ij Mf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij toq;F fpd;wJ. rpy tpNrlkhd rl;lq;fs; nghJ rd
thf;nfLg;G xd;wpy; (83 Mk; cWg;Giu) kf;fshy; mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gpDk;
$l NghJkhdsT fl;Lg;ghLfs;30 ,Ug;gpd; rl;l g+u;tkhd rl;lq;fis Mf;Fk; ghuhS
kd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,uz;lhk; jukhd rl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gJ ve;jtifapYk;
vjpuhf mikahnjd ePjpj;Jiwapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.30 NkNy Fwpj;jthW ,Uf;Fk; gy;
NtW gpupTfSk; (cjhuzkhf gpupTfs; 107> 108> 112> 115> 116) ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;
jpuj;ij cWjp nra;tJld; mbg;gil cupikfspd; mj;JkPWfpd;w ghuhSkd;w cWg;
gpdu;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ nra;tjw;F vz;zpAs;stw;iwAk; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
rl;lthf;f rigahdJ nghJj;Jiw epjp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fspy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;
Jf;F Nkyhf nghWg;GilajhfTk; nghJ ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mtrufhy gpukh
zq;fis tpLg;gjw;F Njitahd mtrufhy gpufldj;ij Nkw; ghu;it nra;Ak;
nghWg;igAk; nfhz;lJ.

gpur;rpidfSk; fye;Jiuahly; tplaq;fSk;

 njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU mikg;G vd;wtifapy; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpiaAk; ey;yhl;rpiaAk;

cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;ig nfhz;Ls;sJ. MapDk; murpay; ahg;gpd; 17 Mk;
gpuptpd; fPo; murpay; ahg;G Nguitf;F cWg;gpdu;fis njuptpg;gjw;F Vw;gl;Ls;s
ngUk;ghyhd jhkjq;fs; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjp xUtiu cWg;gpdu;fspd; 5 Mk;
tifapy31; fPo; njupT nra;tjw;F K];ypk; fl;rpfs; ,zq;f KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.
mj;Jld; ghuhS kd;wj; jpYs;s rpwpa fl;rpfSf;F nrhe;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ,zf;fg; ghl;Lld; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba 6 MtJ tif
cWg;gpdu; fPo; epakdk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba ,zf;fkpd;ikAk; fhuzkhFk;. murpay;
ahg;G Nguitapd; Kf;fpaj;ij tpl FWfpa fl;rp murpaNy fye;Jiuahly;fis top
elj;jpd.

16
 17

30.
tPurpq;f vjpu; rkurpq;f 68 gf;fk; 361 murpay; ahg;gpd; Vida toptiffSf;F Nkyjpfkhf 158 Mk;
cWg;GiughuQ; rhl;lg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd cldb fl;Lg;ghl;il cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
31.
murpay; ahg;G NguitahdJ 1. gpujk ke;jpup 2. rghehafu; 3. vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytu; 4 [dhjpgjp
ahy; njuptpf;fg;gl;l xUtu; 5. gpujk ke;jpupahYk; vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhYk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Itu;
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpYs;s fl;rpfspd; jiytu;fSld; fye;J iuahbr;.
nra;ag;gLk;. ,tu;fSs; %tu; rpW ghd;ik ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahlg; gl;l rpWghd;ik
eyd;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;thu;. 6. xUtu; ngUk;ghd;ik ghuhSkd;wcWg;gpdupd; ,izf;fg;ghl;L
ld;> gpujk ke;jpupAld;> vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytUld; NruhJ [dhjpgjpahy; njupT nra;ag;gLthu;
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis ntspNaw;wk; nra;tJ njhlu;ghf murpay; ahg;G
toptiffs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdupd; ];jpu jd;ikf;F Fe;jfj; tpistpg;gJ mtu; ;fspd;
Rje;jpukhd rpe;jpj;jiyAk; ghjpf;fpwJ. murpay; ahg;gpd;gb jdJ fl;rpapdhy;
ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l xU cWg;gpdu; (,d;ndhU fl;rpapy; ,ize;J nfhs;t jw;fhf)
fl;rp khwpa fhuzj;Jf;fhf my;yJ jdJ murhq;fj; jpdhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l xU
kNrhjhTf;F vjpuhf thf;F toq;fpajhy; mtu; jd;id ntspNaw;wk; nra;tjw;F
Mshfpwhu;. mj;Jld; kPAau; ePjpkd;wNkh ghuhSkd;w njupTf;FONth fl;rpapd; xOf;
fhw;W eltbf;if my;yJ epahakhd ePjp Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy vd
jPu;khdpj;jhy; xopa mtuhy; ghuhS kd;wj;jpy; epiyj;jpUf;f KbahJ.

9. KbG
vg;gbg;gl;l tpahf;fpahdj;ij xUtu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpahdJ
mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd gaDWjpg;ghl;Lila jilfisAk; tpjpg;gJld; vy;yhtpjj;jpYk;
jiyapLk; Nfhupf;iffisf; nfhz;l mjpfhuq;fspypUe;J gpui[fSf;fhd ghJfhg;
igAk; toq;FfpwJ.32 rl;lg;gbahd Ml;rpahdJ jhu;kPf rl;lj;jpd; Nfhl;ghNlh my;yJ
rl;l g+u;tkhd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lNjh my;y. mJ epWtd uPjpahd jhu;kPff; Nfhl;
ghlhFk;. ,J rl;l mKyhf;fj;ijAk; rl;l Mf;fj;ijAk; xNu khjpupahf topfhl;L
tjd; %yk; rl;lj;jpd; epr;rajd;ikiaAk; nray; xOq;FuPjpahd ghJfhg; igAk;
cWjp nra; fpd;wJ. cupikfs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUtpd; Kiwrhu;e;j Mdhy; jd;dpiy
ahd midj;Jk; cs;slq;fpa eilKiwahFk;. mj;Jld; mJ tif$wy; jd;ikAk;
tpidj;jpwidAk; epahaj;jd;ikiaAk; nfsutj;Jf;fhd jd;ikiaAk; J}z;LfpwJ.
.

32
Nkd;ik Fwpg;G (Supra) gf;fk; 15

17
 18

rl;lKk; rdehafKk;
rl;lj;jpw;Fk; murpayikg;Gthjj;jpw;Fk; rdehafj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlHG
vd;d?
ve;j r%fj;jpYk; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wntd xU cr;r mjpfhu mikg;G cz;L. ve;j
murpay; KiwikapdJk; jPHkhdq;fs; nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L
njhlHghly; nra;ag;gLk; gpujhd topahf rl;lk; cs;sJ. rdehaf Kiwapy;
nghJkf;fs; ed;ikf;fhd jPHkhdq;fis vLf;Fk; murhq;f mjpfhu %ykhf
kf;fs; cs;sdh;. rl;lj;jpd; topNa ,j; jPHkhdq;fs; xOq;Ffshf cUthf;fg;gl;L
nghJf;nfhs;ifahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gbf;F rl;lkhdJ
nghJf;nfhs;ifapd; nkhopahfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJf;nfhs;iffs; rl;lj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; mitfs; mKy;gLj;jf;$badthf cs;sd.

murhq;fk; mKy;gLj;j flikg;ghLila mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis xOq;Fg;

gpukhzkhf khw;Wtjd; %yk; rl;lkhdJ murpayikg;Gj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
rdehafj;jpw;FkpilNa xU mtrpakhd ,izg;ig mJ Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
rl;lkhdJ kdpj nraw;ghLfis newpg;gLj;JtjhfTk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhfTk;
fUjg;gLk; mNjNtisapy; mJ rdr%fj;jpd; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;
ePbg;gjw;fhd gpujhd Clfj;ijAk; toq;FfpwJ. r%fk; mjpfk; mjpfk; Nehf;fk;
fUjp nraw;gLk;nghOJ mjd; murhq;f epWtdq;fis topelj;j nrt;itg;gLj;j
mjd; rl;lq;fspYk; mjd; tpsf;fq;fspYk; jq;fpapUg;gJ mjpfkhFk;. Vnddpy;
r%fj;jpd; jPHkhdq;fs; rl;lj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vd;gJld;> rl;lj;jpd;
cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa gue;j mwpT murhq;fk; rl;lj;jpw;F gpukhzpf;fkhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba> murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;ba jd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. rl;lk;
fye;JiuahlYf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikf;Fk; trjp nra;Ak; msTf;Fk;
rdehafj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

1. rl;lj;jpd; cl;$w;W Fzhk;rk;: xU r%fj;jpd; cwTfis fl;likj;jy;>

xOq;fikj;jy;> epWTjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd mbg;gil toptiffis rl;lk;
toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e; Nehf;fpy; rl;lkhdJ kdpj tho;Tf;F xOq;if mspf;f
Njitahd mbg;gil Vw;ghLfisAk; ,izg;Gf;fisAk; Kd;itf;fpwJ.
mj;Njhly;yhky; Kiwahf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;lkhdJ thrpf;fg;gl;L nrt;it
nra;ag;glyhk;. ,ij khw;wKbahj xd;whf fUjNtz;bajpy;iy. ,J kPs;
ghprPyidf;Fk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jf;$baJ.

2. nghJf; nfhs;if: murpay; nrad;Kiwapd; rhuk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis

tFg;gjhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ nghJj; jPHkhdq;fis njhpTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhf
cs;sJ. ,jpy; rl;lNk fUtpahfr; nraw;gl;L mjD}lhf ,j; jPHkhdq;fs;
vLj;jpak;gg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L jPHg;gspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. njhlHr;rp: r%fj;jpw;F xOq;ifAk; Kd;dwptpg;igAk; ghJfhg;igAk; jg;gpg;
gpiog;igAk; toq;Fk; gpujhd top tifahf rl;lk; cs;sJ. rl;lk; mjd;
mHj;jj;jp;y; Kd;Djhuzk; my;yJ mDgt kuG vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
msTf;F rdr%fk; chpa fhyj;jpy; ek;gfj; jd;ikiaAk; Ra xj;j jd;ikiaAk;
rhjpf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
4. mgpyhi\fs;: r%fk; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jp mjd; tpOkpaq;fis ,yf;Ffis
kw;Wk; gytw;iwAk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; gpujhd toptifNa rl;lk; MFk;. ,e;j
tifapy; rl;lk; r%fj;jpd; mgpyhi\fis cUtg;gLj;jp mjid gpujpgypf;Fk;
Nritiar; nra;fpwJ. rl;lkhdJ r%f NtWghLfSf;F ghyk; mikg;gJld;>
jdpg;gl;l ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj epiyikfspy; xUtH kPJ xUtH re;Njfj;Jld;
,Uf;Fk; jug;gpdhpilNa KiwrhH flg;ghLfis cUthf;fp mjw;fhd
ghpfhuq;fisr; nra;fpwJ.

18
 19

murpayikg;GthjKk; murpayikg;Gk;

murpayikg;Gthjk; vd;why; vd;d? murpay; mikg;Gld; mjw;Fs;s cwT

vd;d?
murpayikg;GthjKk; vd;gJ tiuaWj;j murhq;fj;jpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhL kw;Wk; mjDila tpOkpaq;fshdit> jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;
rdehaff; nfhs;ifAld; xj;Jg;Nghtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; jhuhz;ikf; Nfhl;ghL xU
rdehaf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J RahjPdkhdJ. jhuhz;ikthjkhdJ tuyhw;W hPjpahf
jdpegHfspd; tpLjiy rhHghf murhq;fj;jpd; tiuaWg;Gf;fhd xU nghpa gpujhd
thfdkhf Nritahw;wpaJ. murhq;fk; gphpTfspd; tpUg;GfSf;fhf Nritahw;Wtjw;F
vjpuhf nghJed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;w murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWf;f etPd
rdehafk; murpyikg;Gthjj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;gpy; jhDk; gq;F nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
etPd rdehafkhdJ jhuhz;ik murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; mHg;gzpg;gpy; jdpegHfspd;
chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ rhHghf mur mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWg;gjpy; jhDk; gq;F
nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
kdpj mjpfhuj;ij tpl caH mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;w vz;zj;jpypUe;J tuyhw;W
hPjpahf murpayikg;Gthjk; vOe;Js;sJ. ,e;j vz;zj;jpd;gb cah; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd
xUthpd; flikg;ghLfs; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd xUthpd; flikg;ghLfis jhz;br;
nry;fpd;wJ. MfNt murhq;fj;jpd; fPo;g;gbTf;fhd chpa Nfs;tpahdJ
mj;jpahtrpakhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tiuaiwfshdit cyf
Ml;rpahsHfis MSk; caHthdthplk; ,Ue;J tUk; caH rl;lk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUtpy; mbgl;Lg; Nghfpd;wJ.

mj;Jld;> murpyikg;G tuyhw;wpd; ,d;ndhU fl;lj;jpy; fpNuf;f rdehafj;jpy; my;yJ

cNuhikf; Fbaurpy; gpuirfspd; cah;thd kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epiyapypUe;J
vOe;jit> murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpy; tiuaiwfis cUthf;fpaJ. tuyhW
KOtJk; ey;y murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;
murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fzprkhd nfhs;iffis
mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F KiwrhHe;j vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;Ng rpwe;j topnad
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; rf;jpg; nghWg;ig kf;fsplNk nfhLf;Fk;
rdehaff; nfhs;ifAk; tpLjiyiag; ghJfhf;Fk; jhuhz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk;
mJNtahFk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghlhf murpayikg;Gthjk; mjpfhuj;ijf;
fl;lisapLk; mjpfhukhf khw;Wfpd;wJ. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s xNunahU
rl;lG+h;t mjpfhukhf mlf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; cs;sNjhL> gfpHe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lthW
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpfhuk; Mizf;FOf;fs; %ykhf> tpNrl Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
epakpf;fg;gl;l> tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfspy; kw;wtHfs; rhHghf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy; $l ahH rhHghf mJ
nra;ag;gLfpd;wNjh mtHfspd; rpwe;j ed;ikf;fhf Nritahw;wntd
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt mjpfhuk; vd;gJ xU ek;gpf;ifahf kpfTk;
mbg;gilahd %yj;jpypUe;J cUthfp mJ cUthf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
njhlHr;rpahf epge;jidAld; gad;gLfpwJ. ,e; ek;gpf;ifapd; Nehf;fKk; nfhs;ifAk;
mlf;fg;gl;l mjpfhukhf kl;Lkd;wp ePbj;J epw;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.

murpay; Kiwikfspd;gb mjpfhuk; vd;w tifapy; rpy KiwrhH murpayikg;Gf;fs;

me;j Mizf;FOf;fshYk; ek;gpf;iff; FOf;fshYk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;ff;
Nfhl;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; NtW rpy mt;thW gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy. xU
murpay; Kiwik Mizf;FotpdhYk; ek;gpf;iff; FOtpdhYk; ,af;fg;gLk;NghJ>
mjd; murpayikg;ghdJ> ahH rhHghf murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jTk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; KbfpwNjh> me;j caH %yj;jplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j

19
 20

caH %yNk (kf;fs; my;yJ flTfs;) ,iwikAilNahuha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.

tiuaWf;fg;glhj murhq;f re;jHg;gq;fspy; murpayikg;ghdJ Vkhw;W
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;Nshhpd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj
mjpfhuj;ijAk; kiwf;fTk; jtwhd Ml;rpia kiwf;fTk; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mizf;FO> ek;gpf;iff;FO vd;w mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpay;

mikg;Gf;fs;> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuKk; epWtdq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sNghJ kl;LNk
,t; murpay; KiwikahdJ> mJ KiwrhH murpayikg;ghf ,Ue;jhnyd;d
,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpayikg;G thjj;jpd; nfhs;ifiag; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ,t;
tplaj;jpy; murpayikg;G thjk; caH rl;lj;jpd; tfpgq;if vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.

,jd; tz;zk; murpay; FOkk; (murhq;fk;) murpayikg;GlDk;> murpayikg;Gthjk;

(murpayikg;G murhq;fk;) ,ilNa NtWghL cs;sJ. vy;yh murpay; KiwapYk;
xU murpayikg;G ,Uf;Fk;. mJ murpayikg;G Kiwik cilajhfNth my;yJ
Kiwikaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j tifapy; murpayikg;gpy;
nra;ag;gl;litfspd; tpguzk; my;yJ murpay; Kiwik Ml;rp Kiwikf;$l;L
vd;gjw;F Nkyhf ,J vJTk; ,y;iy. murpay; FOkk; vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mjhtJ ,jd; mbg;gil vt;thW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjd; Kjw;nfhs;if vt;thW ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Fzhk;rk; vt;thW
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; ,J fhl;LfpwJ. mjDila KiwrhH vOjg;gl;l
Mtzk; $l mJ murpayikg;G epakk; vd mHj;jg;glhJ. ,e;j murpayikg;G
epakq;fspd; fPo; murhq;fk; xd;W xOq;Ffshy; fl;Lg;gl;lJ.

,e;j epakq;fis mKy;gLj;j murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; nfhs;iffisg; gpujpgypf;Fk;

murpayikg;ghdJ> caH rl;lkhfr; nraw;gLk;.

,t;TaH rl;lk; jdpgH chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fTk;> nghJ ed;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fTk;

murhq;fq;fis mikg;gJld; tiuaiwfisAk; nra;fpwJ.

1. murpayikg;Gthjk;

murpayikg;G thjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; xU murpay; KiwahdJ xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

Kiwikia mjd; Fzhk;rj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L rpy epWtg;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; tiuaiwfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L nraw;gl flg;ghLilajhAs;sJ. xU
murpayikg;G Kiwikapd; tbtKk; Fzhk;rKk;> mbg;gil Mtzq;fspy; mjd;
tbtk;> kw;Wk; mjpfhu tiuaiwfis tpghpf;fTk; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yTk; vd
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. murpayikg;ghdJ> tpsf;fj;ijAk; rl;l
,ak;giyAk; nfhz;lJ. mJ nra;af;$baJ> nra;a KbahjJ> nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJ
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wfpd;wJ.

murpayikg;G Kiwikapd; tbtk;> Fzhk;rk; vd;gtw;iw epWTifapy;

murpayikg;G Kiwikia cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ xU Mokhd rdehaf
eltbf;ifahf cs;sJ. nghJ tpsf;f nrad;Kiwfspd; gpd;G> kf;fs; xU
murpayikg;ig mq;fPfhpg;gJ> rdehafj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd xU fUtpahf
cs;sJ. ,e;jf; fye;Jiuahly; nrad;KiwahdJ murpay; Kiwikia
cUthf;Ftjpy; kf;fspd; fzprkhd gq;fspg;ig vjpHghHf;fpd;wJ.

m murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; - murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd;gb

 epWtg;gl;l epakq;fspd; gpufhuk; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

 murpay; Kiwik ,Wjpapy; tiuaWf;fg;gLtJld; rl;lG+Ht KbTfisr;

rhjpg;gjw;F mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

20
 21

 xU njhFjp mbg;gil epakq;fspd;gb kjpg;gplg;gl;L> rl;l xOq;Fld; xj;JtUk;

rhjhuz rl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

 rdehafj;jpd; ,iwikf;Fhpa kf;fs;> murpayikg;Gf;F ,zf;fk;

mspf;Fk;nghOJ murhq;fj;ij khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gLj;Jtjhf md;wp
jk;ikAk; mt;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk; mtHfs; Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk;
tiuf;Fk; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mtHfs; fl;L;g;gLfpwhHfs;.

 murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd fl;L;g;ghLfshy; khj;jpukd;wp murhq;fj;jpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l tpNrbj;j chpikfspd; cj;juthjq;fshYk; my;yJ
chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mur epWtdq;fspd; tpNrl mjpfhuq;fshYk;
jdpegH mjpfhuq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;.

 tho;tpd; rpy tplaq;fs; murpaypdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; chpa mYty;fshf

,y;yhJs;sJ. mtHfspd; mjpfhukplYf;F mg;ghyhditahf cs;sd.

M murpayikg;G murhq;fk;. murpd; mjpfhuq;fspd; mbg;giliaAk; msitAk;

Kd;itf;Fk; murpayikg;Ng murpayikg;G murhq;fkhFk;. ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis
tiuaWg;gjw;fhd> kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ,ilapyhd
njhlHG Nehf;fpa efHTfs;> murpay; tho;tpd; ajhHj;jk;> vd;gtw;iw mJ
Kd;itg;gJld; mjw;fhd jhf;fkhd toptiffisAk; murpayikg;G toq;FfpwJ.
xU murpayikg;G murhq;fkhdJ mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; murpayikg;ghy;
mjd;Nky; ,lg;gl;l tiuaiwfSf;Fk; mike;J NghfpwJ.

,. 'jtwhd (Sham) murpayikg;Gfs;" : murpayikg;Gf;fis my;yJ murpayikg;G

thjj;ij kjpg;gJ vd;w NghHitapy; rpy murhq;fq;fs; gpioahd topelj;Jjy;fis
my;yJ jtwhd murpayikg;Gf;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wd. ,itfs; cz;ikahd
epWtdq;fSlDk; nraw;ghLfSlDk; kpfr; rpwpjsthd cwit
itj;Jf;nfhs;tJky;yhky; murpayikg;G murhq;fj;jpd; tiuaiwfs; kPjhd jk;
mHg;gzpg;ig gpujpgyp;g;gJkpy;iy. murpayikg;G murhq;fq;fSf;F khwhf ,itfs;
xOq;fikg;gw;witahf cs;sJld; tiuaiwaw;w murhq;fq;fshf mjpfhuj;ij
itj;jpUf;Fk; topfspy; jhf;ftpisTk; ,itfsplk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

2. murpayikg;G thjj;jpw;Fk; rl;l xOq;F vz;zf;fUtpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

njhlHG” rl;l xOq;F vz;zf;fUthdJ xOq;Ffs; Vw;fdNt Kd;itf;fg;gl;L
gutyhf mwpag;gl;L nghJg;ghtidapy; cs;sijAk;> mtHfs; eLepiyahfg;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtijAk; Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. ,itfs; mur mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; ehl;bd;
Vida kf;fSf;Fk; chpadthf cs;sd. MfNt ,r; rl;l xOq;F vd;gJ ntWkNd
rl;lj;ij itj;jpUj;jy;> rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wjy; vd;gij tpl NkyhdJ. ,f;
nfhs;ifahdJ VNjr;rhjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rl;lj;ij khw;WjYld;
Kuz;gLtJld; Ml;rpnra;Ak; Ml;fs; mt;tg;NghJ fz;Lgpbf;Fk;> jk; nrhe;j
tpUg;Gf;fis> ghugl;rj;Jld; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; my;yJ jkf;Fg;
nghWg;ghditfspy; njsptw;wpUg;gjw;Fk; KuzhdJ.

rl;l xOq;fpd; Fiwe;jgl;r Ghpe;JzHtpd; fPo; ,r; rl;l xOq;fpd; rhukhdJ ey;y
epakq;fSlNdh mwj;JlNdh mitfs; KiwikhPjpahfTk; epahakhdjhfTk;
epHtfpf;fg;gLk; tiuapy; xj;J mike;jpUf;fj; Njitapy;iy. ,t;tz;zk; rl;l
xOq;fhdJ rdehafk; mw;w murpaypYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. rl;l xOq;ifg; gw;wp ed;F
Ghpe;J nfhz;l epiyapd; fPo; rl;lkhdJ> mJ rl;lk; vd;w jifik ngw> ePjpapd;
cr;r epakj;Js; xj;jpUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

21
 22

nghJ ed;ikiaAk; jdpegH chpikiaAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf> gpuirfspdJk; mur

mjpfhhpfspdJk; nraw;ghLfis tiuaWf;f> rl;l xOq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
xOq;fhdJk; Kd;dwptpf;ff;$baJkhd murpay; epiyikf;F cfe;jjhf
,Ug;gjw;fhf> ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd jdpegHfspdJk; epWtdq;fspdJk;
vjpHghHg;Gf;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; ,aYik Clhf> rl;lk; xOq;fhdJ murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.

rl;lk; xOq;fpd; m&gpf; Fzhk;rj;ij> murpayikg;G thjk; vz;zq;fis kpfTk;

ntsp;g;gilahd rl;lq;fshfTk; Vw;ghLfshfTk; khw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspy; czUfpwJ.
,itfs; mur epWtdq;fspdhYk;> nghJkf;fspd; nghJf; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk;
tpthjq;fshYk;> gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L tpsf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;.

3. murhq;fj;ij tiuaWf;Fk; topfshf murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; jdpahs;

chpik Rje;jpuk;

murpayikg;Gthjj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; murpay; nghUshjhuk;> jdpegH chpik

vd;gtw;Wf;FkpilNa cWjpahd cwTKiw cz;L. murpay; nghUshjhuk; kw;wk;
jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; murhq;fj;ij tiuaWg;gjpy; Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
tiaWj;j murhq;fq;fs; ,t; Rje;jpuq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F mtrpakhditahf
cs;sd.

murpay; Rje;jpuk;: murhq;fj;ij fl;L;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd

kf;fspd; chpikAld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; Rje;jpukhdJ kf;fspd;
nraw;ghLfspYs;s Rje;jpuk;: mtHfs; jk; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;> nghJmYty;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;Fs; murhq;fk; jiyapLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. ,t;thW jkJ murpay;
Rje;jpuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; kPjhd jkJ ,iwikia
epiyehl;LfpwhHfs;.

nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;: nghUshjhu Rje;jpukhdJ mur Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J

njhopy;Kaw;rp kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Rje;jpukhf ,Ug;gij Fwpj;J
epw;fpwJ. xU jhuhs r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil tplak; ,JthFk;. nrhj;Jf;fspd; RtPfhpg;G>
mtw;wpd; ghtid> mjpfhpg;G> khw;wk;> iftpLif vd;gtw;Wld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ.
nghUshjhu Rje;jpukhdJ jk; tho;tpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fis elj;Jtjw;fhd
kf;fspd; chpik> kw;Wk; ePjpaw;w murpd; Nkw;ghHitfs;> jiyaPLfspd;wpa
Rje;jpukhd mtHfsJ nraw;ghLfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> ,J mur mjpfhuj;jpd;
vy;iyia tiuaWg;gJld;> mjDld; Nghl;bapLk; RahjPdkhd mjpfhu
ikaq;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

jdpahs; chpik : ,J jdpegHfSk; jdpegH FOf;fSk; tho;f;if topfis

nfhz;L nry;Yk;> kw;Wk; murpaypy; murhq;f mjpfhuj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wpNa jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU Rahl;rp tyaj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F
FLk;gq;fisAk; el;Gf;fisAk; cUthf;Fjy;> kjj;ijf; filg;gpbj;jy;> rq;fr;
nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> mofpay; Kaw;rpfspy; <LgLjy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,J
rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; jdpegHfspd; RaepHzaj;ij mjpfhpg;gJld;>
Rje;jpuj;jpd; Cw;iw gpujpj;Jtk; nra;J muhq;fj;jpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J
jdpegiug; gphpf;Fk; njhpitAk; jUfpd;wJ.

22
 23

murpayikg;G rdehafk;
murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zj;Jld;> kf;fis mbahff; nfhz;l murhq;fj;jpd;
cwTKiw vd;d?

murpayikg;G vd;w vz;zk; %d;W kl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fPo;kl;lkhd kf;fspd;

$l;bizg;G> nfhs;if tFg;G> kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lf mikg;G vd;gd
mitahFk;. murpayikg;gpd; vz;zj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; murpayikg;ghdJ
gpuirfSf;F mtH jk; tho;itAk;> KbitAk; chpikahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
toptiffis toq;FfpwJ.

xU tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; $l;lkhf my;yhkNy> mjhfNt rptpy;

mbg;gilapy; xd;wpize;J murpay r%fkhf> murpay; epWtdkhf khw;wk;
ngWfpd;wJ. mt;thW rptpy; If;fpa kf;fshf murpay; rigahf khw;wk; ngw
nghJtho;it ,aYkhdjhf;Ftjw;fhf mk; kf;fs; $l;lkhdJ gu];gu my;yJ
Nghjpa rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAld; xd;whf cwTfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,r;
rdj;njhifapd; xl;Lwtpy; rptpy; r%fkhf kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ
cUg;ngw;W mjpy; mtHfs; jk; rfghbfspd; ,aYikia xUtUf;nfhUtH
mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wdh;.

,t;tz;zkhd rdj;njhifapd; xl;LwthdJ ,iwikAila murpay; kf;fs;

r%fj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rhj;jpaj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; mbg;gil
murpayikg;ghdJ xU Rahl;rp kpf;f murpay; myif my;yJ murpay; r%fj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd js mikg;ig toq;FtJld;> mJ gytpjkhd tbtq;fisAk;
vLf;ff;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ.

kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;gpd; tpOkpaq;fs; mtHfspd; cwtpy; ntspj;

njhpfpd;wJ. mitfs; toikahf ntspg;gilahf cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjidAk;
tpl ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; vy;yhk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ cs;sJld;> KOikahf
vLj;jpak;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,itfspy; gy Fwpg;gplg;glhj my;yJ kaf;fkhd
Cfq;fspNyNa ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ve;j murpay; KiwapdJk; kpf ntspg;gilahd
murpayikg;ghdJ ,k; kf;fspd; mbg;gil murpayikg;Gld; xj;Jg;ghHf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Koikahfg; ghpzhkile;j KiwfspNy xU murpay; r%fj;jpd;
ntspg;gilahd murpayikg;ghdJ murpay; epWtdq;fSf;fhd kd;wkhf kf;fspd;
mbg;gil murpayikg;gpd; Kf;fpa tpOkpaq;fis Kiwahf vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ.

kf;fs; jk;ikj; jhNk Ms;tjw;fhd> chpa epWtd Vw;ghLfis mtHfs;

cUthf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld;> murpay; Kiwikapy; cUthf;fj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ
kpfTk; KiwrhHe;j murpayikg;Gf;Nfh Njitahd mbg;gilfis kf;fspd;
mbg;gil murpayikg;ghdJ toq;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb kpfTk; KiwrhH
murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fspd; nghJtho;it Jbg;ghdjhf;Fk; cw;rhf murpay;
cs;slf;fkhf Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ. ,t; murpay; r%fj;jpd; kpfTk; KiwrhH
murpayikg;Gk; kf;fspd; Jbg;Gldhd cw;rhfKk; xd;Wld; xd;W ed;F
nghUe;jhJtpbd; mt; murpayikg;ghdJ cWjpaw;w mj;jpghuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUg;gJld;> kf;fspd; Rahl;rpia jf;f itf;Fk; jpwikaw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ.
murpayikg;gpd; %d;W kl;l vz;zkhdJ kf;fspd; nghJj;jd;ik kPJ mj;jpghuj;ijf;
nfhz;L murpay; xOq;F xd;iw epiyepWj;jp rdehaf Fzhk;rq;fis gpujhdkhfg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.

kf;fSf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; xOq;fpd; tbtikg;ghdJ epWtg;gl;l gpw;ghL

cjhuzk; (xU Fwpg;gpl;l FbauR my;yJ rHthjpfhu tifg;ghL fhzg;gLtJld;>
murpayikg;G vz;zj;jpd; NtnwhU vz;zf;fU vd;dntdpy;> rhrd murhq;fk;
xd;wpd; Vw;ghlhFk;. mjhtJ mbg;gilahd my;yJ vspa fl;lq;fshfr;

23
 24

Nritahw;Wk; mur epWtdq;fspd; rl;lf mikg;ghFk;. ,r;rhrdkhdJ toikahf

vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpypUe;J cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. murhq;f rhrdj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;
ed;F cWjpg;ghlila mtHfspd; cWjpg;gLj;Jgitfs; Clhf kf;fspd;
Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nfhs;iffs; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNeuk; murpay;
r%fk; rdehafk; nghUe;jpajhf ,Ue;jhnyd;d ,y;yhtpl;lhnyd;d murpd; rhrd
Vw;ghLfs; murpay; FOtpd; tiutpyf;fzg; Nghf;fpw;F cz;ikAilajhf
epiyj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rptpy; kf;fspilNa NtWgLj;Jk; tifg;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; cyfshtpa hPjpapy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l vy;yh ,lKk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; tbtNkh my;yJ
murpayikg;Ngh fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vy;yh ehl;bYk; ngaH ngw;w> Rahl;rpia
ntw;wpfukhf nfhz;L elhj;j Kd;dNu> tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l mur
epWtdq;fspd; njhFjpAk; ,y;iy. ,t;thwhf kpfTk; cWjpg;ghLila kf;fSf;fhd
murpayikg;ghdJ kf;fsplkpUe;Jjhd; vo Ntz;Lk;. khwhf ntspapYs;s ve;j
epGzhplkpUe;Jk; xU ,Wjpg; nghUshf ,jid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

1. KiwrhH murpayikg;gpd; vz;zf;fU: xU KiwrhH murpayikg;ghdJ vOjpa>

xU gFjp vOjpa my;yJ vOjhj murpayikg;ghf xU murpay; rdr%fj;jpd; kf;fs;
$l;lj;jpd; nghJf; Fzhk;rq;fisAk;> mbg;gil tpOkpaq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. xU
murpayikg;gpd; vz;zf;fUthdJ mjid epWTiff;F Kd;gjhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
murpay; Kiwikapd; jpl;lkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. my;yJ ,Ue;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; murpay;
KiwikfspypUe;J vLj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffspypUe;J cUthfpajhf
,Uf;fyhk;. xU KiwrhH murpayikg;ghdJ xU r%fj;jpw;fhd murhq;fj;jpdJk;
murpay; rf;jpapdJk; murpay; rf;jpapd; epwtdj;jpdJk; Nehf;fq;fis Kd;itj;J
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

KiwrhH murpayikg;gpd; vz;zf;fUthdJ Mff; Fiwe;jJ gpd;tUk;

tifg;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU cld;ghL my;yJ r%f mlf;fk; mjpNy
jdpegHfs; murpay; kf;fshf jk;ikj;jhNk ,zq;fpAs;sdh;. murpay; kf;fSf;Fk;
mtHfspd; murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU xg;ge;jk; xd;W cs;sJ. mj;Jld;
mq;NfAs;s mbg;gilr; rl;lkhdJ rl;l xOq;fpd; Kiwikf;fhd mbg;gilia
cUthf;FfpwJ. murpayikg;G vd;w gjkhdJ gpd;tUk; jifik cilajhAs;sJ.

m. murhq;fj;jpd; tifapd; tpguiz

M. mbg;gilr; rl;lj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; Mtzk; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G.
,. vOjpa Mtzk; my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; njhlH;r;rp. jpUj;;jq;fSf;fhd
eilKiwfSld;> toikg;gb tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJld;> rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk;
ePjpkd;wj; jPHkhdq;fs;.
<. kughf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> jPHf;fg;gl;l Ghpe;JzHTfspd; njhFg;G
c. mur mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> vy;yhr; rl;lthf;fj;jpw;Fk; xU epakj;ij
toq;Fk;> murpd; Vida nraw;ghLfSk; xl;br; nry;y Ntz;bapUg;gJld;>
r%f KiwrhH mgpyhi\fspd; njhFg;ghfTk; cs;s> caHe;j mbg;gilahd
my;yJ vspa rl;lq;fs;.
C. murpay; kf;fs; $l;lj;ij ,yf;fzg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;if tpOkpaq;fspd;
njhFg;G

2. KiwrhH rdehaf murpyikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fSk; gad;fSk;:

murpayikg;ig gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

m. murpay; Kiwikapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; murhq;fj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk;

cUthf;Ftjw;F

24
 25

M. kf;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tYit tpghpg;gjw;F

,. murpay; mjpfhuKk; murhq;f nraw;ghLfSk; jPh;g;gplg;gLk; ePjp epakj;ij

epWTjy;

<. murhq;f fl;likg;gpd; rl;lf mikg;ig Kd;itj;jy;> murhq;fj;ij

tYT+l;ly;> murhq;f mYtyfq;fisAk; mit vt;thW epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; Fwpj;Jiuj;jy;. kf;fSf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cwit epWTjy;.

c. jdpegH chpikfis ghJfhf;fTk; nghJed;ikia Cf;Ftpf;fTk; murhq;f

mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;jy;.

C. rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l me;juq;fj;jpd; Rakhd njhopw;ghl;Lf;fhd

trjpia cUthf;fy;.

v. xU nghUshjhu Kiwikf;fhd Kd; epge;jidfisAk; mbg;gil

xOq;FfisAk; epWTjy;
V. khfhz khtl;lq;fs; my;yJ muRfs; vd murpay; r%fj;jpd;
cl;$WfspilNa mjpfhuj;ij xJf;Fjy;.

I. mikjpahd Kiwapy; gpzf;Ffisj; jPHf;f xOq;Fis Vw;gLj;jp rl;l

xOq;Ffis epWTjy;.

x. xU murpay; Kiwikapd; Kf;fpa tpOkpaq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; r%f

mgpyhi\fisAk; vjpHfhyj;jpw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fisAk; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.

X. khw;wj;jpw;fhd topfspy; gzpahw;WtJld;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHj;J

itj;jy;.

Xs. gpuirfs; jk; murhq;fj;ij kjpg;gplf;$ba vLj;jhsy; tplaq;fisAk;

epakq;fisAk; mtHfSf;F toq;Fjy;.

25
 26





  









 
 









 
 
 
 







 



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







 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 




















 

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
























 





  





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













 

 









 




 

 



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 

 


 

 






30
 31

ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;

1985 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 26k; jpfjp njhlf;fk; nrg;lk;gH 7k; jpfjptiu kpyhdpy;
,k;ngw;w Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk; Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd 7tJ If;fpa ehLfs;
fhq;fpu]pdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L> 1985 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 29k; jpfjp 40/32 k; ,yf;f kw;Wk;
1985k; Mz;L brk;gH 13k; jpfjp 40/146 k; ,yf;f nghJr;rig jPHkhdq;fspdhy;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
If;fpa ehLfs; rhrdj;jpy; cyf kf;fs;;; ePjp ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;fhd epiyikfis
jhgpg;gjw;fhd jkJ KbitAk;> rkak; kjk;> nkhop> ghy;> rhjp> mbg;gilapyhd
NtWghLfsw;w mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fisAk; kdpj cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
rHtNjr xj;Jiog;ig ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vdTk; gpufldg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gjdhYk;
kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa midj;Jyf gp;ufldk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUk; rkk; Fw;wk;
ep&gpf;fg;gLk;tiu epuguhjp vDk; vLNfhy; RahjPdkhdJk; gf;fr;rhHgw;wJkhd epaha
rig xd;wpd; Kd;dhd epahakhdJk; gfpuq;fkhdhJkhd tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd cupikia>;
Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gjdhNyAk;
r%f nghUshjhu cupikfs; kPjhd rHtNjr rkthaKk;> Fbapay; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; kPjhd rHtNjr rkthaKk; Nkw;nrhd;d cupikfspd; gad;gLj;Jifia
cj;juthjg;gLj;jpAs;sjw;F Nkyjpfkhf Fbapay; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfs; kPjhd
rkthak; mehtrpakhd jhkjkpd;wp tof;F tprhuidf;F cw;gLj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
cupikia cj;juthjg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gjhYk;>
mj;jifa Nfhl;ghLfshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w njhiyNehf;fpw;Fk; cz;ikahd
#o;epiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlHe;Jk; ,ilntsp xd;W fhzg;gLtjhYk;>
xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; ePjpepHthfKk;> xOq;fikg;Gk; ,f;Nfhl;ghLfspd; nry;thf;fpw;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tw;iw KOikahd ajhHj;jkhf;Ftjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhYk;>
,f;Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,zq;f nraw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ePjpgjpfSf;F toq;Fk;
tpjkhfNt ePjpj;Jiw gjtpnahd;iw nraw;gLj;jy; njhlHghd tpjpfs; mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjdhYk;>
gpui[fspd; Mjdk;> flikfs;> cupikfs;> Rje;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; capHkPjhd mjp
cr;r jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nghWg;G ePjpgjpfs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhYk;>
ePjpgjpfspdJk; njhptpdJk; Rje;jpuj;jd;ik> njhopy;rhh; gapw;rp> kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfspdJk;
tof;FiuQh;fspdJk; me;j];J Mfpatw;iw mjd; Kd;Dhpikfspy; xd;whf
cs;slf;Fk;gb Fw;wj;jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL gw;wpa Mizf;FOtpw;F miog;G
tpLj;J Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk; Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd MwhtJ
If;fpa ehLfs; fhq;fpurpd; 16 tJ jPh;khdj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy;>;
vdNt ePjpj;Jiw Kiwik njhlHgpy; ePjpgjpfspd; tfpghfk;> mtHfspd; njspT>
gapw;rp> elj;ij vd;git Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuj;ij mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; flikfspy; cjtp nra;tjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s> fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topfhl;b tpjpfs;> murhq;fq;fspdhy;
mtw;wpd; Njrpa rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwapd; gug;ngy;iyf;Fs; kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;L
ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLtJld;> tof;FiuQh;fspd; ftdj;Jf;Fk; nfhz;L tug;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mNj Nghd;W ePjpgjpfs;> rl;lj;juzpfs;> eph;thfj;Jiw kw;Wk;
rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; mq;fj;jth;fs; Nghd;w egh;fSf;F Kd;Dk;
nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;rhH ePjpgjpfis fUj;jpy; vLj;J Muk;gj;jpy;
topfhl;b tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> mit rkj;Jtkhf
gpuNahfpf;fg;glj;jf;fit vd;gJld; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; Vida rhjhuz
ePjpgjpfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhditahFk;.

ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk;
1. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpukhdJ> murpdhy; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl;L ehl;bd;
murpayikg;gpy; my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ePjpj;Jiwapd;
Rje;jpuj;ij kjpj;J elf;fNtz;baJ midj;J murhq;f kw;Wk; Vida
epWtdq;fspdJk; flikahFk;.

31
 32

2. ePjpj;JiwahdJ jkf;F Kd;dhy; cs;s tptfhuq;fis NeubahfNth

kiwKfkhfNth Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vt;tpj jiyaPLfspdhYk;>
mr;RWj;jy;fspdhYk;> mOj;jq;fspdhYk;> J}z;Ljy;fspdhYk;. Kiwaw;w
nry;thf;FfspdhYk;> vf;fhuzj;Jf;fhfTk;> ghjpf;fg;glhky; rl;lj;jpw;Fk;>
cz;ikf;Fk; mikthf gf;fr;rhHgpd;wp jPhkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. ePjpapd; jd;ikAs;s vy;yhtptfhuq;fspd; kPJk; ePjpj;Jiwf;F epahahjpf;fk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdf;F Kd;dhy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptfhuk; rl;lj;jpdhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lgb jdJ mjpjhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljh vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;Fk;
jdpahd mjpfhuk; ePjpj;Jiwf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. ePjpKiwr; nraw;nwhlupd; kPJ nghUj;jkw;w> Njitaw;w jiyaPLfs;

,Uf;ff;$lhJ. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpj;jPHg;Gfs; kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ.
,e;jf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ ePjpKiw kPsha;T kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;fikthf toq;fg;gl;l
jz;lidf; fhyj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis ghjpf;fhJ
nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5. Xt;nthUtUf;Fk;> jhgpf;fg;gl;l rl;l eltbf;ifKiwfSf;F mikthf

rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fs;> epaharigfspdhy;> tprhupf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
cupikAz;L. ePjpKiw epaharigfs;> ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
tptfhuq;fis ,lkhw;Wtjw;fhf Kiwahf jhgpf;fg;gl;l rl;l eltbf;if
Kiwfis gpd;gw;whj epaharigfs; cUthff;fg;glf; $lhJ.

6. ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpukhdJ> jug;Gfspd; cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gLjiyAk;> ePjpr;

nrad;KiwahdJ epahakhf nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjiyAk;> ePjpj;Jiwf;F
cupj;jhf;FtJld; mjid Ntz;bAk; epw;fpwJ.

7. ePjpj;Jiw jdJ flikfis kpfr;rupahf nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd NghjpasT

tsq;fis toq;fNtz;baJ mq;fj;Jt muRfspd; flikahFk;.

xd;W$Ltjw;Fk; fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fkhd Rje;jpuk;

8. ePjpgjpfSk; Vida gpui[fisg;NghyNt NgRjw;Fk; $l;lq;fis $Ltjw;Fk;

njhlHGnfhs;tjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuKs;stHfs;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,j;jifa cupikfis
mDgtpf;Fk;NghJ jkJ gjtpapd; nfsutj;ijAk; ePjpj;Jiwapd;
gf;fr;rhHgpd;ikAk; Rje;jpuKk; ghjpf;fhj tz;zk; ghHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

9. ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk;> jkJ njhopy;rhH gapw;rpfis

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> jkJ fupridfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;fhfTk;

32
 33

ePjpgjpfspd; mikg;Gfis my;yJ NtW mikg;Gfis jhgpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpy;

,ize;J nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuk; ePjpgjpf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jifik njupT kw;Wk; gapw;rp

10. ePjpj;Jiwg; gjtpfSf;F njupT nra;ag;gLk; egHfs; ek;gfj;jd;ik

tha;e;jtHfshfTk;> nghUj;jkhd gapw;rp my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; jifik ngw;wjd;
%yk; ,aYik cs;stuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jfhj Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
ePjpj;Jiw epakdq;fs; toq;fg;gLtjw;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;Gf;fis vy;yhj;
njupT KiwfSk; cj;juthjg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpfisj;
njupTnra;Ak;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijj;jtpu> rhjp> epwk;> ghy;> rkak;> murpay;> my;yJ Vida fUj;J
Njrpa my;yJ r%fg;gpd;dzp> nrhj;J> gpwg;G> my;yJ me;j];J mbg;gilapy;
vt;tpjkhd ghugl;rq;fSk; fhl;lf;$lhJ.

Nritr;#oYk; gjtpf;fhyKk;

11. ePjpgjpfspd; gjtpf;fhyk;> mtHfspd;> Rje;jpuk;> ghJfhg;G> NghjpasT rk;gsk;>

Nritr;#oy;> Xa;T+jpak;> Xa;T+jpa tanjy;iy vd;gd cupatpjkhf
rl;lj;jpdhy; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

12. ePjpgjp xUtH njupT nra;ag;gl;lhy; my;yJ epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; mtuJ

gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk;tiu mt;thW fhzg;gLkplj;J> my;yJ Xa;T+jpa taij
milAk; tiu mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

13. ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp caHTf;fhd Kiwfs; fhzg;gLkplj;J mj;jifa Kiwfs;

Gwtaf;fhuzpfis Fwpg;ghf jpwik> ek;gfj;jd;ik mDgtk; vd;gtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

14. ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; ePjpgjpfSf;Fs; tof;Ffisg; gpupj;Jf;nfhs;tJ ePjpj;Jiw

epHthfj;jpd; cs;sftptfhukhFk;.

njhopy; ,ufrpaKk; fhg;GupikAk;

15. ePjpj;JiwahdJ njhopy;rhH ,ufrpaq;fisf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. gfpuq;f

tprhuidfspyd;wp> jkJ flikapd; NghJ mtHfshy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
jfty;fs; njhlHgpy; cWjpAiu toq;FkhW mtHfs;
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ.

33
 34

16. ePjpgjpfs; jkJ ePjpj;Jiwf; flikiar; nra;fpd;w NghJ mtHfshy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ePjpuPjpahd ghjpg;G my;yJ mtHfSila Kiwaw;w nra;iffs;
my;yJ nra;ahikfs; njhlHgpy;> Njrpa rl;lq;fSf;fikthf xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;if my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPl;Lf;fhd cupik my;yJ murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; e\;l<L vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhNk jtpu ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhf
rptpy; tof;Fj; njhLf;f Kbahjthwhd rl;lf;fhg;Gupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if> ,ilepWj;jy; kw;Wk; gjtpafw;wy;

17. ePjpgjpfSf;F vjpuhd mtHfsJ njhopy;KiwrhH nraw;ghL Fwpj;j

Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; my;yJ Kiwg;ghLfs; tpiuthfTk; epahakhdjhfTk;
nghUj;jkhd eilKiwfSf;F ,zq;fATk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
epahakhd tprhuizf;fhd cupik ePjpgjpf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpgjpapdhy;
Nfhug;gl;lhyd;wp> tprhuizfs; gw;wpa tpguk; ,ufrpakhf Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

18. jkJ flikfis ruptu Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahjthwhd jifikaPdk; my;yJ

elj;ij fhuzkhf khj;jpuNk xU ePjpgjp gjtpapypUe;J ,ilepWj;jg;glNth
gjtpafw;wg;glNth KbAk;.

19. ePjpj;Jiw elj;ij gw;wpa jhgpf;fg;gl;l epakq;fSf;fikthfNt midj;J

xOf;fhw;W ,ilepWj;jy; my;yJ gjtpafw;wy; eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

20. xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if> ,ilepWj;jy;> my;yJ gjtpafw;wy; gw;wpa

jPHkhdq;fSk;> nrad;KiwAk; RahjPdkhd kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. MapDk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jPHg;GfSf;Fk;
Fw;wg;gpNuuid kPjhd rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;
ghtpf;fg;glf;$lhJ.

34
 35

ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuKk; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;JifAk;

(This is a Consolidated Response prepared by Prepared by Scott Worden and Leigh Toomey for the
International Network to promote the Rule of Law with contributions from Tyler Rauert, Scott Worden,
Laura Mercean, Meghan Stewart, David Ennis, Nathalie Ndongo-Seh, Rick Messick, Zafar Gondal,
Natalia Djurickovic, Claudia Baroni)

gpd;Gyk;
rl;l mKyhf;fj;jpd; %iyf;fy; ePjpj;Jiwapd; xUikg;ghlhFk;. epiykhw;w epiy
ehLfspYs;s ePjpgjpfs;> Coy; Ml;rp njhlHghd ngUk; murpay; kw;Wk; epjp
mOj;jq;fis vjpHnfhs;fpwhHfs;. ePjpj;Jiw Coy; ePjpapd; ghy; kw;Wk; nghJthf
Ml;rpapy; cs;s kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia rpijf;fpwJ. gykhd tprhuiz ,aYik
my;yJ ntspg;gilahd ePjp Kiwik ,y;yhj ehLfspy; Coiy ,y;yhky; nra;tJ
kpfTk; fbdkhd xd;whFk;. ePjpgjp> kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J
fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifiaf; Nfl;gJ Coiyj; jLf;Fk;
gyKs;s fUtpahFk;.

Nfs;tp ePjpgjpfspd; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifia Mizg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpwe;j

rHtNjr epakq;fs; my;yJ rpwe;j tof;fq;fs; vd;d? ,e;j Njitg;ghLfis
mKy;gLj;j gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba nghwpKiw vd;d? Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgLtJk; xU
ehl;by; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifia mKy;gLj;j gpd;gw;wf;$ba Kf;fpa khwpypfs;
vd;d? ePjpj;Jiw nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif njhlHgpy; mz;ika mDgtq;fspy;
,Ue;J gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba> fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; vd;d?

RUf;f gjpy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy;> Coypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf> ePjpj; Jiwiaf;
fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gaDs;s fUtpahf> ePjpgjpfspd; nrhj;J
ntspg;gLj;Jif cs;sJ. mitAk; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L> Kuz;ghl;by; ,Ue;J
tpLgl;L tUk; ehLfspy;> me; ehl;bYs;s ePjpj;Jiwfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gNt ,J
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rHtNjr mikjp eltbf;ifr; #oypy; me;ehLfspy; nrhj;J
ntspg;gLj;Jifia fz;fhzpf;ff;$ba jhf;fkhd Coy; vjpHg;G KiwikfSf;fhd
tiuaWj;j ,aYikia nfhz;Ls;sd. ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fp Kiw ,y;yhj ehLfspy;
epjpg; gjpTfisj; NjLtJ fbdk;. Nkw;ghHit mikg;GfSNk CoYf;F
cl;gl;litahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; ngwf;$ba epjpj; jfty;fSk; ,of;fg;glyhk;.
,jw;fhd Rygkhd gjpy;fs; ,y;iy. MdhYk; Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l ehLfspd;
,J Fwpj;j ntw;wpfukhd rpy cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

35
 36

Coy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F cl;glf;$ba ePjpgjpfis vjpHj;J thjhLk; xU Nkyjpf

fUtpahf xU nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif Kiw gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ. mbg;gil
kl;lj;jpy; ePjpgjpfs; jk; nrhj;Jf;fisg; gpufldk; nra;J gjpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G mJ G+Hj;jpailahjjhf my;yJ gpioahdjhf ,Ug;gpd;> gpd;tUk;
epiyikfspy; mtUf;F vjpuhf Fw;wtpay; Nehf;F ep&gpf;f cjTk;. ,r; nrhj;J
ntspg;gLj;Jif Kd;G jhf;fkhd rl;l Ml;rp ,Uf;fhj ehLfspy; $l
nraw;ghLfSf;fhd nghWg;Gf; $Wk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.

nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ> CoYf;F vjpuhd xU fUtpahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

xU ePjpj;Jiw> epjp ntspg;gLj;Jifapd; mKy;gLj;Jifiaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ>
,g;gjpw;nraw;ghlhdJ ghprPypf;f Ntz;ba gy nghJ tplaq;fSld; <LgLfpwJ. ePbj;J
epiyf;ff;$ba mikjpiaj; NjLk; r%fq;fspy; mKy;gLj;Jif njhlHghd rpy
vr;rhpf;ifahd mtjhdpg;GfSld; ,J KbtilfpwJ.

1. rl;l mjpfhuj;Jtk;
(m) gy;tifg;gl;l fUtpfs;: ePjpgjpfspd; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ xU rHtNjr
epakkhf khwp tUfpwJ. ,J ePjpj;Jiwapd;1 Rje;jpuk; kPjhd I.eh
mbg;gilf;nfhs;iffspy; ,J ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. CoYf;F vjpuhd I.eh
rkthak; gy tifg;gl;l Coy; jLg;G tplaq;fisf; $WfpwJ. mur
cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;fhd elj;ijf; NfhitahdJ> mtHfs; jk; nrhj;Jf;fs;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk;> tho;f;ifj; JizapdJ nrhj;Jf;fisAk; gpufldk; nra;AkhW
Nfl;fpwJ. gpuhe;jpa hPjpapy; gy rkthaq;fs;> nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif gw;wp
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. Coy; kPjhd Fw;wtpay; rl;l rkthaj;jpd; rig> CoYf;F
vjpuhd rkthak;> CoYf;F vjpuhd mnkhpf;fhTf;F ,ilapyhd rkthak; vd;gd
,t; thpirapy; cs;sd.
(M) Njrpa xOq;Ffs; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy;> ePjpgjpfSf;fhd> nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif
flg;ghLfs; %d;W %yq;fs; %yk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. murpayikg;G> rl;lthf;fk;> rpy
Ntisfspy; khj;jpuk; ePjpj;Jiwj; jPHkhdq;fs; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;Gfs;
nghJthfg; NgRk;NghJ> xU nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif xOq;if Mf;Fk;NghJ> ehl;bd;
mjpfhug; gphpg;G gw;wpa murpayikg;G my;yJ Vida rl;lj; Njitg;ghLfs; Fwpj;J

1
Adopted by the Seventh UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in 1985. These
principles do not specifically address the issue of financial disclosure, but provide the basis for judicial ethics and
disclosure legislation. The principles state that persons selected for judicial office shall be individuals of integrity and
shall conduct themselves so as to preserve the dignity of their office and the impartiality and independence of the
judiciary (Principles 8 and 10). Appropriately drafted financial disclosure laws support these ethical requirements by
reducing the possibility and the perception of conflict of interest and corruption.

36
 37

ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfs; epHthfg; gphptpy; ,Ue;J

Gwk;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; mtHfspd; chpikfis rl;l Fiwg;Gr; nra;ahJ ,Ug;gij
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif rl;lthf;fk;> gy;NtWgl;l
ePjpj;Jiwfspd; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif tbtq;fs; fPNo cs;s %yq;fs; gphptpy;
cs;sJ.

(,) ePjpgjpfspd;2 nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif Fwpj;jhd> kpfTk; tpNrbj;j cyfshtpa

hPjpapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l epakq;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; IFES MdJ ePjpgjpfs;
tUkhdk; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;j xU epuiy cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

2. ntspg;gLj;Jif tPr;R
(m) ahH ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? ,J vy;yh ePjpfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjh? My;yJ
rpy jPa ePjpgjpfSf;F kl;Lkh? my;yJ vy;yh ePjpj;Jiw gzpahsUf;Fkh?
Cz;ikapy; ,J nry;thf;Ff;F cl;glf;$ba ePjpj;Jiwiar; NrHe;NjhUf;F chpaJ.
gpioahd nry;thf;F> ,yQ;rk; vd;gd %yk; xU tof;fpd; gpd;tpistpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;$ba Nghjpa ty;yiikAila gjtpepiyiaf;
nfhz;NlhUf;Nf ,J gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf cs;sJ. rpy Kiwikfspy;
gjpthsH> Fw;wk; rhl;LNthH> ypfpjH vy;NyhUk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. rl;lk; %yk;
,e;j ntspg;gLj;Jif Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Koikahd Coy; vjpHg;G
rl;lthf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L te;J ngUk; tPo;r;rpia mur CopaHfSf;F nrhj;J
ntspg;gLj;jy; KiwikAs;s ehLfspy;> ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfspd; xt;nthU chpa
tifAk; ntspg;gilahf ,dk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2
In 2001, an attempt to produce a more specific model code on the financial disclosure requirements for judges was
made by a UN convened group of experts - the Judicial Group on Strengthening Judicial Integrity. The group
produced a draft Code of Judicial Conduct in 2001, which contained several guidelines including:
Rule 1.15 prohibition on serving as a fiduciary, except for the estate of a family member;
Rule 1.16 prohibition on financial and business dealings that would interfere with judicial independence or
the appearance thereof, except for personal or family investments;
Rule 1.20 prohibition of judicial bribery, whether the beneficiary of the gift or advantage is the judge or a
family member;
Rule 1.21 authorization of gifts and benefits, subject to public disclosure requirements;
Rule 1.22 authorization of compensation and expenses for extra-judicial activities;
Rule 1.22a reasonable amount and proportionality to what a non-judge would receive for the same
activities;
Rule 1.22b limitations on reimbursement;
Rule 1.23 requirement of financial disclosure and payment of taxes required by law.

The Code was developed primarily by judges from a common law background. When it was revised in 2002 (see the
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct) by judges from other legal traditions, these guidelines were not included.

37
 38

(M) vd;d ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ntspg;gLj;jg;gLgitfspd; cs;slf;fk;

NtWgLfpwJ. ,J tUkhdthp Kiwikia xj;jjhf cs;sJ. vy;yh %yq;fspy;
,Ue;Jkhd mbg;gil tUkhdq;fs; KjyPl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (gq;Ffs;> gpizfs;)
tq;fpf; fzf;Ffs;> Xa;T+jpak;> njhlf;$ba nrhj;Jf;fs;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;> nfhLg;gdTj; jpfjpfs;> rhpghHg;gjw;fhd Vida jfty;fs;>
vd;gd ntspg;gLj;Jifapy; cs;slq;fp ,Uf;Fk;. mjpy; ve;jtpj epjpg; nghWg;GfSk;
cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

(,) FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs; cwtpdH Nghpy; nrhj;Jf;fis ePjpgjpfs; kiwg;gijj;

jLf;f> FLk;gj; njhlHGfisg; ghtpj;J ,yQ;rk; thq;Ftijj; jLf;f>
tho;f;ifj;Jizfs;> guhakilahj gps;isfs; vd;NghhpdJ nrhj;J
ntspg;gLj;JifAk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpwJ. cwtpdHfspNlNa nrhj;Jf;fs;
gq;fplg;gl;Ls;s r%fq;fspNy ,J cz;ikahdJ. kpfTk; gue;j xU
tiutpyf;fzkhdJ> me;juq;fk; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfis cs;slf;fp> ,r;
nrad;Kiwia xU Rikahf;fyhk;.

(<) vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F xU jlit ntspg;gLj;Jif Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

ePjpgjpfspdJk;> Vida epHthf foq;fspdJk; gjtpf; fhyj;ijg; nghWj;J ,J
NtWgLk;. gjtp Ntiy njhlq;f Kd;G> gjtp KbAk;NghJ ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F xU
jlit vd tifg;gLk;. tUlhe;jk; nra;ag;gLtJk; cz;L. ePjpgjp caH
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F gjtp caHT ngWk;NghJ nra;ag;gLtJz;L.

3. nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifapd; gad;ghL

(m) mur kw;Wk; jdpahH : kf;fSf;F jfty; njhpe;j mstpw;Nf> ,e;j nrhj;J
ntspg;gL rl;lj;jpd; gyhgyd; jq;fpAs;sJ. vt;tsT mjpfk; kf;fs;
mwpe;jpUf;fpwhHfNsh me;jstpw;F> fz;fhzpg;G mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. cz;ikapy; ,J
,g; gzpahl;fspdJk; FLk;gq;fspdJk; me;juq;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. epahakhd Njrpa
epakq;fs;> me;juq;f chpikfisr; rkepiyg;gLj;Jk; rpy muRfspy; ePjpgjpfs;
juTfis xU mjpfhu fz;fhzpg;G mikg;Gf;Fj; njhptpg;ghHfs;. RUf;fkhd
tpguq;fNs nfhLf;fg;gLk;. mjidg; ghHf;ff;$batH nghJkf;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;>
epahakhd fhuzq;fSld; tiuaWj;j ,lq;fspy; khj;jpuNk ghHitaplyhk;.

(M) jfty;fis gpioahfg; gad;gLj;jy;

epjpj; jfty;fis jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ghJfhg;gJ> nry;te;j jdpegHfis> flj;jy;>
,yQ;rk; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,yf;F itf;Fk; ehLfspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

38
 39

ntspaplg;gl;l jfty;fs; ,ufrpakhf itf;fg;gLk; vDk; ve;j cWjpnkhopAk;>

fz;fhzpg;G Kfthpd; NeHikiag; nghWj;Nj kjpg;gplg;gLk;. ,j; jfty;fs; murhy;
my;yJ Fw;wtpay; FOf;fshy; mr;RWj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. MfNt ,t;
ntspg;gLj;jy;fspd; ,ufrpak; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(,) tprhuizg; gad;fs;

jtW nra;jjhf Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gLk;NghJ kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;> xU xOq;Ff; fpukkhf
ntspg;gLj;jy; fz;fhzpg;igr; nra;tJ rpwe;jjhFk;. ,J Nkhrb kw;Wk; tpUg;G
Kuz;ghL vd;gd Nghd;w Vw;ghLfisj; jLf;Fk;. ntspg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa
rl;lthf;fkhdJ> mJ vJ tiuf;Fk; rhd;whf gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; mLj;J tUk; Fw;wr;
nray;Kiw my;yJ Vida ePjpr; nrad;Kiw tiuAkh vdf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

4. ntspg;gLj;jiy epHtfpj;jYk; fz;fhzpj;jYk;

Coy; vjpHg;G Mizf;FO> mur NkNyhl;lg;ghHit mikg;Gfs;> fzf;fha;thsH

ehafk; Nghd;w NtWgl;l mikg;Gfs; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpf;fyhk;.
Kf;fpak; vd;dntdpy; me;j mikg;ghdJ murhq;fk;> ePjpj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J
RahjPdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;ifj; jPHkhdq;fs; vLf;fg;gl;l gpw;ghL vt;tsT
jfty;fs; nghJTf;F chpaJ vdj; jPHkhdpj;jy;. ,t; mikg;Gj; jfty;fis
rhpghHf;f tprhuiz ,aYikiaf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;ghLfSld;
xj;Jiof;fhj ePjpgjpfspd; kPJ jilfs; Nghlf;$ba mjpfhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
mikg;Gf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis rhpghHg;gjw;fhd tprhuiz ,aYik
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhj;J ntspapLif Njitg;ghLfs; my;yJ gpur;rpidapYs;s rl;l
Kiwikapd; Njitg;ghLfisg; nghWj;J mjNdhL xj;Jiof;fhj cld;gl;L tuhj
ePjpgjpfSf;fhd chpa jilfis tpjpf;ff;$ba mjpfhuk; ,e;j mikg;Gf;F ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j gpufldj;ij G+uzkhdjhfTk; me;j Neuj;jpw;Fs;Ns fpilg;gjhfTk;
,Ug;gij fz;fhzpg;gjw;F gjpT nra;tjw;Fkhd xU Kiwikia epWtp
ghpghypg;gjw;fhd Miz> ,aYik tsq;fSld; $ba mikg;G ,ij ntw;wpfukhf
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ.

5) ,NjhL mikahjtplj;jhd jz;lidfs; - ,NjhL mike;J Nghfhjtplj;J

fLikahdJk; ek;gj;jFe;jJkhd jz;lidfs; ,y;yhJNghdhy; ,e;jr; nrhj;J
ntspg;ghl;L epHthfkhdJ rhptu ,aq;f KbahJ. ,e;jr; nrhj;J ntspg;ghl;L
Njitg;ghl;Lld; xj;Jg;Nghfhj epiyikfs; gy;NtW tifg;gl;ljhd tPr;Rf;Fs;
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. mitahtd ,e;j nrhj;ij ntspg;ghl;ilr; nra;aj; jtWjy;>
gpioahd my;yJ G+Hj;jpahfhj ntspg;ghl;ilr; nra;jy;> my;yJ rpwe;j fhuzkpd;wp

39
 40

chpa Neuj;jpy; ntspg;ghl;ilr; nra;aj; jtWjy; vd;gdthFk;. ,jw;fhd jz;lidfs;

kpfTk; fLikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpioahd elj;ijf;fhd gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; mjPj
jz;lidfshtd mjhtJ ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ vdf;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ nghJj; Njitg;ghl;Lld; mike;J tuhj xd;W vd
fUjg;gLk;. ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis gpioahfg; gad;gLj;JnthUf;F vjpuhfTk;
,e;jj; jil epUthfk; jz;lidfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l ehLfspy; eilKiwrhH ghprPypg;Gfs;

m. ,aYik – Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;LtUk; xU ehl;bd; epjpr; nrhj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ghprPypf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gy khwpypfSs;
me;j ehl;bYs;s cs;Sh; epjpKiwapd; ek;gfj;jd;ik ghprPypg;Gf;F cs;shf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpa epWtdq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp kl;lk; mjhtJ rptpy; r%fq;fs;>
Clfk;> nghJepUthf epWtdq;fs; vd;gd nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jiff;fhd MjuT
kl;lj;ijAk; kw;Wk; Vida CoYf;F vjpuhd Kidg;Gf;fisAk; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd.
Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpe;jpa r%fq;fspNy mNefkhf epWtdq;fs; gytPdkile;jpUf;Fk;
my;yJ ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. ,jd; tz;zk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd Mjuit
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kf;fpa cs;slf;fKk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikia
mOj;jpAiuf;Fk; Kf;fpa cs;slf;fKk; mq;F ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. ePjpj;Jiw Coy; vd;w
gpur;rpidia ifahs;tjw;fhd xU jhf;fkhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhdJ ePjpj;Jiw
epWtdq;fisAk; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd mur mikg;Gf;fisAk; ,aYikiaf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ> r%fj;jpd; ,e;j Vida rf;jpfspd;
fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.

M. rhpghHj;jy; - Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgLk; ehLfspy; etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l

ek;gj;jFe;j epjp Kiwik mjhtJ nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;jiy rhpghHg;gjw;F kpfTk;
rpukj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Kiwikfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; rpwe;j etPdj;Jt epjp
Kiwikfs; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. Aj;jj;jhy; rpijtile;j nghUshjhuj;jpy; mNefkhd
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fs; fhR mbg;gilapy; eilngw;wpUf;Fk; vd;gij ,e;j nrhj;J
ntspg;ghl;L Njitg;ghLfs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fzdpkag;gLj;jg;glhj
tq;fpKiw> fzf;fha;T epakq;fs;> mt;thNwahd nrhj;J ,lhg;Gfs;> fhg;GWjp
Kiwikfs; vd;gd ,e;j rhpghHj;jy; nray;Kiwf;F nghpJk; cjt Kbahjit.
,jdhy; cz;ikahdJk; njhlf;$baJkhd jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fspd; rhpghHf;ff;$ba
Rygkhd KOikahd nrhj;J ntspg;ghl;il Ntz;bepw;Fk;nghOJ mjpy; ifahs;tJ
tiuaiwAilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

40
 41

,) Nghjpa ePjpj;Jiw nfhLg;gdT

ePjpgjpfs; xU kjpg;Gfukhd epiyikiag; NgZtjw;Fk; tho;f;if Kiwiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; jq;fSila FLk;gq;fis guhkhpg;gjw;Fk; Nghjpajhd xU
rk;gsj;ijg; ngw KbahJNghdhy; ,e;j nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;JifNahL ePjpgjpfisAk;
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfisAk; ,r; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;JifNahL KOikahf
xj;Jg;NghFk;gb vjpHghHg;gJ kpfTk; rpukkhdJ. gy ehLfspy; Mg;fhdp];jhd;>
fk;Nghbah> iygPhpah ,t;thW rpy ehLfspd; ngaHfisr; nrhd;dhy; mitfspy;
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfSk; ePjpgjpfSk; ,d;Dk; kpfTk; Fiwe;j rk;gsj;ijNa
ngWfpwhHfs;. mijAk; mtHfs; tpNrlkhf fpuhkg;gFjpfspy jhkjkhfNt
ngWfpwhHfs;.;> ,jdhy; jhd; ePjpgjpfSk; ePjpj;Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; VidNahUk;
ntsp tUkhdq;fis ePjpkd;w Ntiyfis nghWg;ngLg;gjw;fhd rl;lhPjpaw;w
fl;lzq;fs;> tof;F tprhuizfSf;fhd fl;lzq;fs; vd;gd mtHfspd; Ntiyapd;
xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jNghJk; mtHfs; ,jidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ nghJthfpapUf;fpwJ.
rpyH jpwe;j epiyapNy ,yQ;rk; thq;Ftijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

7. kpif epug;Gg; nghwpKiw

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fshdit epjpr; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif epHthfj;ij
mKy;gLj;Jifapy; ghprPypf;fg;gl Ntz;ba kpff; Fiwe;j Njitg;ghLfNs. MdhYk;
ePz;l fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,r; nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;jy; rl;lq;fs; kpfTk; jhf;fkhdjhf
khw;wg;gl;L mitfs; nghpa epWtd murpayikg;G nrad;Kiwahff; fhzg;gl;lhy;
mjw;nfd chpa tuT nryTj;jpl;l xJf;fPLfSk; nra;ag;gl;L ePjpj;Jiwf;fhd ts
Vw;ghLfSk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gapw;rp> kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd Ml;NrHg;G kw;Wk;
ePjpgjpfis gjtpAaHT toq;Fjy; vd;gdTk; xU njhopy;thz;ik tha;e;jJk;
nghWg;Gf;$wf;$baJkhd ePjpj;Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F cjTk;. xU
midj;Jklq;fpa nfhs;ifj; njhFg;ghdJ cUthf;fg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mjpy; kf;fs; jfty; gpurhuk;> tprpy; CJgtH ghJfhg;G vd;gd vy;yhk;
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;juq;fj;jd;ik kPjhd rl;lq;fs; Njrpa ghJfhg;G
jfty;fisg; ngWjy; vd;gdTk; ePjpgjpfspd; chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ,e;j
ntspg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiw rk;ge;jg;gl;l VidNahhpd; chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gJk;
Kd;Ndw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

INPROL ,e;j Nfs;tp rk;ge;jkhf cWg;gpdHfsplkpUe;J Nkyjpf tpkHrdq;fis

vjpHghHf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpe;jpa #oypy; ntw;wpfukhdJ vd
ep&gpf;fg;gl;l nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jifapd; epHthfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; kw;Wk;
Vida nrhj;J ntspg;gLj;Jif NtWgl;l kl;lq;fspd; nryTfs; juTfs; vd;gd
tuNtw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

41
 42

----------------------------------------------------------
Compilation of Resources:
This Consolidated Response draws from many of the following resources. All listed documents with a
hyperlink are uploaded to the INPROL Digital Library unless otherwise noted.

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL STANDARDS AND BEST PRACTICES

UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (1985)
UN Convention Against Corruption (2003)
The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct (2002)
UN Code of Conduct for Public Officials (1996)
Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (1999)
OECD Anti-Corruption Convention (1997)
Inter-American Convention against Corruption (1996)

42
 43

rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fSf;fhd elj;ij tpjpf; Nfhit

1979 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 17 Mk; jpfjp nghJr; rigj; jPh;khdk; 34/169 My;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
cWg;Giu 1
jkJ cah; njhopypdhy; Njitg;gLj;jgl;l nghWg;Gilikapd; cahpa jd;ikf;F
mikthf r%fj;Jf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjd; %yKk; rl;l Kuzhd nray;fSf;F
vjpuhf rfy egh;fisAk; ghJfhg;gjd; %yKk; rl;lj;jpdhy; mth;fs; kPJ
Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s flikia rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; ve;NeuKk; epth;j;jp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
tptuzk;
(m) ‘rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs;’ vd;Dk; gjkhdJ nghyp]; mjpfhuj;ij Fwpg;ghff;
ifJ nra;Ak; my;yJ jLj;J itf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;fpd;w
njhpTnra;ag;gl;lth;fNsh my;yJ epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fNshthd> rl;lj;jpd; rfy
mYtyh;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk;.
(M) nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fshdit ,uhZt mjpfhhpfspdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w
ehLfspy;> mth;fs; rPUilapy; ,Ug;gpDk; my;yJ ,y;yhJtpbDk;> my;yJ mur
ghJfhg;Gg; gilfs; Nghd;w mj;jifa Nritfspy; cs;Nshh; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
mjpfhhpfs; vd;Dk; tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLth;.
(,) r%fj;Jf;fhd Nrit vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fSf;F jdpg;gl;l>
nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; Vida mtruq;fspy; cldb cjtp NjitahfTs;s
fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;ghf cjtpf;fhd Nritfis toq;Ftij
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(<) ,t; Vw;ghlhdJ ntWkNd rfy td;Kiwahd> nfhs;isapLfpd;w> kw;Wk;
jPq;fhd nraw;ghLfis khj;jpuk; cs;slf;fhky; jz;lidr; rl;lq;fspd; fPohd
KOikahd jilfSf;Fk; tphpTgLfpd;wJ.
cWg;Giu 2
jkJ flikiag; Ghpifapy;> rl;l mOyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; kdpj nfsutj;Jf;F
kjpg;gspj;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; rfy egh;fspdJ kdpj chpikfisAk;
Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tptuzk;
(m) Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jk; kdpj chpikfshdit Njrpa kw;wk; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jhy;
milahsq; fhzg;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghUj;jkhd rh;tNjr
rl;lthf;fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; midj;Jyf kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk;> Fbapay;
kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; kPjhd rh;tNjrf; fl;LWj;J> rpj;jputij kw;Wk;
Vida nfhLukhd> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w> juf;Fiwthd> ifahSif my;yJ
jz;lidf;F cs;shf;fg;gLtjw;F vjpuhd gpufldk;> rfy tpjkhd ,dg;
ghugl;rq;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk;> rfy
tpjkhd ,dg; ghugl;rq;fisAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd rkthak;> epwf;
Fw;wj;Jf;fhd jz;lid kw;Wk; mjid ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd
rh;tNjrf;fl;LWj;J> ,dg;gLnfhiy Fw;wj;ij jLg;gjw;Fk; jz;bg;gjw;Fkhd
rkthak;> rpiwf;ifjpfis ifahStjw;fhd epak Mff;Fiwe;j tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpu cwTfs; kPjhd tpad;dh rkthak; vd;gdTk; mlq;Fk;.
(M) ,t; Vw;ghl;Lf;fhd Njrpa tptuzq;fs;> ,t;Thpikfis milahsq;
fhZfpd;wJk; ghJfhf;fpd;wJkhd gpuhe;jpa my;yJ Njrpa Vw;ghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

cWg;Giu 3
kpff;fLikahfj; Njitg;gLk; NghJk; kw;Wk; mth;fSila flikia epiwNtw;wj;
Njitg;gLfpd;w msTf;F kl;LNk rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; gyhj;fhuj;ijg;
gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.
tptuzk;
(m) rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fspdhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; gyj;jpd; msT
fl;lhakhf tpjptpyf;fhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,t;Ntw;ghL

43
 44

typAWj;Jfpd;wJ; Fw;wnkhd;iwj; jLg;gjw;fhf my;yJ Fw;wthspfis my;yJ

Fw;wthspfs; vd;W re;Njfpf;fg;gLgth;fisf; rl;l hPjpahff; ifJ nra;Ak;
my;yJ mjw;F cjTk; re;jh;g;gq;fspd; fPo; epahakhd Njitg;ghL xd;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;
mNjNtisapy; ghtpf;fg;gl;l gyj;Jf;fg;ghy; nry;yf; $lhJ.
(M) rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gij tpfpjhrhuk; vd;Dk;
Nfhl;ghL xd;Wf;F mikthf Njrpar; rl;lk; rhjhuzkhfj; jil nra;fpd;wJ.
tpfpjhrhuk; njhlh;ghd mj;jifa Nfhl;ghLfs; mt; Vw;ghl;ilg; nghUs;
Nfhly; nra;ifapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;
$banjhd;whFk;. Milag;gl Ntz;ba newpKiwahd ,yf;F xd;Wf;F
tpfpjhrhukpy;yhj gyg;gpuNahfj;ij mq;fPfhpg;gjw;fhf ve;jnthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk;
,t;Ntw;ghl;bidg; nghUs;Nfhly; nra;jyhfhJ.
(,) RLfyd;fis cgNahfpg;gJ vd;gJ mjPj topnahd;whff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf rpWth;fSf;F vjpuhf RLfyd;fis cgNahfpg;gij tpyf;Ftjw;F
xt;nthU Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf> re;Njfj;Jf;Fhpa
Fw;wthspnahUth; MAj vjph;g;igj; njhptpj;jhnyhopa my;yJ NtWtifapy;
Vidath;fspd; caph;fis Mgj;Jf;Fs;shf;FtJld; kw;Wk; re;Njfj;Jf;Fhpa
Fw;wthspnahUtiu fl;Lg;gLj;j my;yJ ifJ nra;a Fiwe;jsthd
topkiwfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhj epiy jtph;e;j Vida re;jh;gq;fspy;
RLfyd;fs; cgNahfpf;fg;glyhfhJ. RLfyndhd;W gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;w
xt;nthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk;> nghWg;G tha;e;j mjpfhhpfSf;f tphpthd
mwpf;ifnahd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cWg;Giu 4
rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfspd; clikapy; cs;s ,ufrpaj; jd;ik tha;e;j
tplaq;fs; flikia ntspg;gLj;Jifapy; my;yj NtW tifapy; ePjpahdJ
fLikahfj; Njitg;gLj;jpdhnyhopa ,ufrpakhf Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tptuzk;
mth;fSila flikfspd; jd;ikapy;> kw;iwath;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if my;yJ
mf;fiwfSf;F> tpNrlkhf kjpg;Gf;F Fwpg;ghf CW tpistpf;fpd;w rk;ge;jkhd
jfty;fis rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; ngwyhk;. flikia ntspg;gLj;Jifapy;
my;yJ ePjpapd; Njitfisd; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F khj;jpuNk mj;jifa jftiy
cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cWg;Giu 5
rpj;jputij my;yJ nfh^uk;> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w> my;yJ juf;Fiwthd elhj;Jif
my;yJ jz;lid njhlh;ghd VNjDk; nraYf;F fhuzkhfNth> J}z;LtjhfNth
my;yJ nghWj;Jf; nfhs;tjhfNth my;yJ my;yJ Nkyjpfhhpapd; fl;lisia rl;l
mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; epiwNtw;wyhk; my;yJ Aj;jr;#o;epiy my;yJ
Aj;jnkhd;Wf;fhd mr;RWjj;jy;> Njrpag;ghJfhg;Gf;fhd mr;RWj;jnyhd;W> cs;sf
murpay; ];jpukpd;ik my;yJ NtW VNjDk; nghJ mtruk; Kjyhd tpjptpyf;fhd
#o;epiyfisNah ve;jnthU rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpAk; rpj;jputij my;yJ
nfh^uk;> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w> my;yJ juf;Fiwthd elhj;Jif my;yJ jz;lidf;F
epahag;gLj;j KbahJ.

tptuzk;
(m) ,k;kl;Lg;ghlhdJ nghJr;rigahy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rpj;jputij my;yJ
nfh^uk;> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w> my;yJ juf;Fiwthd elhj;Jif my;yJ
jz;lidf;F cs;shtjpypUe;J rfy egh;fisAk; ghJfhf;fpd;w
gpufldj;jpypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb:
“(mj;jifanjhU nrayhdJ) kdpj nfsutj;Jf;F chpa Fw;wnkhd;Wld;
If;fpa ehLfs; rig gll;aj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis epuhfhpf;fpd;w xd;W vd;w
tifapYk; midj;Jyf kdpj chpikfs; gpufldj;jpy; (kw;Wk; Vida
rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; Mtzq;fspYk;) $wg;gl;l kdpj chpikfspdJk;

44
 45

mbg;gilr Rje;jpuq;fspdJk; kPwnyhd;W vd;w tifapy; fl;lhakhf

fz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;bajkhFk;”.
(M) gpufldkhdJ rpj;jputijia gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ:
“… cly; hPjpahfNth my;yJ cs hPjpahfNth Ntz;Lnkd;Nw my;yJ
gfpuq;f mYtyhpd; Kd;dpiyapy; mthplkpUe;J my;yj %d;whk; eghplkpUe;J
jftiy mt;tJ Fw;w Xg;Gjynyhd;iw ngWk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> mth; Ghpe;j
my;yJ Ghpe;jjhf re;Njfg;gLfpd;w mtuhy; nra;ag;gl;l nraYf;fhf my;yJ
mtiu my;yJ kw;wth;fis mr;RWj;Jtjw;fhf nra;ag;gLk; Ntjidia
my;yJ Jd;gj;ij jUtjhd nranyhd;W rpj;jputij vd;w nghUs;gLk;. ,J
typ my;yJ ntWkNd cs;shh;e;j my;yJ jw;nrayhd> ifjpfisf;
ifahStjw;fhd Mff; Fiwe;j epak tpjpfSld; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;w
rl;lhPjpahd jz;lidfis cs;slf;fhJ.”
(,) ‘nfh^uk; > kdpjhgpkhdkw;w my;yJ juf;Fiwthd ifahSif my;yJ
jz;lid’ vd;Dk; gjkhdJ nghJr; rigahy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;glhj
NghjpYk; cly; kw;Wk; csj; J\;gpuNahfq;fSf;F vjpuhd rhj;jpakhd
ghJfhg;Gf;fis cl;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;Nfhly;
nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
cWg;Giu 6
rl;l mOyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs; mth;fSila ghJfhtypy; ,Uf;Fk; egh;fspd;
MNuhf;fpaj;Jf;F KOg;ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; Fwpg;ghf
Njitg;gLk;NghJ kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;ig toq;Ftj;fk; cldb eltbf;if vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
tptuzk;
(m) mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l kUj;Jt nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;> ,uhZt kUj;Jth;fs;
cs;slq;fyhd VNjDk; itj;jpauhy; toq;fg;gLk; ‘kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;G’
Njitahd NghJ my;yJ mtrpakhd NghJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(M) rl;l mOyhf;fy; eltbf;ifapy; itj;jpah;fSk; cs;sPh;f;fg;glj;jf;fjhd
mNjNtisapy;; rl;l mOyhf;fy; eltbf;iff;F ntspapy; cs;s itj;jpa
epGzh;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; nghUj;jkhd rpfpr;irapd; Clhf my;yJ
fye;jhNyhridAld;> jkJ fhtypy; cs;s mj;jifa egh;fs; kPjhd
fzpg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(,) rl;l kPwy;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; my;yJ rl;l kPwy;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l
tpgj;Jf;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhd kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;igAk; rl;l
mOyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; cWjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gJ tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.
cWg;Giu 7
rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; Coy; njhlh;ghd ve;jnthU nraw;ghl;bYk;
<LgljyhfhJ. mj;jifa rfy nraw;ghLfSf;F vjpuhfTk; xopf;fTk; mth;fs;
fLikahf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tptuzk;
(m) Coypd; vNjDk; nraw;ghL> mNj Nghd;W NtW VNjDk; mjpfhu
J\;gpuNahfk; vd;git rl;l mOyhf;fy; mYtyh;fSf;F nghUe;jhjitahFk;.
jkJ nrhe;j Kfth;fSf; nfjpuhf my;yJ jkJ Kftuikg;Gf;fSf;Fs;
rl;lj;ij Kiwahf mKy;g;gLj;jhJ tpbd; murhq;fq;fshy; jkJ
gpui[fspilNa mKy;g;gLj;j KbahJ my;yJ mKy;g;gLj;j Kbahky;
NghFk; vd;w tifapy; Coy; Ghpfpd;w rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fSf;F
vjpuhf rl;lkhdJ KOikahf mKy;g;gLjj;g;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(M) Coy; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzkhdJ Njrpar; rl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;w
mNjNtis> xUtUila flikfis epiwtw;WtJ njhlh;gpy;> ghpRfs;>
thf;FWjpfsd;> nfhLg;gdTfs; Nfhug;gl;l my;yJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
my;yJ xUKiw mr; nray; nra;ag;gl;ljhf my;yJ tplg;gl;ljhf tpioahd
mDkjpg;ig toq;fy; %yk; nraw;ghl;il epiwNw;Wtjpy; nra;if my;yJ
nra;ahik fhzg;gLfpd;wikiaAk; cs;slf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

45
 46

(,) “Coy; nraw;ghL” vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpj;j Coy; mbg;gilapy; Ghpe;J

nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;.

cWg;Giu 8
rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; rl;lj;ijAk; jw;Nghija NfhitiaAk; fl;lhak;
kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mth;fs; jkJ ,aYikapd; cr;r mstpy; mtw;wpy; VNjDk;
kPwiy fLikahf vjph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
jw;Nghija Nfhit njhlh;gpy; VnjDk; kPwy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhf my;yJ cldbahd
,lk;ngwTs;sjhf ek;Gtjw;fhd fhuzk; cs;s rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs;
mth;fSila NkyjpfhhpfSf;Fk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ kPsha;tjw;fhd my;yJ
epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s nghUj;jkhd Vida
mjpfhhpfs; my;yJ mikg;GfSf;Fk; mt;tplaj;ij mwpf;ifaply; Ntz;Lk;.

tptuzk;
(m) ,f;NfhitahdJ Njrpa rl;lthf;fj;Jf;Fs; my;yJ nrad;Kiwf;Fs;
cs;sPh;f;fg;glbUf;Fk; NghJ mtjhdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;lk;. rl;lthf;fk; my;yJ
nrad;Kiwapy; jw;NghJs;s Nfhitia tpl ,Wf;fkhd Vw;ghLfs;
cs;slf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mj;jifa ,Wf;fkhd Vw;ghLfSk;
mtjhdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(M) xU Gwk; nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;G nghpJk; jq;fpAs;s Kfthpd; cs;sf
xOf;fhw;Wf;Fk; kWGwk; mbg;gil kdpj chpikfspd; kPwy;fSld;
ifahSfpd;w Njitf;Fk; ,ilapy; rkepinahd;iwg; NgZtjw;f ,t;thtzk;
KaYfpd;wJ. rl;l mKyhf;fy; mYtyh;fs; kPwy;fs; njhlh;gpy; fl;lisapd;
rq;fpypf;Fk; khj;jpuNk nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; NtW VNjDk;
epthuzq;fs; fpilf;f Kbahj ,y;yJ nraw;ghby;yhj re;jh;g;gq;fspy; kl;LNk
fl;lisr; rq;fpypf;F ntspapy; Vida rl;l eltbf;fifis vLf;fyhk;.
,f;Nfhitapy; kPwnyhd;W ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ my;yJ cldbahf
,lk;ngwTs;sJ vd;W mwpf;ifapl;l fhuzj;Jf;fhf rl;l mKyhf;fy;
mYtyh;fs; epUthf my;yJ Vida jz;lq;fshy; Jd;GWj;jg;glyhfhJ
vd;gJ tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhFk;.
(,) ‘kPsha;tjw;fhd my;yJ epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s
nghUj;jkhd Vida mjpfhhpfs; my;yJ mikg;Gfs;’ vd;Dk; gjkhdJ
,f;Nfhitapd gug;Gf;Fs; vOfpd;w kPwy;fs; kPjhd Kiwg;ghLfisAk;
mf;fiwfisAk; kPsha;tjw;fhd epajpr;rl;l> tof;fhw;W> my;yJ
kPsha;tjw;fhd NtW VNjDk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s Njrpar; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
nraw;gLfpd;w> mJ rl;l mKyhf;fy; KftUf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;w cs;sf
mikg;ghapDk; my;yJ Rje;jpukhdNjh Md VnjDk; mjpfhhp my;yJ
mikg;G MFk;.
(<) rpy ehLfspy;> cgge;jp ‘,’apy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;Wf;F xj;jjhd Kiwg;ghL
kPsha;Tr; nraw;ghLfis Clfq;fs; Ghpfpd;wd. MfNt rl;l mKyhf;fy;
mjpfhhpfs;> jkJ nrhe;j ehLfSila rl;lq;fs; tof;fhWfs; kw;Wk;
jw;Nghija Nfhitapd; cWg;Giu 4 f;Fk; mikthf Clfq;fspD}lhf
nghJkf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L nry;yyhk;.
(c) ,f;Nfhitapd; Vw;ghLfSld; xj;jpzq;Ffpd;w rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhhpfs;
rl;l mKyhf;fy; njhopy; Nghd;Nw r%fj;jpdJk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kfthpd;
KOikahd MjuitAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; ngWfpd;w khpahijf;Fhpath;fs;
Mth;.

46
 47

tof;FiuQh;fspd; tfpgq;F gw;wpa topfhl;b tpjpfs;

1990 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 27 Mk; jpfjp njhlf;fk; nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 7 Mk;
jpfjp tiu fpA+ghtpy; cs;s `thdhtpy; ,lk;ngw;w Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk;
Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd vl;lhtJ If;fpa ehLfs; fhq;fpurpdhy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ePjp epiyehl;lg;glf; $bajhd epakq;fspid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mth;fSila kd
cWjpAld;> ,jdpilNa ,d> ghy;> nkhop my;yJ rkag; ghugl;rq;fspd;wp kdpj
chpikfSf;Fk;; mbg;gilr; Rje;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd kjpg;ig Kd;Ndw;WtjpYk;;
cw;rhfg;gLj;JtjpYk; rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;ig miltij jkJ Nehf;fq;fSf;Fs;
xd;whf gpufldg;gLj;jp If;fpa ehLfs; gl;laj;jpy;> ,t;Tyfpy; cs;s kf;fs;
cWjpg;gLj;jpajhifahy;>
fsq;fkw;w jd;ik gw;wpa Cfj;ijAk;> Rje;jpukhdJk; ghugl;rkw;wJkhd
Mizf;FOnthd;wpdhy; ePjpahdJk; gfpuq;fkhdJkhd tprhuizf;fhd
chpikiaAk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;ghd rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; midj;Jyf kdpj
chpikfs; gpufldk; njhlh;eJ ghJfhf;fpd;wjhifahy
mj;jifa Nfhl;ghLfshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w njhiyNehf;fpw;Fk; cz;ikahd
#o;epiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;e;Jk; ,ilntspnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wjhifahy;>
ePjpia epUtfpg;gjpy; tof;FiuQh;fs; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tfpgq;if
tfpf;fpd;wikahYk; kw;Wk; mth;fSila Kf;fpakhd nghWg;Gilikfis
epiwNtw;WtJ njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; mth;fsJ khpahijia fl;lhak; Kd;Ndw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; Nkw;Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghLfSld; nghUe;jpr; nry;Ytjd; fhuzkhfTk;
ePjpahdJk; xg;GuthdJkhf Fw;wtpay; ePjpKiw kw;Wk; Fw;wj;Jf;F vjpuhf
Fbkf;fspd; tpidj;jpwdhd ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;wpy; gq;fspj;jjhifahy;>
Ml;Nrh;g;G kw;Wk; rl;l kw;Wk; njhopy; rhh; gapw;rpapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j
KiwikfspD}lhfTk;> kw;Wk; Fw;wtpaiy xopg;gjpy; mth;fspd; tfpgq;fpy; rhpahd
nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;fhd rfy rhj;jpag;ghlhd topKiwikfSf;$lhfTk;
tof;FiuQh;fs; mth;fSila nraw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd njhopy; rhh;
jifikfis nfhz;bUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpakhifahy;>
Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk; Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd Ie;jhtJ If;fpa
ehLfs; fhq;fpurpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; mbg;gilapy; 1979 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 17
Mk; jpfjpad;W jd;Dila jPh;khdk; ,yf;fk; 34/169 khf rl;l mKyhf;fy;
mYtyh;fSf;fhd elj;ij tpjpf; Nfhitahf nghJr; rig Vw;Wf;nfhz;l tifapy;>
ePjpgjpfspdJk; njhptpdJk; Rje;jpuj;jd;ik> njhopy;rhh; gapw;rp> kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfspdJk;
tof;FiuQh;fspdJk; me;j];J Mfpatw;iw mjd; Kd;Dhpikfspy; xd;whf
cs;slf;Fk;gb Fw;wj;jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL gw;wpa Mizf;FOtpw;F miog;G
tpLj;J Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk; Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd MwhtJ
If;fpa ehLfs; fhq;fpurpd; 16 tJ jPh;khdj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy;>
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk; Fw;wthspfisf;
ifahSjYk; kPjhd VohtJ If;fpa ehLfs; fhq;fpurpdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L
njhlh;e;J 1985 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjj;jpy; nghJr;rigahy; mjDila 40/32 Mk;
,yf;fj;jPh;khdkhfTk; 1985 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 13 Mk; jpfjp mjDila
40/146 ,yf;fj;jPh;khdkhfTk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapYk;>
Fw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhd ePjpapd;
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd gpufldkhdJ ePjp kw;Wk; epahakhd elhj;Jif>
tpLjiy> e\;l<L kw;Wk; Fw;wj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F cjtp vd;gdtw;iw
mZtjw;F rh;tNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; vLf;fg;glNtz;ba topKiwfis
rpghhpR nra;fpd;wikahYk;>
tof;FiuQh;fspd; me;j];Jk; njhopy; rhh;gapw;rpAk;> njhpT> Fw;wtpay; ePjp
Kiwikapd; RKfkhd nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd mth;fSila gq;fspg;G kw;Wk;
nghypRldhd xj;Jiog;G> mth;fsJ jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fSf;fhd gug;ngy;iy>
kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; elgbapy; mth;fspd; tfpgq;F>kw;Wk; vjph;fhy If;fpa ehLfs;
fhq;fpuRfSf;F mwpf;ifapLjy; Nghd;wit njhlh;ghd topfhl;bfSf;fhd

47
 48

Njitfis fUj;jpy; vLf;FkhW FOit VohtJ fhq;fpurpd; 7 tJ jPh;khdj;jpy;

Nfhhpa tifapYk;>
Fw;wtpay; elgbfspy; tpidj;jpwd;> ghugl;rkpd;ik> tof;FiuQh;fspd; Neh;ik
Mfpatw;iw ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fkhd mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; flikfspy;
cjtp nra;tjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s> fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topfhl;b tpjpfs;>
murhq;fq;fspdhy; mtw;wpd; Njrpa rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwapd;
gug;ngy;iyf;Fs; kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;L ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLtJld;> tof;FiuQh;fspd;
ftdj;Jf;Fk; nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mNj Nghd;W ePjpgjpfs;>
rl;lj;juzpfs;> eph;thfj;Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd;
mq;fj;jth;fs; Nghd;w egh;fSf;F Kd;Dk; nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;. gfpuq;f
tof;FiuQh;fis fUj;jpy; vLj;J Muk;gj;jpy; topfhl;b tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
NghjpYk;> mit rkj;Jtkhf gpuNahfpf;fg;glj;jf;fit vd;gJld; nghUj;jkhd
tifapy; Fwpj;j Nehf;fpy; epakpf;fg;gLk; tof;FiuQh;fSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhditahFk;.
jfikfs;> njhpT kw;Wk; gapw;rp
1. tof;FiuQh;fshfj; njhpT nra;ag;gLk; egh;fs; Kiwikahd gapw;rp kw;Wk;
jifikfSld; Nkd;ikAk; jpwikAk; cilath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. muRfs; fl;lhakhf:

(m) ghugl;rk; my;yJ ePjpaw;w jd;ik vd;gdtw;wpw;F vjpuhd

ghJfhg;GfSlDk; tof;FiuQh; gzpf;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLk; mNgl;rfh;
fUj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ehl;bd; gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vdg;gLtJ ghugl;rkhf fUjg;glyhfhJ vd;gJ jtph;e;j ,dk;> th;zk;>
ghy;> nkhop> rkak;> murpay; my;yJ NtW mgpg;gpuhak;> Njrpak;> r%f
my;yJ ,d %yj;jd;ikapy;> Mjdk;> gpwg;G> nghUshjhuk; my;yJ
NtW me;j];J vd;gdtw;wpd; kPjhd ghugl;rj;ij tpyf;fpAk;
tof;FiuQh;fis njhpT nra;Ak; Kiwik ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk;;

(M) tof;FiuQh;fs; nghUj;jkhd fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rpiaf; nfhz;L

,Ug;gJld; Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l kdpj
chpikfisAk; mbg;gilr; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; kw;Wk; re;Njf
egh;fSf;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; epajpr;
rl;lg; ghJfhg;ig gw;wpAk; jkJ gjtp gw;wpAk; xOf;ff; flikfs;
kw;Wk; cahpa jd;ikfs; Fwpj;jhd tpopg;Gzh;T Cl;lg;gl;bUf;fTk;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

me;j];Jk; Nritf;fhd epge;jidfSk;

3. ePjp eph;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpakd Kfth;fshd tof;FiuQh;fs;> jkJ cah;

njhopypd; nfsutj;ijAk; khpahijiaAk; vg;nghOJk; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

48
 49

4. mr;RWj;jy;> ,ilA+W> njhy;iy> Kiwaw;w jiyaPL my;yJ

epahag;gLj;jKbahj Fbapay; ntspg;gLj;Jif> jz;lid my;yJ NtW
nghWg;G vd;git ,y;yhky; tof;FiuQh;fs; jkJ njhopy; rhh; nraw;ghLfis
epiwNtw;Wtij muRfs; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5. tof;Fiuj;jy; nraw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; tpisthf mth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l

ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk; NghJ tof;FiuQh;fSk; mth;fSila
FLk;gq;fSk; fl;lhakhf mjpfhhpfspdhy; ngsjPfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

6. tof;FiuQh;fspd; Nritf;fhd epahakhd epge;jidfs;> NghJkhd

nfhLg;gdTfs;> kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd jUzq;fspy; gjtpf;fhyk;> Xa;T+jpak;
kw;Wk; Xa;Tf;fhd taJ Nghd;wit rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ tpjpfs; my;yJ xOq;F tpjpfshy; gpuRhpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

7. tof;FiuQh;fspd; gjtpAah;thdJ> mj;jifanjhU Kiwik nraw;ghl;by;

cs;s nghOJ Fwpg;ghf njhopy; rhh; jifikfs;> ,aYik> fPh;j;jp kw;Wk;
mDgtk; Nghd;w Gwk; rhh; fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapYk; Neh;ikahdJk;
ghugl;rkw;wJkhd elgbfSf;F mikthfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl ntz;Lk;.

fUj;J ntspapLtjw;Fk; xd;W $Ltjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuk;

8. Vida gpui[fisg; NghyNt tof;FiuQh;fSk; fUj;J ntspapLk;> ek;gpf;if>

xd;W $Lk; kw;Wk; xUq;F Nrh;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;Jf;F chpj;Jilath;fs;.
Fwpg;ghf mth;fs; rl;lk;> ePjp epUthfk;> kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gk;
Kd;Ndw;wKk; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fspy; gfpuq;f fye;Jiuahly;fspy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd chpikiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gJld; cs;Sh;>
Njrpa my;yJ rh;tNjr mikg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,iztjw;Fk; kw;Wk;
mth;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; rl;lG+h;tkhd mikg;nghd;wpy;
cs;s mth;fspd; mq;fj;Jtk; my;yJ mth;fSila rl;lG+h;tkhd nraw;ghL
fhuzkhf njhopy;rhh; gpujp$yq;fSf;F cs;shfhky; ,Ug;gjw;f
chpj;Jilath;fs; Mth;. ,t;Thpikfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy;> tof;FiuQh;fs;
rl;lj;JlDk;> jkJ cah; njhopypd; mq;fPfhpf;fg;;gl;l epakq;fSlDk;
xOf;ftpjpfSlDk; mth;fis xj;jpzq;fpr; nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;.

9. tof;FiuQh;fs; jkJ njhopy;rhh; gapw;rpia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; jkJ

me;j];ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; njhopy;rhh; mikg;Gf;fspy; my;yJ mth;fSila
mf;fiwfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; NtW mikg;Gfspy; ,iztjw;Fk;
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; chpj;Jilath;fs;.

Fw;wtpay; elgbfspy; tfpgq;F

49
 50

10. tof;FiuQh;fspd; mYtyfkhdJ fl;lhakhf ePjpj;Jiwr; nraw;ghLfspypUe;J

NtWgLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

11. tof;Fiufis Muk;gpg;gJ kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l rkaj;jpy;

my;yJ cs;Sh; eilKiwAld; xj;Jr; nry;Yk; tifapy; Fw;wg;Gydha;T>
,j;jifa Gydha;Tfspd; rl;lj;jd;ik kPjd Nkw;ghh;it> ePjpkd;w
cj;juTfis epiwNtw;Wjy; njhlh;ghd Nkw;ghh;it> kw;Wk; nghJ
mf;fiwapd; gpujpepjpfs; vd;w tifapy; NtW nraw;ghLfs; cs;slq;fyhf
Fw;w elgbfspy; tof;FiuQh;fs; nraw;ghlhd tfpgq;if tfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

12. rl;lj;Jf;F mikthf> tof;FiuQh;fs; jkJ flikfis ePjpahf>

Kuz;ghbd;wpAk; kw;Wk; JhpjkhfTk; kw;Wk; kdpj nfsutj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;Jk;
kdpj chpikfis epiyehl;bAk;> fl;lhakhf epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk;
Fw;wtpay; ePjpKiwikapd; RKfkhd nraw;ghl;ilAk; nrad;KiwiaAk;
cWjpg;gLj;j gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

13. jkJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; tof;FiuQh;fs; fl;lhakhf:

(m) jkJ flikfis ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; murpay;> r%f> rka> ,d> fyhr;rhu>

ghy;epiy> my;yJ NtW tpjkhd ghugl;rq;fisj; jtph;j;J Kd;ndLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(M) re;Njf egUf;F mit mD$ykhdjh my;yJ gpujp$ykhdjh vd;gijg;
nghUl;gLj;jhJ nghJ mf;fiwia ghJfhj;jy;> Fwpf;NfhSld; nraw;gLjy;>
re;Njf eghpdJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpdJk; epiy njhlh;gpy; rhpahff;
ftdj;jpnyLg;gJld;> njhlh;Gila midj;J #o;epiyfspYk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jjy;.
(,) flikapid epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf my;yJ ePjpapd; NjitfSf;fhftd;wp jkJ
clikapy; cs;s tplaq;fis ,ufrpakhf itj;jpUj;jy;.
(<) ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila jdpg;gl;l eyd;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mth;fspd;
mf;fiwfisAk; fz;Nzhl;lq;fisAk; ftdj;jpnyLg;gJld; Fw;wk; kw;Wk;
mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;fhd ePjpapd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd gpufldj;Jf;fikthf mrth;fspd; chpikfs; Fwpj;J
mth;fSf;F jftyspf;fg;gl;ljh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
14. Fw;wkhdJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy vdf; fhl;Lfpd;w ghugl;rkhd
Gyd;tprhuiznahd;wpd; NghJ tof;FiuQh;fs; mjid Muk;gpf;fNth my;yJ
tof;F tprhuizia nfhz;L elj;jNth my;yJ elgbfis elj;j xt;nthU
Kaw;rpnaLf;fNth $lhJ.

15. Coy;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk;> kdpj chpikfs; kPjhd ghhpa kPwy;fs; kw;Wk;
rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;jhYk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJkhd my;yJ
cs;Sh; eilKiwAld; nghUe;jhj Vida Fw;wq;fs; vd;git gfpuq;f
mYtyh;fspdhy; Ghpag;gl;Ls;s NghJ mj;jifa Fw;wq;fs; kPjhd Gyd;
tprhuizapy; tof;FiuQh;fs; chpa ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

50
 51

16. re;Njf egh;fSf;F vjpuhf rhd;Wfis tof;FiuQh;fs; clikapy;

nfhz;Ls;sNghJ> re;Njf egh;fspd; kdpj chpikfspy; mJ ghhpa kPwiy
cUthf;Ffpd;w> Fwpg;ghf rpj;jputij my;yJ nfhLuj;jd;ik> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w
my;yJ juf;Fiwthd elhj;Jif my;yJ jz;lid> my;yJ kdpj
chpikfspd; NtW VNjDk; kPwy;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s rl;lhPjpaw;w
topKiwfspy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lit vd;gij epahakhd fhuzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; mwpAk; NghJ my;yJ ek;Gk; NghJ mj;jifa
rhd;wpid mj;jifa Kiwikfis cgNahfpj;jtUf;F vjpuhftd;wp ghtpf;f
kWf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F njhpag;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
mj;jifa Kiwfis ghtpj;jth;fis rl;lj;Jf;F Kd; epWj;Jtjw;fhd
nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jw;WzpGr; nraw;ghLfs;

17. tof;FiuQh;fSf;F jw;WzpG mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ehLfspy;> rl;lk;

my;yJ gpuRhpf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; my;yJ xOq;F tpjpfs; vd;git
tof;Fiuapyp;ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ mikg;G cs;slq;fyhf tof;F
tprhuizr; nraw;ghl;bd; KbntLf;Fk; mZFKiwapy; xj;j jd;ikiaAk;
Neh;ikiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;bfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

tof;Fiuf;fhd khw;Wf;fs;

18. ,aw;ifr; rl;lj;Jf;F mikthf> re;Njf egh;(fs;) kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;;(fs;)

cila chpikfSf;F KOkjpg;gspj;J tof;Fiuia tpyf;fpf; nfhs;tJ>
elgbfis epge;jidfSld; my;yJ epge;jidapd;wp ,ilepWj;JtJ> my;yJ
Kiwikahd ePjpKiwapypUe;J Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis jpUg;GtJ njhlh;gpy;
tof;FiuQh;fs; chpa ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf>
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; msTf;fjpfkhd Rikfisf; Fiwg;gJ kl;Lky;yhJ tof;Ff;F
Kd;duhd jLj;Jitg;G> rpiw kw;Wk; jz;lid mt;thNw rpiwj;jz;lidapd;
rhj;jpakhd vjph;kiw tpisTfisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; khw;W Kiwikfis
cs;thq;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfis muRfs; KOikahff; fz;lwpa
Ntz;Lk;.

19. rpWtnuhUtiu tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;Jtjh my;yJ ,y;yiyah vd;gjw;fhd

jPh;khdj;ij vLg;gjw;fhd jw;WzpGr; nraw;ghLfs; tof;FiuQh;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ehLfspy; Fw;wj;jpd; ghuJ}uj;jd;ik> r%fg;ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
MSik kw;Wk; rpWthpd; gpd;dzpf;F tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa jPh;khdj;ij vLf;ifapy;> nghUj;jkhd rpWth; ePjpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
elgbfSf;fhd fpilf;fj;jf;fjhd khw;Wf;fs; Fwpj;J tof;FiuQh;fs;
Fwpg;ghf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. fLikahf Njitg;gLk; msTf;f kl;LNk
rpWth;fSf;F vjpuhd Kw;ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;fhd
mth;fSila rpwe;j Kaw;rpfis tof;FiuQh;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

51
 52

Vida murhq;f Kfth;fs; my;yJ mikg;GfSldhd cwTfs;

20. tof;Fiuapd; Neh;ikapidAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf>
tof;FiuQh;fs;> nghyp];> ePjpkd;wq;fs;> rl;l cah; njhopy;> nghJg;
ghJfhtyh;fs; kw;Wk; Vida murhq;f Kfth;fs; my;yJ mikg;GfSld;
xj;Jiof; Ntz;Lk;.

xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;

21. tof;FiuQh;fspd; xOf;fhw;W Fw;wq;fs; rl;lk; my;yJ rl;lhPjpahd

xOq;Ftpjpfspdbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. njhopy;rhh; epakq;fSf;fg;ghy;
mth;fs; nraw;gl;lhh;fs; vdr; rhh;j;Jfpd;w tof;FiuQh;fSf;nfjpuhd
Kiwg;ghLfs;> Neh;ikahfTk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk; Kiwahd elgbfspd; fPo;
elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Neh;ikahd tpsf;fj;Jf;fhd chpikia tof;FiuQh;fs;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,k;KbthdJ jdpg;gl;l kPsha;Tf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;.

22. tof;FiuQh;fSf;nfjpuhd xOf;fhw;W elgbfs; Gwk; rhh; kjpg;gPl;ilAk;

KbitAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mit rl;lj;Jf;F> njhopy;rhh; elj;ijf;
Nfhit kw;Wk; Vida Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epakq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;F tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; jw;Nghija topfhl;bfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikthfj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

topfhl;bfs; kPjhd mtjhdpg;G

23. tof;FiuQh;fs; jw;Nghija topfhl;bfSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs;

jkJ rf;jpapd; cr;r mstpy;> mjw;nfjpuhd VnjDk; kPwy;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;
jLf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.

24. jw;Nghija topfhl;bfs; njhlh;gpy; VnjDk; kPwy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhf my;yJ

cldbahd ,lk;ngwTs;sjhf ek;Gtjw;fhd fhuzk; cs;s tof;FiuQh;fs;
mth;fSila NkyjpfhhpfSf;Fk; Njitg;gLk; NghJ kPsha;tjw;fhd my;yJ
epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s nghUj;jkhd Vida
mjpfhhpfs; my;yJ mikg;GfSf;Fk; mt;tplaj;ij mwpf;ifaply; Ntz;Lk;.

52
 53

rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhupfspd; MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; njhlHghd

mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;;
rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; NritahdJ kpf juk;tha;e;j r%f Nritahf
,Ug;gjdhy; mjid nfhz;L ehj;jTk; Njitahd NghJ ,e;j mjpfhupfspd;
epiyikiaAk; juj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; Njitg;ghL ,Ug;gjdhYk;
rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;Fk; mtHfsJ capUf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;
Vw;gLNkahdhy; mJ rKfj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;fhd mr;RWj;jyhfNt ghHf;fg;gLtjdhYk;
midj;Jyf kdpj cupik gpufldk; kw;Wk; rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd
rHtNjr rkthaj;jpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU egupd; ghJfhg;G> Rje;jpuk;>
tho;Tf;fhd Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhg;gjpy; Kf;fpa tfpgq;F rl;l mKyhf;fy;
cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F ,Ug;gjdhYk;
rpiwf;fhty; cj;jpaNahfj;jHfs; jkJ flikapid nra;fpd;wNghJ rpiwf;ifjpfis
fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kpff;Fiwe;j xOq;Ftpjpj; juj;jpw;Nfw;g ,Ug;gjdhYk;
rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;fhd elj;ijf;Nfhit tiuG ,y 3y;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sthwhd mjpfhuq;fis kpff; fl;lhakhf Njitg;gLk;
re;jHg;gq;fspYk; jkJ flikapid nfhz;L elhj;j mj;jpatrpkhtjdhy; rl;l
mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gad;gLj;jKbAk; vd;wpUg;gjdhYk;
,j;jhypapy; ntnwd;dh efupy; Fw;wr;nray; jLg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;ltHfis elj;Jiff;fhfntd elhj;jg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; rhrdj;jpd;
Kd;Ndw;ghl;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfshy;;
MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahf fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gjdhYk;
rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhupfspdy; MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfkhdJ kdpj
cupikia kjpf;ff;$batifapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjid 7tJ fhq;fpu]pd; 14tJ
jPHkhdj;jpy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;J Fwpg;gpLtjhYk;
nghUshjhu r%f MNyhrid rigahdJ mjd; 1986/10 ,Yk; 1986 Nk khjk; 21k;
jPHkhdj;jpy; gpupT IX ,Yk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; mjpfhupfspdy; MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk;
gyg;gpuNahfk; njhlHghd elj;ij newpapid mKy;gLj;JtJ njhlHghf cWg;Gupik
ehLfSf;F ftdk; nrYj;JkhW Fwpg;gpLtjdhYk;> nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; ,e;j
MNyhrid rigapd; Kd;nkhopTfs; tuNtw;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhYk;
nghJ kf;fspd; ghJfhg;igAk; r%f mikjpiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtw;F Rje;jpuk;>
tho;Tf;fhd Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw ghJfhj;J ePjpia epHtfpg;gjpy; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; tfpghfj;jpidAk; kw;Wk; jkJ Ra ghJfhg;G
fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,J nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhYk;
mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J cWg;G ehLfs;
jkJ rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; rpwe;j tfpghfj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;jp
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F nra;ag;glNtz;batw;Wf;F cjTtjdhYk;>

rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; nghUj;jkhd tfpgq;fpid

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fkhd tplaj;jpy; cWg;Gwpik ehLfSf;F
cjTjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid me;ehLfs; mtHfsJ murhq;fj;jpy; Njrpa
rl;lkpaw;Wk;> eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; epd;W ,jid
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mj;NjhL rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; kw;Wk;
ePjthd;> rl;lj;juzp> nghJkf;fs;> rl;lkpaw;WgtHfs; Nghd;NwhuJ ftdj;jpw;F ,jid
nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.

nghJ epge;jidfs;
1. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfspd; MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; njhlHghd
mbg;gil Nfhl;ghl;L xOq;F tpjpfis murhq;fKk; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
mikg;GfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;. murhq;fKk; rl;l
mKyhf;fy; mikg;GfSk;> MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; njhlHghd
xOf;f jHkq;fis njhlHr;rpahf kjpg;gPL nra;tjD}lhf ,j;jifa
xOq;Ftpjpfis tpUj;jpnra;ayhk;.

53
 54

2. murhq;fKk; Vida rl;l mKyhf;fy; KftH mikg;GfSk;> Kbe;jtiu

gue;j guk;gYila tpj;jpahrkhd tiffSila MAjq;fisAk; mjw;F
Njitahd ntbnghUl;fisAk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F
toq;Ftjd; %yk; NtWgLk; tpjkhd gyg;gpuNahfj;jpw;fhd tha;Gfis
mtHfSf;F Vw;gLj;jp nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,it ghupastpyhd ghjpg;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jhj kuzj;ijNah ghupa fhaq;fisNah Vw;gLj;jhj MAjq;fis
nghUj;jkhd re;jHg;gj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf mikaNtz;Lk;. ,Nj
fhuzj;Jf;fhf rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; jLg;Gf;Nflaq;fs;
jiyf;ftrq;fs; Fz;L Jiof;fhf mq;fpfs; Fz;L Jiof;fhj thfdq;fs;
Nghd;w jw;fhg;G cgfuzq;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gJ MAjg;gad;ghl;Lj;
Njitia Fiwf;fcjTk;.

3. capuhgj;J Vw;gLj;jhj Vidaghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk; MAjq;fis tpUj;jp

nra;Ak; NghJk; xOq;FgLj;Jk;NghJk; ,j;jifa MAjg;ghtidapy;
<LglhjtHfSf;F Vw;gLk; Mgj;jpid Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ftdkhf kPsha;T
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL ,j;jifa MAjq;fs; kpff;ftdkhf ifahsg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

4. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfs; jkJ flikia nra;JtUfpd;w NghJ

MAjg;ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;j Kd;dH
KbAkhdsT mikjpfhf;Fk; topKiwfis ifahsyhk;. ve;j cgha
topKiwfSk; rhj;jpag;glhJ vd;fpd;wNghJk; jhd; epidj;j ,yf;if
milaNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf ,y;yhjNghJk; khj;jpuNk rl;l mKyhf;f
mjpfhupfs; MAjg;ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; vd;gtw;iw ifahsyhk;.

5. rl;luPjpahd MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; jtpHf;fKbaJ Nghfpd;w

Nghnjy;yhk; rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfs;:

(a) ,j;jifa ghtidapy; fl;Lg;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tNjhL Fw;wj;jpd;

jd;ikf;F Vw;wthwhdJk; milag;glNtz;ba rl;luPjpahd
tplaj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;gTk; ele;Jnfhs;syhk;.

(b) ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; fhag;gLjiyAk; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj capHfis

kjpj;jYk; ghJfhj;jYk;

(c) ghjpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ fhag;gl;ltHfSf;F cjtpfs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jt

trjpfs; Kbe;jtiu Muk;gf;fl;lj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngWtjid
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;;

54
 55

(d) ghjpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ fhag;gl;ltHfspd; cwtpdHfs; my;yJ neUq;fpa

ez;gHfSf;F Kbe;jsT mtrukhf mwptpf;fg;gLtjid cWjpnra;J
nfhs;sy;

6. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfspd; MAj ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; fhuzkhf

fhaNkw;gLfpd;wNghJ my;yJ capHr;Nrjk; Vw;gLfpd;wNghJ nfhs;if ,y 22
gb; me;j rk;gtk; gw;wp mtHfs; cldbahf mtHfsJ NkyjpfhupfSf;F
mwpaj;juy; Ntz;Lk;.

7. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfspd; MAj ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk;

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wNghJ mtHfs;
Fw;wtpay; rl;lj;jpw;fika jz;bf;fg;gLfpwhHfs; vd;gjid cWjp
nra;Jnfhs;sy;.

8. rHtNjr murpay; epiyaw;w jd;ik my;yJ nghJ mtruepiyikfs; Nghd;w

jtpHf;f Kahj epiyikfspd;Nghjy;yhky; ,j;jifa mbg;gil
%yjHkq;fspypUe;J tpyfpaikia epahag;gLj;Jtjid uj;Jnra;ayhfhJ.

tpNrl epge;jidfs;

9. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfs; Ra ghJfhg;GfUjp my;yJ fhag;gLjy;>

Ngujgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glTs;s re;jHg;gq;fs;> my;yJ jkJ mjpfhurigf;F
mj;jifa Nguhgj;jpid tpistpf;f KaYk; xUtiu ifJnra;a Kaw;rpf;Fk;
re;jHg;gk; my;yJ jg;gpf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk; re;jHg;gq;fiAk; my;yJ Nkw;nrhd;d
epiyikfis jLf;f NtW Kaw;rpfs; gadspf;fhj epiyikfisj; jtpu
,d;ndhU egUf;f vjpuhf MAj ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; nra;a
KbahJ. xU capiughJfhg;gjw;F Ntnwe;j topfSk; rhj;jpakhfJ vd;w
fLikahd epiyay;yhJ capuhgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk MAjq;fis
gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.

10. %yjHkk; 9 ,d fPo; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sthW rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfs;

vd;gjid milahsg;gLj;JtJk; jhk; MAjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jg;Nghtjid
vr;rupg;gJTk; mjw;F NghJkhd Neu mtfhrk; nfhLg;gJTk; mtrpakhFk;.
,Ug;gpDk; ,t;thW nra;tJ rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F my;yJ
Vid egUf;F capuhgj;ij my;yJ fLikahd ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
re;jHg;gj;jpy; my;yJ Fwpj;j #o;epiyapd;gb mt;thW nra;tJ
nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Ug;gpDk; mj;jifa vr;rupg;gpid jtpHf;fyhk;.

11. rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfspdhy; MAjq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xOq;F

tpjpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

55
 56

(a) rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhupfshy; vj;jifa re;jHg;gq;fspd;NghJ MAjq;fs;

nfhz;Lnry;y mDkjpaspf;gl;Ls;shHfs; vd;gjidAk; MAj
tifiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;$wpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

(b) MAjq;fs; cz;ikahfNt nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk; Njitaw;w

Mgj;Jepiyikfis jtpHj;jy; Nghd;w epiyikfspd; NghJk;
khj;jpuNk gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk;

(c) Njitaw;w fhaq;fisAk; Mgj;Jf;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

MAjq;fisSk; ntbnghUl;fisAk; ghtpg;gJ jilnra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.

(d) rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s MAjq;fSf;Fk;

ntbnghUl;fSf;Fkhd mtHfSila nghWg;Glikia
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;if Kiwikfs; cs;slq;fyhf
MAjq;fspd; tpepNahfk;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd
xOq;FKiwgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

(e) MAjq;fis toq;Fk;NghJ Njit Vw;gbd; mjw;fhd vr;rupf;iffis

toq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(f) rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; jkJ flikapd;NghJ MAjq;fis

gad;gLj;jpdhy; mJ gw;wp mwpf;ifapLtjw;fhd xU Kiwik Ngzg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

rl;ltpNuhj xd;W$ly;fSk; nghyP]{k;

12. midj;Jyf kdpj cupik gpufldKk; murpay; kw;Wk; Fbapay; kPjhd
rHtNjr rkthaj;jpd; gbAk; vy;yh egHfSk; rl;l Kiwahd kw;Wk;
mikjpahd xd;W$ly;fspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. Mjyhy;
murhq;fq;fSk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk; mjpfhupfSk;
MAjq;fis 13k; 14k; %yjHkq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; khj;jpuNk gad;gLj;j
KbAk; vd;gjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

13. rl;l tpNuhjkhd Mdhy; td;Kiwaw;w xd;W$ly;fis fiyf;fpd;wNghJ rl;l

mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gyg;gpuNahfk; nra;tij jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ
rhj;jpakhfhj re;jHg;gj;jpy; gyg;gpuNahfj;ij kpff;Fiwe;j Njitahd
msTf;F khj;jpuk; jhd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

14. td;Kiw epiwe;j xd;W$ly;fis fiyf;fpd;wNghJ rl;l mKyhf;fy;

cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; ghjpg;G Fiwe;j MAjq;fspd; gad;ghL gpuNahrdk;

56
 57

mspf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk Njitahd kpff;Fiwe;jsT MAjq;fis

gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mj;jifa re;jHg;gq;fspy; 9tJ %yjHkj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
epahajHkq;fSf;fikthf md;wp rl;l mKyhf;f cj;jpNahfj;jHfs;
MAjq;fis gad;gLj;j $lhJ.

fl;Lf;fhty; my;yJ jLg;Gf;fhtypy; cs;stHfSk; nghyp]{k;

15. jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;iw

ghJfhf;f Kbahj #oy; jtpu Vida re;jHg;gq;fspy; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; fl;Lf;fhtypy; my;yJ jLg;Gf;fhtypy; cs;stHfs; kPJ
gyg;gpuNahfk; nra;a KbahJ.

16. 9tJ %yjHkj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mgj;Jf;fis tpistpf;Fk;

tifapy; jLg;Gf;fhty; my;yJ fl;Lf;fhtypy; cs;s egHfs; jg;gpg;gij
jLg;gjw;Fk; kuzk; my;yJ fLk;fhak; tpistpg;gij jLg;gjw;fhd
jw;fhg;Gf;fhfTk; jtpu rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; fl;Lf;fhty;
my;yJ jLg;Gf;fhtypy; cs;stHfs; kPJ MAjq;fis gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ.

17. Nkw;nrhd;d Nfhl;ghLfs; rpiwr;rhiy cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; flikfs;>

cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis ghjpf;fhj tpjkhfTk; rpiwf;ifjpfis guhkupj;jy;
njhlHghd kpff; Fiwthd epaktpjpfspd; 33> 34> 54k; tpjpfSf;fikthfTk;
ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jifikfs;> gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jif

18. rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfis njupTnra;Ak;NghJ Kiwahd

eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtNjhL jkJ flikfis tpidj;jpwDld;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd nghUj;jkhd kNdhepiy cstpay; kw;Wk;
clypay; Fdhk;rq;fs; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fq;fSk; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
Kftuhd;ikfSk; cWjpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL njhlHr;rpahd
njhopw;gapw;rpfis ngWtjw;fhd jd;ikfSk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jkJ
flikia nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd cly; cs juhjuk; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;
kPs;guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

19. rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; gyg;gpuNahfk; njhlHgpyhd juhjuq;fs;

gw;wp guprPypf;fg;gl;Lk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Lk; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fq;fSk; rl;l
mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. MAjq;fs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w
MAjq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpa gapw;rp toq;fg;gl;lgpd;dNu me;j MAjq;fs;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

57
 58

20. rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; gapw;rpapd; NghJ nghyp]; xOf;fq;fs;>

kdpj cupikfs;> Gyd;tprhuiz nrad;Kiw> MAj kw;Wk;
gyg;gpuNahfj;jpw;fhd khw;Wtopfs;> Kwd;ghLfSf;fhd RKfj;jPHT>
rdf;$l;lj;jpd; elj;ij> J}z;Lif Kiwikfs;> Ngr;RthHj;ij kw;Wk;
kj;jpa];jk; vd;git gw;wpa gapw;rpfis toq;Ftjd;%yk; MAjq;fspdJk;
gyj;jpdJk; gpuNahfj;ij Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis murhq;fq;fSk; rl;l
mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rl;l mKyhf;fy;
epWtdq;fs; jkJ gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfisAk; eltbf;if KiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l
rk;gtq;fs; njhlHgpy; kPsha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

21. MAjq;fisAk; gyj;ijAk; gpuNahfpf;fpd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy; flikahw;Wk; rl;l

mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; kd cisr;rYf;fhd Mw;Wg;gLj;Jiff;F
Njitahd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLg;gJ murhq;fq;fspdJk; rl;l
mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfspdJk; flikahFk;.

mwpf;ifaply; kw;Wk; kPsha;T eilKiwfs;

22. 6 k; kw;Wk; 11 F %yjHkq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rk;gtq;fs; njhlHgpy;

mwpf;ifapLtjw;Fk; kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fkhd eilKiwfis murhq;fq;fSk;
rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk; jhgpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
njhlHghd rk;gtq;fs; mwpf;ifaplg;gLfpd;wNghJ mitgw;wpa kPsha;T
nra;tjw;Fk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd Rje;jpukhd epHthf
kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; nghUj;jkhd re;jHg;gj;jpy; jkJ
epahahjpf;fj;ij gad;gLj;Jtij murhq;fq;fSk; rl;l mKyhf;fy;
Kftuhz;ikfSk; cWjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kuzk; fLk;ghjpg;G Nghd;w
re;jHg;gq;fspy; xU tpupthd mwpf;if jahupf;fg;gl;L cldbahf epHthf
kPsha;T kw;Wk; ePjpKiw fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhd jFjptha;e;j mjpfhuq;fSf;F
mDg;gpitf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

23. MAjg; ghtid kw;Wk; gyg;gpuNahfk; fhuzkhf my;yJ rl;l gpujpepjpahy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU egUf;F rl;lr; nrad;Kiw cl;lgl Rje;jpukhd
nrad;Kiwapid ngwg;glyhk;. mj;jifa xUtuJ ,wg;gpd;NghJ ,J
me;egupy; KiwNa jq;fptho;NthUf;F nghUe;Jk;.

24. murhq;fKk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk;; caH mjpfhupfs; jkJ

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOfs;s rl;l mKyhf;fy; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; rl;luPjpaw;w
MAjg;ghtidia ehLfpwhHfs; my;yJ ehbapUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gjidAk;
mtHfs; mjid jLg;gjw;F vj;jifa eltbf;iffisAk; vLf;ftpy;iy
vd;gjidAk; mitgw;wp mwptpf;ftpy;iy vd;gjidAk; njupe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

58
 59

25. murhq;fKk; rl;l mKyhf;fy; Kftuhz;ikfSk;> rl;l mKyhf;f

xOf;ftpjpfSf;Fk; mbg;gil %yjHkq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g elg;gtUk;>
gyg;gpuNahfk; my;yJ MAjg;ghtidia Nkw;nfhs;SkhW tpLj;j fl;lisia
epuhfupj;NjhUk; my;yJ mj;jifa gad;ghl;il VidNahH nra;jjhf
Kiwg;ghL nra;NjhUf;Fk; vjpuhf ,j;jifa Fw;wtpay; xOf;f jz;lid
toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjid cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sy;.

26. MAjk; my;yJ gyg;gpuNahfj;jpw;fhd fl;lis xUtUf;F kuzj;ij my;yJ

fLk;ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;Wk; mJ rl;ltpNujkhd fl;lis vd;gJ
njspthfj; njupe;jpUe;Jk; mjid kWjypg;gjw;fhd epahakhd re;jHg;gq;fs;
,Ue;j nghOjpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU nraypid jdJ Nkyjpfhupfspd;
fl;lisg;gpufhuk; nra;jjhfr; nrhy;Ytjd; %yk; ghJfhg;G ngw KbahJ.
vt;thwhapDk; ,jw;fhd nghWg;G rl;ltpNujkhd fl;lisfis toq;fpa
NkyjpfhupfisAk; rhUk;.

59
 60

rl;lj;juzpfspd; tfpghfk; njhlHghd mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfs;;

1990 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 27 Mk; jpfjp njhlf;fk; nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 7 Mk;
jpfjp tiu fpA+ghtpy; cs;s `thdhtpy; ,lk;ngw;w Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jYk;
Fw;wthspfisf; ifahSjYk; kPjhd vl;lhtJ If;fpa ehLfs; fhq;fpurpdhy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

If;fpa ehLfs; rhrdj;jpy; cyf kf;fs;; ePjp ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;fhd epiyikfisj;

jhgpg;gjw;fhd jkJ KbitAk;> rkak; kjk;> nkhop> ghy;> rhjp> mbg;gilapyhd
NtWghLfsw;w> mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fisAk; kdpj cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
rHtNjr xj;Jiog;ig ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vdTk; gpuflzg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gjdhYk;
kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa midj;Jyf gp;ufldk; ; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUk; rkk;> Fw;wk;
ep&gpf;fg;gLk;tiu epuguhjp vDk; vLNfhs; RahjPdkhdJk; gf;fr;rhHgw;wJkhd epaha
rig xd;wpd; Kd;dhd epahakhdJk; gfpuq;fkhdhJkhd tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd cupik>
Fw;wk; xd;wpw;fhf Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;l xUtupd; ghJfhg;gpw;F Njitahd mj;jid
cj;juthjq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gjdhYk;
rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd rHtNjr rkthak;; rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l
jFjp tha;e;j Rje;jpukhd gf;fr;rhHgw;w epaharig xd;wpdhy; gfpuq;fkhfTk;
epahakhfTk; mehtrpa jhkjKk; ,d;wp tprhupf;fg;gLtjw;fhd cupikia
gpufldg;gLj;jpapUg;gjdhYk;
rKf nghUshjhu fyhr;rhu cupikfs; kPjhd rHtNjr rkthakhdJ kdpj
cupikfSf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd midj;Jyf gpd;gw;WjiyAk; kjpg;igAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd muRfspd; flikg;ghl;il kPs epidTWj;JtjhYk;
vt;tifahd jLg;Gf;fhty; kw;Wk; rpiwgpbj;jypd; NghJk; vy;yh egHfSf;Fkhd
ghJfhg;G Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghlhdJ jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w egH xUtH jdJ rl;l
gpujpepjp xUtupd; cjtpia ngWtjw;Fk; mtiu njhlHG nfhs;tjw;Fk;
cupj;JilatH vd Vw;ghL nra;tjdhYk;
rpiwf; ifjpfis guhkupj;jy; njhlHghd kpff;Fiwe;j juhjuq;fspd; tpjpahdJ
tprhuid KbTWj;jg;glhj ifjpfs; rl;l cjtpia ngWtJTk; jdJ rl;l
gpujpepjpAld; ,ufrpakhf njhlHG nfs;tJTk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd rpghupR
nra;tjhYk;
kuz jz;lid ifjpfspd; ghJfhg;ig cj;juthjg;gLj;Jfpd;w MtzkhdJ rptpy;
kw;Wk; murpay; cupikfSf;fhd rHtNjr rkthaj;jpd; 14tJ gpuptpd;gb kuz
jz;lidahy; jz;bf;fg;glf; $ba Fw;wnkhd;Wf;fhf Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;l my;yJ
re;Nj egH xUtUf;F vy;yh re;jHg;gq;fspYk; NghJkhd rl;l cjtpfs;
ngWtjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; toq;fg;gl cupik cz;nld;gjid kPs; cWjpg;gLj;JtjhYk;
mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk;> Fw;wj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd ePjp vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfspd; gpufldkhdJ Fw;wj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd cjtp>
e\;l<L> GdHtho;T epahakhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd elj;Jif vd;gtw;iw
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr kl;lj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd rpghupR nra;tjdhYk;
murpay; rptpy; my;yJ rKf fyhrhu nghUshjhu cupikfs; vJthapDk; vy;yh
egHfSf;Fk; cupj;Jila mbg;gil Rje;jpuj;ijAk; kdpj cupikfisAk;
ghJfhg;gjw;F vy;yh egHfSf;Fk; RahjPdkhd rl;lj; njhopw;Jiwapd; Nritia
ngWtjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; Njitg;gLtjdhYk;
rl;lj;juzpfspd; njhopy; rhH mikg;Gf;F njhopw;Jiwapd; juhjuq;fisAk; xOf;f
Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; kpfg; gpujhdkhd gq;F ,Ug;gjdhYk; mtHfsJ
mq;fj;jtHfs; Kiwaw;w fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Sk; cupik kPwy;fSf;Fs;Sk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jhky; jkJ Nritia ehLk; midtUf;Fk; Nrit toq;FtJld; murhq;f
kw;Wk; Vida epWtdq;fSld; ePjpiaAk; nghJ mf;fiwiaAk; fhg;gjw;fhf
xj;Jiof;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gjdhYk;
rl;lj;juzpfspd; tfpghfk; Fwpj;j mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
,J mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; rl;lj;juzpfspd; rupahd tfpghfj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;

60
 61

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTk; Kfkhf jahupf;fl;lJ. ,J muRfspdhy; jkJ Njrpa

rl;lthf;fy; eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J rl;lj;juzpfs;> ePjpgjpfs;>
epiwNtw;Jiw> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw> nghJkf;fs; MfpNahUf;F njupag;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghlhdJ; - Kiwahd rl;lj;juzpapd; juhjuj;ij
ngw;wpUf;fhtpl;lhYk; xU rl;lj;juzpapd; flikfisr; nra;Ak; egHfSf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rl;lj;juzpfisAk; ePjpr;NritiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs;

1. ve;jnthU Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUk; jk;ik ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; jkJ
cupikia epiyehl;lTk; Kw;ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; jhk; tpUk;gpa xU
rl;lj;juzpapd; cjtpia ehlTk; jFjpAilatHfshtH.

2. jkJ epahahjpf;f kw;Wk; thopl vy;iyf;Fs; ,d> kj> epw> rhjp ghy; nkhop
murpay; Njrpa rKf gpwg;G nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Vida fhuzq;fSf;F
mg;ghy; ve;j ghugl;rKkpd;wp rl;lj;juzpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G
midtUf;Fk; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. ViofSk;> trjp tha;g;gw;wtHfSk; mtHfspd; Njitf;Nfw;gTk;

ePjpr;Nritapid ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;fhd Nghjpa epjp kw;Wk; Vida tsq;fis
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;. Nritfs;> tsq;fs;> trjptha;g;Gfis toq;FtjpYk;
rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd JiwrhH mikg;G murhq;fj;Jf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fyhk;.

4. jkJ cupikfisAk; flikfisAk; mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fisAk;

ghJfhg;gjpy; rl;lj;juzpfSf;Fs;s tfpgq;fpid kf;fSf;F tpsf;Ftjw;fhf
murhq;fKk; rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd JiwrhH mikg;Gk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
Kd;ndLf;fyhk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpaftdk; Viofs; kPJk; trjptha;g;gw;wtHfs; kPJ
nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; mtHfsJ cupikfis ghJfhf;f ,aYkhtJld;
Njitahd re;jHg;gq;fspy; rl;lj;juzpfspd; cjtpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
tha;g;gspg;gjhfTk; ,;Uf;Fk;.

Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; njhlHghd Kf;fpa ghJfhty;

5. Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;l re;jHg;gq;fspYk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ

jLj;Jitf;fg;gLk; re;jHg;gq;fspYk; jkJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;wthW xU
rl;lj;juzpapd; cjtpapid ngw;Wf;nfhstjw;fhd cupik ,Ug;gjidg;gw;wp
mjpfhuKs;s mikg;Gfspdhy; kf;fs; mwpaj;jug;gl;Ls;sduh vd murhq;fk;
cWjp nra;Jnfhs;sy;.

6. ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; jd;Dila rl;lj;juzpia ngWtjw;F gzk; nrYj;j

Kbahj re;jg;gj;jpy; jk;ik ghHfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; jdf;F Njitahd
Nghjpa mDgtKs;s rl;lj;juzpapd; cjtpia Nfhu cupj;JilatuhtH.

61
 62

7. Fw;wtpay;> Fw;wQ;rhl;bd;Ngupy; my;yJ NtWfhuzq;fSf;fhf ifJ

nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;l xt;nthUtUk; ifJnra;ag;gl;L
my;yJ jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;L 48 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; rl;lj;juzpapd;
Nritapid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fk; NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sjy;.

8. ifJnra;ag;gl;l my;yJ jLj;Jitf;fg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ $z;byplg;gl;l

midtUk; ve;jtpj jhkjKkpd;wp rl;lj;juzpia re;jpj;J ,ufrpak;
NgZk;tifapy; ciuahlf;$ba trjpfSk; mjw;fhd Nghjpa fhyNeuKk;
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa MNyhridfis ngWk;NghJ rl;l
mKyhf;fs; cj;jpNahfj;jHfs; ghHitf;F vl;ba Mdhy; nrtpkLf;fKbahj
J}uj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;.

jifikfSk; gapw;rpfSk;

9. murhq;fKk; rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd JiwrhH mikg;Gk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk;

rl;lj;juzpfs; nghUj;jkhd jFe;j fy;tpiaAk; gapw;rpfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJld;
rl;lj;juzp xUtuJ xOf;ftpay; flikfs; rPupagz;Gfs; njhlHghf
rpwe;jKiwapy; mwpe;Jitj;Js;shHfs; vd;gjidAk; Njrpa rHtNjr
rl;lq;fshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilr; Rje;jpuk;> kdpj cupikfs; vd;gd
gw;wpAk; njspthd tpsf;fk; ngw;Ws;sdH vd;gjidAk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

10. rl;lj;juzp jk;ehl;bd; gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid jtpu ,d> kj>
epw> rhjp ghy; nkhop murpay; Njrpa rKf gpwg;G nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Vida
fhuzq;fSf;F mg;ghy; ve;j ghugl;rKkpd;wp rl;lj;Jiwapy; <LglTk;
njhluTk; tha;g;G midtUf;Fk; ,Ug;gjid murhq;fKk; rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd
JiwrhH mikg;Gk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk;; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

11. tpj;jpahrkhd fyhrhuq;fs; ghuk;gupaq;fs; nkhopfs; my;yJ fle;jfhy

nraw;ghLfspdhy; ghugl;rq;fSf;F cs;shdtHfs; Nghd;wtHfs; fhzg;gLk;
ehLfspy; mj;jifa rKfj;jtHfSf;F my;yJ gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F jkf;F
Njitahd rl;l Nritfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj #oy; fhzg;gLkplj;J
murhq;fKk; rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd JiwrhH mikg;Gk; fy;tp epWtdq;fSk;
,j;jifa FOf;fis NrHe;jtHfs; rl;lj;njhopw;Jiwapy; gapd;WNjHtjw;F
tha;g;gspf;Ftpjkhd tpNrl Vw;ghLfis nra;tNjhL mtHfsJ FOf;fspd;
NjitfSf;F nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfis toq;FtNjAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

nghWg;GfSk; flikfSk;

62
 63

12. ePjp epHthfj;jpy; Kf;fpa KftHfs; vd;wuPjpapy; jkJ njhopypd; kjpg;gpidAk;

nfsutj;jpidAk; vg;NghJk; Ngzpelj;jy;.

13. jkJ fl;rpf;fhuH njhlHgpyhd xU rl;lj;juzp xUtuJ flik

(m) fl;rpf;fhuuJ cupik flikfSf;F mikthf rl;l Kiwikapd;

nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.

(M) jkJ fl;rpf;fhuupd; mf;fiwia ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy rl;l

eltbf;iffis vLf;ff; $ba jFe;j vy;yhtifapYk; nghUj;jkhd
KiwapYk; cjTjy;.

(,) ePjpkd;wk;> epaharig> epHthf mjpfhurig kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;

fl;rpf;fhuUf;F cjTjy;.

14. rl;lj;juzpfs; jkJ fl;rpf;fhuupd; cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; tifapYk; ePjpia

Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr uPjpapy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
cupikfs;> mbg;gil Rje;jpuq;fspid epiyehl;l vjpghHg;gJld; vg;NghJk;
jkJ njhopypy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;l;l juj;jpidAk; xOf;ftpjpfSf;F Vw;Gs;sjhf
Rje;jpukhfTk; mf;fiwAlDk; nraw;gLjy;.

15. rl;lj;juzpfs; vg;NghJk;; jkJ fl;rpf;fhuupd; mf;fiwapid tpRthrj;Jld;

kjpj;J elj;jy;.

rl;lj;juzpfspd; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd cWjpnkhop

16. murhq;fkhdJ
gpd;tUtdtw;iw cWjpnra;J nfhs;sy;
rl;lj;juzpfs; (m) jkJ JiwrhH nraw;ghLfis ve;jtpj njhe;juTk;
Jd;GWj;jYk; mr;RWj;jYk; my;yJ Kiwaw;w jiyaPLfs; ,d;wp Kd;ndLj;J
nry;yf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;. (M) jkJ ehl;bYk; ntspehLfspYKs;s jkJ
fl;rpf;fhuHfis re;jpj;J fye;jhNyhrpg;gjw;fhf Rje;jpukhf gazq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bahjhf ,Uj;jy;. (,)mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l JiwrhH flikfs;>
xOf;f tpjpfSf;F mikthf vLf;fg;gLfpd;w ve;j xU eltbf;if fhuzkhf
vjpHjug;GthjpfspdhNyh> epHthfj;jpdhNyh> nghUshjhu uPjpapNyh Vida
mDkjpaspg;Gf;fs; vd;w uPjpapNyh mr;RWj;jg;glNth ghjpf;fg;glNth $lhJ.

17. jkJ Nrit

fhuzkhf rl;lj;juzpapd; ghJfhg;Gf;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLk;NghJ
mjpfhurigfspdhy; NghJkhdsT ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gly;.

63
 64

18. jkJ fl;rpf;fhupd;

my;yJ fl;rpf;fhuUf;fhf jhk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffis mbg;gilahf
itj;J rl;lj;juzpfs; milahsg;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ.

19. Njrpa
rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g xU rl;lj;juzp jFjpaw;wtuhFk; re;jHg;gk; jtpu
Ntnwe;j re;jHg;gj;jpYk; ve;jf;fl;rpf;fhuhH rhHgpYk; Kd;dpw;gjw;fhd
cupikapid ve;j ePjp kd;wKk; my;yJ epHthf mjpfhurigfSk; epuhfupf;f
KbahJ.

20. ePjpkd;wk;>
epaharig> rl;l/epHthf mjpfhuk; xd;wpd; Kd; ey;nyz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
rl;lj;juzp xUtuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ $w;Wf;fSf;F
Fbapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; uPjpahd fhg;Gupikf;F rl;lj;juzpfs;
cupj;JilatHfshtH.

21. rl;lj;juzpfs; jkJ

fl;rpf;fhuUf;F rpwe;j Nritia toq;Fk;nghUl;L jkf;F Njitahd
jfty;fs;> Nfhg;Gfs;> Mtzq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjid
NjitahdsT Neuk; jk;trk; itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs; ,Ug;gjid
mjpfhuKs;s mjpfhurigfs; cWjpnra;Jnfhs;tJ flikahFk;. ,j;jifa
trjpfs; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpw;F Kd;gjhfNt toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

22. murhq;fkhdJ
rl;lj;juzpf;Fk; fl;rpf;fhuUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhopy;uPjpahd fye;JiuahLjy;
kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;Fk;NghJ ,ufrpaj;jd;ik NgZtjid tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sYk; kjpj;jYk;.

fUj;J ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fk; njhlHGnfhs;tjw;FKs;s Rje;jpuk;

23. rl;lj;juzpfSk;
Vida gpui[fisg;NghyNt NgRjw;Fk; $l;lq;fis $Ltjw;Fk;
njhlHGnfhs;tjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuKs;stHfs;. mtHfSk; rl;lj;JiwArhHe;j ePjp
epHthfk;> kdpj cupik ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;wpid ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Njrpa
kw;Wk; rHtNjr uPjpapy; nghJf;$l;lq;fs; $lTk; my;yJ Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk;
my;yJ fye;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. jkJ njhopy; ePjpAld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhNyh ePjp epWtdj;jpd; mq;fj;jtd; vd;w uPjpapy; ve;jtpj
jilfSk; mjpy; ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ. jkJ njhopw;Jiw rhH xOf;fk; fl;Lg;ghL
vd;gw;Wf;fika ,e;j cupikfis mDgtpf;fyhk;.

rl;lj;juzpfSf;fhd JiwrhH mikg;G

64
 65

24. rl;lj;juzpfs; jkJ

mf;fiwapid ntspg;gLj;JKfkhfTk;> jkJ fy;tp> gapw;rpfis njhlHtij
Nkk;gLj;jTk;> jkJ njhopy; jHkq;fis ghJghf;FKfkhfTk; Ra
fl;Lg;ghLs;s JiwrhH mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;f jifik nfhz;Ls;sdH.
,e;j JiwrhH mikg;gpd; mjpfhuf;FO cWg;gpdHfs; thf;F %yk; njupT
nra;ag;gl;L ntspj; jiyaPLfspd;wp nraw;glyhk;.

25. rl;lj;juzpfspy;
JiwrhH mikg;ghdJ vy;NyhUk; rkkhd nrw;jpwd;kpf;f ePjpr;Nritapid
ngwf;$ba toptiffs; ,Ug;gjidAk; me;j rl;lj;juzpfs; jkJ
fl;rpf;fhuHfSf;F ve;j jilAkpd;wp rl;l epahajHkq;fs; xOf;ftpjpfs;
JiwrhH juhjuq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g cjTtjw;Fk; MNyhridfis
toq;Ftjw;Fk; jFjptha;e;jtHfs; vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;j murhq;fj;jpw;F
xj;jhir toq;fyhk;.

xOf;fhw;W nrad;Kiw

26. Njrpa rl;lk;

ghuk;gupak; kw;Wk; rHtNjr uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l juk; kw;Wk;
ghuk;gupaq;fSf;F Vw;g JiwrhH xOf;f tpjpf;Nfhhitia rl;l JiwahdJ
mjd; jFe;j gpupTfspD}lhf my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; Clhf cUthf;fyhk;.

27. Rl;lj;juzpfSf;nfjpu
hf mtHfsJ njhopy; KiwrhH nraw;ghL Fwpj;j Fw;wr;rhl;L my;yJ
Kiwg;ghLfs; tpiuthfTk; epahakhdjhfTk; nghUj;jkhd
eilKiwfSf;fpdq;fTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

28. Rl;lj;juzpfSf;nfjpu
hf xOf;fhw;W Kd;ndLg;G rl;lj;Jiw rhHe;jtHfs; Rje;jpu mjpfhurigf;F
Kd; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F Kd;dpiyapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gf;fr;rhHgw;w
xOf;fhw;W tprhuiz fkpl;bapdhy; guprPypf;fg;glyhk;.

29. vy;yhtpj
Kd;ndLg;GfSk; JiwrhHe;NjhUf;fhd xOf;f tpjpf;Nfhitf;F Vw;gTk;
Vida milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l juq;fs;> xOf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;gTk; jPHkhdpf;fg;glyhk;

65
 66

rdehafj;jpy; nghyp]; Nritia vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J

r%fq;fSf;F mwpT+l;ly;

(This is a Consolidated Response prepared by the International Network to promote the Rule of Law with
the contribution from Major Moayyad Abzakh, David Bayley, Robert Bereiter, Art Crosby, Elizabeth
Kunce-Wagner, Otwin Marenin, John Nikita, Gordon Peake)

gpd;Gyk;
nghyp]; Jiw Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;L tUk; ehLfspy; rl;lG+Htj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy gy rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH Vnddpy; rPUil mzpe;j
mjpfhhpfs; gaj;jpw;Nf fhuzkhapUf;fpd;whHNs md;wp nrsfhpaj;jpdJk;
ghJfhg;gpdJk; Cw;whf ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;whHfs;. murpayhy; J}z;lg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs;
nghyprhuhy; tprhhpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. nghyp]; Nritia kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd
cghaq;fs; r%fj;jhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl;L cjtg;gl;L rdehafg; nghyp]; NritAld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiw Fwpj;J fy;tpA+l;lg;gLtJld;
njhlq;fg;gl;L epiyNgWilajhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Nfs;tp
rdehafj;jpy; nghyp]; Nrit vg;gbapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd rptpy; r%fj;jpw;F
fy;tpA+l;Ltjw;fhd jhf;fkhd Kiwfs; vd;d cs;sd. gyhj;fhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
nghyp];gil vd;gJ murhq;f Nritapy; ftdaPHg;G ngw;w xd;whFk;. rdehaff;
nfhs;iffisAk; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; kdpj chpikfisAk; epiyepWj;Jtjw;F
vt;thW r%fk; nghyprhiug; nghWg;ghdtuhfTk; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;thuhfTk;
Mf;FfpwJ.

gjpw;nraw;ghl;Lr; RUf;fk;
Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l ehLfspy; rdehafj;jpy; nghyp]; Nritia vt;thW
vjpHnfhs;syhnkd rdr%fq;fSf;F fy;tpA+l;l> rdr%f mbg;gilapyhd
nghyp];Nrit kw;Wk; rdehafj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jj;JtKk; cghaq;fSk;
nghUj;jkhditahf cs;sd. rdr%f nghyp];gzp gpd;tUk; rdehaf nghyp]; gzp
nfhs;iffis epakg; gof;fq;fshf cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tij tpUk;gp epw;fpwJ.

 KbAkhdstpy; mikjpahd rdehaf r%fj;ij cUthf;Fk; r%f xOq;F

kl;lj;ijg; Ngzy;. (Ms; MSf;fpilNa FOf;fSf;fpilNaahd
Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tUk; ehshe;j gpzf;Ffspy; kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;)

66
 67

 jdpeghp;d; tho;Thpik> jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G> nrhj;ij mDgtpj;jy;

vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;.
 rkj;Jtk;> ePjp> eLepiyik> Rje;jpukhd jPHkhdj;ij nraw;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd
%yk; ePjpapd; vy;iyf;Fs; rl;l mKy;gLj;Jifia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
 NjitapYs;NshH kw;Wk; jk;ikf; ftdpf;f KbahNjhUf;F gjpw;nraw;ghL
nra;jy; kw;Wk; cjTjy;. ,f;nfhs;if nghyp]; njhopw;ghl;bdJk;
rdr%fj;jpw;fhd nghWg;GzHtpdJk; r%fg; gf;fj;ijAk; kdpjNeaj;ijAk;
mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ.
 rl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F> khpahijia Vw;gLj;Jk; nghJkf;fSld;
cwTKiwia Vw;gLj;jpg; Ngzy;. ,f;nfhs;if kpf Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshd
Fw;wk;> kw;Wk; r%f xOq;fPdq;fspy; gpuirfspd; <Lghl;bid r%fj;jpd;
gpuirfs; vd;w Kiwapy; mtHfspd; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
 Fw;wj;ijj; jLg;gJld; Ml;fs; my;yJ nrhj;jpw;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
elj;ijia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; r%fj;jpDs;Ns ghJfhg;G czHit
Kd;Ndw;Wjy;. ,J nghyprhhpd; gpurd;dj;jhYk; nraw;ghl;lhYNkNa ghJfhg;Gk;
fhg;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;W mq;fPfhpf;Fk;.
 nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J MjuTk; khpahijAk; fpilf;Fk; topapy; Fw;wePjpKiwia
Mjhpf;fTk;. ,J nghyprhhpd; eltbf;iffis fz;fhzpg;gjd; ClhfTk;>
nghJkf;fspd; ePjpahd rkj;Jtkhd elj;ijia Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yKk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

r%fg; nghyp]; gzpf;F rdr%fj;jpd; vy;yhg; gpuirfSk;> nghyp];gil>

r%fNritfs; kw;Wk; mrhepfs; Fw;wj;jpd;> xOq;fPdj;jpd;> nghJg;ghJfhg;gp;w;fhd
mr;RWj;jypd; NtHf;fhuzq;fis ,dq;fhzTk;> xd;W NrHe;J xU jPHit
cUthf;fTk; xd;whfg; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,jd; jhf;fk; ,U Kf;fpa tplaq;fspy;
jq;fpAs;sJ.

 ,uhZtf; Fiwg;G cl;gl nghyp]; tfpgq;if khw;Wjy; NjitNaw;gbd;

murpay; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpw;fhd fl;rp MjuTf;F vjpuhf rdr%f Nritf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mspj;jy;.
 nghyprpw;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa MjuT cwit epWTjy;.

1. rdr%f Nritf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f nghyprpd; tfpgq;if khw;Wjy;.

67
 68

rdehafj;jpy; vt;thW nghyp]; gzpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gJ Fwpj;J

nghJkf;fSf;F fy;tpA+l;LtJ khj;jpuk; ntw;wpiag; ngw;Wj;juhJ. rdehafg; nghyp];
gzpapd; nfhs;iffis cWjpg;gLj;j nghyp]; elj;ijiaj; njhlq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,jw;F xU mbg;gil khw;wk; Njit. rdehafj;jpd; gb nghyp];gzp gw;wp fy;tp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;j Kd;gjhf rHtNjr nghyp]; MNyhrfHfSk;
fz;fhzpg;ghsHfSk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
 cs;sf Kuz;ghl;by; <Lgl;Ls;s r%fq;fSf;Fk; nghyprhUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
jw;Nghija cwtpd; ,ay;G vd;d? nghyprhH; murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;L> murhy;
Kuz;ghl;bd; xU jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwahf> xLf;Fk; fUtpfshf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wduh? ,J Gjpa nghyp];gilapd; gjtp epiyfSf;Fs;Ns
gpujpgypf;Fk;. FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fkpd;ikah? Kd;G Kuz;ghl;Lld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfsJ Nrit miog;GfSf;F kf;fs; vt;thW
gjpyspf;fpwhHfs;? fyhrhuf; $UzHitAk; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
xj;Jiog;igAk; Kd;Ndw;w nghyprhH vd;d nra;fpd;wdh;.
 MSk; murpay; gpuKfHfSldhd njhlHGfSf;Fk;> Fw;wtpay;
tiyg;gpd;dy;fSf;Fk; nghyprhH trg;gLfpd;wduh? rl;l xOq;fpw;Fk;> rdehafg;
nghyp]; gzpf;Fk; vjpuhf rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd mjpfhuf; fl;likg;ig
cUthf;FfpwhHfsh?
 ,ize;J gzpahw;w xU rptpy; r%fk; cs;sjh? vj; jdpg;gl;ltHfs;>
epWtdq;fs;> FOf;fs; nghyprhUf;fhd rdehaf tfpgq;F gw;wp rdr%fj;jpw;F
fw;gpf;fTk;> ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gTk; gq;nfLf;fpd;wdh;. nghyprhhpd;
nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yYf;F Mjutspf;Fk; ty;yik ,r; nraw;ghl;lhsH ahUf;Fk;
cz;lh?
 nghyprhhpd; gpioahd elj;ijf;fhd jw;Nghija nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Yk;
fl;likg;G vd;d? mitfs; njhopw;gLfpd;wdth? mitfs; ed;fwpag;gl;ldth?
ntspg;gilahditah? nghJkf;fshy; ek;gg;gLgitah?
 rdehafk; kw;Wk; rdr%fg; nghyp];gzp Fwpj;J nghyprhUf;Fs;Ns cs;s
jw;Nghija kNdhghtk; vd;d? nghyprhUf;Fk; rdr%fj;jpw;FkpilNa
ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;g gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jw;Nghija eilKiwfs; vd;d?

Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpw;ghL; rdehafg; nghyp]; gzpf;F vjpuhd xU murpay; #oiktpy;

jw;NghJs;s nghyp]; gilapdh;> nghyprhH ,uhZt kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhyh> murpay;
kag;gl;ljhyh my;yJ Fw;wKilikg;gl;ljhyh> my;yJ %d;whYkh vd;gjid ,e;j
kjpg;gPL ntspf;fhl;lf;$bajhf cs;sJ. mur mjpfhuj;jpd; J\;gpuNahfj;ij
ghpNrhjpg;gtHfshf rptpy; r%fk; nraw;gLtjhdJ gytPdkhdJ my;yJ mg;gbapUf;f

68
 69

KbahJ kw;Wk; eilngw KbahjjhFk;. nghyp]; kWrPuikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

ntw;wpfukhd #o;epiyfs; ,itfsy;y. Mdhy; rHtNjr nghyp]; MNyhrfHfs; ,k;
khw;wj;ijg; nghWg;ngLg;gjw;F xU Miz nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. me;j MizahdJ
rHtNjr nghyprhiu ,uhZt kaj;jd;ik Fiwg;ig> murpay; Fiwg;ig>
Fw;wj;jd;ik Fiwg;ig nghyprhhpilNa Fiwg;gjw;F mtHfs; Mjuit Ntz;b
epw;fpwhHfs;. Nrhjidr; rhtbfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw mbg;gilj;
Njitfs; Nghd;w chpkq;fSf;fhd tpz;zg;gf; fl;lzq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; thjkhf nghyprhUf;F xU tho;tpw;fhd Cjpak; toq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
rHtNjrg; nghyprhUk; nghyp]; kWrPuikg;gpy; tpisTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
jtWthHfshapd; rdehafg; nghyp];gzp Fwpj;J nghJkf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lk;
Kaw;rpfs; rdr%fj;ij xd;W jpul;LtjpYk; kWrPuikg;ig Ntz;LtjpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLk;. MdhYk; mk;khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j mtHfis tYT+l;LtJ vd;gJ
,yFthdjy;y.

xU rdehafj;jpy; nghyprhhpd; gq;F Fwpj;J nghJkf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lk; kpfTk;

jhf;fkhd top jhf;ftpisTs;s eLepiyahd mwhPjpahd nraw;ghlhFk;. nghyp];
nraw;ghLfs; nghJkf;fs; fy;tpA+l;ly; gpur;rhuq;fspd; Clhf elj;jg;glf;$baitfs;
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghJkf;fis fy;tpA+l;Ltjw;F gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfs;
jhf;fkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 rdr%f MNyhridr; rigfis cs;SH rdr%fj;jpy; mikj;J nghyp];
mjpfhhpfis njhpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; epakq;fis mikj;jy;> mtHfs;
gapw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Kiwfis mikj;jy; Nghd;w tfpgq;Ffis toq;Fjy;.
rdr%fj;jpw;Fs;Ns rdr%f Fw;wf; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gpuirfs; nghyp];
fy;tp vd;gtw;iw mikj;J cs;SH gq;fhsHfisAk; Gjpa
jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; cUthf;fy;.
 mLj;j gphptpy; tpsf;fg;gLk; rdr%f <LghLfs; njhlf;fg; Gs;spahf rpghHR
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ed;F mikf;fg;gl;l cwT KiwahdJ r%fj;Js;Ns
xl;LwitAk;> ed;Kiwapy; njhopw;gLk; rl;l xOq;fpw;fhd Mjutpd;
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikiaAk; epWTfpwJ. nghJkf;fs; NkNyhl;lg; ghHit
KiwahdJ ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; nfhz;lJ. mitfs;
nrythdjhfTk; ePbj;J epiyf;f KbahjditahfTk; cs;sd. ,r;
nrythdJ epjpia gapw;rp> fy;tpA+l;ly;> Kd;ndr;rhpf;if KiwikAld; $ba
gzpahl;fSld; $ba xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l cs; tptfhu mYtyfj;ij
mikg;gjpypUe;J epjpia NtW ,lj;jpw;F mDg;GfpwJ. ,J xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy;
rpwe;j njhopy;thz;ikAila rl;l mKyhf;f mjpfhhpf;F Mjutspj;J
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mitfs; ,ay;gpNyNa jLg;gijtpl

69
 70

vjpHj;jhf;fKilait. kw;Wk; murpay; Vw;ghLfs; rdr%fj;jpw;F ed;ikahf

,Ug;gJld;> xl;Lnkhj;j cwit rl;l mKyhf;fYld; fl;lhakhf
khw;wpaikf;fhJ.
 rHtNjrk; kw;Wk; cs;SH kdpj chpik epWtdq;fis ehb xd;whfg;
gzpahw;Wk;gb J}z;b gpuirfSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$wf; $ba r%f Nrit
Nehf;fpa rdehafg; nghyp]; gzpia ghpe;Jhpj;jy;. mtHfSld; gzpahw;wp
MNyhrid kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; fl;likg;Gfspy; mtHfis
<LgLj;Jtjw;fhd mj;jpthuq;fis toq;Fk; nghyp]; jifikfSld;
njhlHghly;fis jpwe;J epWtpf; nfhs;Sjy;. cs;Shpy; kdpj chpik
epWtdq;fs; ,y;yhJ Nghapd; mtHfSila tpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpf;f rHtNjr
kdpj chpikf; FOf;fSld; gzpahw;wTk;.
 nghyprhH rdr%fj;jpw;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;gtuhapd; nghWg;ghdtHfshfTk;
rdr%fj;jpd; gq;fhsHfshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w nra;jpia vLj;Jr;
nrhy;y rHtNjrf; nfhiltoq;FdHfs; mrhep r%fj;jpdH Nghd;w
gq;fhsHfSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wy;. Gjpa rdehafg; nghyp]; gilapd;
tfpgq;F gw;wp nghJkf;fSf;F mwpT+l;l nghyprhH ,izg; gq;fhsuhFk; fy;tp>
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kdpjNeaf; fUj;jpl;lq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
 nghyprhUf;fhd gilf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; rdr%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;JtJ kPjhd nra;jpia ntspg;gLj;j Clfq;fSld; ,ize;J
gzpahw;wy;. mikr;R kl;lj;jpYk; ehLG+uhfTk; cs;s rpwe;j Clf re;ijapYk;
Clfj; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s ey;y mDgtKs;s nghJ mYty;
njhopy;thz;ikahsiu thliff;F mkHj;jy;. Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;
eilngWk;nghOJ mbf;fb gj;jphpif khehl;il elhj;Jjy;> nghpa tof;Ffs;
Fwpj;J fye;Jiuahly; nra;J Gjpa nghyp]; gzpia ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;ly;.
 fy;tp KiwA+lhf cq;fspd; ,isQHfis nghJf;fy;tpg; gpur;rhuj;jpy;
<LgLj;jy;. ghlrhiyfSld; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jp nghyp]; gof;fq;fis
tpsf;fp khztHfSf;F ,Uf;ff;$ba ghJfhg;G tplaq;fis jPHg;gjw;Fk;>
nghyprhH fpilf;ff;$ba jd;ikia typAWj;Jk; tpNrbj;j njhopw;ghLfisf;
nfhz;l ghlrhiy ,izg;G cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis gapw;Wtpj;jy;. nghyprhhpd;
,lq;fSf;F ghlrhiyg; gps;isfis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F xOq;F nra;jy;.

2. nghyprhUf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa xU MjuTldhd cwTKiwia

epWTjy;
[dehafj;jpy; vt;thW nghyp];gzp Mw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij nghJkf;fSf;F
fw;gpf;Fk; kpfTk; jhf;fkhd toptif [deha tpOkpaq;fis kjpf;Fk; nghyprhUld;>

70
 71

fye;J gOFtJ kw;Wk; ,ize;J nraw;gLtJ vd;gJ ClhfNtahFk;. gpd;tUk;

nraw;ghLfs; Clhf xU gu];gu MjuT cwit cUthf;Ftjw;fhd rdr%fg;
nghyp]; gzp tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cs;SH murpay; jiytHfs; rdr%f %j;jtHfs;> tHj;jfHfs;> ghlrhiy
mjpfhhpfs;> khztg; gpujpepjpfs;> r%f NritahsHfs; vd;Nghiuf; nfhz;l
FOf;fis cUthf;fp cs;SH nghJ xOq;F kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;
ftdq;fis ,dq;fhZtjw;F mbf;fb nghyprhiu re;jpg;gJld; xd;whf
jPHTfis tFg;gJk;> khw;Wk; Kiwfis mKy;gLj;JtJk; KbTfis
kjpg;gpLtJk;
 Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspYk;> fpuhkq;fspYk; gl;bdq;fspYk; Nuhe;J nrd;W
nghWg;Gld; kf;fSld; gof;fkhfp mtHfspd; NjitfSf;F gjpw;nraw;ghL
fhl;b mt;tt; ,lq;fSf;nfd r%fg; nghyp]; epGzHfis epakpj;jy;. nghyp];
epiyak; ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; tho;e;J rdr%fj;jpd; gq;fhjy;. nghyp];
epiyaq;fSf;F tp[aq;fis xOq;F nra;J> mtHfSld; Ngrp vd;d
nra;fpwhHfs; vd;gij mtjhdpj;jy;.
 KbAkhdsT ele;Jk;> Jtpr;rf;futz;bapYk; Nuhe;Jfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
nghyprhUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;j tPLfSf;Fk; Ntiy
nra;Ak; ,lq;fSf;Fk; tp[aq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk;>
Fw;wj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$batHfSf;Fk; rpWghd;ikf; FOtpdHfSf;Fk;>
KjpNahUf;Fk; cjTjy;. ,tHfis re;jpf;fr; nry;y Kaw;rpg;gjhy;
cq;fSila gpurd;dj;jhYk; ftdj;jhYk; mtHfspd; ghJfhg;G msT
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nrd;W khztHfSlDk;> MrphpaHfSlDk; [dehafg;
nghyp]; gzp cs;SH gpur;rpidfis jPHf;Fk; top> cs;ehl;L Kuz;ghl;by;
<Lgl;l FOtpdUldhd mikjpahd cwTfs; vd;gd gw;wpg; NgRjy;.
gpd;D}l;liy jpul;Ljy;.
 cq;fsplk; tpisahl;L Nghd;w tpNrl jpwik ,Ug;gpd; nghyprhiuAk;
,izj;J Kd;dpd;W gof;fp xU rdr%f epfo;it xOq;FgLj;Jq;fs;.
(cjhuzk; cijge;jhl;l tpisahl;Lfs;) cs;SH r%fj;jpw;F cjtf;$ba
nraw;ghLfis mDruiz nra;Aq;fs;. (cjhuzk; tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs;>
jHkr; nraw;ghLfs;> #oy; ghJfhg;G)
 nghypRf;F Kiwg;ghL nra;tJ rk;ge;jkhd nghJkf;fs; ek;gpf;ifapd; fUj;Jf;
fzpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. Kiwg;ghLfs; cldbahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L
cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLfpwjh vd Nrhjpj;J> nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L
nghwpKiwia ghpNrhjid nra;aTk;.

71
 72

ePq;fs; nrd;w gpw;ghLk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba Kidg;Gfis khj;jpuNk Muk;gpAq;fs;.

rHtNjr MNyhrfHfSk; fz;fhzpg;ghsHfSk; cs;SH nghyp]; gilapd; vy;;yhg;
gjtp epiyapdiuAk; fUj;jpy; vLf;f Ntz;batuha; ,Ug;gNjhL> kf;fSf;Fk;
mtHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gzpahw;wy; cwitAk; ek;gpf;ifg; gpizg;igAk; fl;l
Ntz;ba epiyahd mHg;gzpg;igAk; nfhz;Ls;stHfsha; cs;shHfs;;.

3. nghyp]; vt;thW nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Nthuha; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J rdr%fj;jpw;F

mwpT+l;ly;

nghyprhiu nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Nthuhf itj;jpUf;Fk; mDgtk; rdr%fj;jpw;F

,y;iynadpd; mtHfs; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikia vjpHghHf;fNth mDgtpf;fNth
khl;lhHfs;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,uz;L gbepiyfSk; epge;jidfis
cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jd; fPNoNa nghyprhhpd; elj;ijg; gpio
nrad;Kiwia nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhopw;ghl;L nghWg;G Kiwik cs;sJ.
nghyprhH nghWg;ngLg;Gf;F tpUg;gkpy;yhJ ,Ug;ghHfshdy; mjw;F nghJkf;fs;
fy;tpA+l;lyhy; vJTk; nra;a KbahJ.

[dehaf nfhs;iffis NkNyhq;fp itj;jpUg;gjpy;> nghyprhiu vt;thW

nghWg;GilNahuha; Mf;FtJ vd;gjpy; nghJkf;fis ehk; fy;tpA+l;l Ntz;ba
NjitAila vz;zf;fUf;fshf rl;l xOq;F kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs;
gpd;tUtdtha; cs;sd.

 nghJr;Nrit vd;why; vd;d? nghJr; Nritia ehd; vt;thW ngwyhk;.

 gpuir vd;w tifapy; vdJ chpikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; vd;d? nghyp];
mjpfhhpfspd;> ePjpkd;wq;fspd;> rpiwr;rhiyfspd; tfpgq;FfSk;
njhopw;ghLfSk; vd;d?
 nghyprhH jk; mjpfhuj;ij vg;NghJ J];gpuNahfk; nra;fpwhHfs; my;yJ
nghJr; Nritapd; nfhs;iffis vg;NghJ kPWfpwhHfs; vd vdf;F vg;gbj;
njhpAk;. ehd; vdJ chpikfis vg;NghJ epl;rag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
 nghyprhhpd; gpioahd elj;ijia ehd; vg;nghOJ mwptpf;fyhk;.
Kiwg;ghLfis ,ufrpakhf rkHg;gpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Neubahf
nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;F nry;yhkYk;> tprhuizapd; KbTfs; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

72
 73

 murpay; gopthq;fiy ehd; vjpHnfhs;Ntd; vd ehd; mr;rkile;jhy; ahhplk;

ehd; cjtpf;Fr; nry;y KbAk;.

Note: All opinions stated in this consolidated reply have been made in a personal capacity and do
not necessarily reflect the views of particular organizations. INPROL does not explicitly advocate
policies.

73
 74

ெத காசிய நா கள காவ ைற ப த (Policing) மதான

அறி க திைன ேம ெகா ெபா நலவாய மன த உ ைம
ென க

“ த திர ம வ வான ஜனநாயக நி வன கைள உ வா க

எ உ திெமாழிைய ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய நா க
நிைறேவ வத , ப ரா திய தி காவ ைற ப த மா ற பட
ேவ . கமாக றி , ஜனநாயக நா க ஜனநாயக
ைறய லான க காண தேல ேதைவ.”

ைகப கணவாய லி ப மிய எ ைலவைர ம

இமாலய திலி கிழ கி ெதன ப இல ைக வைர
ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய வதி மாக காவ ைற ப த
எ ப மிக ேமாசமாக ள . 2007 இ வ , ெபா நலவாய
மன த உ ைம ென களான மான ய பைடக : ஜனநாயக
நா க -ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய தி காவ ைறய (Police)
ெபா ற எ அறி ைகைய ெவள ய ட . அ த அறி ைக
ஜனநாயக காவ ப த ெகா ைக ம அ இ ப ரா திய தி கான
மாதி யாக ஏ வ ப ப கிற எ ப ப றி ஆழமாக ஆரா கிற .
ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப த மதான அத ஆ ச ட
அ ப தலான , றி ெபா தம றதாக ம ம க
ந ப ைகைய ெகா ராதெவா நிைலைமய இ பைத ேம
ெவள ப திய . காவ ைறய அரசிய மய ப தைல
ைற த ம அத காைம வ ைத ேம ப த
எ பவ சில பலவ னமான ய சிக ேம ெகா ள ப டா ,
அ ப த எ ப தி தி அ றதாகேவ இ த . ஏெனன ,
அவரசமாக ேதைவ ப கி ற சீ தி த கள ைமயாக
ம உடன யாக ஈ பட அரசா க க தய கின.

காவ ைற ெதாட ப லான ப ர சிைனக , ெபா நலவாய மன த உ ைம

ென கள னா மான ய பைடக : ஜனநாயக நா க எ
அறி ைகய றி ப ட ப டைவ உ பட ெதள வானதாக , ந

74
 75

ஆவண ப த ப டைவயாக உ ளன. த ேபாைதய அறி ைக,

ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப தைல பாதி ேக கைள
றி ப கி றெதா சலைவ ண ப யெலா ைற
வழ கவ ைல. மாறாக, அத ேநா க த ேபாைதய நிைலைம ம
ப களாேத , இ தியா, பாகி தா ம இல ைக1 ஆகிய நா கள
ேம ெகா ள ப காவ ைற சீ தி த கள ேவக ம
ப ரா திய தி காவ ைறைய ஒ ஆ த பைடய லி
ேசைவ பைடயாக நிைலமா ற ெச வதி ேம ெகா ள பட
ேவ ய கா திரமான நடவ ைகக எ பைவ ப றி தலான
வள க க அள பதா .

1.1 காலன வ மர ெசா

ப தான ய சா ரா ய , ெத காசியவ ள அத காலன வ

நா கள தலான க பா ம ெச வா எ பவ ைற
த தலி அதிகார ெச வத ஆர ப த ெபா ,அ ல ட
நக கானைத ேபா ம க கான மாதி யாக அ லாம ஐ
இரா வ காவ பைடைய ப ப றி காவ ைறைய
வ வைம த . இ , ஒ ப டளவ சிறிய பைட ட மிக
ெப மளவ லான , எதி ண ெகா ட ேதசிய ம க ெதாைகைய
அ ைம ப வத கான ேநா கிலானதாக இ . ப தான ய க
ப வ ேதைவக பதிலி த ைமய லான காவ ைற
பைடைய அ ப திய :

 ம க க றி அதிகார திலி ஆ சி ம அத பண
ைறயாள க ேக கியமாக பதிலள பத ;

 ச க கைள பா கா பைத வ ட ம கைள க ப வத ேக

ெபா ைடயதாக;
 ஒ ஆதி க வ நல கைள பா கா பத நா யைம;
 ச க திலி வ லகி , ேவ ப நி க ேதைவ ப த
ப டைம; ம

75
 76

 ச ட தி ஆ சிைய வ ட தைலைம வ ம தாபன

எ பவ கான வ வாசேம உய தா க கி ற அதிகார
க டைம .

ப தான ய ஆ சிய லி த திர ெப ற ப ன ட,

ெத காசிய நா கள அரசா க க இ த காலன வ காவ ைற
க டைம ைப ெப த க ைவ ெகா டன. இ தியாவ ம திய
அரசா க 1861 ஆ ஆ காவ ைற ச ட ைத த கைவ
ெகா ட ட மாநில அரசா க க ட த கள காவ ைற
ச ப த ப ட ச ட கைள அ தைகய மாதி ய அைம
ெகா டன. ஒ ைறயா சி நாடான ப களாேதஷு 1861 ஆ ஆ
காவ ைற ச ட ைத ேப வத ெத ெச த . இல ைக 1865
ஆ ஆ காவ ைற க டைள ச ட இல.16 ஐ
பய ப வைத ெதாட த . பா கி தா 2002 இலி
காவ ைற க டைளகைள ெகா ள . ஆய , அ
ெப மளவ அல சிய ப த ப ட . மாைலத அத ேதசிய
பா கா ேசைவய லி தன யான ேவ ப ட மான
காவ ைற பைடைய 2004 இேலேய உ வா கிய . 2
இ த
வ ேனாதமான த ைம றி ப டெவா நியாய இ றிேய,
ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய நா க வதி ேம அதிகா க ம
கா டப தர காவ ைற உ திேயாக த கள ைடேய
க ைமயானெதா அதிகார ம ட ப ெதாட த . இதி ைனய
ப வ ன , அேநக ந க வ பய றவ களாக ஒ ப டளவ
ந ல ச பள வழ க ப ேவைளய , ப ைனய ப வன
ேமாசமான பண நிைலைமகைள அ பவ தன .

1.2 த திர அத தவறிய வா தி

ெத காசியாவ காலன வ எதிர ண கள அ பவ

அரசியலைம உ வா க தி ஆழமாக ெச வா ெச திய .
இத வ ைளவாக, ப களாேத , இ தியா, பாகி தா ம
இல ைக ஆகிய அைன ம கள இைறைமைய

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பா கா கி ற , ச ட தி கிய வ ைத ஏ ெகா ட ,
சிவ ம அரசிய உ ைமக ெதள வாக உ தரவாத கைள
வழ கிய ம ச க ம ெபா ளாதார உ ைமகைள
வவ கி ற மான உ ைமகள ஒ இல சிய வ வ லான ச ட
ல ைத உ வா கின. இ த ேபாதி , அ ப வ ட கள
ப ன , அ தைகய ேம ைமயான ப ரகடன க ேம ெகா ள ப ட
ேபாதி , ஒ ெவா நா எேத சாதிகார மாக த
ைவ க படாதி த அ ல ைக ெச ய படா தி பத கான
உ ைம ேபா ற ெபா வான அ பைட உ ைமகைள காவ ைறயா
ஒ நா ட பா கா க யா ள . ெத காசியா அைன தி ேம
சி திரவைதைய பய ப வத எதிரான உ ைமக ட
ைமயாக காவ ைறய னரா ப ரேயாகி க ப கிற .3

ப ரா திய தி காவ ைற ப தலான , திர தி ப ன

அ எ தி க ேவ ய மா ற ெப ற ப ரைஜ-அர உற
நிைலைய ப ரதிபலி கவ ைல. காவ ைற உ திேயாக த ஒ வ
ம க ஒ ச ட வமான ேசைவைய வழ கி ற
சீ ைடய ள ஒ ப ரைஜ ம ேம எ கி ற க அரசா க தி
அ ல காவ ைறய ட அ தாகேவ வ ள கி ெகா ள ப ட .
காவ ைற ப தலான , ப ரைஜகள அரசியலைம உ ைமக
பாரப சமான ைறகள மற படா வ வாக
பா கா க ப ெம பைத உ தி ப வத க டைம திய
இயலாதெவா காலன வ லி பைட மாதி ையேய ெதாட
ப ரதிபலி த .

1.3 “ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப த ”எ றா எ ன?

ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய நா க த திர தி வா திைய

நிைறேவ வத ம வ வான ஜனநாயக நி வன கைள
வள கமாக ப ரா திய தி ள காவ ைற ப த
மா றமைடத ேவ . எள ைமயாக வதாய , ஜனநாயக
நா க ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப த ேதைவ.4 ஜனநாயக தி
வைரவ ல கண ச ைசக உ பட யைவ எ பைத

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அ கீ க அேதேவைள காவ ைற கான ஐ கிய நா கள மன த

உ ைமக பய சி ைகேய ேம ெகா ள ப ட அ ைற
மிக ெபா தமானதாக உ ள . ஜனநாயக தி இ த
வைரவ ல கண மன த உ ைமகள ச வேதச ப ரகடன ம
சிவ ம அரசிய உ ைமக கான சமவாய தி
க டைம ப ெசய ப வேதா ப வ வனவ ைற
உ ளட கிற :

 அரசா க தி ப ேக க இய மாகவ த ;
 ெபா ேசைவக சம வமான வழிவைககைள
ேன த ;
 ம கள வ பேம அரசா க தி அ பைடெய பைத
உ தி ப த ;
 இ த வ ப ேத த கள டாக ெத வ க ப தைல உ தி
ெச த ;ம
 ச ட தி ஆ சி ம உ ைமகள பா கா ைப ேப த .5

ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப த எ ப காவ ைறைய

ஜனநாயக ப வதி ணா ச கைள வ ள வத கட த தசா த
கால தி ேதா றியெவா ெசா பதமா , இ ேக காவ ைற
நா ம க ேசைவயா ேமய றி ஆ சியாள க க ல.6
“ஐ கிய நா கள ச வேதச ெபாலி கர த பைட (Police Task Force)
ஜனநாயக தி காவ ைற ப த எைத ேபா இ த
ேவ ெம பைத கமாக, ெதள வாக ெவள ப கிற .”
ஜனநாயக ச தாயெமா றி , காவ ைற த திர கைள
தைடெச வைத வட அவ றிைன பா கா பத ேக
ேசைவயா கி ற . இ த த திர கைள அ ப யாசி பத கான
பா கா பான, ஒ ைறயானெதா ழைல வழ வேத
காவ ைறய ேநா கமாக இ த ேவ . ஜனநாயக
காவ ைறயான ம கள ந ப ைகக அ ல அவ ட
ெதாட ப டைவ ப றி ம அவ கள நடமா ட க அ ல அரச
க திய டனான இண க பா எ பைவ ப றிய க சைனகைள

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ெகா ரா. அ ஒ வ திக அ ல ஆ சி ைற நியம க

எ பவ றி அ ப த ப றி ட தலி க சைன ெகா ளா
பதிலாக ஜனநாயக தி காவ ைறயான ச க கள பா கா
ம அ சேமா அ ல பாரப சேமா இ லாம அைன
ம க றவ ய ச ட ைத சம வமாக ப ரேயாகி த
எ பைவ ெதாட பாக ம ேம க சைன ெகா .”7

ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப தலான , காவ ைற கான அத

ைறக உபாய க ஒ நியாயாதி கதிலி ம ெறா
மிக ேவ ப டைவயாக இ தா ட ஜனநாயகெமா றி
றி ப டெவா க டைம ப ைன அ உ வா கி ற . சிவ
ச க , ெகா ைக வ பாள க , ந ெகாைடயாள க ம
காவ ைற ஆகிேயா க றி ப வத ெபா வானெதா
க டைம ைப அ அள கிற .8 ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப தெலா
ப வ வனவ றா ணா ச ப த ப கிற : அரைச வ ட சிவ
ச க தி ேசைவயா வைத ேநா கியதாக இ த ;
ெவள பைடயான த ைம ம ெபா த ைம எ பன
காவ ைற ப த அைன தி பர தி த ; காவ ைறய
பண யா பவ க நா சன அைம ப ைன ப ரதிபலி
வைகய காண ப த ; தகாத அரசிய ெச வா கிலி
காவ ைற த க பட ; அத உ பன க த கள
ெபா கைள அ ல பண கைள பய தியான ம
வ ைன திறனான மான வைகய மாக நிைறேவ த ; ம
காவ ைற வதி ஒ ெதாழ சா த ைம காண ப த .9
“இ த வ மிய க மா ற பட த கைவய ல எ ப ட
இைவயைன மி றி அ ல காவ ைறைய அவ கள
கடைமகள நிைறேவ ற ேநா கி ெச த ைன
ெச ைறகள காவ ைறயான அத க டைம , கலா சார
அ ல ெசய பா எ பவ றி அ பைடய ஜனநாயகமான என
க த பட யா .”10

ஜனநாயக வழி ப தெல ப , தன ேய “ச ட ைத ஒ ைக

ேப த ”எ பைத வ ட ேமலானெதா றா .அ பர பர ம யாைத

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ம ெகா ள எ பவ றி அ பைடய ச க ட ஒ
ஆேரா கியமான உறவ ைன ேபண வள ப ப றியதா . ஆனா
இதைன ெச வத ெத காசிய ெபா நலவாய நா க
அைன தி ள ச ட ைத அ ெச அைம க த கள
மன பா கைள மா றியைம த ேவ . இத கான
வலி தலான , ச ட ைத அ ப வெத ப பல ைத
பய ப வைத வ ட ச ட ைத ேபண நிைலநா வத கான ஒ
வழி ைறயாக ேசைவைய வழ வத மதானதாகேவ இ த
ேவ . ஆனா , இ த ப ரா திய தி ள காவ ைற எ தெவா
உ ேதச ைறகள னா இ த நியம கைள அ மி த வைகய ட
தி தி ப வத வரவ ைல. ச க கள த திர
ம ைமயான த ைமைய பா கா பத
ேசைவயா வத பதிலாக காவ ைற அதிகளவ லான
பல ப ரேயாக , சி திரவைத, காணாம ேபாத க , நதி ற பான
ெகாைலக , ைறயான ெச ைறகைள கைட ப க தவ த ,
பாரப சமான நட ைத ம ஊழ ஆகிய அைன ைத ேம அதிக
அ ப யாசி பதாக அ க ற சா ட ப கி ற . இத வ ைளவாக
இ திய உப க ட தி ள காவ ைற ஒ “பைட” எ
நிைலய லி ஒ “ேசைவ” எ நிைல மா வத பல
பண க ெச ய பட ேவ ள .

1.4 ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப த டனான

ப ர சிைனக

ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப த ம கள ந ப ைகைய

ேவ ெகா வதாகவ ைல ஏெனன அட கிெயா கி ற,
நியாயம ற ம வ சன ப மளவ வ ைன திறன றதாகேவ அ
காண ப கிற . பயனாக, அ ேசைவயா ச க கள இ
அேநக அ நிய ப வ ட அதனா ற , சிவ அைமதிய ைம
ம ம தவ ரவாத வ ைற எ பவ ைற ெவ றிகரமாக அட வதி
ைற தள வா கைளேய ெகா ள . ஒ அவசியமான
ேதைவய ட காவ ைற நிைலயெமா கான வ ஜய ஒ

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கைடசி ய சியாகேவ அேநக ேநா க ப கிற . (வ ேசடமாக,

ேதைவைய ெகா ட நப ெப ெணா வராக அ ல பா நிைல
திய சி பா ைமய னராக இ ச த ப தி ). ப ரா திய
வதி ேம காவ ைற ப தைல எ ண ற ெபா
ப ர சிைனக ெதா ைல ப கி றன.

தலாவதாக, காவ ைறய னா ய ப டதாக க த ப தவறான

நடவ ைகக றவ ல கள காண ப கி றஒ கலா சார .
அதிகார ப ரேயாக , ப க சா , ஊழ , ச ட வ ேராத ைறக
ம அதிக பல ப ரேயாக எ பன ந ஆவண ப த ப ட
ேபாதி ட கவன தி ெகா ள படாம , த டைன
அள க படாம வ ட பட . ெபா வான ப ரேயாக க
ப வ வனவ ைற உ ளட கிற : நதி ற பான ெகாைலக
(ேவ வைகய “எதி நடவ ைகள ேபாதான இற கெளன
அறிய ப பைவ); ல வ சாரைணகள வ சாரைண ேம ெகா
ப ரதான ைறயாக பர தளவ சி திரவைதைய பய ப த ; நதி
ைறய ற ைக க ; த தகவ அறி ைககைள பதி ெச ய
ம த ; அ மதி க த க ச ட காலெவ ைலக அ பா
த ைவ தி த ; அவ ைற ல வ சாரைண ெச வத
அ ல ைற பா கைள ஏ ப ப ன த ம ம ெபா
சா சிய அள த .

இர டாவ , காவ ைறய நட ைத ப றி மிக பய தி

ைற த ேம பா ைவ அ ல மளா ேவ உ ள . ற
வ ல கள ட ெதாட ப ட வைகய ெபாறி ைறெயா
காண ப வதான , காவ ைற ச ட ப நட ெகா வத கான
சா திய ைத ெப அதிக கிற . எ வாறாய ,
ெத காசியாவ ள எ தெவா ெபா நலவாய நா ச வேதச
திய சிற த நைட ைறக ட இண கி ற ,
ஒள மைறவ றி-ெவள பைடயான ம ெவள வா யான
ெசய பா க (அ ல உ வா யான) ெபா
கி ற ெமன வப க பட ய ெபாறி ைறைய
ெகா கவ ைல. இத ேமலதிகமாக பாரா ம ற லமான

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ேம பா ைவ இ ப ரா திய தி இ லா ள . ச டமிய ேவா

காவ ைற ப தலி பய தி த ைமைய ெதாட சியாக
ேம பா ைவ ெச த ேவ . ஆனா காவ ைற ெசய பா கள
வ டய திைன ஆரா வதி உ ைமய ைற த ேநர ைதேய
ெசலவ ட ேவ . த காலிக வ சாரைண ஆைண க அ ல
ேதசிய மன த உ ைம நி வன க எ பன ஒ ெவா ெத காசிய
நா கள இ கி ற ேபாதி ச ட ரணான ெசய க
காவ ைறைய ெபா பவ களாக ஆ கேவா அ ல அத
ைறைமகள மா ற கைள ெகா வ வத ேகா
இயலாதி தைத அைவ நி ப தன.

றாவ , காவ ைற நி வாக தி அைன அ ச கள

ச டவ ேராத அரசிய தைலய இ ப ரா திய தி வ மாக
பரவ ள . இத ேபா இடமா ற க , பதவ ய க ம
பதவ கால வ டய க எ பன நியாய அ ல தைகைம தவ த
ஏைனய க சைன ய வ டய களா த மான க ப வெத ப
அசாதாரணமானத ல. பயனாக, ச ட ம ஒ
ப ர சிைனகைள ைகயா வ ம ற ல வ சாரைணகள
த இ த வ டய தா அேநக அரசிய சாய ச ப கி றன.
அரசிய தைலயெட ப , ெத காசியா வதி ேம
காவ ைறய ன ெதாழி சா த ைமைய கீ நிைல ப
மிக ஊ வ ேபா ள , அபாயகரமான மான
ப ர சிைனகள ெலா றா . இ த நிைலைம யான , சிர ைத ,
ேந ைம ெகா ட உ திேயாக த க அவ கள
ேந ைம திறைன ேப வத ம அவ கள ெதாழிலி
ேன வத கான எதி பா கைள மிக சிரம தி
உ ளா கி ற .

நா காவதாக, காவ ைற பா ய வள ப றா ைறயா

பாதி க ப கிற . வர ெசல தி ட ஒ கீ கைள அதிக த
ேபாதி ச ட அ ப த கான நிதி வழ க க ேமாசமான
வைகய இட ப , நி வகி க ப வ கி ற . இத
வ ைளவாக, காவ ைற நிைலய கள ள காவ ைற

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உ திேயாக த க த கள பண கைள ஏேத பய ள வைகய

ெச வத ேதைவயான அ பைட ேதைவகைள அேநக
இழ தன . உதாரணமாக, காவ ைற நிைலய தி காகித க கான
ைகய அ க இ லா ேபா வ வதா ெபா ம கள
ைற பா கைள எ த யா ள அ ட பய ப வத
வாகனெமா இ மாய அ எ ெபா ள றி இ . இத
ேமலாக, யதா தம ற வைகய உபகரண க ஏ பாடள த
வழைம மாறான நிைலைமகைள ஏ ப திய . உபகரண க
வழ க ப டன (அதாவ : கண ன க , ைகயட க ெதாைலேபசிக ,
வாெனாலி ெதாட சாதன க அ ல தடய ெபா
ேசாதைன க வ ) ஆனா அவ ைற பய ப வத அவசியமான
இைண க வக , பராம ஒ ப த க அ ல
பய ப வத கான பய சிக எ பன இ லாதி தன.

ஐ தாவதாக, கீ ம ட தர தி ள நிைலக ம அவ க கான

நிைலைமகைள அள த மிக ேமாசமாக உ ள . இ தெவா
நிைல ேமலதிகமாக, காவ ைற கான ஆ ேச
நடவ ைகக அேநக இல ச வழ த ம ெச வா ைக
ப ரேயாகி த எ பவ றா மா ப த . இ திய ,
பண கம த ப உ திேயாக த க ச க தி இன பர ப
வ கித அைம ப ைன அேநக ப ரதிபலி க தவறின . ேம ,
காவ ைற ம க ெதாைக மான வ கித ச வேதச
நியம கைள வ ட மிக ைற ததாக காண ப ட . ஏெனன
அ மதி க ப ட பல பதவ நிைலக ெவ றிட களாக காண ப டன.
அ ேதா காவ ைற உ திேயாக த க ஓ நாள றி 24
மண தியால க கடைமக வ அ ல வசதிகள ற காவ
இ பட கள த கிய ப ஒ அசாதாரணமான வ டயமாக
கவன ெகா ள படவ ைல. கீ ம ட தர திலான
காவ ைறய ன இ த தி திய ற நிைலைமக ல
வ சாரைண ப க ம ற ச பவ இட ப ேசாதைன
எ பவ றி இ லாத அ ல ேபாதியளவ ற பய சிய னா ேம
ேமாசமைட தன. இ தைகய நிைலைமகள கீ காவ ைறய ன

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ர தன , தி திய ைம ம ெதாழிலி ஊ கம ற த ைம
எ பவ ட இ த ஆ ச ய ப வத கான ஒ வ டயம ல.
இத பயனான அ நிய ப த ெபா ம கள டமி காவ ைறைய
ேம தன ைம ப திய ட வைட ஒ ெவா
வ ட ட பர பர ந ப ைகய ைம ேமாசமைட ஒ
ப ழேல காவ ைறய ெதாட கிற .

1.5 ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப த ஏ

ைறபா ைடயதாக ள ?

ெத காசியாவ ைற த காவ ைற ெசய பா க அத

க டைம தியாலானெதா தவ க யாைம காரணமாக ள .
ஏெனன இ த நா கள ள ஆ சி ைறைமக
அசாதாரணமானைவ. ப ரா திய தி அரசிய , ெபா ளாதார ச க
நிைலைமக காவ ைற ப தைல வ த த கதாக ம
சீ தி த தி கான ய சிக தைட ப டைவயாக இ பைதேய
உ தி ெச த . தலாவ வ டய ெதாட ப , ெத காசிய
ெபா நலவாய நா கள அரசிய கலா சாரேம இ த ப ரா திய தி
காவ ைற ப த ெதாழி சா ைறய றதாக ம
ஐய தி யெதா றாக இ பத கான ப ரதான காரணமாக
இ த . சில நியாயாதி க கள இரா வ ம ஜனநாயக ஆ சி
எ பவ கிைடய கிரமமான ஊசலா ட , அேதேபா
அரசியலைம க ம ம ம வா க ப டைம அ ல
தி த ப டைம எ பவ ேறா ஆ சிய ெதாட சியான
நி சயமி ைம காவ ைற சீ தி த ேநா கிய நிைலயானெதா
அ ைறைய இ லாதா கிய .

ேம , ஊழ ப களாேத , இ தியா, பாகி தா ம இல ைக

ஆகிய நா கள ஆழமாக ஊ வ ள . ெச ல இ த
நைட ைறயான காவ ைறய ேந ைம த ைமைய ம ம றி
அத ெகா ைக ல கைள அரசிய வ க தின ம திய
தாைரவா வ ட ைவ கிற , நதி ம சிவ ேசைவ எ பன

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த க டனான காவ ைறய இைட ெதாட கள னா இ திய

தவ க யாம த க அேத சாய ச ப வ ெமன
க கி றன. இ வா , காவ ைற நி வன க ஒ நா
அதிசய க த க வைகய உ ளக ஊழ கைள ஒழி தவ ட
த மான தா ட அத ய சி பயனள கா ஏெனன
சீ தி தமைடயா இ கி ற ெப க டைம ைறய
இ ழ இ ன ஆழமாக பதி ேபாய கலா .

ெபா ளாதார காரண கள னா ேமாசமான காவ ைற ப த

இ க காண ப கிற . ெத காசியாவ ள அதிக வ ைம,
ம ப த ப ட நிதி ெதாைகேய பல ேபா த ைமயான
ேதைவக காக பய ப வத காக உ ள எ பைத க கிற .
இதெனா வ ைளவாக ப ரா திய வதி மாக காவ ைற
பைடக ஓ பய தியான பண ேதைவயான அ பைட
அ தியாவசிய க எ ெபா வழ க ப வதி ைல.
சிலசமய கள இ த ைறபா ஒ நிதி ப றா ைறய லான
காரண தினால றி தவறான காைம வ திெனா
ெசய பா னாலானதாக உ ள . எ வாறாய ,
காவ ைற ப த ம ஆெளா வ கான ெசல ப களாேதஷி 11

1.40 அெம க ெடால களாக , அெம காவ 12

215 ெடால களாக
காண ப கி றைம, காவ ைற ைற தளவ லான நிதிைய
ெகா பத வர ெசல தி ட நிதிெயா கீ கள தவறான
காைம வ ம காரணமி ைலெய பைத
ெதள ப கிற . ம ப த ப ட வள கள னா
ஏ ப த ப கி ற தைடகைள தா வ , காவ ைறைய
ேம ப வத உ ள ெதாட சியான சவாலா .

ப ரா திய தி ச க நிைலைமக ட காவ ைற ப த

ம சீ தி த தி கான அத இய த ைம ம அதிக எதி
மைறயான தா க கைளேய ெகா த . ெத காசிய ச க கள
மர தியான வ க அ ல வ ம மான ய க டைம
காவ ைறைய ம க எ வத நடா கிறா க ம எ வத
ேநா கிறா க எ பைத ெத ய ப கிற . உதாரணமாக, யநல

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சா த காரண க காக பண பைட தவ க ம ெச வா

ெகா டவ களா காவ ைற பய ப த ப வ ட
ர ட ப கி ற , ஆனா இ தைகய நிைல ேவ ப டதாக
அ ல ெபா தம றதாக அ தாகேவ ேநா க ப டன. ேம ,
ேபாதியளவ ற க வ ேசைவக , சராச ப ரைஜ தன உ ைமக
அ ல தா எ த வைகய லான காவ ைற ப த
உ ைடயவ க எ பைத ப றி ட அ தாகேவ அறி தவ களாக
இ பைத கா கிற . இதனா , தம எ தவைகயான
காவ ைற ேசைவ ேதைவெய ப ப றி ம க ஒ ழ பமான
சமி ைககைளேய ெத வ கி றன எ ப வள கி ெகா ள பட
யதா . றவ ய நடவ ைககள அ பய தியான ,
உ ேவக ெகா டதாக இ த ேவ ஆனா
காவ ைறய அதத நடவ ைககளா சிரம க ஆளாைகய
“நியாயமான , பதிலி த ைம” ெகா டதாக உ ள
காவ ைற ப த கான ஒ வ ப தி அவ க உட
ப கி றன . இ த ர ப ட நிைல அறி த ம
காவ ைற ப த ட ச ப த ப த எ பைவ ல ம ேம
த க பட .

1.6 ெச வத கான வழி

காவ ைறய ேன ற ைத வரலா தியாக க ப திய

அரசிய , ெபா ளாதார ம ச க நிைலைமகள இ
காவ ைறைய ேவ ப வத காக சில கா திரமான நடவ ைகக
எ க பட ேவ . தலாவ , ஜனநாயக ஒ றினா
எ வைகயான காவ ைற ப த ேதைவ ப த ப கிறெத ப
ப றிய ெதள வானெதா ெகா ள இ த ேவ .
காவ ைற ம அரசிய நி வாக எ பவ கிைடய லான
உறவ சீ தி த , காவ ைறய காைம வ ம
தைலைம வ திலான ேன ற , ச ப த ப ட அைன
தர ப ன மன பா கிலான மா ற க , ஏ பாடள த கள னாலான
ேம ப த க ம இைவயைன ைத வ ட ேம சிற பான

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ெவள வா யான ேம பா ைவ ம ெபா ற எ பவ ைற

ெத காசியாவ காவ ைற ப த ேதைவ ப கிற . இ த
வ டய க ஆர ப திேலேய கவன தி ெகா ள ப சீ தி த
மதான ஏேத கல ைரயாட கள ன ைல ப த பட
ேவ .

இர டாவதாக, அரசிய நி வாக ம காவ ைற

எ பவ கிைடய லான உறவ எ ைலகைள வைரயைற ெச வ
கியமா . எ தெவா ஜனநாயக தி ம கள பா கா ைப
உ தி ப இ தி ெபா ம கள ப ரதிநிதி கள ேலேய
த கி ள . காவ ைறய ன அ ப பவ க ம ேம.
அ வ தமாய , காவ ைற ம அரசிய அதிகார ஆகிய
இர , ற கைள த வ சா த , ச ட ம
ஒ கிைன ேப த அ ட வா ைக, ஆதன , த திர
எ பவ ைற பா கா ந ெசய ப அ தியாவசிய ேசைவைய
ம க ெகா பைத உ தி ப த ம ப ரைஜக -
வ ேசடமாக ெப க , சி வ , சி பா ைமய ன க , தியவ க
ம உட ஊன ெகா டவ க ஆகிேயா அரசியலைம ப னா
உ தரவாத அள க ப ட உ ைமகைள ைமயாக
அ பவ பத கான ழைல உ வா த ேபா ற ெபா ய சிகள
ஒ றாக ப ைண ளன.

காவ ைற ப த வ ைன திறனான , ப கசா ப ற வைகய

பண ெச வத ச ப த ப ட ஒ ெவா நி வன தின
அதிகார க ம ெபா க எ பன ைறயாக ெத வ க பட
ேவ . அரசிய நி வாக தினா காவ ைற மதான
ச ட வமான “ேம பா ைவ” ம ச டவ ேராதமான தைலய
ம ெச வா எ பவ கிைடய கவனமானெதா சமன ைல
ேபண பட ேவ . மாறாக, காவ ைற ச ட திைன
ேப வத ம அத கடைமகைள ச ட தி கைமவாக
நிைறேவ வத மாக ேத ெத க ப ட அரசிய வாதிக
எ ெபா ெபா பவ களாக இ த ேவ . இ த
சமன ைல ச யாக ேபண ப மாய , ஜனநாயக காவ ைற ப த

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தவ க பட யாததாக உ ெப . அதனாேலேய, காவ

ைறய “ேம பா ைவ” எ ப எதைன உ ைமயாக க கிற
எ பைத கவனமாக வைரவ ல கண ப வ ட காவ ைற
ெசய பா ெபா ைப ெகா ைகய நி வாக அதிகார
நிப தைன ப த ப வைத உ தி ெச த திகள எ ைலகைள
உ வா கிெய ப மிக கியமா .

றாவ , காைம வ ம நிதி, க மாண வசதிக ம

உபகரண க எ ப றி ஏ பாடள த எ ப மிக சிற த
ெசய பா கைள உ தி ப வத ெபா தமான தாக
ேபா மானதாக இ த ேவ . ச ட அ ப த
த நிதிய ைன ஒ வ இயலாத ஒ றாகவ ப அத
பய பா கான ைமக ம வைரயைற ெச ய பட
ேவ அ ட உ ச பயைன உ தி ப வத உ ைமயான
ெசலவ ன க ஆ ெச ய பட ேவ . ஆனா இ ெபா ள
நிைல இ வ ல.

நா காவதாக, காவ ைற ச ட தி ஆ சி ம ஜனநாயக

நியதிக தலான மதி ப ைன ெகா காவ டா
சீ தி த ெவ றியைடயமா டா . அரசியலைம வ மிய க
இ லாத வ ைன திற ந ஏ பாடள க ப ட மானெதா
காவ ைற, த ெபா இ பதைன வ ட க ைமயான அைம பாகேவ
காண பட . நிைலயான காவ ைற சீ தி த ைத அைடய
ேவ மாய ச க தி காவ ைற ப றி நிைல ள
நிைல பா க கவன தி ெகா ள பட ேவ . உதாரணமாக உப
க ட தி ள ச ட ைத அ ப நி வன க அைவ
காவல ைற ெச ப கலா சார ம ப லின ம க ெதாைகைய
அ தாகேவ ப ரதிபலி கி றன. இல ைகய காவ ைற அேநக
வ மாகேவ சி களவ களாக அ ட அ த இன
சா ததாக ேம அதிகளவ அறிய ப கி ற .13 ேம , இ திய
காவ ைறய உய பதவ தர கள ப ப ட சாதிக , ப றப ட
பழ ம க ம லி க ெப மளவ ைறவாகேவ

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ப ரதிநிதி வ ெச ய ப கி றன .14 ேம , ெத காசியாவ ள

ெபா நலவாய நா கள எ ேம காவ ைற ேசைவய
ெப கைள ேபா மானளவ உ ள ைண கவ ைல.15
காவல ைறய சி பா ைம இன தவ க ம ஓர க ட ப ட
கைள தலாக ஆ ேச ப ஒ கியமான ப ைறயாக
அைம .

காவல ைற சீ தி த களான றவ ய நதி ைற ம பர த

வைகய லான அத நி வாக ஆகிய இர மாக ெசய பட
ேவ யேத சிற தா . ஏைனய கியமான ப கைள
ற கண காவ ைற சீ தி த தி ம ேம கவன
ெச வதான அைன ைனகள ேம ேதா வ ேக
உ தரவாதமள . இ த ேபாதி , அைன ைத த பத காக
கா தி பெத ப , ஒ ைற ேம த காதி பத கான ஒ
வழியாகேவ நி சய அைம . இ த ெவா ைறய ைறபா கைள
த பத ல அதைன சீ ெச ய ய ைகய , ெப
வ ைன திறன ம த நிைலய ம மான ய ைறய மாக
கிட த காவ ைறய சீ தி த கெள ப இற த வாய
உ ளைத ெசய ப வத வ , இத ல
ப ரா திய ைத ப தி ம தநிைலைய கட வரலா .
காவ ைற ஓ றி ப ட , உடன யான மான கவன ைத
ேதைவ ப கிற , ஏெனன அவ க ப ரைஜகள பா கா ,
அைமதி ம நதி எ பவ ைற அ மதி வாய கா ேபா களாவ .
ெபா ம க ம காவ ைற எ பவ கிைடய லான ெதாட
நதி ைற, பண ைறயா சி அ ல அரசிய வ க தின
ஆகிேயா க டனான இைட ெதாட கைள வட மிக
உடன யான , தவ ரமான ம அ க ஏ ப வதாக
உ ள . ஆகேவ, அ கவன க படாம , சீ தி த படாம
வட ப காவ ைற பா கா ைப அள பைத வட அதைன
ெதாட ெக பதாகேவ அைம .

இ த வ டய ெதாட ப நடவ ைக எ காைமய னா ஏ ப ட

பலாபல க கண சமானைவ. 2008இ , பா கி தான 67 த ெகாைல

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தா த க 973 ேப கைள ெகா ற ட 2318 ேப கைள

காய ப திய .16 ெத கிழ காசியாவ லி ஐேரா பாவ
ெஹேராய ேபாைத ெபா ைள கட கி ற ப ரதான இைடவழி
மா கமாக ப களாேத தன அ த ைத ஏ ப தி
ெகா ள .17 இ தியா ந சைல கள ஆதி க நிைற த
ப திகள 18
நைடெப கி ற வன ைறகைள க பட த இயலா
இ ப ட 2008இ பய கரவாதிகள ெப தா த க
பலவ றினா பாதி பைட .19 ேம , இல ைகய ஆய ர
கண கான ம க காணம ேபான ட , இ ற க
ெபா பானவ க ப க ப வா க எ பத சிறிதளவான
எதி பா ேப உ ள .20 ெப அளவ லான பய கரவாத தா த
அ ல நாளா த ேமாசமான காவ ைற ப த எ பைவ ல
ம கள ெபௗதக பா கா ைப வ ெகா கி றைம ம க
ம காவ ைற எ பவ இைடய லான ேவ பா ைட
ெதாட வ ப கிற .

ஒ ெவா நியாயாதி க தி காவ ைற ப த ேசைவகைள

ேம ப வத ேம ெகா ள பட ேவ ய வ வான ைறகைள
இ க ைர வழ கிற . அறி ட ப , வ ள கமள க ப ட
ம கள அப ப ராய , பார ப ய நட ைத ைறகைள
மா வத கான அரசிய ணவ கான ேதைவைய உ வா கி ற
ேபா ம ேம உ ைமயான சீ தி த நைடெப எ ப
ெபா நலவாய மன த உ ைம ென கள உ தியான
ந ப ைகயா . இைத ேபா ற க ைரக , அேத ேபா இ த
வ டய ம நணட கால தி உ தியான வைகய ஆத
வாதா த க எ பன மிக ேதைவ ப கி ற சீ தி த க
தகவ அள பைவயாக , ஊ கியாக இ பத
க த ப டைவயா .

காவ ைற சீ தி த க ற கண க பட இயலாதளவ அதிக

கிய வமான ட தாமதி க பட இயலாதளவ மிக
அவசரமானைவயா .

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.................................................................................
1
Maldives has been omitted due to an inability to conduct primary research in that jurisdiction.

2Maldives also passed its first Police Act in 2008. However, CHRI has been unsuccessful in securing an English
version of the Act.

3Human Rights Watch (March 2008), Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for “Disappearances” and Abductions
in Sri Lanka, v.20, no.2(c): http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare-0 as on 12 November 2008;
International Crisis Group (2008), Reforming Pakistan’s Police, Asia Report N°157, p. 8: http://www.crisisgroup.org/
home/index.cfm?id=5570&l=1 as on 12 December 2008; Odhikar (2008), Human Rights Report: Odhikar Report on Bangladesh,
p. 38: http://newsfrombangladesh.net/dbimages/241473-0 Odhikar%20annual%20human%20rights%20report%202008.doc as
on 20 March 2009; Human Rights Watch (July 2008), Being Neutral is Our Biggest Crime, pp. 54-58: http://
www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/07/14/being-neutral-our-biggest-crime-0 as on 17 October 2008.
4For a detailed discussion of democratic policing and why it is important, please refer to Chapter 2 of Rauch J.,
Prasad D., Mehta S., and Canineu M.L. “Police Accountability: Too important to neglect, too urgent to delay”, 2005,
CHRI report by the International Advisory Commission of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative: http://
www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/chogm/chogm_2005/chogm_2005_full_report.pdf.
5United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997), Human Rights and Law Enforcement: A
Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police, Chapter IX: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/training.htm as on
11 December 2008.
6Commonwealth Human Right Initiative and Kenya Human Rights Commission (2006), The Police, The People, The Politics-
Police Accountability in Kenya: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/kenya_country_report_2006.pdf.
7United Nations International Police Task Force (1996), Commissioner’s Guidelines for Democratic Policing in the
Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
8Bruce, D. and Neild, R. (2005), The police that we want - A handbook for oversight of police in South Africa, Centre for the
Study of Violence and Reconciliation, p. 15: http://www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2?res_id=102519 as on 13 September
2008.
9Marenin, O. (2005), Restoring Policing Systems in Conflict Torn Nations: Process, Problems, Prospects, Democratic
Control of Armed Forces, June 2005.
10Ibid, p. 29.
11Van Zant, E. (2005), “Better Policing: Tracking the problems besetting the Bangladeshi police services means overcoming a
long history and great shortage of funds”, ADB Review: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/
ADB_Review/2005/vol37-2/better-policing.asp as on 12 December 2008.
12Greene, J .R. (2006), The Encyclopedia of Police Science, 3rd edition, CRC Press, p. 271: http://books.google.ca/
books?id=HIE_zF1Rv7MC&dq=The+Encyclopedia+of+Police+Science&printsec=frontcover &source=bl&
ots=fVss9CXj5K&sig=q12KHMFxkRP89LHfu84dgTFqLJE&hl=en&ei=bubqSZLJPNCGkQX4jeClCA&sa=X&oi=boo
k_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPA713,M1 as on 24 November 2008.
13Edrisinha, R., Olander, K., and Orjuella, C. (December 2007), Review of Development Cooperation between Sri
Lanka Police and Swedish National Police Board, p. 10; Laksiri, F. (2005), Police-Civil Relations for Good Governance,
Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association.
14Swami, P. (2006), “Bias and the Police”, Frontline, v.23, Issue 24, December 2-15: http://www.hinduonnet.com/
fline/fl2324/stories/20061215002503300.htm as on 13 November 2008.
15Nataranjan, M. (2005), “Status of Women Police in Asia”, The Journal for Women and Policing, Issue No.17, pp.45-47:
http://www.auspol-women.asn.au/issue%2017.pdf as on 1 December 2008.
16Usman, A. (2009), “HRCP launches report on human rights situation in 2008: a year of challenges”, The Daily
Times, 7 April 2009: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C04%5C07%5Cstory_7-4-2009_pg7_23 as on 8
April 2009.
172008), “Bangladesh transit route for heroin trafficking”, The Bangladesh News, 7 March 2008: http://
www.bangladeshnews.com.bd/2008/03/07/bangladesh-transit-route-for-heroin-trafficking/ as on 17 September 2008.
18Human Rights Watch (July 2008), Being Neutral is Our Biggest Crime: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/07/14/ being-
neutral-our-biggest-crime-0 as on 17 October 2008.

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19There were major terror attacks in Jaipur (13 May 2008), Ahmedabad (28 July 2008), New Delhi (13 September 2008),
Guwahati (30 October 2008) and Mumbai (26-28 November 2008).

92
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MdhYk; ghf;fp];jhdpYk;> 1gq;fshNj\pYk; Nghy;> NjHjy; Row;rpfspy; ,uhZtg;
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ntw;wpfukhdjhf ,Ug;gjhf Nehf;fg;gl;lJ.

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mZFKiw Nkhjypy; kpfTk; njspthd xd;whf ,Ue;jJ. nghyprhUf;F Nkyjpf
mjpfhuq;fis mspj;jpUe;j gaq;futhjj; jilr; rl;lk; Nghd;w nghpa
rl;lthf;fq;fspd; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;lJk;> vy;hphp<apd; gaq;futhjr;
nraw;ghLfSf;F Kuz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;jpd; fbdkhd epiyikfspy; gjpw; nraw;ghL
fhl;ba nghyprhUf;F> xU mq;fPfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. mtHfs; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPHtpd; Gjpa
fl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd> Kidg;Gfspy; <LglNtz;b> nghJkf;fis nghyp];
mjpfhuk; nra;Ak;> rk;gpujha tfpgq;fpw;F jpUk;g Ntz;b te;jJld;> mjidAk;
gy;ypd> gd;ikj;Jtj;jpy; NtWghLfis kjpj;J> ,J njhlHghd rthy;fspd;
$UzHTfSf;F Vw;gTk;> ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.2

3
Wikipedia website, “List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita#cite_note-2 as on 12 November 2008.
2
Edrisinha, R., Olander, K., and Orjuella, C. (December 2007), Review of Development Cooperation between
SriLanka Police and Swedish National Police Board, p. 9.

93
 94

MdhYk; 2005 NjHjiy vy;hphp< gfp];fhpj;jikahdJ> ,yq;if rdhjpgjpahf

caHj;jp tpl;lJ. ,yq;ifr; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; jiytH> murpay; gpur;rhuq;fspd;NghJ
jhk; vy;hphp< aplk; fLikahd mZFKiwiaf; filg;gpbf;fg; Nghtjhfj;
njhptpj;jpUe;jhh;. mtH gjtpf;F te;jJk;> Gjpa epHthfj;jpy;> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; vy;hphp<
f;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uhZt Nkhjy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nghJkf;fs; Rje;jpukhd>
Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> elkhl;lr; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;wpy; tiuaiw Vw;gLj;Jk; mtrufhy
xOq;Ffs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ePjpf;F mg;ghw;gl;l nfhiyfs;> flj;jy;fs;>
fhzhky; Nghjy;fs; mjpfhpj;jd. xg;gPl;lstpy; FWfpa fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; rptpy;
r%fj;jplKk; rHtNjr r%fj;jplKk;> fzprkhd ftdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa jz;lidapy;
,Ue;J tpyf;Fg; ngWk; fyhrhuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.3

2. jz;lidapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;Fg; ngWk; fyhrhuk;

,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpapy; cs;Nshuhy; ,iof;fg;gl;l kdpj chpik kPwy; Fw;wq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if> msT vd;gd ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpghpf;fg;glhj> fhzhky;
Nghfr; nra;jy; rk;gtq;fspd; kl;by;> ,yq;if mtHfspd; epuypy; ,uz;lhtjhf
,Ug;gjhf fhzhky; Mf;fy; my;yJ fhzhky; Nghfr; nra;jy; kPjhd gzpf;FO
mOj;jpAiuj;Js;sJ.4 murhq;fj;jhy;> tprhuiz Mizf;FOthdJ 1988 – 90
fhyg;gFjpapy; fpl;lj;jl;l 27>200 NgH fhzhky; Nghdjhf njhptpj;Js;sJ. 5 mz;ika
vy;hphp<f;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd td;Kiwf; fpsHr;rpahdJ xU Gjpa Rw;W
fhzhky; Nghif Fwpj;J Fw;wr; rhl;Lfis vOg;gpAs;sJ. ,yq;if kdpj chpikfs;
Mizf;FO 2006 ,y; ghJfhg;G gilapduhy; my;yJ murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J
,aq;Fk; Jiz ,uhZtf; FOf;fspdhy; my;yJ vy;hphp< apduhy; ehL G+uhfTk;
murpay; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf 345 rk;gtq;fs; eilngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.6 fhzhky;
Nghjypy; nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; tfpgq;if ,yq;if nghyp];kh mjpgH
khHr; 2007 ,y; Kd;dhs; giltPuH> gzpahw;Wk; giltPuH> nghyp]; mjpfhhpfs;>
ghjhsf; FOf;fs;> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l rf;jpfs; cl;gl 400 f;F Nkw;gl;l Ml;fs;

3
Ibid., p. 11.
4
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (1999) Report on the visit to Sri Lanka by a member
of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, (25-29 October 1999) p. 13:
E/CN.4/2000/64/Add.1:http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/AllSymbols/E6D08BB09C61C6D7802568A90
06830F1/$File/ G9916479.pdf?OpenElement as on 12 November 2008.
5
Human Rights Committee (2002), Fourth Periodic Report: Sri Lanka, State Part report submitted to the Human
Rights Committee under Article 40 of the ICCPR, p. 37, CCPR/C/LKA/2002/4: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/
(Symbol)/CCPR.C.LKA.2002.4.En?Opendocument as on 5 November 2008.
6
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, (2007), Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
2006:Maldives, United States Department of State: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78875.htm as on 1
November2008

94
 95

flj;jy; Fw;wr;rhl;by; 2006 nrg;nuk;ghpypUe;J ifjhfpAs;sjhf mwpj;jnghONj

mq;fPhpj;Jtpl;lhH. 7

jhd; Nkw;nfhz;l Fw;wq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$whj xU nraw;ghl;lhsUf;F ey;y

cjhuzkhf tpNrl mjpubg;giliaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 1983 ,y; ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J gaq;futhj> fpsHr;rp vjpHg;Gf;fSf;fhf tpNrlj;Jtk; ngw;w Jiz ,uhZtg;
gphpthFk;. ,J vy;hphp< apdUldhd rz;ilfspNyNa gpujhdkhf <LgLfpwJ. ,J
mjd; kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;Fk;> fhzhky; Mf;FiffSf;Fk;> ePjpf;F khwhd
nfhiyfSf;Fk; ngaH NghdJ. tpUg;gj;jpw;F khwhf vLj;Jr; nry;yy;> tlf;F kw;Wk;
fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; fhzhky; Nghjy; Fwpj;j ,yq;if tprhuiz Mizf;FO
1997 ,y; tprhuizia Kbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. 1988 – 1996 fhyg;gFjpapy; tl fpof;F
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; eilngw;w fhzhky;Nghd rk;gtq;fspd; 1219 ,y; 5 tPj
ifJ nra;Ak; Kftuhf mjpubg;gilNa ,Ue;Js;sJ.8 ePjpf;F mg;ghw;gl;l> kw;iwa
VNjr;rhjpfhukhd nfhiyfs; kPjhd I.eh tpNrl Ngr;rhsH> ,yq;ifapy; nfhOk;gpy;
mjpubg;gilapdhpd; fhtypy; ,Ue;jnghOJ jdpegHfs; ,we;J NghapUg;gjhf Fw;wk;
rhl;bAs;shh;. ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l mtJ}W Fw;wq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> jk;
njhopw;ghLfis jz;lidapypUe;J tpyf;Fg; ngw;w epiyapy; nfhz;L nry;yTk;> jk;
nraw;ghLfSf;F nghWg;Ngw;gij mjpubg;gil cWg;gpdHfs; jtpHj;Jf;nfhs;tjpYk;
rpukk; vLj;Js;sdh;.10

rl;lj;juzpfshy; my;yJ kdpj chpik epWtdq;fspdhy; nghyp]; J\;gpuNahfq;fs;

Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghLfs; njhlq;fg;gLk;nghOJ mitfspd; tprhuizfs; J];gpuNahfk;

7
Asian Centre for Human Rights (2007), “Sri Lanka: Spectre of abductions by the security forces officially
admitted”, ACHR Weekly Review, March, Review: 157/07: http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2007/157-07.htm as on
29 October 2008.

8
Commission of Inquiry into Involuntary Removal or Disappearance of Persons in the Northern and
Eastern Provinces (1997), Final Report, Sessional Paper No.7: http://www.disappearances.org/news/mainfile.php/
frep_sl_ne/ as on 12 November 2008
9
UN Commission on Human Rights (1998), Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or
arbitrary executions, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution
1997/61, E/ CN.4/1998/68/Add.2, 12 March 1998, p.31 at para. 131: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-
bin/texis/vtx/refworld/ rwmain?page=search&amp;docid=3ae6b1044&amp;skip=0&amp;query=waly as on 1
December 2008.
10
Human Rights Watch (2008), Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for “Disappearances” and Abductions in
Sri Lanka, v.20, no.2(c), pp. 48-50: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare-0 as on 12
November 2008.

95
 96

ele;j me;jg; gFjpiar; NrHe;j caH mjpfhhpfspdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

mitfspd; tprhuizfs; toikahf ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F ,Oj;jbf;fg;gl;L
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfisAk; mtHfspd; MjuthsHfisAk; Fw;wk; ,ioj;NjhH mr;RWj;j
mjpf re;jHg;gk; toq;fg;gLtJld;> mJ ve;j ek;gj;jF tpisitAk; Vw;gLj;jTk;
khl;lhJ. mt;Ntisapy; mt; mjpfhhpfs; Kiwg;ghl;lhsiu mr;RWj;jp my;yJ
trg;gLj;jp xU ,zf;fj;jpw;F tu Kaw;rpg;gH. 11

rhjhuz re;jHg;gq;fspy; tplak; cz;ikap;y; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;

nry;yg;gLk;nghOJ> ePjpj;Jiw gpio nra;jtiu nghWg;Gilatuhf;f mNefkhfj;
jtwp tpLfpwJ. fl;lhag;gLj;jp fhzhkyhf;fy; Fw;wk; ,yq;ifr; rl;lf;Nfhitapy;
,y;yhjjhy; Fw;wk; rhl;LgtH rhjhuzkhf flj;jy; Fw;wr;rhl;bd; kPNj tof;Fj;
njhlHfpwhH. MdhYk; Kuz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;jpy; mt;thwhd Fw;wq;fis ep&gpg;gJ
kpfTk; fbdkhdJ. 12 ,jd; tpisthf chpik kPwg;gl;ljpypUe;J vg;NghjhtJ tUk;
tof;F jpdk; tiu jz;lidapypue;J tpyf;Fg; ngWk; fyhrhuk; NfhNyhr;RfpwJ.

Aj;jj;jpd; jPtpur; #oy;fs; jPtpu gjpw;nraw;ghLfis Ntz;b epw;gjhf ghJfhg;Gj;

jug;gpdH mNefkhf thjhLifapy;> cyfk; G+uhfTk; ,Ue;jhd mDgtq;fs;>
jz;lidapypUe;J tpyf;Fg; ngWk; fyhrhuk; ghJfhg;G epiyikia Kd;Ndw;whJ.
khwhf murpay; r%fg; gjw;wj;ij mjpfhpg;gJld;> mjd; %yk; ghJfhg;G neUf;fbia
,d;Dk; jPtpug;gLj;Jk;. cz;ikapy; MAj Kuz;ghl;bd;NghJ rptpypad;fis
ghJfhg;gJ kPjhd I.eh. ghJfhg;Gr; rig 1974 (2006) gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.
Kuz;ghl;by; cs;s r%fk; my;yJ Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J kPSk; r%fk; MAj
Kuz;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rptpypad;fSf;F vjpuhf ,iof;fg;gl;l fle;j fhy
J];gpuNahfq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf xU Kbtpw;F te;J> mt;thwhd J];gpuNahfq;fis
vjpHfhyj;jpy; jLf;f> jz;lidapypUe;J tpyf;Fg; ngWk; epiy KbTf;F nfhz;L
tug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3. Aj;j epWj;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; KbT

11
Fernando, B. (2009), Recovering the authority of public institutions, Asian Human Rights Commission (Hong
Kong), p.12: http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/AHRC-PUB-002-2009-RecoveringAuthority.pdf
12
Pinto-Jayawardena, K. (2007), “‘Cosmetic’ Commissions and the Rule of Law in Sri Lanka,” CHRI Newsletter,
Spring 2007: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/nl/newsletter_spring_2007/article2.htm as on 6
December 2008
13
International Commission of Jurists (2008), Briefing Paper, Sri Lanka’s Emergency Laws and International
Standards, June 2008: p.8: http://www.icj.org//IMG/SriLanka-BriefingPaper-Mar09-FINAL.pdf as on 11 October
2008
14
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674(2006), S/RES/1674, 28 April 2006, para. 7:
http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/f45643a78fcba719852560f6005987ad/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef!O
penDocument as on 12 November 2008

96
 97

2006 Mk; Mz;by; Aj;j epWj;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfs; mNefkhf

guhjPdg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 2008 [dthp 02 ,y; ,yq;if murhq;fk; Aj;j epWj;j
xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J tpyFtij Kiwahf mwptpj;J tpl;L vy;hphp< f;F vjpuhd jPtpu
,uhZt jhf;Fjiy Muk;gpj;jJ.15 ,e;j gy jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; ,uhZt
nraw;ghL ,yq;ifapy; kdpj chpikfs; kPjhd fzprkhdsT fye;Jiuahliy
,lk;ngwhky; nra;jJ. gaq;futhjj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; jdJ Nehf;fpy; ,yq;if
murhq;fk; jdJ Neuk; rf;jp midj;ijAk; tpLjiyg;Gypfis fPo;g;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf
rl;lthf;fq;fis cUthf;fp nfhs;iffisAk; ehbaJ. ,JTk; rl;l Ml;rpiaAk;>
kdpj chpikfisAk;> khpahij nra;ahj jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F
mtru fhy xOq;F tpjpfspd; (2005 ,d; mbg;gilapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljd;) 23 Mk;
tpjp 2006 ,y; jpUj;jg;gl;lJld;> mjd;gb nghyp]; nghWg;gjpfhhpahy; Nfl;fg;gLk;
,lj;J xt;nthU tPl;lhspAk; tPl;by; trpf;Fk; midtuJ ngaHfisAk; toq;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
1 nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU mjpfhhpAk; jdJ nghyp];
epiyag; gFjpf;Fs; thOk; xt;nthU tPl;lhspaplkpUe;J> tPl;bNy mtUld; thOk;
vy;yhhpdJ ngahpd; epuiyAk;> mthpd; tPl;lhhpd; ngahpypUe;J gpwpjhf Vida
jw;fhypfkhf> epue;jukhf tho;gtHfs;> CopaHfs; vd;Nghhpd; ngaHfisAk;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mtH fhyj;J fhyk; mtH toq;fpa epuypypUe;J $Lk;>
FiwAk; Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wpa mwpf;iffisAk; nghyp]; mjpfhhpf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.

2 ge;jp xd;wpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l mwpTWj;jiy ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ve;j tPl;lhspAk; jdJ

tPl;bNy me;j cz;ikia nghWg;gjpfhhpaplk; njhptpf;fhky; ve;j me;epaUf;Fk;
tPl;bNy ,lk; nfhLj;jyhfhJ.

3. ge;jp 1> 2 ,d; gb mt; mwpTWj;jy;fspd;gb xOfj; jtWk; jfty;fis toq;fj;

jtwpNahH; xU Fw;wk; nra;jtHfshf ,Ug;gh;.16

xOf;f tpjpfs; vy;y ,yq;ifaHfSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jhYk; njspthf

,J nfhOk;gpy; thOk; jkpoHfisNa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jw;NghJ

15
Ministry of Defence, Public Security, Law & Order (Sri Lanka) website, “Government takes policy decision to
abrogate failed CFA”: http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20080102_12 as on 12 November 2008.
16
Gazette Extraordinary No. 1450/18 of 21 June 2006, Amended Regulation 23 found in the Public Security
Ordinance (Chapter 40).

97
 98

nfhOk;gpy; cs;s nghyprhuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd ifJfs; ,f;

Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;Ftpjpapd; gpuNahfpg;G %ykhfNt ngUk;ghyhf eilngWfpwJ.
nghyprhH mNefkhf Ntz;lg;gLk; jfty;fis tpl mjpfkhd jfty;fisf;
Nfl;fpwhHfs;.17 tUkhdk;> tq;fpf;fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Vida jPtpu jfty;fisf;
$UzHTj; jd;ik tha;e;jtw;iwAk; Nfl;fpwhHfs;. jPtpuj; jd;ik tha;e;j
jfty;fis Ntz;b epw;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fs; mNefkhf xOq;Ftpjp 23
,d; vy;iyf;F ntspahNyNa cs;sd. MdhYk; nghJkf;fs; 23 Mk;
xOq;Ftpjpf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l epakg; gbtj;jpd; cz;ikia mwpahjtHfshf
cs;sdh;. gpur;rpid vd;dntd;why; nghyprhH ,e;j epakg; gbtq;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mtHfs; jq;fs; tpUg;gj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Nkyjpf
jfty;fisf; Nfl;Fk; gbtq;fisNa gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.18

xOq;Ftpjp 23 Nghd;w Vw;ghLfs; jkpoHfSf;F Nkhjy; #oiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd

xU jfty; Nrfhpg;ghsH njhptpj;jhH;. cjhuzj;jpw;F 2007 Mk; Mz;L [{d; khjk; 07
Mk; jpfjp mjpfhiyapy; nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uhZt mjpfhhpfs; nfhOk;gpy; jq;Fk;
tpLjpfspy; tho;e;j 376 jkpoHfis ntspNaw;wpdhHfs;.19 mg;NghJ mk; kf;fSf;F
cilikfisf; fl;bf;nfhz;L g]; tz;bapy; VWtjw;F miu kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;Fk;
Fiwe;j NeuNk toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;j Neuj;jpypUe;j nghyp];kh mjpgH jkpoHfs;
chpa fhuzkpd;wp nfhOk;gpy; jq;fpapUf;f KbahJ vd;W $wpajdhy;jhd;> ,t;thW
eilngw;wJ vd mtHfs; epidj;jhh;fs;.20

23 Mk; xOq;Ftpjpapd; tp];jhpf;fg;gl;l gpuNahfKk; rpyNtisfspy; J];gpuNahfk;

nra;ag;gl;likAk;> nfhOk;gpYk; ,yq;ifapd; Vida ghfq;fspYk; cs;s
nghyprhhpdhy; mbf;fb gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l fLikahd cghaq;fspd;
ntspg;gLj;JifahFk;. mjidj; njhlHe;J ,yq;ifapNy nghyprhhplj;jpy; nghJ
ek;gpf;if kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ. 1970 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapy; nghyprhhpd;
vy;yh ,lKk; tpahgpj;j FiwghLfis xU RahjPd Mizf;FO ,dk; fz;lJ.

17
Interview with former police official, Colombo, 19 June 2008.
18
Ibid
19
(2007), “Police evicts Tamils from Colombo”, BBC News, 7 June 2007: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/
south_asia/6729555.stm as on 10 December 2008.

20
Edrisinha, R., Olander, K., and Orjuella, C. (December 2007), Review of Development Cooperation between
SriLanka Police and Swedish National Police Board, p. 13.

98
 99

“nghyprhH nghJkf;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ngwtpy;iy. nghJkf;fspd; nghyprhH gw;wpa

Nehf;F mJ ,Uf;f Ntz;bakhjphp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vy;yh gpuirfsplj;jpYk; nghyprhH
Fwpj;J ga czHNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy rpj;jputij rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;j tplaq;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ntspr;rj;jpw;F te;Js;sd. MfNt nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig
ngWtjw;F Kd;gjhf nghyprhH ePz;lfhykhf jkJ elj;ijia jpUj;jp
nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJkf;fs; Fwpj;j mtHfsJ
Nehf;Fk; kNdhghtKk; khw Ntz;Lk;. nghyp]; epiyaq;fspd; Fzhk;rq;fshd
mlhtbj;jdk; kw;Wk; ,uhZt kd vz;zq;fs; vd;gd khpahij> ftdk;>
mf;fiwahd ftdk; vd;gdthf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ve;jr; rl;lKk; khw;wj;ijf;
nfhz;L tu KbahJ. nghyprhH nghJrdj;jpw;F mOj;jpAiuj;j gpw;ghLk;> nghyprhH
,t;thW nghJkf;fsplk; thf;Fthjg;gl;l rk;gtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> kPJ nghJkf;fs;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;l gpw;ghL $l nghyprhhpd; td;Kiwfs; Fwpj;j mwpf;iffs;
,d;Dk; gj;jphpifapy; njhlHe;J te;j tz;zk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nghyprhhpd; ,e;j
vz;zj;jpw;Fk; kNdhghtj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;dntd;why;> nghyprhUf;F vjpuhd
nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mikg;gpd; nghwpKiw jhd;. mJ
jw;NghJ jpUg;jpfukw;wjhf ,Ug;gJld; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia ntd;wjhfTk;
,Uf;ftpy;iy.21

Nkw;gb trdq;fs; 1970 ,y; vOjg;gl;lnghOJk; ,d;Wk; mit cz;ikahf cs;sd.

njd;dhrpahtpy; cs;s Vida ehLfisg; Nghd;W ,yq;ifapYk; nghyp];
cj;jpNahfj;jpd; vspa epiy Fwpj;J gy mwpf;iffSk;> fw;iffSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. Vida ehLfisg; Nghd;W ,t; mwpf;iffshditfs;
murpay;thjpfshy; ,yq;ifapy; ftdg;gLj;jg;glhJ tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; nghyp]; kWrPuikg;gpd; tuyhW

1865 Mz;L 16 Mk; ,yf;f nghyp]; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpid> nghyp]; rl;lthf;fj;ij

MSk;; fl;lisr; rl;lkhf ,yq;if nfhz;Ls;sJ. gphpT 56 ,d;iwf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
flikfis mjhtJ vy;yhf; Fw;wr; nray;fisAk; jLj;jy;> nghJkf;fs;
njhe;juitj; jLj;jy;> rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;ly;> Fog;gfukhd kw;Wk; re;Njfkhd
egHfisf; ifJ nra;jy;> Fw;wkpioj;jtHfis ePjpf;F Kd; nfhz;LtUjy;>
nghJkf;fs; mikjpia ghjpf;Fk; Gydha;Tfis Nrfhpj;jYk;> njhlHghly; nra;jYk;>
mjpfhuk; cs;s ve;j mjpfhhpahYk; mwpTWj;jg;gLk;> rl;lhPjpahd tpwhe;JifisAk;

21
21 Basnayake Commission (1970), Final Report of the Police Commission of 1970, Chapter 4, para 54:
http://www.ruleoflawsrilanka.org/resources/PoliceCommissionReport1970.doc/view as on 10 December 2008.

99
 100

xOq;FfisAk; epiwNtw;WtJld; cldbahf mike;njhOFjy; vdr;

22
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; nghyp]; kWrPuikg;gpd; Mokhd KjyhtJ ghpNrhjpg;ghf ,Ug;gJ 1946

k; Mz;L Nrhnwl;]; Mizf;FO mwpf;ifahFk;. ,J ePjpgjp gpuhd;rp];
N[.Nrhnwl;]; MizahsUf;F gpd;G mt;thW ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j mwpf;ifapd;
jiyg;G ,yq;if nghyp];Nrit vd;gjhFk;. mJ gaDWjpahd jhf;ftpisTs;s
nghyp]; Nritia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhd MNyhridfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
mwpf;ifahdJ gilapy; NrHj;jy;> Nritapd; epiy> gjtp caHTf;Fk;
,lkhw;wj;jpw;Fkhf cj;jpNahfj;jHfis njhpT nra;jy;> nghyprhUf;F vjpuhf
nghJkf;fspdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhhpg;gjw;fhd nra;Kiw> nghyprhhpd;
mjpfhuKk; flikfSk;> Mizf;FOtpd; rpghHRfSf;F tpisT nfhLf;Fk; Kfkhf>
nghyp]; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUjy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fp
,Uf;fpwJ.23

mLj;j Mizf;FO mwpf;ifahdJ mur ntspaPl;L gzpafj;jpdhy; 1970 Mz;L

xf;NlhH khjk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F jrehaf;f vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Mizf;FOtpd; Mizahf ,Ue;jJ vd;dntdpy;> nghyprhhpd; njhopw;ghLfisAk;
tPr;nry;iyiaAk; ,ay;igAk; ghpNrhjpj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. rl;lj;ijAk;> xOq;ifAk;
epiyehl;Lk; KftHfspd; tpidj;jpwid caHe;j gl;rj;jpw;F ghJfhg;gjw;F vLf;f
Ntz;ba Vw;ghLfs;> nghyp]; Jiwia kPsikg;gjw;F vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Vw;ghLfs;>
nghyp]; gilapd; fl;likg;Gk;> cl;NrHf;ifAk;> Ml;NrHg;G nra;jy;> Ml;fSf;F
gapw;rpaspj;jy;> gjtpAaHTf;Fk; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;Fkhf mjpfhhpfisj; njhpT nra;jy;>
nghyp]; Nritapy; cs;s cWg;gpdHfSf;nfjpuhd nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghLfis
tprhhpg;gjw;fhf iff;nfhs;sf;$ba nray;Kiw> vd;gtw;iw ,J cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
24
jrehaf;f Mizf; FOthdJ nghyprhH vjpHnfhs;Sk; tplaq;fis tphpthf
Muhar; nrd;W> 1865 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;ij mjDila FiwghLfisj; jPHf;Fk;

22
Section 55, Police Ordinance No. 16, 1865 (Sri Lanka), states that the IGP may frame orders and regulations
that the police under his command are bound to follow so as to prevent neglect or abuse and ensure the efficient
discharge of duties. And while there are penalties if an officer does not follow the rules, the ordinance does not
provide for any external review of misconduct or provide internal procedures for disciplinary proceedings.
23
Asian Human Rights Commission website, “Sri Lanka: Police Reform Initiatives within a Dysfunctional
System”:http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/mainfile.php/sldysfunctional/254/ as on 1 December 2008.
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.

100
 101

Kfkhf> kPs; Ntiy nra;jJ. MdhYk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; ,Ue;J

vijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.25

NkYk; mLj;j Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if 1995 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mJ nghJthf

ePjpgjp b. [p. [ayj; nfhkp\d; mwpf;if vd mwpag;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpd;
MizahdJ> nghyp];gilapd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk; fl;likg;G kPjhd mwpf;ifiaAk;
ghpNrhjpg;Gk; mlf;fpapUe;jJ. Ml;fis gapw;Wtpj;jy;> Ml;NrHg;G nra;Ak; Kiwfs;
vd;gdTk;> gjtp caHTf;Fk; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhhpfisj; njhpT nra;jy;>
nghyp]; njhopw;ghLfspd; ,ay;Gk; tPr;nry;iyAk;> rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk;
ghpghypf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> tpidj;jpwid cr;rkl;lj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;>
nghJkf;fsplk; ey;Ywtpid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf ifahsf;$ba Vw;ghLfs;>
nghyp];Nritapy; xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; kw;Wk; epue;ju nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd;
epHthfk; Ml;NrHg;G gjtpAaHT vd;gtw;iw epWTtijAk; ,J cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.26
[ayj; Mizf;FO> jrehaf;f Mizf;FOtpd; rpghHRfisAk; ftdq;fisAk; kPs
ciuj;jJ. MdhYk; nghyp]; njhopw;ghl;by; rl;lhPjpaw;w murpay; jiyaPLfis
Fiwg;gjw;F ,e;j mwpf;iff;Fg; gpw;ghL vJTk; nra;a Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.27

4. kWrPuikg;gpy; xU Kaw;rp 17 tJ jpUj;jk;

,yq;ifapd; tuyhW G+uhfTk; nghyp]; Nritia kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd miuntWg;G

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,e;j ghuJ}ukhd epiyahdJ 2001 ,y; xU
rHr;irf;Fhpa xU epiyia mile;jJ. mur mYty;fis murpay; kag;gLj;Jk;>
kw;w JiwfspYk; epWtdq;fspYk; murhq;f mYty;fis murpay; kag;gLj;Jk;
epiyf;F ePz;lfhy $l;LKaw;rpapy; jPHT fhz;gjw;fhd NeHikahd Nehf;fk;
,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j mjpfhpj;j murpay; JUtg;gLj;jypd; tpisthf
mNefkhf xt;nthU nghJr;Nrit epakdKk;> fl;rprhH tplakhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;
tpisthf ghuhSkd;wj;jpNy ,e;j tplaj;ij jPHg;gjw;fhf xU murpayikg;gpd;
ge;jpapNy xU jpUj;jj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf Vfkdjhd MjuT ,Ue;jJ.
,yq;if murpayikg;gpd; 17 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ xU 10 cWg;gpdHfis nfhz;l
murpayikg;G rigia cUthf;fpaJ. ,e;j murpayikg;G rigapy; gpujk ke;jphp>
vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytH rghehafH [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l xUtH gpujk
ke;jphpahYk; vjpHf;fl;rpj;jiytuhYk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;L [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
ItH> kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l xUtH> vd;NghH; mq;fk;

26
Article 41(A), 17th Amendment, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, 1978
27
See Article 41(B), 17th Amendment, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, 1978.

101
 102

tfpg;gh;. ,e;j mikg;Ng Kf;fpa epWtdq;fSf;fhd epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy;>

,jd; cs;slf;fk; vy;yhf; fl;rpfsplk; ,Ue;J tUtJ Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ug;gJld;
,J fl;rpf;F rhHghdjhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

4.1 Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO

murpay; jiyaPl;lhy; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epWtdq;fSs; xd;whf nghyp];

,Ug;gjhy;> 17 tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jkhdJ Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO vd;W
xd;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpNy murpayikg;G rigapdhy; rpghHR nra;ag;gl;L
[dhjpgjpahy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l 7 nghJkf;fs; mlq;fpapUg;gH. Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FOtpd; Mizahf ,Ug;gJ vd;dntdpy;> ,J murpay; jiyaPLfspypUe;J
nghyprhiu gphpj;Jf; fhg;gJk; nghyprhUf;F vjpuhd nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfis
tprhuiz nra;tJkhFk;. ,f; Fwpg;gpl;l gzp vt;thW Fwpg;ghf Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FOthy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cWg;Giu 155 vg; (1.1) ,y;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

xt;nthU MSk; me;j Mspy; rl;lhPjpahd flikapy; Neubahf my;yJ kiwKfkhf> jhdhf my;yJ
NtW MSld; ,ize;J> ve;j tifapyhapDk; Mizf;FOtpd; my;yJ xU FOtpd;; jPHkhdj;jpy;
nry;thf;F nra;jy; my;yJ nry;thf;F nra;a Kidjy; my;yJ Mizf;FOtpd; xU cWg;gpdiu
my;yJ FOtpd; xU cWg;gpdiu nry;thf;F nra;jy;> vd;gJ xU Fw;wk; nra;jjhf Fw;wTzHTld;
,Ue;jhy; my;yJ Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; 100>000 f;F Nkw;glhj jz;lj;Jf;Nfh my;yJ 07
tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj rpiwj;jz;lidf;Nfh my;yJ Nkw;gb ,uz;Lf;FNkh MshFth;.

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; ,e; epakdq;fs; 03 tUlq;fSf;F epiyg;gNjhL

mjd; cWg;gpdHfs; NtW VJk; murpay; gjtpepiyfisg; ngwj; jPHkhdpf;Fk;NghJ
,jpypUe;J tpyfpf;nfhs;Sk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whHfs;.28 Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FOtpd; mjpfhuq;fs; cWg;Giu 155 G apy; gpd;tUkhW jug;gLfpd;wJ.

 epakdq;fs;> gjtpAaHTfs;> ,lkhw;wq;fs; xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

tpyf;Fjy; nghyp];kh ghpNrhjfH jtpHe;j Vida nghyp]; mjpfhhpfiSld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. (,e;j mjpfhukhdJ nghyp];kh mjpgUld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J
gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;)

28
Article 155(A), 17th Amendment, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, 1978.

102
 103

 nghyp]; NritapYs;s my;yJ nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;NjhH xUtUf;F vjpuhf

xU ghjpf;fg;gl;l Mshy; njhLf;fg;gLk; ve;j nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;ilAk;
tprhupg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfis epWTjy;.
 nghyp]; Nritf;F Ms; NrHg;gjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;>
gapw;rpaspj;jy;> kw;Wk; nghyp]; Nritapd; RahjPdj;ijAk; tpidj;jpwidAk;
Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.

2002 ,Ny 60 mjpfhhpfspd; murpay; hPjpahf jpl;lkplg;gl;l ,lkhw;wf; fl;lisfis>

29
Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO kWj;jnghOJk;> Mizf;FOthdJ Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;j
,lkhw;w mjpfhuq;fis> mjpfhug; gfpHTs;s nghyp];kh mjpghplk;30; jpUg;gpajhy;
tpkHrdq;fis vjpHnfhz;lJ. Vnddpy; nghyp];kh mjpgUk; ,t; mjpfhuq;fspNy
gFjp mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOthdJ> murpay;
mOj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J nghyprhiu Ntwhf;Ftjhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljdhYk;> ,jd;
mjpfhug; gfpHTfs; kPz;Lk; nghyp]; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l nghyp];
jiyikaplNk kPz;Lk; nry;tjhy; ,t; mjpfug; gfpHT mjd; Nehf;fj;ijNa
tpuf;jpf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wJ vd;W tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; epWtdj;ij Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FO epHtfpg;gJ rpukk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L nghyp];kh mjpgUld;
mjpfhuq;fis gfpHe;Jnfhz;L eltbf;if vLg;gijf; fhl;bYk; Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FO mjd; mjpfhuq;fis Mizf;FOtpd; xU FOtplk; gfpHe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mf; FOtpy; Mizf;FOtpy; cs;stHfs; ,Uf;fj; Njitapy;iy
vd;Wk;> mf;FOit epakpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;J njhptpj;NjhH tpthjpj;jdh;.31

2004 ,y; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO jdJ tpkHrdq;fSf;F gjpyspj;J mjpfhug;

gfpHTfis khw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. epakdk;> gjtpAaHT> ,lkhw;wk;> xOf;fhw;W
,lkhw;wk; Vida ,lkhw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cg ghpNrhjfH fPohd epiyf;F
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F 03 cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l FOTf;F toq;fpaJ. Mizf;FOtpd;
,f; FOthdJ xU Xa;Tngw;w caHePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahy; jiyik jhq;fg;gl;lJ.

29
A national daily reported that the transfer list of these officers “was prepared at the request of certain Ministers
and government party MPs [Members of Parliament]”. It added that this was “the first occasion when the
Commission has issued orders countermanding the orders of the Police Department.” Daily Mirror, December 24,
2002, as cited by Weliamuna, J.C. (2004) “The National Police Commission”, Sri Lanka: State of Human Rights
2004, p. 178, Colombo: Law and Society Trust.
30
National Police Commission (2003), Circular No. 1703/2003, 26 March as cited by Weliamuna, J.C. (2004) “The
National Police Commission”, Sri Lanka: State of Human Rights 2004, p. 173, Colombo: Law and Society Trust.
31
Article 155(J)(1), 17th Amendment, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka, 1978: The Commission
may, subject to such conditions and procedures as may be prescribed by the Commission, delegate to the Inspector-
General of Police or in consultation with the Inspector-General of Police to any Police Officer, its powers of
appointment,promotion, transfer, disciplinary control and dismissal of any category of police officer

103
 104

MdhYk; Njit mbg;gilapy; tpNrl epiyfspYs;s rpNu];l mjpfhhpfs;

jq;fSila ,lkhw;wq;fis ,d;Dk; G+Hj;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;>
gjtpepiyfSld; njhlHGilajhf mtHfSf;fhd xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffSk;
rpe;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> gjtpepiyfSf;F fPNoAs;s mjpfhhpfs; rk;ge;jkhd
xOf;f fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuq;fshdit kPz;Lk; rpNu];l mjpfhhpfsplk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nghyp]; ghpNrhjfH gjtp epiyf;F Nkw;gl;l vy;yh mjpfhhpfspd;
epakdk;> gjtpAaHT> xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghL> Nghd;witfspd; vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk;
Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ,d;Dk; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. 2004 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
khw;wq;fSld; nghyp]; njhopw;ghl;by; murpay; jiyaPl;il ghpNrhjpg;gjpy; XusTf;F
ntw;wpaPl;bajhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; KjyhtJ cWg;gpdHfspd;
gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtile;jJk;> Gjpa cWg;gpdHfs; murpay;> [dhjpgjp epakdq;fshf
,Ue;J nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; epiyik> Nflhf khwpg;NghdJ.

4.2 murpayikg;Gr; rigAk;> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO gytPdkhjYk;;

2005 khHr;rpy; murpayikg;Gr; rigapd; Kjy; cWg;gpdHfspd; fhyk; Kbtile;jJ.
gpujk ke;jphpAk;> vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytUk; rigapd; Gjpa cWg;gpdHfspd; ngaHfis
rdhjpgjpf;Ff; nfhLj;jhYk;> rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfs; rhg;gpy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdH
ngaH kl;bd; xU ,zf;fj;Jf;F tu mit jtwptpl;ld. rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfs;
njhlHe;J xU cWg;gpdH ngaiuf; nfhLf;fj; jtwpajhy;> rdhjpgjp uh[gf;r xU
jiyg;gl;rkhf Mizf;FOf;fSf;F> nghyp]; Mizf;FO cl;gl> Vw;fdNt
murpayikg;G rigf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdHfSf;Fg; gjpyhf xU jiyg;gl;rkhf
epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. epakpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; rdhjpgjpapd; MjuthsHfSk;>
jdpg;gl;l ez;gHfSk; vd;w gykhd Fw;wr;rhl;by; Mizf;FO mjd;
ek;gfj;jd;ikia ,oe;J tpl;lJ.32

vjph;fl;rpapYk; rptpy; r%fj;jpdJk; 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd mHg;gzpg;ig

ntspf;fhl;Lk;gb vOe;j mOj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J> rdhjpgjp uh[gf;r ghuhSkd;wj;
njhpTf; FOnthd;iw> jpUj;jj;ij kPsha;T nra;J> mij vt;thW Mf;fyhnkd
kjpg;gLk;gb ifaspj;jhh;. MdhYk; FO 17tJ jpUj;jj;ijg; ghprPypf;Fk;NghJ>

32
Pinto-Jayawardena, K. (2007), “Regretting what might have been: a critique of the National Police Commission
of Sri Lanka”, paper presented at the Roundtable on Police Reform: A exchange of experiences from South Asia
held on 23 and 24 March 2007:
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/exchange/CHRI%20PAPER%20%20MARCH%202007.do
c as on 12 November 2008.

104
 105

rdhjpgjp murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhH.33 ,e;jj;

jHf;fk; gyUf;F E}jdkhf ,Ue;jJld;> nfhiyapd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij kPs;ghprPyid
nra;a jPHkhdpj;Js;sjhy; nfhiy tof;F Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;
vd;gjw;F rkdhdJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;.34 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;litfis
gpd;gw;WtjpypUe;J murhq;fj;ij epWj;jf;$baJ vJTk; ,y;iy. murpay;
jiyaPLfis Fiwg;gjpy; KO tpUg;gkpd;ikNa jtpu> xU kPs;ghHit
eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

Nj.ngh.M. Kjy; cWg;gpdHfs; fhyk; 2005 etk;gH 24 ,y; Kbe;j gpw;ghL> Gjpa
epakdq;fs; nra;a Kd;dNuNa ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAaHTg; gzpfs; rdhjpgjpapd;
rNfhjuH> ghJfhg;Gr; nrayH Nfhjgha uh[gf;rtplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;
fhyg;gFjpapy; Fw;w vjpHg;Gg; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; <Lgl;l rpNu];l
mjpfhhpfs; gyUk; ngUkstpy; ,lkhw;wg;gl;ldh;. jk; fLikahd rl;l mKyhf;fy;
Clhf> Kf;fpa Gs;spfSf;F jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpa rpNu];l mjpfhhpfs;
,lkhw;wg;gLtjhf rpy mwpf;iffs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.35

rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G 2006 Vg;uy; 10 ,y; rdhjpgjp uh[gf;r Mizf;FOtpw;F>

jdJ xUjiyg;gl;lr epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. Nj.ngh.M. jtprhsuhf netpy;
gpajpfk njhpT nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,tH rdhjpgjpAld; neUf;fkhdtuhf ,Ue;jjhy; ,J
xU rHr;irf;Fhpa epakdkhf ,Ue;jJ.36 gpjpafktpy; gjpT jtprhsH vd;w tifapy;
Fog;gfukhdJ. gjtpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ (fPNo ghHf;fTk;) ,Wjpapy; nghJ Kiwg;ghl;Lr;
nrad;Kiw tHj;jkhdpapy; gpuRuk; nra;ag;gl;lNghjpYk;> 17tJ jpUj;jj;jpy;
nrhy;yg;gl;lthwhf Nghjpastpy; jd; tfpgq;if Nj.ngh.M. nra;atpy;iy vd
gyuhy; czug;gl;lJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F> Nj.ngh.M. jw;NghJs;;sdthd mjpfkhd

33
Fernando, B. (2009), Recovering the authority of public institutions, Asian Human Rights Commission
(HongKong), pp. 10-11: http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/AHRC-PUB-002-2009-RecoveringAuthority.pdf.
34
Interview with Mr Lasantha Wickramatunga, Editor of Sunday Leader, Colombo, 17 June 2008
35
Asia Human Rights Commission (2006), “Sri Lanka: Bypassing the 17th Amendment is a move towards the
returnto absolute power”, Asia Human Rights Commission (statement), 14 February 2006, AS-024-2006:
http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2006statements/432/ as on 12 November 2008
36
When President Rajapakse was Labour Minister, he made Mr Piyadigama his Ministry Secretary and when he
wasappointed as the Fisheries Minister, again Mr. Piyadigama functioned as Ministry Secretary. See Gnanadass,
W.(2006), “A post for President’s pal cuts root of 17th Amendment”, The Nation, 11 June 2006:
http://www.nation.lk/2006/06/11/newsfe4.htm as on 12 December 2008.

105
 106

xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuj;ij nghyp];gil kPJ gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd

MNyhrid njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.37

Nj.ngh.M Kjy; ,uz;L gjtpf; fhyq;fspYk;> epjptskpd;ik> Nghjpajw;w tprhuiz

mjpfhuk;> nghyp]; jpizf;fsj;jplkpUe;J xj;Jiog;gpd;ik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
mjd; njhopw;ghl;Lf;F ,ilQ;ry; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.38 ,e;j Kiwik hPjpahd
jilfis tpl> jw;Nghija Nj.ngh.M tpd; fhzhky;Nghjy;> flj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy;
nghyprhhpd; rk;ge;jk; Fwpj;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lfisj; jPHf;f tpUk;gpa nj.ngh.M Nfs;tpf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kdpj chpikfs; Nthr; ,d; tprhuiz xd;wpw;F gjpw;nraw;ghlhf>
nj.ngh.M jhd; flj;jy;> fhzhky; Nghjy; njhlHghf gy Kiwg;ghLfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhfj; njhptpj;jJ. MdhYk; ,itfspy; mNefkhdit. Jiz
,uhZtf;FO> fUzh FO> ,uhZtk;> kw;Wk; ,dk;; fhzKbahj Ml;fshy;
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ.39 ,f; Fw;wq;fspy; nghyprpd; rk;ge;jk; cs;sJ
vd Fwpj;Jiuj;j Fw;wr;rhl;L ,y;iy vd Nj.ngh.M njhptpj;jJ. ,k;
Kiwg;ghLfSf;F nghyprhH nraw;ghL fhl;lhJ ,Ug;gjhf mwpf;iffisg;
ngWk;NghJ> mt; tplaq;fis Mizf;FO rpNu];l mjpfhhpfSf;F tprhuizfisj;
Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nfhz;L nry;fpwJ.40 MdhYk; Mizf;FO kdpj chpikfs;
Nthr; f;F ,itfs; njhlHghd juTfisNah Nkyjpf tpguq;fisNah toq;f
Kbatpy;iy. chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; Nj.ngh.M jpwd; Fwpj;J ntWkNd
nghJkf;fs; khj;jpuk; re;Njfg;gltpy;iy.

rhjhuz nghyp]; tPuHfSk; ,jd; nraw;ghL Fwpj;J tprdk; mile;jdh;. ,yq;if

uhd;];gud;rp ,d;uerdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd;gb 66.8% nghyp]; fhd;];ugps;fSk;>
rhH[d;fSk; Nj.ngh.M tplk; mjpUg;jp mile;Js;sdh;. fdp];l mjpfhhpfNs
Nkyhz;ikahsHfspd; Coy; fl;lisfSf;F cl;gLtjhy; ,J gpur;rpidahdJ
vd;gJld; Nj.ngh.M Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; cjtpAk; mtHfSf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.41

37
Pinto-Jayawardena, K. (2007), “An Unfulfilled Promise: Critical Scrutiny of the National Police Commission of
SriLanka”, LST Review, Volume 18, Issue 238, August 2007, p. 18
38
(2007) “Sri Lanka: Spectre of abductions by the security forces officially admitted,” Asian Center for Human
Rights Weekly Review, 157/2007, 7 March 2007, http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2007/157-07.htm as on 20
November 2008
39
Human Rights Watch (2008), Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for “Disappearances” and Abductions
in Sri Lanka, v.20, no.2(c), at Annex II: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare-0 as on 12
November 2008.
40
Ibid
41
Weliamuna, J. C. (2006), In Pursuit of ‘Absolute Integrity’: Identifying Causes for Police Corruption,
Transparency International – Sri Lanka, p. 76

106
 107

4.3 nghyp]; Kiwg;ghl;L tprhuizg; gphpT PCID

m.m.gpd; 17 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ Nj.ngh.M tpw;F xU nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;L
nghwpKiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ. nghyp]; Ml;fSf;Fk;> nghyp]; Nritf;Fk; vjpuhd
Kiwg;ghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> tprhuiz nra;jy;> gpio jpUj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
nrad;Kiwia Nj.ngh.M mikg;G cWg;Giu 155 G (2) Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. MdhYk;
Muk;gj;jpy; jhf;ftpisTs;s xU nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;L nghwpKiw ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Vnddpy; Nj.ngh.M. Kiwg;ghLfis nghyp];kh mjpgUf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;j> mtH
fbjj;ij tpNrl tprhuizg; gphptpw;F mDg;GthH.42

,Ue;jhYk; Kjw; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; Kiwg;ghLfSld; <Lgl vd khtl;l

xUq;fpizg;ghsHfis (mNdefkhf Xa;T ntw;w nghyprhH) Nj.ngh.M. epakpj;jJ.43
me;j tUlk; NPC 1078 Kiwg;ghLfisg; gjpT nra;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf> gpioahd
nghyp;]; mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhf xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. 13 NgH
Vkhw;wpajhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhH. xUtH gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ,il epWj;jg;gl;lhH.44

2007 ,d; Muk;gj;jpy; PCID f;fhd xOq;Ffis ,Wjpahf Nj.ngh.M tHj;jkhdpapy;

gpuRuk; nra;jJ. MdhYk; xOq;Ffs; vjpHghHj;jJ Nghy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhdjhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. xOq;F 17 nrhy;tjpd;gb tprhuizapy; nghWg;Gs;stHfs;
vdf;fhzg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs; fLikahd rl;lepiyf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtijtpl
njhlHe;Jk; nghyp];kh mjpghpd; nghWg;gpy; ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;fpwJ.45

Njitahd rl;lq;fis cUthf;fpa gpd;G> Nj.ngh.M 2007 rdthp – [{d;

fhyg;gFjpapy; nghyp]; mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhf nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J 1216
Kiwg;ghLfisg; ngw;wJ. MdhYk; 4 tof;FfspNyNa re;Njf egHfs; Kiw hPjpahf

42
Ibid., p. 36.
43
Pinto-Jayawardena, K. (2007), “An Unfulfilled Promise: Critical Scrutiny of the National Police Commission of
Sri Lanka”, LST Review, Volume 18, Issue 238, August 2007, p. 17.
44
National Police Commission (2006), Annual Report 2006, p. 37.
45
The precise wording of Rule 17: “At the conclusion of an investigation, if it recommended that disciplinary action
or prosecution against a police officer shall be instituted, the IG or DIGG, as the case may be, shall be notified
along with evidence recorded at the investigations and draft charges, to initiate forthwith such disciplinary action
according to departmental procedure or prosecution against such police officer”. See Gazette Extraordinary 1480/8
– 17 January 2007.

107
 108

Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhHfs;. 7 re;jHg;gq;fspy; nghyprhUf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.46

epWtdq;fs; ,Ue;jnghOjpYk;> Ntz;ba rl;lq;fs; epWtg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Nj.ngh.M
f;F Kd;G nfhz;Ltug;gl;l tof;FfspNyNa> rpwpjhd murpay; tpUg;G fLikahfg;
gpd;njhlHtjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

nghyp]; kh mjpgiu ePf;Ftjw;fhd eilKiwfs;

17 tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; fhzg;gl;l m.m.r jw;NghJ xU RahjPdkhd mikg;ghf
,y;yhikahy; cWg;Giu 41 C apy; cs;sthW rdhjpgjpapd; epakd nghyp];kh
mjpgH> murpay; rhHG ,y;yhJ tbfl;lg;gl;ltH vd;W ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,J xU
rpukkhd nrad;Kiwahf ,Ue;jhYk;> mjpfhhpfis ePf;Fjy; (nrad;Kiw) vd;w
%d;whk; gphptpd;> 2002 Mk; Mz;L 5 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; gpd;tUk; epiyfspy;
nghyp];kh mjpgiu ePf;fyhk; vd;fpwJ>

(m) jFjptha;e;j ePjpj;Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jFjptha;e;jtH vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy;.

(M) cly;> cs FiwghL> Neha; fhuzkhf gjtpiaj; njhlu Kbahjtuha;
,Ue;jhy;
(,) Coy;> fz;zpakpd;ik> Fw;wk; vd;gtw;Wld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltuhf
ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;>
(<) gpioahd elj;ij> Coy; nra;jjhff; Fw;wk; fhzg;gl;lhy;
(c) gjtp epiyapy; mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jtuhf Fw;wk; fhzg;gl;lhy;
(C) flikia cjhrPdk; nra;jtuhf Fw;wk; fhzg;gl;lhy;
(v) gjtpepiyapy; gf;fr;rhHGilatH vd Fw;wk; fhzg;gl;lhy;
(V) ,yq;ifapd; gpuir vd;w epiy KbTw;why;

m>M>,>< vd;gtw;wpd; fPo; rdhjpgjpahy; ePf;fg;glyhk;.47 Mdhy; <> c> C> v

epiyikfspy; xU tprhuizf;FO (cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp> Nj.ngh.M> jtprhsH>
gpugy rl;lj;juzp / rghehafhpd; ,zf;fj;Jldhd nghJ epHthf];jH vd;NghH
mlq;fpa) ,t;tplaj;ij Muha;e;J mjd; fhz;Gfis ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mwpf;if

46
Human Rights Watch (2008), Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for “Disappearances” and Abductions
in Sri Lanka, v.20, no.2(c), p. 101: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/03/05/recurring-nightmare-0 as on 12
November2008.
47
Section 4(1),Removal of Officers (Procedure) Act, No. 5 (2002).

108
 109

rkHg;gpf;Fk;.48 mtiu ePf;Ftjw;F rhHghf ngUk;ghd;ikAila gh.c. fs;

thf;fspj;jhy;> mtH gjtpepiyapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gLthH.49

5. kWrPuikg;gpd; kw;WnkhU Kaw;rp RtPlDk; ,yq;ifAk;

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l kWrPuikg;Gr; nrad;Kiwf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ,yq;ifg; nghyprhhpd;
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; nrad;KiwiaAk; Kd;Ndw;w cjTk; Kaw;rpia RtPld;
murhq;fKk; nghWg;ngLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; rptpypad;fs; kPjhd nghyp];
gzpia caHj;jy; vd jiyg;gplg;gl;l ,e;jf; $l;L Kaw;rpahdJ> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
vy;hphp< apw;Fk; Aj;jepWj;jk; ,Ue;j 2005 gFjpapy; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,jd;
,yf;Fshdit: (1) Fw;w tprhuizia Kd;Ndw;wy; Fw;w ,lg; ghpNrhjpg;G cl;gl (2)
,yq;ifg; nghyprpy; ,d xw;Wik> kdpj chpikfs; vd;gtw;iw Kd;Ndw;WtJk;>
khpahijiag; gyg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. (3) ,yq;ifg; nghyprhhpd; Kfhikj;Jt
,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;50

,yq;if murpw;Fk; vy;hphp< apw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjy; mjpfhpj;jikapdhy; me;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhluKbatpy;iy. mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifg; nghypir
kWrPuikg;gJk;> ftdj;ij Njrpa ghJfhg;gpy; ,Ue;J> nghJkf;fs; nghyp;]; gzp
Nehf;fpj; jpUg;GtJNk Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. Aj;jk; Muk;gkhfpajhy; mjd;ghyhd
tpUg;Gf; Fiwe;jJ> murhq;f khw;wKk; ,yq;ifg; nghyprpd; caHKfhikj;JtKk;
kWrPuikg;gpy; tpUg;gj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.51 ,yq;ifg; nghyprpy;> rptpy; Aj;j
epiyapy;> rkhjhdk;> kdpj chpik rhHghd fzprkhd tpUg;gf; Fiwit> RtPb];
murhq;fk; fz;Lnfhz;lJ. kWrPuikg;G Ntz;bNahhplk; kdpj chpik kw;Wk; nghyp];
kWrPuikg;G Fwpj;j tiuaiwahd tpUg;Ng ,Ue;jJ.52 ,jd; tpisthf ed;F
Muha;e;j gpw;ghL> rz;ilAk; FWq;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhpf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;lNghJ> RtPld;
fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp> ,yq;iff;Fg; gjpyhf Mgphpf;fhtpy; jdJ mgptpUj;jp>
Ml;rp fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;j jPHkhdpj;jJ.53

48
See Sections 5 and 6, Removal of Officers (Procedure) Act, No. 5 (2002).
49
Section 18 of the Removal of Officers (Procedure) Act, No. 5 (2002).
50
Edrisinha, R., Olander, K., and Orjuella, C. (December 2007), Review of Development Cooperation between
SriLanka Police and Swedish National Police Board, p. 3.
51
Ibid., p. 4
52
Ibid., p. 30.
53
Interview with Mr Goran Schill, First Secretary of the Swedish Embassy, Colombo, 18 June 2008.

109
 110

,yq;ifapy; rpwe;j nghyp]; gzp mKy;gLj;jYf;fhd Kaw;rp> jilg;gl;lJ. tlf;fpy;

ftdk; nrYj;jpaikahdJ> 17 Mk; jpUj;j nghyp]; kWrPuikg;G Nghd;W RtPb];
Kidg;Gk; tplg;gl fhuzkhfpaJ. njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,uhZtg; gil
eltbf;if> Fwpg;ghf nghyp]; Nrit cl;gl vy;yhj; JiwfSf;Fk; Ml;rpj;
jPHkhdj;ij nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,uhZt cghak; Kuz;ghlhf
te;J> J];gpuNahf Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;F tprhuiz vd tUk;NghJ> mitf;F ,lk;
nfhLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.54 mt;thNw rhjhuz nghyp]; NtiyiaAk; ghHf;f mjpfkhf
,uhZtj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> nghyprhUf;Fk; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tpj;jpahrk; kq;fpg;Nghf> ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;l> ghJfhg;G KftHfSf;F
ngaHNghd> flj;jy;fSf;Fk;> fhzhky; NghiffSf;Fk; ahH nghWg;G vd
epr;rag;gLj;jg;gLtJ ek;gKbahky; fbdkhfpaJ.55 ,yq;if murpw;Fk; vy;hphp< f;Fk;
rz;il eilngWifapy;> nghyp]; kWrPuikg;ig vt;tifapYk; Kd;nfhz;L
nry;ifapy; kpfr; rpwpa ek;gpf;ifNa njd;gLfpwJ.

6. rHtNjr mOj;jk; cgNahfg;gLfpd;wjh?

mjd; tpisthf> ,yq;if murhq;fk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l> fLikahd kdpj chpik
kPwy;fis neUf;fkhf mtjhdpj;J> 16 fLikahd rk;gtq;fis>
ghJfhg;Gg;gilapdNuhL njhlHGgl;litfs; cl;gl tprhhpf;f> xU Mizf;FOit
epWtpaJ. nray;KiwfSf;F nghpa rl;l mq;fPfhuk; mspg;gjw;fhf Kf;fpa Ml;fspd;
RahjPd rHtNjr FO xd;W Mizf;FOTf;F cjtpnra;Ak; gzpf;fhf
mkHj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J Fwpj;j tprhuizfs; rHtNjr epakq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAld; elj;jg;gLk; Nehf;FlNdNa nra;ag;gl;lJ.56

Mizf;FOtpd; tprhuiz ntspg;gilajhdhfTk; jhf;fKilajhfTk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;W rHtNjr mOj;jq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> rl;lG+Htj;jd;ikahdJ
Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Nfl;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 2007 [{d; 15 ,y; Kf;fpa Ml;fspd;
RahjPdf;FOthdJ> Mizf;FOtpy; rl;lkh mjpgNu rhd;Wfis
Kd;ndLf;fg;Nghtjpy; jhk; fhpridahf ,Ug;gij Rl;bf;fhl;b xU $w;iw
ntspapl;bUe;jJ. ,J xU fLikahd tpUg;g Kuz;ghLfspd; njhlHr;rpnadTk;> ,e;j

54
Fernando, B. (2009), Recovering the authority of public institutions, Asian Human Rights Commission (Hong
Kong), p. 7-8: http://www.ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/AHRC-PUB-002-2009-RecoveringAuthority.pdf.
55
International Commission of Jurists (2008), Briefing Paper, Sri Lanka’s Emergency Laws and International
Standards, June 2008: p. 12: http://www.icj.org//IMG/SriLanka-BriefingPaper-Mar09-FINAL.pdf as on 11 Octobe
2008.
56
International Independent Group of Eminent Person website: http://www.iigep.org/mandate.htm as on 12
Decembe 2008.

110
 111

Mizf;FOit itj;jpUg;gJ vd;gJ mjd; nrad;Kiwfs;> rHtNjr

juf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk; epakj;ijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; eilngWk; vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> rhpahd Vw;ghLfis Nghjpastpy; nfhz;bUg;gjhfj;
57
njhpatpy;iy vdTk; mJ njhptpj;jJ. (rHtNjr epakq;fs; RahjPdk; eLepiyik
jifik tha;e;j epakq;fs;) ,yq;if murhq;fk; ,e;j mZFKiwia
Kd;Ndw;whjNghJ Kf;fpa Ml;fspd; RahjPdf;FO kpfTk; tpuf;jpaile;J 2008 khHr; 6
Mk; jpfjp me;j tprhuizapy; jdJ rk;ge;jj;ij epWj;jpAs;sjhf mwptpj;jJ.58 ,J
jpUNfhzkiyr;59 rk;gtj;jpd; nghyp]; tprhuizia jifikaw;wJk; rhHgw;wJk;
vdj; njhptpj;jJld;> nghWg;Gs;s mur mjpfhhpfshy; KjyhtJ tprhuiz Vd;
fz;L gpbf;fg;gl KbahjjhfTk;> ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhjJk;
cjtKbahjJkha; ,Ue;jJ vd tpdtpaJ.60

rHtNjr r%fkhdJ kdpj chpikfs; elj;ijfs; ,yq;ifAld; tpahghu

njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jp nry;thf;if ngUf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F
Kd;Dhpikfspd; nghJg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwikapy; [pgpv]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
Kiwikapd; fPNo ,yq;iff;Fk; mjDld; NtW rpy njhpTnra;ag;gl;l ehLfSf;Fk;
tpNrl tHj;jf rYiffis INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;NjhL toq;fpaJ. mJ 27
rkthaq;fSld; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jp #oy; njhopy; kw;Wk; kdpj chpik
epakq;fis mitfSf;F ,zq;fpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lnkdf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
tHj;jfj;Jld; njhlHGila 7>000 cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jd;
mHj;jk; 300>000 Neub Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Milf; ifj;njhopypy; fpilg;gJld;> 700>000
Neubaw;w Ntiytha;g;GfisAk; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.61 ,e;j tHj;jf xg;ge;jj;jpd;
ngWkjpahdJ ,yq;ifapy; 1 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f nlhyHfSf;F Nkyhdjhf
,Ue;jJ. ,Ue;jhYk; ,yq;ifapy; td;Kiwfs; NkNyhq;fpajhy; mz;ikapy;
INuhg;gpa xd;wpakhdJ 2008 xf;Nuhghpy; [pgpv] apid toq;Ftij> NkYk; 3

57
(2007), “International Independent Group of Eminent Persons (IIGEP) Second Public Statement”, June 15,2007:
http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2007statements/1065/ as on 12 November 2008.
58
International Independent Group of Eminent Person website, “Press Releases: 6 March 2008”:
http://www.iigep.org/press-releases.htm as on 12 November 2008
59
Trincomalee refers to a highly controversial incident where 5 youth were shot in the head at close range by
security forces, who claimed that the teenagers belonged to the LTTE. Evidence subsequently revealed suggests that
the five teens were all advanced level qualified civilian students from the same school who were simply at the beach
for a night out.
60
International Independent Group of Eminent Person website, “Press Releases: 6 March 2008”:
http://www.iigep.org/press-releases.htm as on 12 November 2008.
61
Interview with Mr Lasantha Wickramatunga, Editor of Sunday Leader, Colombo, 17 June 2008.

111
 112

Mz;LfSf;F GJg;gpg;gjhfTk; mjpy; xU tUlj;ij xj;jpitj;J ,yq;if INuhg;gpa

xd;wpaj;jpd; kdpjchpikfs; Njitg;ghl;Lld; ,zq;fpg; Nghfpd;wjhf vd;gij
kPs;ghHit elj;Jtjw;F xUtUl fhyj;jpy; mijg;gw;wpj; jPHkhdpg;gjhfTk;
62
njhptpj;jJ.

kdpj chpik Mh;tyHfSf;F xU nghpa ntw;wpahf ,yq;if rpj;jputijf;nfjpuhd

kw;Wk; Vida nfh^uk; kdpjNeakw;w jd;ik my;yJ Fiwthd elj;ij>
jz;lidaspj;jy; 1994 rkthak; kw;Wk; mjidj; njhlHe;J 1994 Mk; Mz;L 22 Mk;
,yf;f rl;lk; vdgtw;iw cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ tpoq;fpaJ. rpj;jputij
tof;Ffspy; Fw;wk; rhl;L nrad;Kiw jhf;ftpisTs;sjhf> murhq;fkhdJ
rl;lkhmjpghpd; jpizf;fsj;jpDs;Ns rpj;jputij Fw;wkpioj;Njhiu jz;lid
toq;FjYf;fhd myF xd;iw cUthf;fpaJ. MdhYk; me;j myfhdJ
fljhrpastpy; ,Uf;fpwNj jtpu mjw;nfd;W epue;ju gzpahl;fNs fpilahJ. myfpd;
ePjpj;Jiwf;Fs; tUk; rpj;jputij tof;Ffisnay;yhk;> Vida Fw;wtpay;
tof;Ffis nra;Ak; 5 rl;lj;juzpfshNyNa ifahsg;gLfpd;wJ.63 kdpj chpik
J];gpuNahfq;fis tprhhpj;Jf; Fw;wk; rhl;Lk;> rpwe;j Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gjpyhf ,yq;if murhq;fk; gy tUlq;fshf ntWkNd rHtNjr tpkHrdq;fSf;Fg;
gjpyspf;Fk; Nehf;Fldhd NtWgl;l nghwpKiwfis ntWkNd mikj;Jitj;jJ
vd;gJ njspthdJ. kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;F jPHTfhz;gJ Nghd;w vz;zj;ij
Vw;gLj;j> ,e;j nghwpKiw epHthfq;fSf;F murhq;fkhdJ jhd; eltbf;if
vLj;Jtpl;ljhf chpik Nfhur; nra;jNjnahopa ajhHj;jj;jpy; ,w;iwtiuf;Fk;
mitfnsy;yhk; fhzhky; Nghjy; vd;w neUf;fbia epWj;Jtjw;F jtwptpl;ld.64
,e;j kdpj chpik tplaj;jpd; nraw;ghbd;ikapd; tpisthf> kdpj chpikfs;
rigahdJ ,yqifia mr;rigapy; ,uz;lhtJ fhyg;gFjpapy; Nritahw;w
tpUk;gpaij kWj;jpUf;fpwJ.65 rHtNjr r%fj;jpd; cWjpahd epiyg;ghL cWjpahfj;

62
(2008), “EU grants GSP+ to Sri Lanka for another three years,” 11 December 2008: http://
www.colombopage.com/archive_08/December11121813RA.html as on 18 December 2008.
63
(2005), “Persisting problems and outstanding issues, An alternative report to the Committee Against Torture”
presented by the Law & Society Trust, Sri Lanka and Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, October
7,2005. From 1994-2004, there were no convictions under the CAT Act and since then, there have been only 3
convictions till date.
64
Human Rights Watch (March 2008), Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for “Disappearances” and
Abductions in Sri Lanka, v.20, no.2(c), pp. 102-103: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/03/05/recurring-
nightmare-0 as on 12 November 2008.
65
Tighe, P. (2008), “Sri Lanka Loses Bid for UN Human Rights Council Seat”, 22 May 2008:
http://www.bloomberg.com/ apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=ajQ846Zx3do8&refer=india as on November12, 2008.

112
 113

njhlHe;jpUf;fpwjh? mJ mt;thW nra;Akhdhy; mJ ,yq;ifapd; elj;ijapy; khw;wp

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lkh? vd;gij nghWj;jpUe;Jjhd; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.66

7. rpghHRfs;
,yq;if murhq;fk;
1. jw;Nghija Kuz;ghl;Lf;F murpay; jPHit ehl Ntz;Lk;. Aj;j fhyj;jpy;
kWrPuikg;ig mKy;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ kpfTk; rpukkhdJ. MfNt
nghyp];gilia [dehafkhf;Ftjpy; murhq;fk; VjhtJ ntw;wpiar; rhjpf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jhy;> ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy; msitf; Fiwj;Jtpl;L mk;
khfhzq;fSf;fhd mjpfhug;gfpHit rpy tbtq;fSld; mikj;Jtpl;L xU
ePz;lfhy murpay; jPHitg; gpd;njhlHtNj kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
2. 17 tJ jpUj;jj;ij khpahij nra;jy; - mur epWtdq;fs; murpay;
kakhf;fg;gLtij jtpHg;gjw;fhd fl;rpr; rhHgw;w 2001 ,y; vLf;fg;gl;l
Kaw;rpahdJ rhpahd jpirapyhd xU gbahFk;. uh[gf;r epHthfkhdJ 17
tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gbnahOf kWj;jikahdJ mur JiwfisAk;> nghyp];
JiwiaAk; [dehafg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpia kpfTk; fLikahfg; ghjpj;Js;sJ.
,d;Dk; nfhz;L nry;yg;glhky; mg;gbNa ,Uf;Fk; 17 tJ murpayikg;Gj;
jpUj;jj;ij vt;thW ifahs;tJ vd;gjw;F ghuhSkd;wj; njhpTf;FOtpd;
rpghHRfs; ,d;Dk; KbT fhzg;glhky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w cz;ikAld;>
,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ cldbahf 17 tJ jpUj;jjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
eilKiwfspd;gb murpayikg;G rigia epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. ,yq;ifiag; gPbj;jpUf;Fk;> Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jz;lidapypUe;J jg;Gk;
fyhrhuj;jpw;F ntspg;gilahf jPHT fhz Ntz;Lk;. xU ntspg;gilahdJk;
nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yf;$baJkhd nghyp];gilia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L>
,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ =yq;fh nghyp]; rPUilia mzpgtHfspd;> kdpj
chpik J];gpuNahfq;fSf;F Fw;wk; rhl;Ltjw;fhd xU mHg;gzpg;ig
ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F rl;lkh mjpgH Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l
njhlHr;rpahd kdpj chpik kPwy;fis tprhhpg;gjw;F tprhuizf; FOtplj;jpy;
rhd;Wfis Kd;ndLf;f $lhJ. gpio nra;NthhUf;F vjpuhf gf;fr;rhHgw;w
tprhuizfspy; <LgLtjw;F murpay; tpUg;gpy;yhjpUg;gJ> ,yq;ifapd;
nghyp]; kWrPuikg;G vd;gJ eilngw KbahjJk; ajhHj;jG+Htkw;wjhFk;.

66
For greater detail on Sri Lanka’s human rights record, please refer to CHRI’s publication, “Easier Said Than
Done:A report on commitments and performances of the Commonwealth members of the UN Human Rights Council
2007-2008 Edition” (to be published in 2009), R.I. Ilango and L. Mathieson (Ed.), Commonwealth Human Rights
Initiative.

113
 114

4. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOit gyKs;sjhf;Fjy; - 17 tJ jpUj;jk;

gpd;gw;wg;ngWtjhf ,Ue;jhy;> ,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ mLj;j Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FO 2009 ,y; Kbtila> mLj;j fhyg;gFjpf;fhd jtprhsiu
epakpg;gjw;fhd mHg;zj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ RahjPdkhdjhfTk;>
[dhjpgjpAld; njhlHgw;wtHfshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt Njrpa nghyp];
Mizf;FOtpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia Kd;Ndw;Wk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. ,yq;ifg; nghyp]; - ePjpaw;wJk; rl;lj;jpw;nfjpuhdJkhd ,lkhw;wq;fisAk;
gjtpAaHTfisAk; tiuaWj;jy; - ,lkhw;wq;fisAk; gjtpAaHTfisAk;
nra;tjw;fhd tpUg;g topahf gjpYgfhuj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;Jr; nra;tJ
,yq;if nghyp]; mjpfhhpfspd; kNdhgyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,e;j rl;lhPjpaw;w gof;fkhdJ xU xOq;fhf ,Uf;fhky; tpjptpyf;fhf
,Uf;Fkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,J =yq;fh nghyprhhpd; njhopy;thz;ikia kpfTk;;
mjpfhpf;Fk;.

6. rhjhuzkhf nghyp]; nraw;ghLfspy; MizapLgtNu nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gjhf

xU vz;zk; epiyepWj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ> MfNt xU fdp];l mjpfhhp xU
jdpegH kdpj chpik kPwYf;F nghWg;ghff; fhzg;gLk;nghOJ mtuJ
NkyjpfhhpAk; Fw;wKilNahuha; epWtg;glf;$batuha; cs;shh;. mjhtJ
(m) xU caujpfhhpf;F fPo;g;gl;l cwTKiw
(M) mt; caujpfhhpf;F nra;Ak; my;yJ mtUf;F fhuzq;fs; cz;L
,f; Fw;wr; nra;ifahdJ nra;ag;gl;ljh> elj;jg;gl;ljh vd mtUf;F
mwpe;jpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L.
(,) mt; caujpfhhp me;jf; Fw;wr; nray; elg;gijj; jLg;gjw;fhd
epahakhd Vw;ghLfis vLf;fj; jtwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ,J
rk;ge;jkhf Fw;wkpioj;Njhiuj; jz;bf;fj; jtwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fPo;gl;ltHfs; caujpfhhpfSf;F jPq;fpiof;Fk;gb mJ cs;sf
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; nrad;Kiwapd; kl;lj;jpy; cz;ikapNyNa mjpfhpf;Fk;.

7. cs;sf xOf;fj;ij xU myfpw;Fs; kj;jpakakhf;fy; - NtWgl;l cs;sf

xOf;fk;> tpNrl tprhuizg; gphpT> fhzhkw; Nghjy; tprhuizg;gphpT> rl;lkh
mjpghpd; rpj;jputij rk;ge;jg;gl;l gphpT vd;gdtw;Wld; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
gphpTfis xd;whf itj;jpUg;gJ. mjhtJ ,e;j ,e;jg; gphpTfspNy cs;s
xOf;fj;jpd; NtWgl;l mk;rq;fis itj;jpUg;gJ nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikia
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jdpj;jdpahd mZFiwia Vw;gLj;Jk;. RahjPd
cWg;gpdHfspd; vz;zpf;ifAld; xU myfpYs;s cs;sf xOf;fj;ij

114
 115

kj;jpag;gLj;JtjhdJ mikg;gpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia mjpfhpg;gJld; jw;Nghs;s

KiwikiaAk; Vw;Gilajhf;Fk;.

8. rpwpyq;fh nghyprhhpd; kdpj chpikfs; gphpitg; gyg;gLj;Jjy; - kdpj

chpikg; gphpthdJ ,yq;ifg; nghyprhhpd; rl;lkh mjpghpd; Neub
Nkw;ghHitapd; fPo; ,Uf;fr; nra;tJld;> nghyp]; Ml;fSf;F kdpj
chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jypd; Njit Fwpj;J fy;tp Cl;LtJld;> mjw;F
mjpfkhd tsq;fis MjuitAk; epWtd mikg;ig toq;FtJld;> rpwe;j
nghyp]; Nritf;F> chpikfis kjpg;gjw;F Ghpe;JzHit Vw;gLj;JtJk;> mt;
myfhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; Ghpe;JzHit NkYk; Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf
,g; gphpthy; toq;fg;gLk; fy;tpahdJ> kdpj chpik Mh;tyHfspd; gzpf;F
mOj;jk; Cl;LtJld;> mtHfspd; gq;fhsHfis cw;rhf%l;LtjhfTk;
mtHfis vjphpfs; vd;W ghuhJ jhf;fkhd nghyp]; gzpf;F
gq;fhsHfshf;FtJk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

9. ,yq;ifg; nghyprhiu xd;wpizf;Fk; Kaw;rpfis Kd;Ndw;Wjy;- ,yq;ifg;

nghyprhhpy; mjpfk; jkpoH gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;af;$bajhf mtHfisAk;
Ml;NrHg;gpy; cs;slf;Fk; topfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. mj;Jld; nghyp];
Nritf;F jkpo; kw;Wk; rpq;fstHfSf;F ,lk; toq;FtJld;> Fwpg;ghf
jkpo;nkhop Ngrg;gLk; khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;. ,J rpq;fs
kw;Wk; jkpo; r%fq;fspilNa xU ghyk; mikg;gjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

10. rpj;jputij vd;gJ xU rl;lhPjpahd tprhuiz El;gk; vd;gij cz;ikahf

kWf;Fk; topfhl;bf; Fwpg;Gfis ciuj;jy;. rhl;rpfsplkpUe;Jk; re;Njf
egHfsplkpUe;Jk; jfty;fis vLf;Fk; jhf;ftpisTs;s xU Kiwjhd;
rpj;jputij vd;w xU ek;gpf;if =yq;fh nghyprhhpd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
cWjpahf ,yq;if G+uhTk; nghyp]; epiyaq;fspy; ,t;thW fhl;lg;gl;L
mbf;fbf;fhd rpj;jputijfs;; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. rl;lhPjpahd jil khj;jpuk;
rpj;jputijiag; ghtpg;gij xopj;Jtpl KbahJ. ,q;Nf ntspg;gilahd
Ghpe;JzHTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ikAk; nghyprhH kl;by; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mjhtJ rpj;jputijahdJ gyd; juhJ. Vnddpy; rpj;jputij %yk; ngwg;gLk;
jfty;fs; cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fnkd;wpy;iy.

11. tprhuiz El;gq;fspd; gapw;rpfis Kd;Ndw;Wjy; - tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd kw;Wk;

kw;Wk; Fw;w ,lj;J ghpNrhjpg;G nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;wpy; rpwe;j ghPl;rakhf
,Ug;gJ ,yq;ifg; nghyprhiu njhopy;thz;ikapy; cjtp nra;Ak;.

115
 116

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO

12. nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfs; tprhhpf;Fk; gphpitg; gyg;gLj;Jjy; - nghJkf;fs;

Kiwg;ghl;Lg; tprhuizg; gphpit fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jw;Nghija rl;lq;fs;
Vw;Gilajhditay;y.

,jd; 17 tJ rl;lkhdJ fPo;epiy mjpfhhpfSila tpjpahdJ gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba

jpizf;fs nrad;Kiwfspd;gb nghyp];kh mjpghpdhNyNa jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vdr;
nrhy;fpwJ. jw;NghJ rpwg;Gwr; nraw;glhj ,e;j KiwikapNy rpwpJ khw;wk;
Njitahf cs;sJ. ,g; nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghl;L tprhuizg; gphptpd; topfis
Muha;tijf; fhl;bYk; khw;wk; fhz;gjw;fhd topfis cWg;Giu 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
155 G nrhy;yg;gl;lthwhf mjid Kiwg;ghL nra;gtHfSf;F toq;fp tplyhk;.

13 Ms; gw;whf;Fiw ,ilntspfis epug;Gjy;

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd Kiwg;ghLfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; mjw;F NghjpasT gzpahl;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJ xU
67
cz;ikahFk;. ,e;j ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gtjw;fhf vLf;Fk; eltbf;if> nghyprhhpd;
gpioahd elj;ij kw;Wk; rpj;jputij rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis tpiuthf
tprhhpg;gjw;fhd ty;yikia mjpfhpf;Fk;.

14 murpay; jiyaPLfis tiuaWg;gjw;F mjpfk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. jw;NghJ

Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpdhy;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAaHT vd;gd murpay;
kag;gl;bUg;gjd; gpur;rpidfis jPHf;f KbAnkd;Nwh jPHf;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh
vd;w ek;gpf;if nghyp]; mjpfhhpfsplk; ,y;iy.68 mJ jdJ gzpia nrt;tNd
nra;tjw;F Nj.ngh.M thdJ nghyp]; mjpfhhpfspd; khpahijg; ngw;wpUg;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs;

67
National Police Commission (2006), Annual Report 2006, p. 32.

68
Weliamuna, J. C. (2006), In Pursuit of ‘Absolute Integrity’: Identifying Causes for Police Corruption,
Transparency International – Sri Lanka, pp. 81-82

116
 117

15 rdr%f nghyp]; gzpia J}z;Ltjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis vLj;jy; - KiwrhH

nghyp]; jiyaPl;bw;fhd cs;SH kl;lj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPHTf;fhd trjp
Vw;gLj;JtJ> KiwrhH nghyp;]; jiyaPl;bd; Njitia ,y;yhJ nra;Ak;. jw;NghJ
nghyprhUf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Uf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifaPdj;ij rhp
nra;tjw;fhd xU nghpa Ntiyia> =yq;fh nghyp]; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f
epWtdq;fspd; $l;L Kidg;Ng ,e;j tplaj;jpy; xU nghpa Ntiyiar;
nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;jpdGhp khtl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l gpuirfs; FOf;fs;
may; gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjpy; rdr%fj;ij vt;thW cs;slf;f
KbAk; vd;gjw;fhd xU ntw;wpfukhd milahskhf cs;sJ.69

16. nghyp]; kWrPuikg;gpd; Njit kPjhd gpurhuKk; fy;tpA+l;lYk; - kpfTk;

fLikahd Clff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; kdpj chpik tplaq;fSf;fhd
xU rpwpa ,ilntspNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,yq;ifapNy [dehafg; nghyp];gil
,Uf;f Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gfpuq;fkhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;tJ kpfTk;
gpur;rpidf;Fhpa xd;whFk;. ,t;tz;zkhd ciuahly;fs; mw;w epiyapy;
cUg;gbahd vijAk; epWtpf;nfhs;s KbahJ.

17. tpNrl nghyp]; Mtz epiyaq;fis cUthf;Fjy; - =yq;fh nghyprhUf;F

vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gl;l Kiwg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; rpj;jputijr; rk;gtq;fs>; nghyprhhpd;
njhopy;thz;ik jhf;fj;ij ep&gpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfspd; rhpahd chpa gjpTfis
itj;jpUj;jy;> mjw;fhd Mtzg;gLj;jy; mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fjy;> nghyp];
kWrPuikg;G tplaq;fs; kPjhd fy;tp kw;Wk; mbg;gilf;F cjtp nra;Ak;.

69
Weliamuna, J. C. (2006), In Pursuit of ‘Absolute Integrity’: Identifying Causes for Police Corruption,
Transparency International – Sri Lanka, p. 67.

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
























    









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


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

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
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






 

 
nghJeytha ehLfspy; 
mjprpwg;ghd rpy 
nghyP]; eilKiwfisAk;> 
mNj Ntisapy; 
mjpNkhrkhd rpy 
eilKiwfisAk; fhzyhk;.   
MapDk;> nghJ thfg; 
ghHf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j
mikg;gpd; 1.8 gpy;ypad;
kf;fSf;F chpajhftpUf;f

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









  




  






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 
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





















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









[dehafk; nghyP]; fUkg; 
ghLfspd; eLehafkhfj; 
jpfOtJ nghyP]; epWtdq; 

fis xUrpy mjpfhu eyd;

fspd; xLf;FKiw ,ae;jpuq;

fshftpUg;gjpypUe;J
midtUf;Fkhd xU Nritahf 

epiykhw;wk; nra;tjw;F     

mtrpakhd gd;Kf mLf;Ffis 
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd NjitahFk;. 





 





 



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


 




 







 




 




 









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











 nghyP]; tifg;;nghWg;Gf;fhd xU khjphp : 3 ñ 1

rpwg;ghd nghyP]; tifg;nghWg;G rk;ge;jkhd ,Wf;fkhd tpjpfs;
 vJTkpy;iy. ngUkstpyhd tplaq;fs; xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; #o;epiyfisAk;>
nghyP]hUf;Fk;> [dr%fj;Jf;Fkpilapy; jw;NghJ epyTk; cwTfspd;

jd;ikiaAk; nghWj;jjhFk;. gy #o;epiyfspy; mtrpag;gLk; cWjpahd
tifg;nghWg;gpd; mbg;gil cs;epiyr; nray;KiwfSk;> eltbf;if KiwfSk;>
 murpd; %d;W mq;fq;fshYk;> xU RahjPd mikg;gpdhYk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ntspaf Nkw;ghHitAkhFk;.

 [dehafhPjpapy; njhpTnra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfs; (Njrpa
 ghuhSkd;wq;fspy; nghyP]hH Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; fl;likg;Gr;
nra;ag;gbd;> khepy rl;l rigfspy;> khepy kl;lj;jpy; nghyP]hH
 xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;> cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfspy; nghyP];
fUkg;ghLfs; cs;@H kl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd;).
  xU RahjPdkhd ePjpj;Jiw.

 xU
nghWg;GzHTtha;e;j epiwNtw;WeH
 (nghyP]; gilkPJ

Neubahd my;yJ kiwKfkhd fl;Lg;ghL> epjpapay; fl;Lg;ghL>
 
fzf;fha;T 
mjpgjpfs;> Nrit Mizf;FOf;fs;>
kw;Wk;
jpiwNrhpfs;


Nghd;w VidamurepWtdq;fspd;
 
fpilepiyahd 
Nkw;ghHit)

kw;Wk;

 xU RahjPdkhd> rptpypad; epajpr;rl;l epWtdk; - xk;Gl;];kd;>
kdpj chpikfs; Mizf;FO my;yJ nghJkf;fs; Kiwg;ghLfisf; ifahSk;>

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




























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





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


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
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

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

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
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
 
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


  





  

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







nghyp]; mikg;Gf;fhd Ie;J tpOkpaq;fs;
   njspT – epWtdk; vij <l;bf;nfhs;s
 KaYfpd;wJ kw;Wk; ,ij <l;bf; nfhs;tjpy;
xt;nthUtUk; tfpf;Fk; ghj;jpuk; vd;git
 Fwpj;J xt;nthU nghyp]; cj;jpNahfj;jUk;
 mwpe;Js;shh;.
  xopTkiwtpd;ik – nghUj;jkhd tifapYk;
 mtrpakhapd; ntspahh; Ez; Ma;it
rhj;jpag;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; rpNu~;l
 Kfhikahsh;fspd; jPh;khdq;fs;
 gjtpapdUlDk; [dr%fj; JlDk;
 fye;jhNyhridapd; gpd;dh; jpwe;j
Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

 Jyhk;gu epiy – nraw;ghl;L vy;iyfspDs;
 nghyp]; gjtpapdhpd; nraw;ghLfis
 rfghbfSk;> Nkyjpfhhp fSk;
 [dr%fj;jpdUk; ghh;f;ff;$bajhf cs;sd.

  nghWg;Gzh;T – epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU

mq;fj;jtUk; jdJ eltbf;iffSf;F

jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J ey;y elj;ijf;fhfTk; <l;lg;gl;l
 ngWNgWfSf;fhfTk; epahakhdKiwapy;
rpe;jpj;J toq;fg; gLk; ntFkjpfs; kw;Wk;
  Nkhrkhd elj;ij my;yJ nray;epiwNtw;wj;
  Jf;fhf tpjpf;fg;gLk; jz;lidfisAk;
cs;slf;FtjhFk;.

  tYtspj;jy; - ,ad;wstpw;F Kd; epiyg;
gpuNjrj;jpw;F neUf;fkhd tifapy;
 jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLtij
 rhj;jpakhf;Ftjw;F ,ad;w stpw;F
 mbkl;lj;jpy; cs;sth;fSf;F nghWg;G
gfph;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.




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























 



cs;epiy tifg;nghWg;G
 Kiwikfs; jw;NghJs;s
 ntspepiy topKiw
 aikg;GfSf;F ,izT KOikia
toq;FtNjhL> mit ,uz;Lk;
 NrHe;J xU tifg;nghWg;G
 tiyia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
  nghyprhhpd; jtwhd
elj;ijfs; jz;lidapd;wp

,jpypUe;J jg;gpf;nfhs;tJ
nkd;NkYk; fbdkhdjhFk;.

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








xU ntw;wpfukhd Nkw;ghHit mikg;Gf;fhd mjpFiwthd epge;jidj;
Njitg;ghLfs;
 Rje;jpuk;: epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapypUe;Jk;>
nghyP]pypUe;Jk; Rje;jpukhfTk;> ghuhSkd;wj;
Jf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifapLk; tYtspg;GlDk; ,Uj;jy;.
 Nghjpa mjpfhuq;fs;: Rje;jpukhd tprhuizfis
Nkw;nfhz;L> Njly; KbTfis mwptpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;. ,jw;F tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,izTepiy mjpfhuq;fSk;> Mtzq;fis tutiog;gjw;Fk;>
nghyP]hH cs;spl;ltifapy; rhl;rpfspd;
gpurd;dk;Fwpj;Jf; fl;lisapLtjw;Fkhd mjpfhuq;fSk;
mtrpakhFk;. mJ nghyP]py; fhzg;gLk; epWtdg;
gpur;rpidfisAk; ,dq;fz;L> Kiwikahd rPHjpUj;jq;fis
Kd;itf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nghjpa %ytsq;fs;: mjw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLk;
ghuJ}ukhd Kiwg;ghLfisahtJ tprhuiz
nra;Ak;tifapy; Nghjpa epjpiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
 tpje;Jiug;Gfs; rk;ge;jkhf gpd;njhlH
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; mjpfhuk;: mjd; Njly;
KbTfisAk;> tpjg;GiufisAk; nghJkf;fSf;F
mwptpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Wf;Fg;
gpujptpisT eltbf;ifahfg; nghyP]; jiytH Nkw;nfhz;l
nraw;ghLfisg; gpd;njhlHtjw;Fk;> nraw;ghbd;ik
tplaj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ftdj;ij <Hg;gjw;Fk;
,aYik ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


























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































 
  




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































CHRI nghyP]; gil gpd;tUk;Kiwapy; mikaf;$bajhf xU [dehafg; nghyP];
 fUkg;ghLfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mHg;gzTzHT nfhz;Ls;sJ:
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia kjpg;gJk;> kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghdJk;.

 gy;NtW epWtdq;fSf;F tifg;nghWg;Gf;$wNtz;baJ.

 mtHfspd; gzpapd; gy;NtW tplaj;Jiwfspy; vLf;fg;gLk; nfhs;iffs;> jPHkhdq;fs; 133

kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; tplaj;jpy; xspTkiwtpd;wpr; nraw;gLtJ.
 134







 



 


 



 
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
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 


 
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

 
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
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

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


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
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
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
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


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



 
 









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

































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Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa epiyapy; gyhj;fhu ,lg;ngaHT> tPlikj;jy;>

fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpik nfhz;lhly; rthy;fSk; GdHepHkhzKk;
(This is a consolidated response prepared by the International network to promote the rule of
law (INOROL) with constributions from Yolande Bouka, J.Oneil G. Pouliot, and Sermid D Al-
Sarraf.)
gpd;Gyk;
Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa GdHepHkhzKk; cWjpg;ghLk; jk; tPLfspypUe;Jk;;
r%fj;jpypUe;Jk; NtH gpLq;fg;gl;L> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j> td;KiwahYk;
Ruz;lyhYk; ghugl;rj;jhYk; Vida kdpj chpik kPwy;fshYk; jhf;fg;gl;l
kf;fSf;F> ghJfhg;igAk; cjtpiaAk; toq;Ftij Ntz;bepw;fpwJ. ,g; gyte;jkhf
,lk;ngaHe;jtHfSf;fhd gjpw;nraw;ghlhdJ> mtHfs; tpl;L tpyfpa tPL> fhzp
kw;Wk; Vida nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba> jPHT fhZtijAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,lk;ngaH;e;Njhhpy; gyH jpUk;gpr; nrd;W kPs xd;wpiza
KbahJs;sJ. Vnddpy; mtHfSila tPLfSk;> fhzpfSk; Ntwplq;fspy; Fbaku
Kbahj> my;yhj tpUg;gkpy;yhj NtW rpyuhy; ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nfhs;ifastpYk;
rl;lg; gpukhzj;jpYk; nrhj;Jhpikia mKy;gLj;JtjpYk; chpik nfhz;lhly;
gpzf;Ffisj; jPHg;gJk; ek;g Kbahj rpf;fyhd Kaw;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;. nghpJk;
Kiwrhuhj rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjp Kiwikfis nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehLfspy; ,J tpNrl
rthy; kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd; tPlikj;jy;> fhzp
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpikfis cj;juthjg;gLj;jTk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fkhd chpa rHtNjr
epakq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwe;j tof;fq;fis ,e;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpw;nraw;ghL
kPs;ghHit nra;Ak;. ,J INPROl mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J rl;l xOq;F nraw;gLj;JNthhpd;
gjpy;fs; kw;Wk; Nfs;tpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

jfty; mwpaf; Nfs;tp:

4.9 kpy;ypad; <uhf;fpa mfjpfSs; kpfr; rpyUk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSk;
jk; tPL jpUk;Gk; chpikia gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;. rpyH kpf tpiutpy; mt;thW nra;a
tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. MdhYk; jq;fs; tPLfspy; ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; ju
FbapUg;ghsHfshYk; mq;F jhf;fkhd mKy;gLj;jy; epHthfg; nghwpKiw
,y;yhjjhYk; ,J jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW rpyH ghJfhg;G epiyikfs; Kd;NdWk;
tiu tPL jpUk;gf; fhj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. NtW rpyH tPL jpUk;GtNj ghJfhg;gpy;iy vd
ek;GfpwhHfs;. jkJ Rw;wk; #oypy; khw;wg;gl;l Ml;fisAk;> Kd;djhf my;yJ
mtHfs; tpl;L te;j ehspypUe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mr;RWj;jy;fisAk;> ,jw;F

138
 139

Mjhukhff; fhz;gpf;fpwhHfs;. ,lk;naHtpypUe;J vOk; nrhj;Jj; njhlHghd

ngUe;njhifahd tof;Ffis rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fshy; mNefkhff; ifahs
Kbahnjd> NtW ehl;L mDgtq;fs; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. ,ij kdjpy; nfhz;Ljhd;
ehd; <uhf;fpYs;s ,lk;ngaHe;j tPl;Lf;fhuHfSf;F tPl;bNy mikjp> tPL jpUk;gpr;
nry;tij ek;Gq;fs; vd;w vz;zj;ij rl;lhPjpahd nrhe;jf;fhuHfspd; jhf;fkhd
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F czHj;j> vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ> rkhspg;gJ> my;yJ tPLfisf;
iftpLtJ vd;w vz;zj;ij tsHj;Njd;. ,e;j ek;gpf;ifapd; xU vz;zf;fU gj;jpuk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehd; tpkHrdq;fis tuNtw;fpd;Nwd;. Fwpg;ghf Vida
ehLfspy; ,Ue;jhd nghUj;jkhd mDgtq;fis tuNtw;fpd;Nwd;. vz;zf;fU
gj;jpuj;ij jaTnra;J ghUq;fs;. vz;zf;fUtpd; xU vspa khjphpiaf;$l mq;Nf
fhzKbAk;.

gjpw;nraw;ghl;Lr; RUf;fk;
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtH vd;why; ahH?
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; vdg;gLgtH Ml;fs; my;yJ Ml;fspd; FOf;fs;> jk;
tPLfis my;yJ trpg;gplq;fis tpl;L> xU MAj Kuz;ghl;bd; jhf;fq;fis
jtpHg;gjw;fhfNth> nghJthd td;Kiw epiyikfspdhNyh> kdpj chpik
kPwy;fshNyh> ,aw;if my;yJ kdpjH tpistpj;j mopTfspy; jhf;fq;fspypUe;J
tpLgLk; Nehf;fhf> ,lk;ngau epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ flikg;ghl;Lld;
,lk;ngaHe;Jk;> rHtNjr hPjpapy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mur vy;iyfisf; fle;J
nry;yhjtHfs;. (cs;ehl;L ,lk;ngaHT kPjhd topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs;> mwpKfk;
ge;jp 2).

cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtH ahnud ,dk; fhZk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> kdjpy;

itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba ,U Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfSs; 1) ,j; jdpeghpd; mirT
jd;dhHtkw;wjh my;yJ mr;rj;jhy; Mdjh vd;gJld;> 2) ,j; jdpegH rHtNjr
vy;iyiaf; fle;jhuh vd;gJk; MFk;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH jk;ghl;by; jk;
r%fj;ij tpl;Lr;nry;y tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. khwhf mtHfs; tpl;Lr;nry;y
epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. mtHfspd; efHT jd;dhHtkw;wNj. ,e;j tifapy;
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfis Ntiytha;g;Gj; Njb> Kd;Ndw;wfukhd tho;itj;
Njb> NtW ,lq;fSf;F nry;y tpUk;Gk; nghUspay; Gyk;ngaHNthhplkpUe;J
NtWgLj;jyhk;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH (c.,.ng) jkJ tPLfspypUe;Jk;>
rdr%fj;jplkpUe;Jk; gphpf;fg;gl;lhYk; mtHfs; jk; ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs;NsNa
tho;fpwhHfs;. mtHfs; ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;tjpy;iy.

139
 140

cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhiu mfjpfSld; Fog;gf;$lhJ vd;gijf; ftdpg;gJ

Kf;fpakhdJ. mfjpfs; vd;gJ nfh^uj;jpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gj; Njb> rHtNjr hPjpapy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfisf; fle;Jnry;Yk>; jdpegHfspd; chpikfisAk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ,dk; fhz;gjw;fhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;> gad;gLj;jg;gLk;> xU fiyr;
rl;lr; nrhy;yhFk;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH tiutpyf;fzj;jpNyNa> jk; nrhe;j
ehl;bd; vy;iyfSf;Fs;Ns> Njrpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; Njrpa rl;lj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiwf;Fs;Ns>
nfhs;iffSf;Fs;NsNa> jq;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;. mfjpfisg; Nghyy;yhky; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;NjhH gpuirfshf my;yJ jk; ehl;by; tjpgtHfshf ,Ue;J> mjd;
mbg;gilapy; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; cjtpf;Fk; chpj;Jilatuha; cs;sdh;. cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; mDgtj;jpy; mfjp Nghd;w epiyikfspy; epidf;fg;gl;lhYk;
mbg;gilapy; mtHfs; xU NtWgl;l rdj;njhifapduhf NtWgl;l ghJfhg;GlDk;
NtWgl;l cjtpj; NjitfSlDk; cs;sdh;.

,tHfspd; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;>

vy;iyfSf;Fs;Ns ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd; eyNdhk;Giff;Fk;> Njrpa
mjpfhuKilNahH jk; jiyaha nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. MdhYk;
rpyNtisfspy; mtHfs; Kuz;ghl;L td;Kiw mdHj;jk; njhlUk; Neuq;fspy;
Fwpg;ghf jk; ,iwikg; nghWg;ig epiwNtw;w mjw;fhd ,aYik my;yJ tpUg;gk;
,y;yhJ ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH rpyNtisfspy;
mtHfSila ghJfhg;gpw;F nghWg;ghd mur KftHfspd; iffspNyNa> ghJfhg;gw;w
jhf;fg;glf;$ba kdpj chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; epiyapy; tho;fpwhHfs;.

Mdhy; mfjpfs; ,jw;F khwhd tifapy; xg;gPl;lstpy; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gJld;>

rHtNjr mfjpr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; (mfjpfs; rkthak; 1951) ghJfhg;igAk;
mDgtpf;fpwhHfs;. ,jd;gb guhkhpf;Fk; murhq;fkhdJ> mtHfis tuNtw;W>
mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;fp> nfhs;ifg; gpufhuk; mtHfspd; tpUg;gkpd;wp mtH jk;
nrhe;j ehl;bw;F jpUg;gp mDg;gTk; khl;lhJ. mNjthNw mfjpfSk; rHtNjr mfjpfs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghJfhg;igAk; kdpjNea cjtpfisAk>; rHtNjr kdpjNea epthuz
epWtdq;fshYk; I.eh KftHfshYk; toq;fg;gLk; czT> ciwtplk;> Rfhjhutrjp
vd;gtw;iwAk; ngwf;$batHfshf cs;sdh;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; mfjpfs;
tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;F nghUj;jkw;wtHfs; vd;gjhy; mtHfSf;F ,e;jg; ghJfhg;Gfs;
fpilg;gjpy;iy.

,lg;ngaHT cz;ikfSk; vz;zpf;iffSk;

cyfpNy ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if Fwpj;j NtWghLfs;
khWglyhk;. MdhYk; kpf mjpfhuG+Ht %yq;fspd;gb 2007,y; Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf

140
 141

,lk;ngaHe;NjhHfspd; vz;zpf;if NkNyhl;lkhf 26 kpy;ypadhFk;. ,e;j vz;zpf;if

1990ia tpl 19 kpy;ypadhy; caHe;Js;sJld;> gdp Aj;jj;jp;d; ,Wjpapy; Vw;gl;l
cs;sf MAj Kuz;ghLfshYk;> ,j; jpLjpg;ghd mjpfhpg;G Vw;gl;lnjd XusTf;F
tpsf;fyhk;. jw;NghJ mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH
Mgphpf;fhtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. mq;Nf Mff; Fiwe;jJ 12 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; jk;
nrhe;j ehLfSf;Fs;NsNa ,lk;ngaHe;Js;sdh;. Mgphpf;fh kl;Lk;jhd; ,t;thW
ngUe;njhif ,lk;ngaHe;NjhHfis nfhz;bUg;gJ vd;wpy;iy. cyfk; G+uhfTk; 50f;F
Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; ngUe;njhifahd ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. kpfg; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd 5 kpy;ypad; cs;ehl;L
,lk;ngaHe;NjhH rdj;njhif #lhdpYk;> nfhyk;gpahtpy; (2.5–3 kpy;ypaDk;)> <uhf;fpy;
(2–2.5 kpy;ypaDk;) cfz;lhtpy; (1.5 kpy;ypaDk;) nfhq;Nfh rdehaf; Fbaurpy; (1–1.5
kpy;ypaDk;) cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH cs;sdh;. ,lk;ngaHit Vw;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpfSs; Kuz;ghL xd;W khj;jpuNk md;wp> ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpjd; Vw;gLj;jpa
mopTfs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthfTk;> ,lk;ngaHT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Rdhkp> G+kpajpHr;rp> ePz;lfhy tul;rp> mjPj nts;sk; vd;gd xU tUlj;jpy; 10
kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd Ml;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;fpd;wJ. mz;ikapy; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;Njhiu cUthf;fpa ,aw;if mopTfshf rPdhtpy; rpr;Rthd; G+kpajpHr;rp
(4.8 kpy;ypad;)> 2005 ,y; tl ghfp];jhd; G+kpajpHr;rp (3.5kpy;ypad;)> 2004 ,y; Mrpar;
Rdhkp (1.6 kpy;ypad;)> If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; fj;jhpdh Roy;fhw;W (800>000)
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fyhk;. 2007 ,y; ,aw;if mopTfspd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j
Ml;fspd; vz;zpf;if 26 kpy;ypadhFk;. ,aw;if mopTfs;> MAj Kuz;ghL>
nghJg;gLj;jg;gl;l td;Kiw epiyikfs;> mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH cyf rdj;njhifapd; 1% ,w;F fp;l;bajhf cs;sdh;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; cyf mfjpfs; rdj;njhif gy];jPdpa mfjpfs; cl;gl 16
kpy;ypad; vz;zpf;ifapdjhfNt mjhtJ cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifahd 52 kpy;ypaid tpl kpfTk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

jhf;fg;gL jd;ikAk; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; NjitfSk;

jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;G> kdpj chpikfs;> tho;thjhuk; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;NjhH mjpf jhf;fg;gL epiyapy; cs;sdh;. mtHfs; mNdfkhf MAj
Kuz;ghl;bd; jhf;fq;fspypUe;J jg;g KbahjtHfshfTk; td;Kiwahy;
ghjpf;fg;glf;$batHfshfTk; cs;sdh;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpy;
ngUk;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; ngz;fSk;> rpWtHfSk; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk;
Ruz;lYf;F cs;shFk; fLk; mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;fpwhHfs;. mj;Jld;> mtHfs;
ghJfhg;G> cjtp> Nghjpa czT> ciwtplk;> kUj;Jtr rpfp;r;ir> Ntiytha;g;G

141
 142

vd;gtw;iwf; fz;liltjpYk; cjtp Njitg;gLgtHfshf cs;sdh;. ,lk;ngaHe;j

fhuzj;jpdhy; mtHfs; ghugl;rj;ij vjpHnfhs;tNjhL> mur Nritfis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> thf;fspf;Fk; chpik> nghJtho;tpy; gq;Fgw;Wjy; vd;gdTk;
kWf;fg;glyhk;. ,og;G> mopT> milahs ml;il kw;Wk; Vida Kf;fpa jdpg;gl;l
Mtzq;fs; gwpKjyhjy; vd;gd ,lk;ngaHT epiyikfspy; eilngWk; nghJthd
epfo;TfshFk;. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH jk; tPL> nrhj;J> fhzp vd;gtw;wpd;
chpik nfhz;lhliy ,of;Fk; caH mghaj;ijAk; tpNrlkhf vjpHnfhs;fpwhHfs;.
,t; clik ,og;G tho;thjhuj;ijAk;> nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;igAk;> ngsjPfg;
ghJfhg;igAk; ,og;gjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.

rHtNjr epakq;fSk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH ghJfhg;GfSk;

cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhiug; ghJfhg;gjw;nfd mikf;fg;gl;l rHtNjrf; flg;ghl;L
rl;lf; fUtpfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH rHtNjrr; rl;lj;jpd;
ve;j tpNrl epiyiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy. MdhYk; mtHfs; rHtNjr
kdpj chpik kw;Wk; kdpjNear; rl;lq;fshy; jdpegHfSf;F cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;l
chpikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; mDgtpf;fpwhHfs;. Fwpg;ghf cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngah;e;j Ml;fSf;fhf njhFf;fg;gl;l cs;ehl;L ,lk;ngaHT kPjhd
If;fpaehLfs; topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs; I.eh nghJr; rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L
2005 cyf cr;rp kfhehl;by; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ntspaPl;L MtzNk
cs;ehl;L ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH ghJfhg;Gf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd rHtNjr rl;lf
mikg;ghf cs;sJ.

topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs; Gjpa rl;lq;fis cUthf;ftpy;iy. flg;ghl;Lf; fUtpfspy;

fhzg;gLk; chpikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; mit kPs vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
flg;ghl;Lf; fUtpfshf rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; kPjhd rHtNjr rkthak;>
nghUshjhu r%f fyhrhu chpikfs; kPjhd rHtNjr rkthak;> rpj;jputijf;fhd
rkthak;> n[dpth rkthaq;fs;> kdpj chpikfs; kPjhd cyfshtpa gpufldk;>
toikahd rHtNjrr; rl;lq;fs;> kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; jhf;fg;gL
jd;ik ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs; vd;gtw;wpd; #oiktpy; mtw;Wf;F nghUl;Nfhly;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litNa. ,e;j chpikfSk; Rje;jpuq;fSk; gpd;tUk;
ehd;F tiffshf
 ngsjPf ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xd;whf ,Uj;jy; njhlHghd cz;ikfs; (cjhuzk;
tho;Thpik> xU kdpjdpd; NeHikAk; fz;zpaKk;@ VNjr;irahjpfhukhd
jLj;Jitg;G> rpj;jputij> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;> ghypay; Ruz;ly;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J Rje;jpuk;).

142
 143

 tho;tpd; mbg;gilj; NjitfSld; njhlHGila chpikfs; (cjhuzk; czT>

nfhz;L nry;Yk; ePH> Rfhjhuk;> ciwtplk; vd;gd)
 rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd chpikfs; (cjhuzk; jdpg;gl;l
Mtzg;gLj;jy;> murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wif> ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; ePjpiag; ngWjy;>
ghugl;rj;jpypUe;J tpLgly; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd chpikfs;)
 nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu ghJfhg;G njhlHghd chpikfs; (cjhuzk;
Ntiytha;g;G> fy;tp> njhiye;jijg; ngWjy; kw;Wk; ,oe;j nrhj;jpw;fhd
el;l<l;ilg; ngwy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd chpik)

xUtH ,lk;ngaHf;fg;gl;lhy; vt;thW ,t;Thpikfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; vdr;

nrhy;YtJld; ,t; topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs; vNjr;rhjpfhukhd ,lk;ngaHTf;F vjpuhd
cj;juthjq;fis tpsf;FtJld;> mtHfs; jk;kplk; ,lk;ngaHTf;fhd kfj;Jtkhd
epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba jPHTfisf; fhzNtz;baijAk; mtHfspd; chpikfisAk;
tpsf;FfpwJ.

topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs; rHtNjr r%fky;y> Njrpa murhq;fq;fNs cs;ehl;by;

,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd; chpikfis> cs;ehl;L rl;lq;fs; nfhs;iffs; %ykhf
ghJfhj;J cj;juthjg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd flikiaf; nfhz;Ls;snjd
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,f; flikahdJ ,iwik nghWg;GzHtpypUe;J tUfpd;wJ
vd;w vz;zj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. muRfSf;F jk; cs;ehl;L mYty;fis
jiyaPLfspd;wp elhj;j chpik ,Ue;jhYk; mtHfs; jk; rdj;njhifapd;
,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fs; cl;gl chpikfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mtw;iwr; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,itfs; 1998 ,NyNa iff;nfhs;sg;gl;L tpl;ljhy;> lrpd; fzf;fhd
ehLfs; topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffisg; gad;gLj;jp ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;NjhH chpikfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd rl;lf Ntiyfis> rl;lk; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffis tpUj;jp nra;Js;sd.

tPlikj;jy; fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpikfs;

tPlikj;jy; fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;J tplaq;fspy; nghJf; nfhs;iffs; vy;yhj;
jdpegHfspdJk;> nghJ chpikfs; mtHfis tPl;bypUe;J VNjr;rhjpfhukhf
,lk;ngaur; nra;tjpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ.
(topfhl;bf; nfhs;if 6) mjw;F Nkyhf ,f;nfhs;iffshdit Njrpa murhq;fk;>
cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fs; jkJ tPLfSf;F jd;dhHtkhf jpUk;gpr; nry;y
my;yJ NtW VNjDk; ,lj;jpy; Fbaku Mjutspf;f Ntz;ba nrhj;Jhpik nghWg;ig
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,e;j chpikfs; kPwg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH

143
 144

fzprkhdsT el;l<l;ilg; ngWk; chpikia topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffs;

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

topfhl;bf; nfhs;if 29 (2) ,d; gb ,lk;ngah;e;NjhH ,lg;ngaHtp;d;NghJ tpl;Lr;

nrd;w jk; cilikfs; nrhj;Jf;is KbAkhdstpw;F cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gbahf my;yJ mtHfs; mq;F jpUk;gptu cjTk;gbahd
nghWg;igAk; flikiaAk; jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfs; nfhz;Ls;sdh; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mr; nrhj;Jf;fis kw;Wk; cilikfis kPsf; ifaspg;gJ Kbahj
gl;rj;jpy; jFjptha;;e;j mjpfhhpfs; ,e;j Ml;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd el;l<l;il my;yJ
NtWtifapyhd gpujpaPl;il toq;f cjt Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;Ak;NghJ ,t;
topfhl;bf; nfhs;iffshdit Kuz;ghl;bw;F gpe;jpa #oypy; ,lg;ngaHT njhlHghd
nrhj;J tplaq;fisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd xOq;FfisAk; ghpfhuq;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;wd.
,f; nfhs;iffs; Njrpa mjpfhhpfSk; VidNahUk; GdHepHkhzk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;
Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; Njrpa rl;lj;jpYk; nfhs;ifapYk; cs;s ,ilntspfis
epug;Gtjw;fhfTk; cjtpfisr; nra;Js;sJ. nrhj;Jf;fhd el;l<L kw;Wk; ghpfhu
chpikfs; ,jDs; mlq;Fk;.

vy;yh ,lk;ngaHe;NjhUf;Fkhd tPlikj;jy;> fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;JhpikfSf;fhd

ghpfhuj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhd chpikfs; cl;gl midj;Jk;> If;fpa ehLfspd;
mfjpfSf;Fk; 2006 ,y; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSf;Fkhd tPlikj;jy; kw;Wk; nrhj;J
el;l<L kPjhd nfhs;iffs; %yk; NkYk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j MtzkhdJ
toikahf gpd;nfa;Nuh nfhs;iffshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd;
nrhj;J njhlHghd chpikfs; Fwpj;J gpuj;jpNafkhf ftdk; nrYj;jpa KjyhtJ
rHtNjr epakk; ,JthFk;. ,J vy;yh ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fSk; mDgtpf;f Ntz;ba
Kf;fpa chpikfis cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ ghugl;rkpd;ik (nfhs;if 3)>
ghy;epiy rkj;Jtk; (nfhs;if 4)> ,lk;ngaHtpypUe;J ghJfhg;G (nfhs;if 5)>
me;juq;fKk; tPl;Lf;fhd kjpg;Gk; (nfhs;if 6)> cilikfspd; mikjpahd
mDgtpg;G (nfhs;if 7)> Nghjpastpyhd tPL (nfhs;if 8)> elkhl;lr; Rje;jpuk;
(nfhs;if 9)> RatpUg;gpy; jpUk;Gjy; (nfhs;if 10).

gpd;nfa;Nuh nfhs;iffs; vy;yh ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspdJk; nrhj;J kw;Wk; tPl;ilj;

jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jy; chpikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. (nfhs;if 2). ,f;nfhs;ifapd;
gpufhuk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH kw;Wk; mfjpfs; jk;kplkpUe;J VNjr;rhjpfhukhf
my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F khwhf gwpf;fg;gl;l tPl;bid fhzpia my;yJ nrhj;ij kPs
mile;J nfhs;sTk; xU RahjPdkhd eLepiyahd ePjpkd;wj;jhy;

144
 145

jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;lthwhf kPsg; ngw Kbahj tPl;bw;F> fhzpf;F> nrhj;jpw;F el;l<l;ilg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; chpikiaAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. (nfhs;if 2.1)

,oe;j nrhj;ij mjd; rl;lhPjpahd chpikahshplk; jpUg;gpf;nfhLf;Fk; chpikiaAk;

,J tpghpf;fpwJ. tPl;ilf;> fhzpia> nrhj;ij rl;lj;jpw;F khwhf my;yJ
VNjr;rhjpfhukhf nfhz;bUg;gjw;F gjpw;nraw;ghlhf ghpfhuk; tpUk;gg;gLtijAk; xU
caH chpikahf mJ fhl;LfpwJ. jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jy; eilngw Kbahj
re;jHg;gq;fspy; Nghjpasthd kw;Wk; epahakhd el;l<L xU rl;lhPjpahd ghpfhukhf
njhopw;ghLfpwJ.

#oikTk; rthy;fSk;

Kuz;ghl;bd; %yk; ,lg;ngaHT Vw;gLk; #oy; njhlHghd tPL> fhzp nrhj;J

chpikfs; njhlHghf gytifg;gl;l rthy;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd fle;jfhy
nrhj;JhpikiaAk;> fhzpahl;rp toikiaAk; murpay; kag;gLj;jy;> ,d kag;gLj;jy;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J khw;wpr; rhpnra;tjhf ,Ue;jJ. mitfshtd fhzp mUikia
ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;fhf ngz;fs; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd ghugl;rk;> kz; gOjiljy;> ePH
tpepNahf kw;Wk; kpd; tpepNahf tiyg;gpd;dy; Nghd;w nghJr; Nritfs; kw;Wk;
tPLfspy; ngUk; mopT Vw;gLjy; Nghd;wd. ngUk; ,lg;ngaHthd rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;
tPl;Lf;F jpUk;g tu tpUk;Gk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhH fsthf te;J FbNawp
,Ug;NghiuAk;> jhk; ,lk;ngaHe;j gpd;G tPl;by; te;J ,Ug;gtHfisAk; vOg;gp
mDg;g Ntz;bAs;sJ. mtHfspy; rpyH Nkhrbahd gpioahd tpw;gidf;
nfhLf;fy;thq;fy; %yk; njhpahj Kiwapy; nrhj;Jhpkq;fis ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. rpyH
jq;fspd; nrhj;Jhpikia tpw;wjhf my;yJ khw;wpajhf fLikahd mr;RWj;jy;
my;yJ gyhj;fhu #o;epiyapd; fPo; Nghl;bapl;L thjpl Ntz;Lk;.

rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;if rl;lf mikg;Gk; rpwe;j toikfSk;

Kuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpe;jpa GdHepHkhzk; kw;Wk; cWjp nra;jypy; cs;ehl;by;
,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; tPL> fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jhpikiag; ghJfhj;jy; vd;gJ kpfTk;
rpf;fyhd nghWg;Ngw;ghfTk;> mjw;F rl;l kw;Wk; nfhs;if rl;lf mikg;gpd;
mgptpUj;jpAk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Fiwe;j gl;rk; ,r; rl;lf mikg;Gfs; gpd;tUk;
mbg;gil tplaq;fis nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; tPL> fhzp nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy;> rl;lj;jpw;F

khwhfg; gad;gLj;jy;> FbNawy;> VNjr;rhjpfhukhf NjitfSf;fhf xJf;Fjy;

145
 146

vd;gtw;iwj; jilnra;tJld;> mtHfspd; ,lk;ngaHTf; fhyg;gFjp G+uhfTk;

mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mbg;gil Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;.
 cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;j Ml;fspd; nrhj;Jhpik Fwpj;J njspthf
vLj;Jiuj;jy;. jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;Fk; chpik> e\;l<L kw;Wk; Vida ghpfhu
topfs; cl;gl.
 gpzf;Ffis jPHg;gjw;fhdJk; kj;jpa];jk; nra;tjw;Fkhd rf;jp kpf;f
nghwpKiwia mikj;jy;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;Njhhpd; nrhj;Jhpikfis
epiyehl;ly; ,e;j chpikfs; kPwg;gLk;nghOJ chpa ghpfhuk; nra;jy;.

rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; ePjpaikg;Gf;fisAk; nrhj;Jg; gpzf;Ffis jPHf;f

gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ngUk; ,lk;ngaHT epiyikfs; ,jw;fhf
jw;fhypfkhf nrhj;J Mizf;FOf;fis> ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd chpik
Nfhuy;fis nraw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; mikf;f Ntz;ba Njitia Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
gp;d;tUk; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; trjpaspf;fg;gl;l nray;KiwfSk; ,t;Thpik
Nfhuy;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. tpNrlkhf nghJthd my;yJ
nghJg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;ngaHe;j tbtikg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLkplj;J ,tw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJk; JhpjkhdJkhd
nrad;Kiwfs; mDkhdq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy; cl;gl.
 chpik ghuhl;Ljiy ep&gpg;gjw;fhd Kiwikaw;w kw;Wk; khw;W rhd;Wg;
gbtq;fis mDkjpg;gjd; %yk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;J chpik
NfhUNthUf;F rhHghd rhd;W NjLjy; Rikiaf; Fiwj;jy;.
 nrhj;Jg; ngWkhdq;fis tpiuthfTk; xNukhjphpahfTk; epWTtjw;fhd
epakkhd el;l<l;L tha;g;ghLfis cUthf;fp gzj;ij ifg;gpujpAgfhuq;fis
jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jy; eilngw Kbahj my;yJ rhj;jpakw;w Neuq;fspy;
toq;Fjy;.

,lk;ngaHitj; njhlHe;J tPL> fhzp nrhj;J gpur;rpidfis jPHg;gjw;F

gad;gLj;jf;$ba Vida Vw;ghLfSk; rpwe;j tpsf;fq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW.
 nrhj;J kw;Wk; guk;giu topr; rl;lq;fis kWrPuikj;J ngz;fisAk;
rpWghd;ikapdiuAk; tPL fhzp nrhj;J vd;gtw;wpy; vt;tifapYk;
ghugl;rkpd;wp nrhj;Jhpikia itj;jpUf;fr; nra;jy;.
 tPL> fhzp> nrhj;Jf;fis tpw;f my;yJ ghpkhw;w mr;rj;jpd; fPo; nra;j
nrhj;J khw;wq;fisAk;> xg;ge;jq;fisAk; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;Fjy;.

146
 147

 nrhj;J gpzf;Ffisj; jPH;g;gJld; njhlHGila chpikfs;> ghpfhuq;fs;>

eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw tpghpf;Fk; cq;fspd; nrhj;Jhpikia mwpe;J
nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;w gpurhuq;fisAk; nghJf;fy;tpiaAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 gpzf;fpw;Fl;gl;l nrhj;jpd; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;jtUf;Fk; ,lk;ngaHe;j gpd;G
FbNawpatUf;Fkhd gpzf;Fj; jPHT nghwpKiwiaAk; Rygkhf kj;jpa];jk;
fpilf;ff;$ba topiaAk; fl;lzkpy;yhj my;yJ Fiwe;j fl;lzj;jpy; rl;l
cjtpiaAk; toq;Fjy;.
 toikapy; jq;fpapUj;jy; my;yJ Kiwrhuh gpzf;Fj; jPHT Kiwik>
Nghjpajw;w mur ,aYikf;F gjpw;nraw;ghlhf> chpa nrad;Kiwia
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nrad;KiwahfTk; kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs; epakkhfTk;
NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
 ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;Gf;fis mKy;gLj;j> nrhj;J tplaq;fspy; nrhj;J
Mizf;FOtpd; jPHkhdq;fis mKy;gLj;j rl;l mKyhf;fy; kw;Wk; cs;SH
mjpfhhpfSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;.
 cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngaHe;NjhUf;F mur fhzpfspy; jw;fhypf xJf;fPLfisr;
nra;jy;> kw;Wk; / my;yJ epue;jur; nrhj;J khw;wq;fisr; nra;jy;.

tsq;fisj; njhFj;jy;
,e;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpw;nraw;ghL> gytpjkhd gpd;tUk; %yq;fspypUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. nghyp]; gzpr; nraw;ghl;lhsHfSf;F gaDs;s vLj;jhsy;
fUtpfshf ,itfs; cs;sd. ,izg;igf; nfhz;l vy;yh epuy;gLj;jg;gl;l
Mtzq;fSk; INPROL vz;k E}yfj;jpw;F gjpNtw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Fwpg;G: ,e;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l vy;yhf; fUj;Jf;fSk; jdpg;gl;l

,aYikapy; nra;ag;gl;litNa. ,J Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; fUj;ijg; gpujpgypf;f
Ntz;bajpy;iy. INPROL ntspg;gilahf nfhs;iffis gpurhuk; nra;tjpy;iy.

147
 148

Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l ehLfspy; rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhj;jy;

Prepared by Leigh Toomey with contributions from Angela Krueger, Christina Storm, J. O’Neil G. Pouliot, Claudia
Baroni, Francis Bremson, Ilias Chatzis, Melinda Lord, Vivienne O’Connor, Charles Briefel, David Kerem, Mark
LaLonde, and Michael Hartmann for the Inernational Network of the rule of Law.

gpd;Gyk;
ePjpahdJk; ntw;wpfukhdJkhd Fw;wk; rhl;liy cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfspd; xj;Jiog;G ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,Ue;Jk;
Kuz;ghl;Lf;F gpe;jpa #o;epiyfspy; mNefkhf jdpegHfs; gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf
,t;tplaj;jpy; xj;Jiog;G ey;f Kd;tUtjpy;iy. MfNt rhl;rpfSf;F ghJfhg;G
toq;FtJ vd;gJ rl;l mKyhf;fj;Jf;Fk; mbg;gilahd rl;lf; flg;ghlhfTk; xU
,d;wpaikahjnjhd;whf cs;sJ. Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J ntspg;gl;l ehLfspy;
rf;jptha;e;j Fw;wkpioj;NjhH rl;lj;jpw;F tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;Nlhuhf murpay; hPjpahf> ,d
hPjpahf jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wq;fisr; nra;NthH vd;NghUs;s> Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J
tpLg;gl;l ehLfspy; ,J xU Kf;fpa rthyhf cs;sJ. Kuz;ghl;bd; xU
gFjpapdUf;F tprhuizahsHfSk; Fw;wk; rhl;LgtHfSk; rhHGepiy nfhz;ltuhf
,Ug;gH my;yJ Fw;wtpay; murpay; mjpfhu fl;likg;Gld; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltuhf ,Ue;J
rhl;rpfspd; ghJfhg;gpy; Mgj;ij tpistpg;gH. fLikahd Fw;wq;fis Muk;g
fl;lj;jpNyNa tprhhpj;J Fw;wk; rhl;Lk; NjitAs;s mNjNtisapy;> rhl;rpfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd jhf;fKs;s nghwpKiwia epWTtjw;fhd rl;lthf;fq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s tUlq;fs; vLf;fyhk;. ,e;jg; nghwpKiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
xUikg;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,aYikiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ePz;l
fhyk; vLf;fyhk;.

Nfs;tp
ePz;lfhy rl;lthf;fj;; jPHTfSf;F gpujpaPlhf my;yJ khw;wPlhf Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F vLf;ff;$ba cldb eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk;
FWq;fhy cghaq;fs; vd;d? rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jf;$ba ePz;lfhy
Vida jPHTfSk; vd;d?

RUf;fkhd gjpw;nraw;ghL
Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l gy ehLfspy; fLikahd Fw;wtpay; eltbf;ifspd;
Fw;wk; rhl;LjyhdJ rhl;rpfs; tof;Ffspy; rhl;rpfs; jk; tho;Tf;Fk;> jk;
FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Fw;wtpay; Fw;wkpiog;gtuhNyh my;yJ mtHfSila gpujpfspdhNyh
Mgj;J Vw;gl;LtpLk; vd;w gak; fhuzkhf jaq;Ftjhy; fLikahd tof;Ffs;
vy;yhk;; jilg;gl;Lg;NghAs;sd. rhl;rpfs; jkf;F ntspg;gilahd mr;RWj;jy;

148
 149

,y;yhtpbDk; jq;fSila capiuNah my;yJ jq;fsJ njhopiyNah my;yJ

jq;fsJ r%f epiyg;ghl;ilNah ,ilapy; khw;wp tpLthHfs; vd;w mr;rk; fhuzkhf>
jkf;Fj; jhNk tpjpj;Jf;nfhz;l xU jzpf;ifia ,e;jr; rhl;rpfs; itj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. gyhj;fhuj;jhy; nra;tijtpl Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l Fw;wkpioj;jtH
kiwKfkhd my;yJ ntspg;gilahd tpUg;Gf;fis> fhRf; nfhLg;gdtpypUe;J
vjpHfhy epiyfSf;fhd cWjpnkhopfs; my;yJ gjtpAaHTfs; tiuf;Fkhdtw;iw
rhl;rpfSf;F toq;fyhk;. rhl;rpfis Kd;te;J rhl;rpgfUk;gb Jz;Ltjw;fhd
NjitahdJ xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; mjhtJ Muk;g fl;lj;jpyhd nghyp];
tprhizapypUe;J KiwrhH rptpy;rl;l tprhuiz> ePjpgjpahy; tprhuiz nra;Ak;
Fw;wk; rhl;Lgtuhy; my;yJ tof;fpdhNyNa eilngWk; tprhuiz tiuf;Fkhd
fl;lk; tiu vy;yhf;fl;lj;jpYk; rhl;rp rhl;rpak; gfUtjw;fhd> Njitiaj; J}z;l
Ntz;bAs;sJ. rhl;rpfspd; rhl;rpaj;jpw;fhd xU KOikahd ghJfhg;Gk; J}z;LjYk;
,Ue;jhYk;> nghyprhhpd; Fw;wk; rhl;Lgthpd; ePjpj;Jiw xUikj; njhopw;ghl;bd;
nghJkf;fs; ek;gfj; jd;ikapd; ,aYikiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtijAk; mNjNtisapy;
nra;aNtz;bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mj;Jld; ghJfhg;Gj; njhopw;ghl;bd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;LtUk; ehLfspy; CoYf;F vjpuhd gykhd cghaq;fs;>
mghafukhd jhf;fkhd cghaq;fs; vd;gd jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wq;fisAk;
gaq;futhjj;ijAk; vjpHnfhs;tjw;F Njitahf cs;sJ. ,J xU FWfpa
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw cghakhfTk; mjpNy rhl;rpfspd; ghJfhg;G xU
Kf;fpakhd gFjpahfTk; cs;sJ.

gpd;dH Muhag;gLtJ Nghd;W rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Njit rHtNjr

rkthaq;fspy; $l mjpfkhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. MdhYk; ,itfspd; Cfpg;G
vd;dntdpy; tsq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtd ,aYik vd;gd rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;j NghJkhdit vd;gjhFk;. Mdhy; fLikahd
cs;ehl;L Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J jg;gpg;gpiof;Fk; NghuhLk; r%fj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; mJ
mt;thwpy;iy vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F
vLf;ff;$ba rpy gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW. mitahtd:
 xU Misg; gw;wpf; fz;Lgpbj;jy;
 fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; nghyprhH> Fw;wk; rhl;LNthH> ePjpgjp vd;Nghiu
nghWg;Gs;Nshuhf;Fjy;> tprhuizapNy eLepiyahf rk;ge;jg;gLtij
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf gz;l cjtpfisAk; gapw;rp trjpfisAk; mspj;jy;
 Fw;wk; rhl;LjYk; jPHg;G toq;FjYk;

149
 150

 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l Ml;fsplkpUe;J rhl;rpfis gpwpjhf itj;jpUf;ff;f$bajhf

ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;> rpiwr;rhiyfisAk;> nghyp]; epiyaq;fisAk; kPsf;
fl;Ljy;
 rl;lthf;fj;ij gyg;gLj;JtJld; rl;lthf;fq;fs;> xOq;Ffs;> topfhl;Ljy;fs;>
kunghOq;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf chpa ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfisr; nra;J
,aYikiag; gyg;gLj;Jjy;.

rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd FWq;fhy Vw;ghLfs;

tprhuizahsHfSk; Fw;wk; rhl;LgtHfSk; ftdkhf ahUf;F> ve;j rhl;rpf;F
ghJfhg;Gj; Njit vd;gij ghprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J tof;fpw;F Kd;Ngh> tof;fpw;F
gpd;Ngh mtHfs; vjpHnfhs;sSk; ,lH mgha kl;lj;ijg; nghWj;Nj mike;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

m. ahiug; ghJfhg;gJ
fLikahd Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;> gf;fj;jpNy epd;wtHfs;
Fw;wtpay; nraw;ghl;by; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpegHfs; vd;NghH rhl;rpaq;fshf ,Ug;ghHfs;.
mNjNtisapy; nghyprhNuhL xj;Jiog;NghH my;yJ Fw;wk; rhl;LNthhpy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltH my;yJ cz;ikj; jd;ikf;F gpujpAgfhukhf
jz;lid Fiwf;fg;gl;ltHfs; vd;Nghuhth;. ,t;tizahd vy;yhtifahd
rhl;rpfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; ,dk; fhzg;gl;L>
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtij ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rl;lG+Ht kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;G Vw;ghLfSk;
mtHfis jw;fhypfkhfNth> my;yJ epue;jukhdjhfNth epjpaPl;l
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtHfspd; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk;
ghJfhg;G Njitahf cs;sJ.

M. vg;NghJ ghJfhg;gJ
nghyp]; tsq;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahdit. kpfTk; fLikahd caH mghaj;Jf;F
my;yJ jPq;Ff;F Mshff; $ba rhl;rpfSf;Nf mtHfshy; ghJfhg;G toq;f KbAk;.
gpd;tUk; fhuzpfis fzf;fpy; vLj;J rhl;rpaq;fs; ghJfhg;ig gad;jU Kiwapy;
ifahs;tjw;F tprhuizahsHfs; Fw;wk; rhl;LNthhpd; gf;fj;jpNy njhopy;thz;ik
hPjpahd jPHg;ghdJ xt;nthU tof;fpYk; Njitg;gLtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

 rhl;lg;gl;l Fw;wj;jpd; ,ay;G (fLikahdjh> ghJfhg;G cj;juthjk;

Njitahdjh)

150
 151

 mr;RWj;jypd; ,ay;G (ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F vjpuhf Vw;fdNt mr;RWj;jy;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh> mr;RWj;jy; ntspg;gilahf nra;ag;gl;ljh> ek;gj;jFe;jjh)
 rhl;rpaj;Jf;Fk; nrhy;yg;gLk; Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;Fkpilapyhd cwTKiw (me;j
cwTKiwahdJ nrhy;yg;gLk; Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;F rhl;rp fpilf;ff;$batuhf
,Uf;fpwhuh? ,e;jf; Fw;wkpioj;jtH rhl;rpia ,izahspfs; my;yJ NtW
ifJ nra;ag;glhj NtW re;NjfegHfs; %yk; milaf;$batuhf ,Uf;fpwhuh?
)
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lthpd; epiy (mtH gpizapy; ,Uf;fpwhuh>
mtH gpizapy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhuh)
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLgthpd; Fw;wtpay; gjpNtL (mthp;lk; td;Kiw rk;ge;jkhd
tuyhW cs;sjh my;yJ vjpHg;G eltbf;if vLf;ff;$batuh)
 rhl;rpaj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rhl;rpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (,J xU
jdpegiug; gw;wpajh my;yJ xU nghpa xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l FOitg; gw;wpajh>
tof;fpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ntw;wpf;F me;j rhl;rp vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdjhf
,Uf;fpwJ? me;j rhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; ek;gf;$bajh> mNj rhl;rpaj;ij NtW xU
rhl;rpNah my;yJ NtW topapNyh ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkh? tof;fpNy
rhl;rpahdtH rhl;rpakspj;jtUf;F vOj;J %yk; ,zq;fpapUf;fpd;wuh>
 rhl;rpapd; cstpay;epiy (mtNdh mtNsh mr;RWj;jy; %ykhf rhl;rpakspf;f
kWf;fyhkh? Nghijg;nghUs; gpuNahfk;> FbNghij> kNdhepiy ghjpg;G
my;yJ ghJfhg;Gj; Njitia Nghd;w Vw;f Kbahj jd;ik Nghd;w
gpur;rpidfs; mtNdh mtSf;Nfh cz;lh? rhl;rpahdJ Fw;wj;jpy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;lJld; mghaj;jpYk; ,Uf;fpwuh? jg;gpnahopf;Fk; mghaj;jpy;
,Uf;fpwuh?)

,. vg;gbg; ghJfhg;gJ
rhl;rpapd; ghJfhg;ig Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mtrukhfg; nghWg;Ngw;ff; $ba gy
Vw;ghLfs; cs;sd.

nghyp]; gzp cghaq;fs;

rhl;rpfspid mr;RWj;jf;$ba rhj;jpaj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; jLg;Gj; jhf;Fjiy
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd cghaq;fis tprhuizf; fl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F nghyp];
mjpfhhpfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;glyhk;.

1. Kf;fpakhd rhl;rpfspd; milahsj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhd epahakhd tprhuiz

nray;Kiwfs; - mjpfhhpfs; tprhuizf;F Gwg;gLk;nghOJ nghyp]; thndhyp %yk;

151
 152

rhl;rpfspd; tpguq;fis xypgug;gg;glhj nfhs;if ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;. Kf;fpa

rhl;rpfspd; tHj;jf ml;ilfis ntspaplhik> me;j ,lj;jpy; ,dpapy;iynad;W
NjitNaw;ghl;lhy; xopa me;j ,lj;jpy; itj;J NeHfhzy;fis elj;Jjiyj;
jtpHj;jy;> rhl;rpfis NeHfhzy; nra;jiy mtHfspd; tPL> nghyp]; epiyak;
vd;gtw;iwj; jtpHj;J gpe;jpa Neuj;jpy; elhj;Jjy;.

2. chpa ,df; FOf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf chpa ,dj;ijr; NrHe;j nghyp];

mjpfhhpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. td;Kiwf;F cz;lhd rdr%fj;jpd; nry;thf;Fila
jiytHfSld; cwTfisg; gyg;gLj;Jjy;

3. rhl;rpfs; mr;RWj;jg;gl;Lj;jg;gl;ljd; mwpf;iffspd; tprhuizfspd; kPJ mOj;jk;

nfhLj;jy;. ,J nghyprhhplj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jp Vida Fw;wr;nray;fisAk;
mwpf;ifapLtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

 neUq;fpa ghJfhg;G - xU rhl;rp Mgj;jpy; cs;sjhf> ,lhpy; cs;sjhf ,dk;

fhzg;gl;lhy;> mtH neUf;fkhd ghJfhg;gpy; itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J
nghyprhhpdhNyh my;yJ ,uhZtg; gphptpdhNyh toq;fg;glyhk;. rhl;rpf;Nfh
mthpd; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfSf;Nfh clw; ghJfhg;ghdJ 24 kzpj;jpahyk;
toq;fg;glyhk;. ,jpy; rhl;rpiag; ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpy; itj;jy; my;yJ NtW
ghJfhg;ghd ,lj;jpy; itj;jy; my;yJ tof;fpd;nghONjh my;yJ tof;fpw;F
Kd;Ngh> tof;fpw;F gpd;Ngh rhl;rpia ,lH Mgj;Jf; Fiwe;j NtnwhU
efuj;Jf;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jy; vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; cs;slf;Fk;.

neUq;fpa ghJfhg;G nfhLf;Fk; FOtpd; gapw;rp kl;lKk; mjpy;

cs;slf;fg;gLgtHfSk;> mr;RWj;jypd; msitAk; ,ay;igAk; nghWj;J khWgLk;
,e;jf; FOtpNy ,Uf;Fk; cWg;gpdHfs; csT ghHg;gjw;F nghWg;ghdtHfs;>
Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fshd ePjpkd;wq;fs; tjptplq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ghJfhg;G
mspg;gtHfs;> thfdq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf nry;tjw;F nghWg;ghdtHfs;> njhlHghlYf;F
nghWg;ghdtHfs;> kw;Wk; Vida cl;fl;likg;Gf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtHfs; vy;NyhUk;
,f;FOtpy; ,Ug;gH. gzpaplj;jpd; NjitfSld; kpfg; nghUj;jkhf FOtpdH
nghUj;jkhd Maj;jq;fSld; ,Ug;gH. cjhuzj;jpw;F nfhNrth Nghd;w xg;gPl;lstpy;
efug;gFjpfSf;F nghyprhH nghUj;jkhdtHfshf ,Uf;f ,uhZt mDgtKs;s
Ml;fs; Mg;fhdp];jhd; Nghd;w fpuhkpag; gFjpfSf;F ,uhZt tPuHfs;
nghUj;jkhdtHfshf ,Ug;gh;. FO cWg;gpdHfs; nfhiltoq;Fk; murhq;fq;fspdhy;
nfhLf;fg;glyhk;. rHtNjrg; gilfspypUe;J gzpapy; cs;s gilfs; my;yJ jdpahH
ghJfhg;G fk;gdpfsplj;jpypUe;J xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

152
 153

neUq;fpa ghJfhg;Gf;F nghJthf rl;lthf;f jpUj;jq;fs; Ntz;bajpy;iy. MdhYk;

,jw;F toikahf epakkhd nraw;ghl;Lr; nrad;Kiwfs; Njitg;gLk;. Vnddpy;
mg;NghJjhd; nghyprhNuh ,uhZj;jpd; myFfNsh tpiuthf mr;RWj;jypd; msitj;
jPhkhdpj;J ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghLfis xUq;fpizf;f $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU
nghyp];gilapypUe;J xU jdpahd rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; myif epWtpf;
nfhs;syhk;. gy rhl;rpfSf;F Mgj;J ,Uf;Fkhapd; ,t;thW nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
2001 Mk; Mz;L nfhNrhthtpy; I. eh gzpapd;NghJ mtHfspd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPNo
xU rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G gphpnthd;W mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

 cl;fl;likg;Gfis khw;Wjy;
rhl;rpfSf;F rpwe;j ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk; cl;fl;likg;G - xg;gPl;lstpy; vspasthd
cl;fl;likg;G mjpfhpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tUjw;fhf nfhiltoq;FdH cjtpfis ehl
KbAk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F nghyp]; epiyaq;fspYk; ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; rhl;rpfs;
fhj;jpUf;Fk;NghJk;;> NeHfhzy; trjpfspd;NghJk;> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLk; Fw;wkpioj;jtH
ePjpkd;w tprhuizapd; Kd;G my;yJ tof;fpd;nghOJ> Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy;
njhlHGfs; Vw;gLj;Jtijj; jLg;gjw;fhf> gFjpahf Kd;dNu mikf;fg;gl;l
nfhs;fyd;fis> rhl;rpfspd; ghtidf;F ,e;j ,lq;fspy;; jdpahf mtHfis
itj;jpUg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jyhk;. kpfTk; rpf;fyhd cl;fl;Lkhd khw;wq;fs; mjhtJ
fl;blq;fSf;F NtW thry;fis cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ GJ trjpfisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gd ePz;l fhyg;Nghf;fpNyNa if$Lk;.

 tof;if mtjhdpj;jy;
rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd NtnwhU top ahnjdpy; tof;fpid RhajPd
fz;fhzpg;ghsiuf; nfhz;L mtjhdpf;fr; nra;tjhFk;. ,J tiuaiwahd
ghJfhg;igNa toq;Fk; Vnddpy; xU fz;fhzpg;ghsH ntWkNd cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;
ntspehl;L mjpfhhpfSf;F mwpf;if toq;fNt KbAk;. mj;Jld; Clfj;jpw;Fk;
tof;fpd; elj;ij> mr;RWj;jy;> gaKWj;jy;fs; gw;wp; mwpf;if toq;f KbAk;. Mdhy;
mtHfs; rhl;rpapd; ngsjPf ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j KbahJ. jhf;fkhd xU
mtjhdpg;G rpy #o;epiyfspy;; Nghjpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mr;RWj;jy; elj;ijfis
Jg;gwptjw;F jhf;fkhd mtjhdpg;G rpy rkaq;fspy; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. xU ePjpgjp
,e;j tof;F fz;fhzpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd mwpthuhapd;> mtH; xU rhl;rpia gyKiw
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tur; nra;Ak; Njitaw;w jhkjq;fisj; jtpHj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. MdhYk;
vy;yh tof;FfspYk; ,e;j tof;if mtjhdpg;G nra;Ak; Kiwik nghUj;jkhf
tuhJ. Fwpj;J rhl;rpia nghpa Mgj;jpy; Nghlf;$ba tplaq;fis Nehf;fp ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjw;F ftdkhd ghprPypg;G mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

153
 154

rhl;rpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ePz;lfhy Vw;ghLfs;;

m. eilKiwg; ghJfhg;G
eilKiwapyhd rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfshdit Fw;wr; nrad;Kiw rl;lq;fspd;
rl;lthf;fj; jpUj;jq;fspd; Clhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ.
eilKiwg; ghJfhg;Gf;F nghUj;jkhdtHfs; ahnud;gijf; Fwpj;Jiuf;Fk;
fl;lisapy; tpNrbj;j rl;lthf;f Vw;ghLfs; NjitNaw;gLfpwJ. mg; ghJfhg;Gf;F
Fw;wk; rhl;LgtNuh my;yJ ghJfhg;gtNuh vt;thW tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;;> vd;d
#o;epiyfspy; xU ePjpgjpahdtH me;j tpz;zg;gk; Fwpj;J xU ePjpkd;wf; Nfl;igj;
jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;> vd;d ,ay;ghd ghJfhg;G fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gdtw;Wld; ,J rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ. eilKiwg; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; xU
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jPq;F Vw;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhg;gpw;fhd rHr;irf;Fhpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(cjhuzj;jpw;F ghJfhg;ig kWg;gjd; %yk; xU rhl;rpaj;NjhL NkhJfpd;w ePjpkd;wk;
ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNefkhf Njitg;gLk; re;jHg;gj;jpy; khj;jpuNk ,J
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jPHkhdk; vLg;gjw;F Kd;gjhf xU ePjpkd;wk; ghJfhg;G
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vd; eilKiwg; ghJfhg;Gfs; nghUj;jkhdJ vd xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
Vw;ghLfspy; xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhukspf;Fk; Vw;ghLfs;.

ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuq;fis mspf;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; cl;gl eilKiwg; ghJfhg;G

Vw;ghLfs;

 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l Fw;wkpioj;jthpd;thpd; jLj;J itg;Gj; jPHg;ig my;yJ

tof;fpw;F Kd;ghd jLj;J itg;ig mDkjpj;jy;
 ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUlDk; rhl;rpAlDk; njhlHG Vw;gLtjpypUe;J Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l
Fw;wkpioj;jtiuj; jLg;gjw;fhf mjid tiuaWf;Fk; rl;lq;fis
ntspapLjy;.
 Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltUf;Nfh my;yJ mtUila rl;lj;juzpf;Nfh tof;fpw;F
epahakhd fhyg;gFjp tiuf;Fk; rhl;rpia milahs fhZtjw;F
ve;jtpjkhd jFjpfisAk; ntspaplhJ tpLtjw;F fl;lisaply;. ,jw;fhf
rhl;rpf;F Gidg; ngaHfis ,Lk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;. ,e;
eltbf;ifspd;NghJ ghJfhg;ig tpUk;Gk; rhl;rpaplkpUe;J $ba ,aYkhd
tiuapy; mtuJ thf;F%yj;ij gjpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
 rhl;rpia tof;fpd;NghJ kiwj;jy; cjhuzk; tof;fpw;F Kd;gjhf rhl;rpapd;;
tPbNah ehlh %ykhd ghpNrhjid> tof;fpd;NghJ rhl;rpia jpiuf;Fg; gpd;dhy;

154
 155

itj;jpUj;jy;. Fuiy khw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ ePjpgjp

miwapy; rhl;rpiag; ghpNrhjpj;jy; my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rp Rw;Wf;fis nfhz;L
ghpNrhjpj;jy;)
 ePjpkd;w xOq;Ffspd;nghOJ rhl;rp kPjhd mr;RWj;jiyAk; njhe;juitAk;
jLg;gjw;fhf Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gij fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
 ePjpgjp mr;RWj;jy; eltbf;if> Kuz;ghL> jLj;Jitj;jy; my;yJ jz;lk;
tpjpj;jy; Nghd;w mr;RWj;jy; eltbf;iffs; %yk; ePjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
 rpy fUj;J ntspg;ghLfspd;NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpype;J Fw;wk;rhl;lg;gl;ltiu
jw;fhypfkhf mfw;Wjy;
 nghJkf;fSf;fhf ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis %Ljy;.
 ePjpkd;w Mtzq;fspypUe;J G+uzkw;w jfty;fis ePf;fptpLjy;.
 rhl;rpapd; milahsk; fhzg;gLjiy nghJkf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jhky;
,Ug;gJk; nghJg; gjpTfspypUe;J ePjpkd;wj; jftypd; nghJg; gjpTfspypUe;J
rhl;rpia ,dk; fhzf;$ba jfty;fis mfw;wp tpLjy;.

eilKiwg; ghJfhg;gpd; cjhuzq;fis XrthtpYs;s UNMIK xOq;Ftpjpfs; 2002 20

,Yk; ngh];dpah kw;Wk; nfH];Nfhtpdh mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; jhf;fg;glf;$ba
epiyapd; fPOs;s rhl;rpfspd; ghJfhg;G kPjhd rl;lj;jpYk; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.

Vida epHthf kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahd Vw;ghLfSk; Ntz;lg;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F %bg;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;w gjpTfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epHthf
nray;Kiwfis cUthf;Ftij ePjpkd;wk; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. eilKiw
ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> mjDld; xOfpg;Nghfj; jtWtjw;fhd
Jiz Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fSk; cUthf;fp nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpiwr;rhiy
mjpfhhpfSk; rl;l mKyhf;f KftHfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F my;yJ rhl;rpf;F
Fw;wkpioj;jtH jz;lidapypUe;J tpLgLk;nghOJ mtHfSf;F mwptpg;gJld;>
Nkyjpf njhlHr;rpahd ghJfhg;igAk; toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd rl;lthf;fq;fs;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;ig eilKiwg;gLtjw;F Ntz;lg;gLk; tsq;fis toq;Ftjw;F

ftdkhd ghprPyid nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fs;
gad;gLj;Jk;NghNj ,J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghyp];> Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;NlhH> ePjpgjp>
rl;lj;juzpfs;> vd;NghUf;F fzprkhd gapw;rpAk; rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G eilKiw
kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L tplaq;fspy; gapw;rpAk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; nryTfs;

155
 156

Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;L tUk; ehLfspy; nfhiltoq;Fdhpd; cjtpapd;wp

nraw;gLj;j Kbahky; Nghfyhk;.

KiwhrhH rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;

rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhdJ toikahf nghyprhuhy;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gLfpwJ. tof;fpw;Fg; gpw;ghL ifjpfis NtW xU efuj;jpw;F
khw;Wjy;> mtHfSf;F GJ milahsk; toq;Fjy;> Vida cjtpfshd tPL
Ntiytha;g;G vd;gtw;iw tof;fpw;F gpd;G toq;Fjy;. KiwrhH rhl;rpg; ghJfhg;ghdJ
xU rhl;rpahf jifik ngWk; xUtUf;fhd rl;l epiyia Ntz;b epw;fpwJ.
mjd;gb mghaj;ij kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs; ngsjPf kw;Wk; jfty;
ghJfhg;G njhlh;ghd epfo;Tfs; rhl;rpahdtH xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy;
gq;Fgw;Wk;nghOJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. 2000 Mk; Mz;lstpNy I.eh
mYtyfj;jpNy Nghijg;nghUs; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Fw;wj; jLg;gpw;fhd xU khjphp
rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G rl;l %ykhdkhdJ tiuag;gl;lJ.

nfhNrhth Nghd;w rpy rk;gtq;fspy; rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;ghdJ> vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghy;

$l tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ rHtNjrj;jpw;Fs; ,lkhw;WtJ$l rhjhuzkhf kpfTk;
fLikahd tplaq;fspy; mjDila nryT nfhLf;fg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
gq;Fgw;Wdhpd; jhf;fKk; xj;Jiog;gpd; kl;lKk; muRfSf;fpilNa ,t;tplaj;jpy;
Ntz;lg;gLfpwJ. xU rhl;rpia NtW ehl;by; FbapUj;jNth KiwhrhH ghJfhg;G
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ehl;by; mtiu ,Uj;Jtjw;Nfh KbfpwJ.
epiykhw;w jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wk; kw;Wk; nfhiyf;F vjpuhd I.eh rkthaj;jpd; 24 (3)
kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhd I.eh rkthaj;jpd; 32(3) vd;gtw;wpYk;> mur jug;Gf;fs;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioe;J rkthaq;fs; njhlHghd Fw;wq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fisj;
je;j rhl;rpfis ehLfSf;fpilapy; NtW ,lq;fspy; mkHj;Jtjw;fhf ,zf;fk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 17rHtNjr hPjpahf Ntwplj;jpw;F efHj;jyhdJ toikahf rhl;rpfs;
ghJfhg;G kPjhd ,Ugf;f $l;L xg;ge;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapNy my;yJ gpuhe;jpa
mbg;gilapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gLk; ehLfspYs;s KftHfs;

17
1 The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has developed a witness protection manual (“Good Practices for
the Protection of Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings Involving Organized Crime”), covering procedural witness
protection and the establishment of covert witness protection units. The manual discusses cross-border relocation at
greater length, including the common terms of cooperation in international relocation (such as disclosure of
information relating to the witness, reciprocity and compliance with immigration and asylum laws). The manual is
an important resource as it also discusses the experiences in witness protection from different geographical regions
and legal systems. It is available in the Compilation of Resources Section below. UNODC is also developing a model
witness protection law for Latin America and a model agreement on international cooperation in the area of witness
protection. In 2008, expert group meetings will be held to universalize the model law and finalize the model
agreement

156
 157

my;yJ nghyp]; gilfSf;fpilapyhd Neubahd Kiwrhuh Ghpe;JzHT

xg;ge;jq;fspd; %ykhfTk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;ig eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Nkyjpfkhd ghprPyidfs;

Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;l ehLfspNy nghyp]; tprhuizfs;> rhl;rpfsplkpUe;J ngw;w
$w;Wf;fs; re;Njf egHfsplkpUe;J ngw;w xg;Gjy; thf;F%yq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; nghyp];
tprhuizfs; Kiwaw;w hPjpapYk; rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd KiwapYk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,itfs; rHtNjr epakq;fSf;Fk; Njrpa rl;lq;fisAk;
kPWtjhfTk; mike;jpUf;fyhk;. nghyprhNuh my;yJ rpy ehLfspy; tprhuizahsNuh
Fw;wk; rhl;LgtNuh my;yJ ePjpgjpNah rhl;rpAilaJk; re;NjfegUilaJk;
$w;Wf;fis jphpj;jpUf;fyhk;. re;Njf egHfs; nghyprhUf;F gzk;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhfNth tpLtpg;gjw;fhd ,yQ;rj;ijf; Fw;wk; rhl;LgtUf;F
nfhLg;gjw;fhfNth xU nghpa fg;gj;jpl;lj;jpd; mq;fkhfNth my;yJ rhl;rp
toq;FgtH ghjpf;fg;gl;l rf;jp tha;e;j xUtUf;fhfNth re;NjfegH jLj;J
itf;fg;gl;L Fw;wk; rhl;lg;glyhk;. jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;NshUf;fhd ePjpia
toq;Ftjw;fhf Rje;jpukhd tprhuizfs; Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ.
RahjPdkhdJk; Nghjpastpyhd njhopw;gLk; fhg;ghsHfspd; ,Uj;jnyd;gJ xU
mj;jpahtrpakhd Kd;epge;jidahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ghJfhf;Fk;; rl;lj;juzpfs;
Ngrf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ ghJfhg;ghsHfspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; rhl;rpfs;
fUj;Jfis Kd;itf;Fk;nghOJ Coy; eltbf;iffs;> gpioahd chpik Nfhuy;fs;>
Fiwghlhd tprhuizfs; vd;gd ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; mjpfkhf
cs;sd. fhg;Gr; rl;lj;juzpfs; fhg;G gFjpapduhy; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLk; rhl;rpaq;fs;
vd;gd mr;RWj;jiyAk; tho;Tf;fhd ,liuAk; mtHfspd; eyd; ghjpf;fg;gLtijAk;
vjpHnfhs;syhk;. Vnddpy; mtHfs; xU murhq;f tof;fpy; rthy; tpLj;J mur
nraw;ghl;lhsHfSf;F vjpuhfNth> nghyprhUf;F vjpuhfNth rhl;rp gfUfpwhHfs;.
ePjpia Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; tpNrlkhf Kuz;ghl;bypUe;J tpLgl;L ePjpj;Jiwia
kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; nrad;KiwAs;s xU ehl;by; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; jhf;fkhdjh
vdj; jPHkhdpf;Fk;nghOJ ,e;j tplaq;fs; ghprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;baitahFk;.

rHtNjr epakq;fs;
rhl;rpfis mr;RWj;jy; gaKWj;jy; jPq;F vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjd; Njitia
mq;fPfhpj;j gy vz;zpf;ifahd rHtNjr fUtpfs; cs;sd. mitahtd

157
 158

 Fw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J];gpuNahfj;jpd; ghw;gl;l ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd

ePjpapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspd; gpufldk; ,J I.eh. nghJr;rigapdhy;
1985 ,y; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,g; gpufldkhdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;F
mnrsfhpaq;fisf; Fiwg;gJ mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l jd;ikiag; ghJfhg;gJ
Njitg;gLk;nghOJ mtHfSila ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mtHfsJ
FLk;gq;fspYk; ghJfhg;igAk; cWjpg;gLj;JtJ> mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; gopthq;fy;
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J mtHfs; rhHghf mtHfs; FLk;gj;ijAk; ghJfhg;gJ
vd;gtw;Wf;fhdtw;iw gpufldk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 epiykhw;w jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wq;fSf;nfjpuhd rkthak; 2000. ,J 3
kunghOq;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkthaj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l gzefHj;jy;>
Coy;> Ml;fisf; flj;jy;> Gyk;ngaHNthiuf; flj;jy;> vd;gd rk;ge;jkhf
Fw;wq;fSf;fhd rhl;rpaq;fis toq;fpa rhl;rpfis mr;RWj;jy; gjpyb
nfhLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J jhf;fkhd ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk; chpa Vw;ghLfis
vLf;Fk;gb mur jug;Gf;fis ,e;j rkthak; Nfl;fpd;wJ.
 CoYf;nfjpuhd 2003 Mk; Mz;L I.eh rkthak; mur jug;Gfs; jq;fSila
cs;SH rl;l KiwikfSf;Fk; cl;gl;ljhf rkthaj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
gzefHj;jy;> nghJ mjpfhhpfspd; ,yQ;rk;> mur mjpfhhpfspd; gpioahd epjp
xJf;fk;> njhopw;ghLfis J];gpuNahfk; nra;jy;> jkf;F neUf;fkhd
cwtpdHfis rl;lhPjpaw;w Kiwapy; tsg;gLj;jy;> vd;gd rk;ge;jkhd
tplaq;fspy; rhl;rp gfHe;j rhl;rpaq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gopthq;fy; mr;RWj;jy;
vd;gw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;ig mspj;jy;.
 2005 20 I.eh nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f rig jPHkhdk; - ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; rhl;rpfspd; Fw;wq;fSld; njhlHGila ePjp kPjhd topfhl;b
Fwpg;Gfis ifahSfpd;wJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhfNth rhl;rpahfNth Fw;wtpay;
ePjp nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; tplaq;fSf;fhd topfhl;bfis
,J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Foe;ijfis ey;yKiwapy; ftdpg;gJ> tpNrl ghJfhg;G>
gaKWj;jy;> mr;RWj;jy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J mtHfSf;F ghJfhg;gJ mspg;gJ
Fwpj;J ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

rHtNjr Fw;w ePjpkd;w tprhuiz

fLikahd kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;fhd rHtNjr Fw;w ePjpkd;w tprhuiz
mDgtq;fshdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;Fk; rhl;rpfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G toq;Ftjw;fhd
tplaq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lj; Njitia kpfTk; caHj;jpf; fhl;b
epw;fpwJ. nghpa rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; tprhuizr; rigfspd; xt;nthU mikg;Gk;

158
 159

2
rhl;rpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ePjpkd;wq;fs;
rpauhNyhd; tpNrl ePjpkd;wq;fs; rHtNjrr; rl;lq;fs;kPwg;gLtjhff; $wg;gLk;
ehLfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;NghJ rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;ghdJ Fwpg;ghf fbdkhd tplakhd
xd;whf cs;sJ. rHtNjr tof;Ffspy; rhl;rpaq;fis ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ kpfTk;
nrythd tplakhf ,Ug;gJld;> rpwe;j Kiwfshdit ,d;Dk; ePjpgjpfshNyNa
jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j rHtNjr Fw;w tprhuizfspy; jiyik jhq;Fk; me;j
ePjpgjpfshNy jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. MdhYk; Avd;Xbrp ifNalhd jpl;lkplg;gl;l
Fw;wq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;;l Fw;wtpay; nrad;Kiwfspd; rhl;rpaq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ey;y tsikfs; vd;w ifNal;bd; gpufhuk; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjd; Kf;fpa rf;jpfs; gy cs;sd.
Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpahTf;fhd rHtNjr Fw;w tprhuizr; rig> kw;Wk;
Wthz;lhTf;fhdJ ,d; gpufhuk; rHtNjr Fw;w tprhuizr; rig
 tpNrl rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;G gphpTfs; - rhl;rp ghJfhg;G mspg;gjw;fhf ePjpkd;w
gjpNtl;bd; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j tprhuizr;rigfs; gy tpNrl
myFfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ngsjPfg; ghJfhg;G> ghJfhg;G> cstsj;Jiz>
kUj;Jtk; cstsf; ftdk; jhq;fs; mspj;j rhl;rpaj;jpd; fhuzkhf
mghaj;ij vjpHnfhz;Ls;s rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd cjtp
vd;gd ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ.
 rhl;rpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfSf;fhd nghWg;GzHT – gjpthshpd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ rigapd; ePjpgjpapd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; rhl;rpfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpNrl myFfs; nghWg;ghf
cs;sd. Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpah kw;Wk; &thz;lh tpy; rHtNjr Fw;wptpay;
tprhuizr; rigfspy; rhl;rpaq;fspd; NjitfSld; njhlHGgl;l RahjPdkhd
KbTfis ,e;j myFfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJld; Vw;ghLfisAk; nra;fpd;wd.
tof;fpy; fhg;ghw;Wk; mjpfhhpAldhd fye;jhNyhridAld; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpYs;s myF mjDila Nritfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. rhl;rpfspd;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; fhg;ghw;Wiff;Fk; ,e;j myFfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;
rk mstpy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
 muRfspd; xj;Jiog;G – rHtNjr tprhuizr; rigfsplk; gpuhe;jpa
ePjpj;JiwNah jq;fSila nrhe;j mKyhf;fy; ,aYikNah ,y;iy. tof;fpd;

2
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (Art. 22); Statute of the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Art. 21); Rome Statute of the International Criminal
Court (Arts. 43(6) and 68); Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (Art. 16(4)), and the Law
on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the
Prosecution of Crimes Committed during the Period of Democratic Kampuchea (Art. 33).

159
 160

Kd;Dk;> tof;fpd;NghJk;> tof;fpd; gpd;Gkhd eilKiwfis neUq;fpa

ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mJ muRfspd; xj;Jiog;gpy;
jq;fpapUf;fpwJ. rhl;rpaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;l gpw;ghL ,e;j myFfs; rhl;rpfspd;
kPs;FbNaw;wj;ij NtW ehl;by; ,lkhw;wp FbapUj;jy; cl;gl Vida ehLfs;
rhl;rpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ,zq;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; NtW ehLfSf;F khw;wp
FbapUf;fTk; ,e;j myFfs; xOq;Fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.

tsq;fspd; njhFg;G
,e;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpw; nraw;ghlhdJ gpd;tUk; tsq;fspypUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. nghyp];gzp nraw;gLj;JdHfSf;F crhTtjw;F gaDs;s
fUtpfshf cs;sJ. epuy;gLj;jg;gl;l vy;yh Mtzq;fSk; ,iza
,izg;gpYs;sit ,itfis Ivd;gpMHXvy; vz;k E}yfj;jpw;F gjpNtw;wk; nra;J
nfhs;syhk;.

rhl;rpfs; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd epakq;fis toq;fy;

njhpT nra;ag;gl;l rHtNjr epakq;fs;
 Fw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J];gpuNahfk; vd;gtw;why; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd
ePjpapd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspd; I.eh gpufldk; - 1985
 rl;lj;jpw;F khwhd Nghijg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Nghijg; gz;lq;fis vLj;Jr;
nry;tjw;F vjpuhd I.eh rkthak; 1988
 1989 57 I.eh nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rigj; jPHkhdk; 1989
 Fw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSf;fhd ePjp kw;Wk;
mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffspd; gpufldk; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nwhk;
mikg;G 1998
 epiykhw;w jpl;lkplg;gl;l Fw;wj;jpw;nfjpuhd I.eh rkthak; 2000
 rl;lhPjpaw;w Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; MAjq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> vLj;Jr;
nry;Yjy;> mjDila gFjpfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy;
vd;gtw;Wf;nfjpuhd I.eh rkthak; 2001
 rpahuhnyNahd; ePjpkd;w mikg;G 2002
 CoYf;nfjpuhd I.eh rkthak; 2003
 Ml;fisAk; tpNrlkhf ngz;fisAk; rpWtHfisAk; flj;jpr; nry;Yjy;
fPo;g;gLj;jpr; nry;yy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd kunghOq;F> Gyk;ngaHNthiu epyk;>
fly;> Mfhak; %yk; flj;Jtjw;nfjpuhd kunghOq;F 2004
 2005 20 / 20 I.eh nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f rigj; jPHkhdk; 2005

160
 161

 Kd;dhs; A+Nfh];yhtpahtpd; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; tprhuizr; rigapd;

,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G 2007
 &thz;lhtpd; rHtNjr Fw;wtpay; tprhuizr; rigapd; ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
mikg;G 2007

161