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PıªU ˜Pık ... vi

AªS & I
1. ̵®£ı £s£ık ... 1

2. ˜¡u PıªÆ ... 17

3. \©n, ¶zu \©Ø[PŒfl G a] ... 29

4. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl C¢vØ® £¯hˆØk®¶ ... 45

AªS & II

5. ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ_ ... 55

6. _[P∫P“ & SÂın∫P“ & \ıu¡ıP⁄∫P“ & ... 73

u™Ã{ımi¿ \[P PıªÆ

AªS & III

7. S®u® ˜£µµ_ ... 87

8. Ì∫\® ˜£µµ_ & \ı–UQØ∫P“, £¿ª¡∫P“, ... 101

Cµımiµ Th∫P“, ˜\ı«∫P“

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9. ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ Cµı\¶zvµ Aµ_P“ &
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10. ˆh¿º _¿uı¤Ø Aµ_ ... 131

11. C¯hUPıª C¢vØı¬¿ £Uv CØUPÆ ... 153

12. £ı™¤, ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ_P“ ... 167

AªS & V
13. ¨PªıØ∫ £¯hˆØk®¶Æ A¡∫P“
Bm]¨¯”≤Æ ... 179

14. ¨PªıØ∫ Bm]∞fl Rà ©UPŒfl \≠P,

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \©Ø, £s£ımk ¡ıÃU¯P ... 201

Si¯©∞Ø¿
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2. ©ın¡∏Æ \¨uıØ¨Æ ... 223

3. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶ & Aufl ]”®¶U T÷P“ ... 235

AªS & II

4. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“, Ph¯©P“,

Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ık ... 249

5. I.{ı. ¬fl ©¤u E∂¯©P“ §µPh⁄Æ ... 257

6. ˜u]Ø, ©ı|ª ©¤u E∂¯©P“ B¯nØ[P“ ... 265

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2. {Æ EªPÆ : ¨uæÆ ≠fl÷Æ ... 293
3. CØÿ¯P ¡mhıµ[P“ ... 305
4. C¢vØı & J∏ A‘¨PÆ ... 319
5. u™Ã{ık & J∏ A‘¨PÆ ... 327
6. u™Ã{ık Pıª|¯ª ... 349
7. ©s, CØÿ¯Pz uı¡µ[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬ª[Q⁄[P“ ... 363
8. ©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık ... 375
9. ˆuı»¿P“ ... 389
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9
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10
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PmkU˜Pı®¶hfl Pın®£mhx.
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Pın®£mhx.
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(A¯µUPa¯\) ˜£ıfl” A¯©®¶hfl TiØ Sm¯h®
£ı¡ı¯hP¯Õ ˆ£sP–Æ, ¯uUP®£hıu, }sh,
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P zx BµÆ, ¡¯ÕØ¿, PhPÆ G⁄®£kÆ ¯PUPı®¶ (brace-
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B£µn[P“ Ao¢u {h⁄® ˆ£s

11
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G zxUP“ ˆPısh ]fl⁄[P“ Psk §iUP®£mk“Õ⁄.
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Aµ\©µÆ ¬Õ[QØx. AÆ©UP“
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Aa\hª[P–hfl Enƒ, AoPªflP¯Õ≤Æ ˜\∫zx
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£kzvØ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ≤Æ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø uı»PŒºmk®
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̵®£ı {ıP∂Pzvfl √Ãa] : ̵®£ı {ıP∂PÆ
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12
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A¡∫P“ E£˜ØıQzu P∏¬PŒæÆ ©ıÿ”Æ HxÆ C¿¯ª.
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Cfl⁄¨Æ {©USU Q¯hUP¬¿¯ª. CØÿ¯Pa ^ÿ”[PÕı⁄
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v¯\ ©ıÿ”zuı˜ªı A¢u A»ƒP“ Hÿ£mi∏UPªıÆ.
A¢{Pµ[P“ B∂Ø∂fl £¯hˆØk®§⁄ıæÆ A»¢u⁄.
PıkP“ A»UP®£mhxÆ A¢u {ıP∂PÆ √Ãa]≤” ©ÿˆ”ı∏
PıµnÆ G⁄ªıÆ.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“ :
1. ©ın¡µı¿ ̵®£® £s£ık |ª¬Ø £SvP“, £µ¬Ø
¬uzv¯⁄U S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡µı¿ ˆ{∏®§fl £Ø¯⁄≤Æ Au¯⁄ A‘¢u §fl
©¤u ¡ıì¿ Hÿ£mh ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ \UPµÆ Psh‘¢u PıªÆ, \UPµzvfl £¿¡¯P®
£ØflP“ C¡ÿ¯” |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.

4. ©ın¡∫ ̵®£ı {ıP∂P Pıªzv¿ {Pµ[P–Æ, ©ı{Pµ[

P–Æ G∆¡ı÷ vmh™mk A¯©UP®£mi∏¢u⁄
Gfl£¯u ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¡µªı÷ ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ Ch[P–USa ˆ\¿æÆ
¬∏®£z¯u ¡Õ∫zxU ˆPı“–¡∫.
6. ©ın¡∫ ̵®£® £s£ımifl ¨UQØ AÆ\[P¯Õ
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7. ©ın¡∫ ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ ©UPŒfl \©ØÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUS¡∫.

13
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1. ̵®£ı {ıP∂PÆ |ª¬Ø PıªÆ
A) Q.¨.3250 & Q.¨. 2750 B) Q.§.100 & Q.§.200
C) Q.¨.1000 & Q.¨. 500 D) Q.§.500 & Q.§.1000
2. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ ©UP“ ¡oPz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPısi∏¢u {ık
A) CµËØı B) ^⁄ı
C) ψ£∞fl D) GQ®x
3. ˆ©ıPg\uı˜µı E“Õ ChÆ
A) ]¢x B) £g\ı®
C) S·µız D) Cµı·zuıfl
4. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ ©UP“ ]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzvØx
A) ¬¯ÕØımi¿ B) ¬Øı£ıµzv¿,
C) ¡n[S¡v¿ D) Gv晿¯ª.
5. ¬¯ÕØımk® ˆ£ıƯ©P“ Cu⁄ı¿ ˆ\¥Ø®£mi∏¢u⁄.
A) C∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ B) ˆ¡sPªzuı¿
D) PÿPÕı¿ C) ˆhµ˜Pımhı¬⁄ı¿, (_k©s_¯u)
6. ]¢x G zx¨¯” Cu¯⁄U ˆPısi∏¢ux.
A) G zxUP“ B) £h[P“
C) J∏ Øı¯⁄ D) Gxƒ™¿¯ª.

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. Afl¤Ø∫ C¢vØı¬fl ´x £¯hˆØkUP Hx¡ıP A¯©¢u
C∏ Pn¡ı¥P“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________
BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ.
2. £¯«Ø PÿPıª ©¤ufl ____________ BP ¡ıâuıfl .
3. ____________ PÿPıªzv¿ \UPµÆ Psk §iUP®£mhx.
4. C∏ƶ Pıªzv¿ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________
BQد¡ C∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄.
14
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Pª¢x Pmh®£mhx.
6. ˆ©ıPg\uı˜µı¬¿ Pın®£mh ™P®ˆ£∂Ø Pmhh
A¯©®¶ ____________BSÆ.
7. P»ƒ}∫ Pı¿¡ı¥P“__________________Õı¿ Pmh®
£mi∏¢u⁄.
8. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ ©UPŒfl ]fl⁄[PŒ¿ ____________
E∏¡[P“ ˆ£ı‘UP®£mh⁄.
9. ]¢x ˆ¡Œ ©UP“ £h ____________________ ¨¯”¯Ø
¡Õ∫zu⁄∫.
10. ________________ ©UP“ £_£v¯Ø≤Æ ""ˆ£s
Phƒ¯Õ≤Æ ¡n[Q⁄∫.

III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ˆ\ƶPÿPıªÆ ñ ˜Pım¯h
2. \∫ ·ıfl ©ı∫¿ ñ Cµı·zuıfl
3. ª∫Pı⁄ı ©ı¡mhÆ ñ ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ® ˆ£si∫
4. Pıº£[Pfl ñ S·µız
5. ]mhıh¿ ñ ˆhµ˜Pımhı
6. ˜ªızu¿ ñ \©Øa]fl⁄Æ
7. Sm¯h®£ı¡ı¯h ñ ˆ©ıPg\uı˜µı
8. Aµ\©µÆ ñ £ıQÏuı¤¿ C®˜£ıx E“Õx.
9. ]fl⁄[P“ ñ ]¢x {ıP∂Pzvfl A»ƒ
10. PıkP¯Õ A»zu¿ ñ ̵®£® £s£ık.
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. ¡µªıÿ÷US ¨¢vØ PıªÆ G∆¡ı÷ §∂UP®£kQ”x?
2. \UPµÆ G®˜£ıx Psk§iUP®£mhx?
3. E˜ªıP PıªÆ G∆¡ı÷ §∂UP®£kQ”x?
4. £s¯hØ {ıP∂P[P“ Hfl Bÿ÷a\©ˆ¡ŒPŒ¿ ¡Õ∫¢u⁄?
Cµsk Pıµn[P¯ÕU T÷P.

15
 5. ̵®£® £s£ımifl ¨UQØ C∏ Ch[P¯ÕU T÷P.
6. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ {ıP∂PÆ Pıªzv¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
7. ̵®£ı ©UPÕı¿ £«UP®£kzu®£mh ™∏P[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
8. ̵®£ı ©UPŒfl ¨UQØ Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP“ Øı¯¡?
9. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ ©UPŒfl \©Ø ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘
_∏UP©ıP G xP.
10. ˆ©ıPg\uı˜µı¬fl P»ƒ}∫ Pı¿¡ı¥ ¨¯”¯Ø® £ÿ‘ J∏
]÷ S‘®¶ G xP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. ̵®£® £s£ımifl PıªÆ, £µ¬∞∏¢u Ch[P“ £ÿ‘
¬ÕUSP.
2. ˆ£∂ØSÕÆ, uı¤ØUPÕg]Ø[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.
3. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ {ıP∂Pzvfl ¨UQØ ]”®¶ AÆ\[P¯Õ
¬¡∂.
4. ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ {ıP∂PÆ √Ãa]دh¢uuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ
¬ÕUSP.

16
 £ıhÆ 2
˜¡uPıªÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ B∂Ø∫PŒfl {ıP∂PÆ S‘zx A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ˜¡uPıªz¯u® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø EuƒÆ \ıfl÷P“
£ÿ‘ A‘u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨fl ˜¡uPıª §fl ˜¡uPıª ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P
¨¯”∞¿ Pın®£mh ˜¡÷£ıkP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨fl, §fl ˜¡uPıª ©UPŒfl Aµ]Ø¿, \≠PÆ,
ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ \©Ø¡ıÃU¯P £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.

]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ, ̵®£ı BQØ {Pµ[P“ A»¢u§fl

B∂Ø∫ ¡∏¯P∞⁄ı¿ ¶vØ £s£ık Jfl÷ ¡Õµ
BµÆ§zux. B∂Ø∫P“ ©zvØ B]Øı¬º∏¢x ¡¢u¡∫P“
Gfl÷ ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫P“ P∏xQfl”⁄∫. Q.¨.2000 ¨u¿
Q.¨.1500&US C¯h®£mh Pıªzv¿ ¯P£∫ Pn¡ı¥
¡»ØıP B∂Ø∫P“ ~¯«¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ¨uº¿ £g\ı®
£Sv∞¿ \®u ]¢x Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh H  Ch[PŒ¿
Si˜Ø‘⁄∫. {ıÕ¯h¬¿ A¡∫P“ P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ¯Ø
˜{ıUQ {P∫¢u⁄∫. A®£Sv B∂Ø ¡∫zuÆ G⁄®£mhx.
B∂Ø∏¯hØ {ıP∂PÆ Qµı© {ıP∂P©ıSÆ.
B∂ Gfl” ¡ı∫z¯uUS Afl¤Ø∫ A¿ªx ˆ¡Œ
{ımh¡∫ Gfl÷ ˆ£ı∏“.
\ıfl÷P“ : ∂U, Ø·˙∫, \ı©, Au∫¡n ˜¡u[P“
{ıflSÆ ˜¡uPıªz¯u® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø EuƒÆ ¨UQØ \ıfl÷
17
PÕıPz vPÃQfl”⁄. ˜¡uÆ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿æUS A‘ƒ Gfl÷
ˆ£ı∏“. {ıflS ˜¡u[PŒ¿ ∂U ˜¡uÆ ™P® £«¯©Øı⁄x.
10 £ıP[P¯ÕU ˆPısh ∂U ˜¡uÆ 1028 £ıh¿P¯Õ
E¯hØx. ˜¡u[P¯Õz u¬µ §µı©n[P“, E£|hu[P“,
BµsØ[P“, ¶µın[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ©Pı£ıµuÆ, Cµı©ıØnÆ
˜£ıfl” CªUQØa \ıfl÷P–Æ CUPıªz¯ua ˜\∫¢u¯¡.
C¯¡ u¬µ E£˜¡u[P“ £ª ˜uıfl‘⁄. A¯¡ B≤∫˜¡uÆ
(©∏zx¡Æ) u›∫ ˜¡uÆ (\s¯h® £∞ÿ]), Pı¢u∫¡ ˜¡uÆ
(£ıh¿ P¯ª), ]¿£˜¡uÆ (PmhhU P¯ª) ˜£ıfl”¯¡
PÕıSÆ. C¢u CªUQØ[PŒº∏¢x {ıÆ ˜¡uPıª ©UPŒfl
Aµ]Ø¿, \≠PÆ, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ, \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk
¡ıÃU¯P ¨¯”∞¯⁄z ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ ¨iQ”x.

˜¡uPıªÆ : ˜¡uPıªz¯u C∏¡¯PPÕıP® §∂UPªıÆ.

A¯¡ Q.¨.2000 ¨u¿ Q.¨. 1000 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ ¨fl ˜¡u
PıªÆ. Q.¨. 1000 ¨u¿ Q.¨.600 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ §fl ˜¡uPıªÆ
BSÆ. C¢u C∏ Pıª[PŒæÆ ¡ıâu ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P
¨¯”∞¿ ]ª ˜¡÷£ıkP¯Õ {Æ©ı¿ Pın¨iQ”x.

¨fl ˜¡uPıªÆ A¿ªx ∂U ˜¡uPıªÆ

Aµ]Ø¿ ¡ıÃU¯P : ¨fl ˜¡uPıªÆ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P“
{©US ∂U ˜¡uzvfl ≠ªÆ ˆu∂Ø ¡∏Qfl”⁄. CUPıªzv¿
Hÿ£mh Aµ_ Tmhzv⁄∫ ˆPısh A¯©®£ıP C∏¢ux.
J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Tmhzv⁄∏Æ u¤zu¤˜Ø Aµ¯\ A¯©zu⁄∫.
A¢u Aµ]Ø¿ A¯©®§fl Ai®£¯h SªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh SkÆ£©ıSÆ. £ª SkÆ£[P“ C¯n¢x Qµı©[P“
E∏¡ı∞⁄. Aufl u¯ª¡∫ Qµı©o B¡ı∫. £ª Qµı©[P“
Jfl÷˜\∫¢x ¬Ï (Vis) Gfl”¯«UP®£mh ˆ£∂Ø S ¡ı⁄x
(Clan), £ª S UP“ C¯n¢x ·⁄ı (Jana) Gfl” Aµ_
˜uıfl‘Øx. A¯¡PŒfl u¯ª¡⁄ı⁄ Cµı\fl ˜¡uPıª
Aµ\fl G⁄ A¯«UP®£mhıfl. A¡fl u⁄x ©UP¯Õ
Gv∂PŒh™∏¢x Pı®£ıÿ‘⁄ıfl. Cµı\¤fl Aµ]ÿS
|∫¡ıPzv¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥Ø ¶˜µıQu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh
18
µı·S∏ƒÆ, ˜\⁄ı¤ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh £¯hz
u¯ª¡∏Æ, \£ı, \™v ˜£ıfl” A¯©®¶P–Æ C∏¢u⁄.
\≠P ¡ıÃU¯P : \≠P ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h
SkÆ£Æ BSÆ. B∂Ø \≠Pzv¿ u¢¯u ¡» ©µ¶ §fl£ÿ”®
£mhx. G⁄˜¡ SkÆ£zvfl u¯ª¡⁄ıP u¢¯u P∏u®
£mhı∫. A¡¯µ QµP£v Gfl÷ A¯«zu⁄∫. ˜¡u[P“
v∏©nÆ, SkÆ£ ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl ¶¤uzx¡zv¯⁄ ¡º
≤÷zv⁄.
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª : ¨fl ˜¡uPıª \¨uıØzv¿
ˆ£sP“ ©vUPzuUP |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“
u[P“ Pn¡¯µz ˜u∫¢ˆukUSÆ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫.
©¯⁄¬ SkÆ£zvfl u¯ª¬ØıPU P∏u®£mhı“. ˆ£sP“
ˆ£ıx |PÃa]PŒ¿ £[˜Pÿ”⁄∫. ˜ªı£¨zvµı, ¬Ï¡
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P¿¬∞¿ ]”¢u ˆ£s©oP“ AUPıªzv¿ C∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ BsP–US \©©ıP {hzu®£mh⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ §fl
˜¡uPıªzv¿ A¡∫PŒfl |¯ª ©ı‘Øx.
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ıÃU¯P : ˜¡m¯hØıku¿ ¨UQØz
ˆuı»ªıP C∏¢ux. ©UP“ Bk©ıkP“, Sv¯µP“,
ˆ¡“Õık, ˆ\Æ©‘ØıkP“, {ı¥P“ C¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ¡Õ∫z
u⁄∫. ©UP“ K∂hzv¿ |¯ªØı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ¡ı«z
ˆuıh[QØ §fl ˜¡Õıs¯©¯Ø ¨UQØz ˆuı»ªıPU
ˆPısh⁄∫. ˆ{\ƒz ˆuı»¿, ˜uı¿ £u¤kÆ ˆuı»¿, ©µ
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ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ©ıÿ‘U ˆPı“–u¿ A¿ªx £sh©ıÿ÷
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B]Øı, GQ®x ˜£ıfl” {ıkP–hfl Afl¤Ø ¡oPz ˆuıh∫
§¯⁄U ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. |ËPı Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh
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ˆ£ı∏mP“, \¢u⁄Æ ©ÿ÷Æ u¢u[P“ Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥Ø®
£mh⁄. Sv¯µP–Æ, ˜£∑a\Æ£«¨Æ C”US©vØı∞⁄.
Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı x˜£ıUS : ©UPŒfl En¬¿
£ı∫º, £ı¿, ˆ{¥, £«[P“, Pı¥P‘P“, ©ı™\Æ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
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ChÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄. ˜\ı©ı Gfl” ˆ\i∞º∏¢x GkUP®
£mh ˜£ı¯u≥mkÆ ˜\ı©£ı⁄¨Æ, £ı∫º∞º∏¢x uØı∂U
P®£mh _µı Gfl” £ı⁄¨Æ Phƒ–US® £¯hUP®£mk §fl
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Sv¯µ® £¢uØÆ, \xµ[PÆ, Bh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £ıh¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
©UPŒfl ˆ£ı x ˜£ıUSPÕıP C∏¢u⁄. ©¿≤zu¨Æ
A¡∫P–USz ˆu∂¢v∏¢ux. √¯n ¡ı]UPƒÆ ©UP“
Pÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫.
E¯h≤Æ AoPªflP–Æ : BsP“ ˜¡mi ˜£ıfl”
B¯hP¯Õ≤Æ, \ı¿¯¡ ˜£ıfl” ˜©ªı¯hP¯Õ≤Æ Ekz
v⁄∫. u¯ª®£ı¯P BsPŒfl £«UP©ı⁄x. ˜©æÆ
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ˆu¥¡©ıP ¡»£mh⁄∫. ˆ{∏®¶, `∂Øfl, Pıÿ÷, ¡ı⁄Æ
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Phƒ–US G⁄ S‘®§mh ¡i¡Æ C¿ªıuuı¿ ]¯ªP˜Õı,
˜Pı¬¿P˜Õı Pın®£h¬¿¯ª.

§fl ˜¡uPıªÆ (Q.¨.1000 & Q.¨.600)

Q.¨.1000 ¨u¿ Q.¨.600 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ PıªÆ ˆ£ıx¡ıP
§fl ˜¡uPıªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. CUPıªzv¿
Cµı©ıØn¨Æ, ©Pı£ıµu¨Æ CØÿ”®£mhuı¿ Cx CvPı\
Pıªˆ©fl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. CUPıªzv¿ B∂Ø∫P“
P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ®£SvPŒ¿ Si˜Ø‘⁄∫.
20
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§µı©n[P“, E£|hu[P“, BµsØP[P“ u¬µ
Cµı©ıØnÆ, ©Pı£ıµuÆ ˜£ıfl” CvPı\[P–Æ §fl
˜¡uPıªz¯u® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø {©US EuƒQfl”⁄.
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Aµ]Ø¿ ¡ıÃU¯P : B∂Ø¡∫zuÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh P[¯Pa \©ˆ¡Œ Aµ]Ø¿ {h¡iU¯PPŒfl ¯©Ø©ıP
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£ıg\ıªÆ ˜£ıfl” Aµ_P“ C®£Sv∞¿ G ¢u⁄. Aµ\›
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˜©uÆ, ¡ı‰˜£ØÆ ˜£ıfl” ØıP[P–Æ \©Øa \h[SP–Æ
{¯hˆ£ÿ”⁄.
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A_¡˜©uØıPÆ & Aµ\fl ufl›¯hØ A_¡Æ (Sv¯µ)
Gv∫®§fl‘ ˆ\fl” {ıkP¯Õz ufl Pmk®£ımiÿ
S∂Øx G⁄ E∂¯© £ıµımi⁄ıfl.
¡ı‰˜£ØÆ & ˜u∫£¢uØÆ & Cv¿ Aµ\›¯hØ ˜u∫uıfl
G®˜£ıxÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£÷Æ.
Aµ\∫P“ HUµım, \ıƵım, \∫¡ˆ£Õ©ı Gfl” £mh®
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21
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Ai®£¯hØıP C∏¢ux. SkÆ£z u¯ª¡∫ u¢¯uØı¡ı∫.
\ıuıµn©ıP TmkU SkÆ£ ¨¯”˜Ø |ª¬Øx. ¡∫nÆ
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh \ıv A¯©®¶ §fl ˜¡uPıªzv¿ uıfl
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˜uıfl‘⁄. §µı©n∫P“ Sª S∏UPÕıPƒÆ B]∂Ø∫P
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˜£ı∫√µ∫P–Æ C∏¢u⁄∫. ¯¡]Ø∫P“ ¡oP∫PÕıPƒÆ,
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£∏¡Æ, Q∏PÏuÆ A¿ªx √mkz u¯ª¡fl, Pn¡fl Gfl”
|¯ª, ¡⁄®§µÏuÆ A¿ªx Pımi¿ ¡]USÆ x”ƒ|¯ª,
\fl¤Øı\Æ G⁄®£kÆ ¨ÿ÷Æ x”¢u |¯ª Gfl£⁄¡ıSÆ.
ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª : §fl ˜¡uPıªzv¿ ˆ£sPŒfl
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Akzu |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø ˆ£sP“ ¯¡UP®£mh⁄∫. Rî
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J∏¡›US J∏zv Gfl” J∏uıµ ©n¨¯” C∏¢uıæÆ
£ªuıµ ©n¨Æ {¯h¨¯”∞¿ C∏¢ux. ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª
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22
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23
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A∏¢v⁄∫. ©¯⁄ ¬¯ÕØımkP–Æ (indoor games) v”¢u
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24
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25
 _Ø©v®•k
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A) Øı¯⁄¯Ø B) Sv¯µ¯Ø
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A) ˇ Q∏Ën∫ B) ¡ı¿´Q
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26
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
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2. u›∫˜¡uÆ ñ {ınØÆ
3. ˜\⁄ı¤ ñ Aµ\fl
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27
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ
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2. {ıflS ˜¡u[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
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12. ""\ıÆ£¿ ¡sn ©m£ısh[PŒfl £Sv'' Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
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T÷P.
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V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ∂U ˜¡uPıª ©UPŒfl Aµ]Ø¿, \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ©ÿ÷Æ
\©Ø ¡ıÃU¯P¯Øa _∏UP©ıP ¬ÕUSP.
2. §fl ˜¡uPıª ©UPŒfl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuµ ©ÿ÷Æ \©Ø
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3. §fl ˜¡uPıªzv¿ ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª G∆¡ı÷ ©ıÿ”Æ
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28
 £ıhÆ 3
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1. ©ın¡∫ Q.¨.B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ C¢vØı¬¿ |ª¬Ø
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Pıµn[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
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Q.¨.6&BÆ °ÿ”ısk EªQfl £ª £SvPŒæÆ \©Ø®

¶µm]∞¯⁄U Pshx. AUPıªzv¿ \©Ø B]∂Ø∫P–Æ,
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29
P¯h§izu⁄. A¯¡P–US J∏ ¨iƒPmh \©n, ¶zu
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30
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§fl£ÿ” ˜¡siØ I¢x ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¡Szuı∫. A¯¡ :

1. AQƯ\ ñ G¢u E∞∏USÆ w[S ˆ\¥Øı¯©

2. \zØÆ ñ Es¯©˜Ø ˜£_u¿

3. AϘuØÆ ñ v∏hı¯©

4. vØıPÆ ñ G¿ªı ˆ\¿¡z¯u≤Æ x”zu¿

5. §µÆ©a\∂ØÆ ñ yØ ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø
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©Pı√µ∫ P∫©ı Gfl” uzx¡z¯u {Ƨ⁄ı∫. A¡µx

P∏zx®£i ˜©ªı⁄ A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷¡xuıfl ™P EØ∫¢u
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32
 \©n \©ØÆ £µƒu¿ : ©Pı√µ∫ \[P[P¯Õ A¯©zuı∫.
Aa\[P[PŒ¿ BsP–Æ, ˆ£sP–Æ C∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“
\©n \©Øz¯u® £µ®§⁄∫. ©Pı√µ¯µ® §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫P“
vPÆ£µ∫ (B¯hP¯Õz x”¢u¡∫) Gfl÷Æ Ï˜¡uıÆ£µ∫
(ˆ¡“¯Õ B¯h EkzvØ¡∫) Gfl÷Æ C∏¬u©ıP
A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄∫. ©UP“ ˜£]Ø §µıUQ∏u ˆ©ı»∞¿
©Pı√µ∫ ufl \©ØU P∏zxUP¯Õ® ˜£ıvzuı∫. G⁄˜¡
A¡∏¯hØ ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ ©UP“ GŒuıP® ¶∂¢x
ˆPısh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ \©n \©Øzvfl £ı¿ B∫¡Æ Pımhz
ˆuıh[Q⁄∫. §Æ§\ıµ∫, A·ıu\z∏ ˜£ıfl” ¡h C¢vØ
©fl⁄∫P“ \©n \©ØzvÿS Buµƒ AŒzu⁄∫.
ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ Tfl£ısiØfl, ¨uªıÆ ©˜P¢vµ
¡∫©fl BQ˜Øı∏Æ, Pº[Pzvfl Pıµ˜¡ª›Æ \©n
\©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ‘⁄∫.
\©n \©Øzvfl ˆuısk : £ıº, §µıUQ∏uÆ, u™Ã
BQØ ˆ©ı»PŒfl CªUQØ ¡Õ∫a]US \©n \©ØÆ ™P®
ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬¿ ˆuıshıÿ‘≤“Õx. u™»¿ ]”¢u
CªUQØ[PÕıPU P∏u®£kÆ v∏zuUP˜u¡∂fl ^¡P
]¢uı©o, £¡{¢v ¨¤¡∂fl {flfi¿ Gfl” u™Ã
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Gfl÷ P∏u®£kQ”x. S·µızvfl ¡µªı÷ Gfl” °¯ª
G vØ ˜Ì©a\¢vµ∫ Gfl” ™Pa ]”¢u ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∏Æ
\©n \©Øz¯uz u ¬Ø¡∫. C¡∫ C∏ APµıvP¯Õ≤Æ
(dictionaries) Jfl”ıPz ˆuıSzx §µıQ∏u CªUPn
°¯ª≤Æ, ˜ØıP `zvµÆ Gfl” ©ÿˆ”ı∏ °¯ª≤Æ
G v≤“Õı∫. A[P[P“, ß∫¡[P“ BQØ °¿P“
\©n∫PŒfl ¶¤u °¿PÕıPU P∏u®£kQfl”⁄.
P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª ¡Õ∫a]US \©n∫P“ Bÿ‘Ø
£o S‘®§hzuUPx. Cµı·zuı¤¿ E“Õ ©ƒsm A¶
Gfl” ©¯ª∞fl ´x Pın®£kÆ v¿¡ıµı G›Æ \©nU
˜Pı∞¿ \©n∫ P¯ª, PmhUP¯ªUS ]”¢u GkzxUPımhıP
¬Õ[SQfl”x. C˜u ˜£ıª P·˙µı˜Ìı, ]zy∫, µ⁄Uß
µ⁄Uß∫∫
BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ E“Õ \©n∫ ˜Pı∞¿P–Æ \©n∫PŒfl
33
PmhhUP¯ª∞fl ˜©fl¯©US \ıfl÷PÕıP ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄.
\©n∫PŒfl I¢x ¶¤uz uª[PŒ¿ µ⁄Uß∏Æ Jfl÷.
EuØQ∂, ÌvSÆ£ı, G¿˜ªıµı ©ÿ÷Æ Q∫⁄ı∫ BQØ
Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ]ÿ£ ˜¡¯ª®£ıkP“ \©n∫PŒfl
P¯ª B∫¡z¯u ¬ÕUSÆ ]”¢u Euıµn[P“. ¯©`∏US
A∏Qæ“Õ \µ¡nˆ£ªˆPıªı Gfl›™hzv¿ A¯©¢x“Õ
§µÆ©ısh©ı⁄ ˜Pı©wÏ¡µ∫ ]¯ª≤Æ \©n∫PŒfl
|¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄©ıSÆ.
\©n\©ØÆ √Ãa]≤”U Pıµn[P“ : \©n \©ØÆ
C¢vØı ¨ ¯©≤Æ £µ¡¬¿¯ª. \©n\©ØÆ ™Pzw¬µ
©ı⁄ AQƯ\ ¨¯”P¯Õ ˜£ıvzuuı¿ \ıuıµn ©UPÕı¿
Au¯⁄® §fl£ÿ” ¨iج¿¯ª. ˜©æÆ Aµ\∫PŒfl Buµƒ
˜£ıx©ı⁄ AÕƒ Q¯hUPıuxÆ J∏ PıµnÆ. ©Pı√µ¯µ®
§fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫P“ w¬µ ©u®§µ\ıµÆ ˆ\¥Øz u¡‘ØxÆ
Ca\©ØÆ AvPÆ £µ¡ı©¿ ˜£ı⁄uÿS Pıµn[PÕıP
A¯©¢u⁄.

¶zu \©ØÆ (Q.¨.567 & Q.¨.487)

¶zu∂fl CØÿˆ£Ø∫ ]zuı∫zu∫. A¡∏Æ ©Pı√µ∫
¡ıâu PıªPmhzv¿ ¡ıâu¡˜µ. ]zuı∫zu∫ ˜{£ıÕzv¿
E“Õ P§ª¡Ïx Gfl›Æ ChzvÿS A∏Q¿ E“Õ æƧ¤
¡⁄zv¿ Q.¨.567&BÆ Bsk §”¢uı∫. P§ª¡Ïx¯¡
Bsh \ıUQØz u¯ª¡µı⁄ _z˜uıu⁄∫ A¡∏¯hØ
uP®£⁄ı∫. ]zuı∫zu∫ H  {ı“P“ S«¢¯uØıP C∏¢u
˜£ı˜u A¡∏¯hØ uıØı⁄ ©ıØı˜u¬ C”¢x¬mhı∫.
G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ufl ]ÿ”fl¯⁄ ©Pı §µ·ı£v ˆPÕu™Øı¿
ˆ\¿¡a ]”®¶hfl ¡Õ∫UP®£mhı∫. §fl ؘ\ıuµı¯¡
©nÆ ¶∂¢x CµıS¿ Gfl” ©P¯⁄® ˆ£ÿˆ”kzuı∫.

]zuı∫zu∫ ˆPÕu™Øı¿ ¡Õ∫UP®£mhuı¿ §ÿ

Pıªzv¿ A¡∫ ˆPÕu© ¶zu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhı∫.

34
 ]zuı∫zu∫ J∏{ı“ u⁄x ˜u∂¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ∞¿ Kmia
ˆ\fl”˜£ıx {ıflS Pım]P¯ÕU Pshı∫. A¯¡ EªQfl
xص[P¯Õ A¡∏US En∫zv⁄. P¡¤®£ıµÿ” ¡Øuı⁄
©¤ufl J∏¡fl, ¬ØıvØı¿ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄ ˜{ıØıŒ
J∏¡fl, J∏ §a¯\UPıµfl BQ˜Øı¯µ≤Æ, ©µna\hªzvfl
C÷v F∫¡ªÆ Jfl‘¯⁄≤Æ Pshı∫. ]zuı∫zu∂fl ©⁄Æ
A¢u ˜\ıPU Pım]PÕı¿ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı⁄x. A¡∫ u⁄x
29&BÆ ¡Øv¿ ©¯⁄¬, S«¢¯u¯Ø √mi¿ ¬mk ˆ¡Œ
˜Ø‘ x”¬Øı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ¨uº¿ AµuPª©ı Gfl£¡∂hÆ
^hµıP C∏¢uı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ ufl S∏¬fl ˜£ıu¯⁄
PŒ⁄ı¿ v∏®v A¯hج¿¯ª. §fl ∏zµPı Gfl£¡∂hÆ
E£˜u\Æ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. ˆ¡÷Æ vØı⁄Æ ©mk˜© √k˜£÷
AŒUPıx Gfl£¯u A‘¢x ˆPıshı∫. ]‘x PıªzvÿS®
§fl P¯Ø (Gaya) {P∂¿ J∏ Aµ\©µzvfl Ai∞¿ Pı¿P“
©i¢u |¯ª∞¿ 12 BskP“ Bâu vØı⁄ |¯ª∞¿
A©∫¢uı∫. J∏ C¤Ø Pı¯ª® ˆ£ı v¿ EØ∫¡ı⁄ bı⁄Æ
Q¯hUP® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. AUPnzvº∏¢x ¶zu∫ (¶zv¯Ø
ˆ¡fl”¡∫) Gfl÷Æ \ıUQب¤ (\ıUQØ ©µ¯£a ˜\∫¢u
¨¤¡∫) Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. ¡ıµ⁄ı]US A∏Q¿
E“Õ \ıµ{ız Gfl›™hzv¿uıfl ¶zu∫ ¨ufl¨uº¿ ufl
\©ØU P∏zxUP¯Õ ©UP“ ¨fl Gkz
x¯µzuı∫. Eh¿ ¡º¯© ˆPısh
¶zu∫ J∏ {ı¯ÕUS 30 Q.´. ¡¯µ
{h¢uı∫. ¡h C¢vØı¬fl £ª
Ch[P–USÆ £ØnÆ ˆ\¥x“Õı∫.
ufl 80&¡x ¡Øv¿ Q.¨.481¿ Ezvµ®
§µ˜u\zvæ“Õ S]{PµÆ Gfl›
™hzv¿ ¶zu∫ CØÿ¯P G¥v⁄ı∫.
¶zu∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P“ : ¶zu∂fl
˜£ıu¯⁄P“ AQƯ\ ¯Ø≤Æ G¿ªı
E∞∫PŒh¨Æ Afl¶ Pımk¡¯u≤Æ
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh¯¡. ¶zu∫
{ıflS ˜©ªı⁄ Es¯©P¯Õ
¶zu∫ EªQÿS AŒzuı∫. A¯¡ :

35
 1. EªPÆ xfl£¨Æ xص¨Æ |¯”¢ux.
2. B¯\˜Ø xfl£[P–USU PıµnÆ.
3. B¯\¯Ø JxUQ⁄ı¿ xfl£zvº∏¢x ¬k£hªıÆ.
4. xص[PŒº∏¢x ¬k£h Amh©ı∫UPÆ G⁄®£kÆ
Gs¡»®£ı¯u w∫¡ıP A¯©≤Æ.
Gs¡»® £ı¯uP“ Gfl£⁄ :
1. {¿ª ]¢u¯⁄ 5. {¿ª ¡ıÃU¯P
2. {¿ª {ƧU¯P 6. {¿ª ¨Øÿ]
3. {¿ª ˆ\ı¿ 7. {¿ª A‘ƒ
4. {¿ª ˆ\Ø¿ 8. {¿ª vØı⁄Æ
¶zu∏¯hØ ˜£ıu¯⁄P“ v∂•hP[P“ (≠fl÷
T¯hP“) Gfl” ≠fl÷ ¶zuP[PÕıPz ˆuıSUP®£mk“Õ⁄.
A¯¡ _zu•hPÆ, ¬⁄Ø •hPÆ, A§uÆ© •hPÆ
G⁄®£kÆ. ˆPÕu© ¶zu∏US P∫©ı Gfl” uzx¡zv¿
{ƧU¯P∞∏¢ux. Phƒ“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¶zu∫ Bu∂UPƒÆ
C¿¯ª, ©÷UPƒÆ C¿¯ª. G¢u |¯ª∞æÆ J∏¡∫
¡fl¨¯”∞¿ Dk£k¡¯uU Psizuı∫. \ıv £ıS£ıkP¯Õ
}UP ¨Øÿ]zuı∫. |∫¡ın |¯ª¯Ø G¥x¡x A¿ªx
A‘Øı¯©¯Ø APÿ÷u¿ Gfl£˜u ¶zu\©Øzvfl Ai®£¯h
ˆPı“¯P
ˆPı“¯PØıSÆ. ¶zu∏USÆ §fl ¡¢u ¶zu \©Ø¡ıvP“
˜£ıv\zx¡∫
˜£ıv\zx¡∫P“ G⁄®£mh⁄∫.
¶zu\©ØÆ £µƒu¿ : ¶zu \©ØÆ £¿˜¡÷ Pıµn[P
Õı¿ ˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Øx.
1. ¶zu∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P“ ™P GŒ¯©Øı⁄¯¡. A¯¡
£ıº ˆ©ı»∞¿ G u®£mh⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡ÿ‘¯⁄
\ıuıµn ©UP–Æ GŒv¿ ¶∂¢x ˆPısh⁄∫.
2. ¶zu∂fl ˜uıÿ”®ˆ£ıºƒ ©UP¯Õ® ˆ£∂xÆ
P¡∫¢ux. A¡∫ Aµ\ ¡ıï¡z x”¢x GŒØ
36
 ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ uıfl ˜£ıvzu
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Ax ©UP¯Õ
A¡∫£ı¿ D∫zux.
3. C¢x \©ØÆ ˆ\ªƒa_¯© \h[SP¯Õ §fl£ÿ”
¯¡zuuı¿ ©UP“ ¶zu \©Øz¯uz u ¬⁄∫.
4. ¶zu \©ØÆ A¯⁄¡∏Æ \©Æ Gfl” P∏zv¯⁄®
˜£ıvzux. Au⁄ı¿ uıÃzu®£mh, AhUQ JkUP®
£mh ©UP“ ¶zu \©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ” BµÆ§zu⁄∫.
5. ¶zu\©Ø \[P[P–Æ, ©hıªØ[P–Æ ©UPŒfl
¡÷¯©¯Ø }UPƒÆ, A¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø P¿¬¯Ø
£µ®£ƒÆ Eu¬⁄. ¶zu \©Øz¯u ©UP“ §fl£ÿ”
AxƒÆ J∏ Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢ux.
6. Aµ\∫P“ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS AŒzu BuµƒÆ, ¶zu
\©ØÆ £µ¡ ¨UQØ Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷. ˜Pı\ªÆ,
ˆPÕ\ıƧ {ımk Aµ\∫P–Æ, A˜\ıP∫, P¤ËP∫
˜£ıfl”¡∫P–Æ ¶zu \©ØÆ £µ¡ Eu¬⁄∫.
A˜\ıP∂fl Bm] Pıªzv¿ ¶zu x”¬P–Æ, ¶zu
\©Ø® ˜£ıuP∫P–Æ GQ®x, ]∂Øı, ©ı]˜hı¤Øı
BQØ {ıkP–USa ˆ\fl”⁄∫. ˜©æÆ A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu
\©Øz¯u® £µ®£ ufl ©Pfl ©˜P¢vµ¯⁄
©˜P¢vµ¯⁄≤Æ ©P“
\[P™zv¯µ¯Ø
\[P™zv¯µ¯Ø≤Æ Cª[¯PUS A›®§⁄ı∫.
P¤ËP∂fl Pıªzv¿ £∫©ı, ·®£ıfl, vˆ£z ©ÿ÷Æ
©zvØ B]Øı BQØ {ıkP–US ^⁄ı¬fl ¡»ØıP
©u˜£ıuP∫P“ ˆ\fl”⁄∫. ^⁄ı¬¿ ¶zu \©ØÆ {flS
£µ¬Øx. C∆¬uÆ ¶zu \©ØÆ EªˆP[SÆ
£µ¬Øx. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ £s¯hØ ˜\µ Aµ\∫P“
¶zu \©Øz¯uz u ¬ Au¯⁄ Bu∂zu⁄∫.
P¤ËP∂fl Pıªzv¿ ¶zu \©ØÆ ©PıØı⁄Æ,
Ô⁄Øı⁄Æ G⁄ C∏ §∂ƒPÕıP® §∂¢ux.
¶zu \©Øzvfl ˆuıskP“ : 1. {ª¢uı, ¡¿ª§, Pıg],
¬UQµ©^ªı ˜£ıfl” P¿¬ ¯©Ø[P“ ¶zu \©ØU
37
ˆPı“¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ§®£v¿ ¶PÈ£ÿ÷ ¬Õ[Q⁄. \ıg],
¡¿ª§, {ª¢uı ˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒ¿ A«QØ Ïy£[P“
A¯©UP®£mh⁄. 2. \ıg]∞æÆ £∫PmiæÆ ¶zu∂fl
¡ıÃU¯P∞º∏¢x ]ª Pım]P¯Õ GkzxU T÷Æ ]ª
¡µªıÿ÷a ]fl⁄[P“ Pın®£kQfl”⁄. ¶zu ·ıuPU P¯u
PŒfl (¶zu∂fl ¨ÿ§”¬P¯Õ® £ÿ‘UT÷Æ P¯uP“) ]ª
\Æ£¡[P“ •Pı∂¿ E“Õ PØı, \ıg] ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ®
§µ˜u\zv¿ E“Õ £∫Pm BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ E“Õ ¶zu
¬Pıµ[PŒfl _¡∫PŒ¿ A«PıPa ]zu∂UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
3. Pı¢uıµ ]ÿ£UP¯ª≤Æ, A·¢uı, G¿˜ªıµı¬¿ Pın®£kÆ
]zvµ[P–Æ ¶zu \©Øzvfl ˆPı¯h˜ØØıSÆ. 4. ¶zuz
x”¬P“ £ª S¯PP¯ÕU S¯h¢x ¯\zvØ[P“ (Chaityas)
G⁄®£kÆ §µı∫zu¯⁄U Th[ Th[P¯Õ≤Æ, ¬Pıµ[P“ G⁄®
£kÆ ©hıªØ[
©hıªØ[P¯Õ≤Æ A¯©zu⁄∫. uÿPıª •Pı∫ {PµÆ

{ª¢uı Ïy£[P“
38
¬Pı∫ Gfl” ¡ı∫z¯u∞º∏¢x ¡¢uxuıfl. 5. ¬⁄Ø •hPÆ,
_zu •hPÆ, A§uÆ© •hPÆ BQØ ≠fl÷ °¿P–Æ ¶zu
\©Øzvfl ´uı⁄ £«¯©Øı⁄ CªUQØ[PÕıSÆ.

¶zu \©ØÆ √Ãa]≤”U Pıµn[P“ : Aµ\∫PŒfl Buµƒ

S¯”¢ux, S®u∫P“ Pıªzv¿ C¢x \©Øzv¿ Hÿ£mh
©÷©ª∫a], ¶zu \[P[PŒ¿ |ª¬Ø J UPU ˜PkP“,
¶zu\©Øzv¿ E∏¡ ¡»£ımk ¨¯”∞fl A‘¨PÆ BQØ⁄
¶zu \©ØÆ √Ãa]≤”U Pıµn[PÕıP A¯©¢u⁄.

\©n, ¶zu \©Ø[PŒ¿ Pın®£mh Jÿ÷¯©P–Æ

˜¡ÿ÷¯©P–Æ

Jÿ÷¯©P“ ˜¡ÿ÷¯©P“

1. C∏ \©Ø[P–Æ P∫©ı \©n \©ØÆ ¶zu \©Øz

Gfl” uzx¡z¯u Hÿ÷U vÿS ©ı”ıP x”¬PŒfl
ˆPısh⁄. v∏©n©ÿ” x”¡”zv¯⁄
≤Æ, B¯hP“ x”¢u ¡ıÃU
2. C∏ \©Ø[P–Æ ˜¡u[ ¯P¯Ø≤Æ ¡º≤÷zvØx.
P¯Õ≤Æ §µı©n[P¯Õ
≤Æ JxUQz u“Œ⁄. \©n∫P“ En¯¡ ©÷zx
E∞∫ ¬ku¿ ˜£ıfl”
3. C∏ \©Ø[P–Æ \©Øa Pk¯©Øı⁄ ˜{ıfl§¯⁄
\h[SP¯Õz u¬∫zu⁄. ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫.

4. C∏ \©Ø[P–Æ {fl ˆ⁄‘ \©n \©ØÆ AQƯ\¯Ø

\ı∫¢u ¡»¨¯”P¯Õ ¡º ™Pz w¬µ©ıP® §fl
≤÷zv⁄. £ÿ‘Øx.

5. C∏ \©Ø[PŒfl ˜£ıu¯⁄
P–Æ ©UPŒfl ˆ©ı»∞
˜ª˜Ø ˜£ıvUP®£mh⁄.

39
 Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ \©n, ¶zu \©Ø[P“ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄
Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ ©Pı√µ∫, ¶zu∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP

¨i≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ AQƯ\∞fl ˜©fl¯©¯Ø GkzxUT‘ Au¯⁄

¡ıÃU¯P∞æÆ §fl£ÿ” ¨Øÿ]®£∫.

4. ©ın¡∫ Ca\©Ø[P“ G∆¡ı÷ ©UP¯Õ GŒØ, yØ

¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ¡ı« ¯¡zu⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ ¶zu \©Øzv¯⁄® £µ®£ A˜\ıP∏Æ P¤ËP∏Æ

˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.

6. ©ın¡∫ Ca\©Ø[P“ CªUQØÆ, PmhhUP¯ªUS

Bÿ‘Ø ˆuıskP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. ¡∫zu©ı⁄∫ §”¢u ChÆ
A) S¢u Qµı©Æ B) Pı]
C) æƧ¡⁄Æ D) PØı

2. „⁄∫ Gfl”ı¿
A) ˆ¡fl”¡∫ B) ©Pı√µ∫
C) A‘ƒ ˆ£ÿ”¡∫ D) ©u S∏

3. AϘuØÆ Gfl£x
A) Es¯© ˜£_u¿ B) v∏hı¯©
C) ˆPı¿ªı¯© D) {¿ˆªı UP ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ıÃu¿
40
 4. ©Pı√µ∫ ufl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ˜£ıvzu ˆ©ı»
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C) \©UQ∏uÆ D) £ıµ^PÆ

5. {flfi¯ª G vØ¡∫
A) v∏zuUP ˜u¡∫ B) £¡{¢v ¨¤¡∫
C) v∏¡“–¡∫ D) ˜Ì©\¢vµ∫

6. ˜Ì©a\¢vµ∫ G vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ °¿

A) S·µızvfl ¡µªı÷ B) Pı]∞fl ¡µªı÷
C) S∏¬fl ¡µªı÷ D) PØı¬fl ¡µªı÷

7. ]zuı∫zu∂fl u¢¯u _z˜uıu⁄∂fl ©µ¶

A) \ıUQØ ©µ¶ B) ºa\ı¬©µ¶
C) ˆ©Õ∂Ø ©µ¶ D) SÂı⁄∫ ©µ¶

8. CµıSºfl u¢¯u
A) ¡∫zu©ı⁄∫ B) ¶zu∫
C) ©˜P¢vµfl D) A˜\ıP∫

9. ¶zu∫ ufl \©ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ¨ufl ¨uªıP ˆ£ıx©UP“

©zv∞¿ Gkzx¯µzu ChÆ
A) Pıg] B) \ıµ{ız
C) PØı D) ¯¡\ıº
10. P¤ËP∂fl Pıªzv¿ ¶zu \©ØÆ
A) CµshıP® §∂¢ux B) ≠fl”ıP® §∂¢ux
C) I¢uıP® §∂¢ux D) {ıflPıP® §∂¢ux.

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. Q.¨. B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ____________________ Gfl£¡∫
£ıµ^PzvæÆ _________________ Gfl£¡∫ ^⁄ı¬æÆ ¶vØ
˜Pım£ıkP¯Õ® ˜£ıvzu⁄∫.
41
2. ©Pı√µ∫ Gfl”ı¿ ____________________ Gfl÷ ˆ£ı∏“.

3. ©Pı√µ∫ Q.¨.467¿ ufl›¯hØ ____________________ ¡x

¡Øv¿ ____________________ Gfl›™hzv¿ C”¢uı∫.

4. ©Pı√µ∫ ____________________US AvP ¨UQØzx¡Æ

ˆPıkzuı∫.

5. ©¤ufl ufl ¡ıÃ{ıŒ¿ A¯hØ ˜¡siØ ™P EØ∫¢u

CªUS ____________________ Gfl÷ ©Pı√µ∫ P∏v⁄ı∫.

6. ^¡P ]¢uı©o¯Ø G vØ¡∫ ____________________

B¡ı∫.

7. \©n∫PŒfl ¶¤u °¿P“ ____________________ ©ÿ÷Æ

____________________BSÆ.

8. \µ¡nˆ£ªˆPıªı¬¿ E“Õ ____________________ ]¯ª

\©n∫PŒfl |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.

9. ]zuı∫zu∂fl uıØı∫ ____________________, ]ÿ”fl¯⁄

____________________BQ˜Øıµı¡∫

10. ]zuı∫zu∫ ____________________ ©ÿ÷Æ _______________

BQ˜Øı∂hÆ ]‘x PıªÆ ^hµıP C∏¢uı∫.

11. ]zuı∫zu∫ PØı¬ÿS A∏Q¿ J∏ ____________________

©µzvfl Ai∞¿ Bâu vØı⁄ |¯ª∞¿ A©∫¢uı∫.

12. ¶zu∫ _________________ Gfl›™hzv¿ ©µn©¯h¢uı∫.

13. ¶zu \©Øzvfl Ai®£¯hU ˆPı“¯P __________________

BSÆ.

14. ¶zu∏US® §fl ¡¢u¡∫P“ ____________________

G⁄®£mh⁄∫.
42
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. w∫zu[Pµ∫ ñ \©n∫ ˜Pı∞¿
2. Bfl™P A‘ƒ ñ Gs ¡»®£ı¯u.
3. \[P™zv¯µ ñ A˜\ıP∂fl ©P“.
4. Ϙ¡uıÆ£µ∫P“ ñ P¿¬ ¯©ØÆ
5. ˜Ì©\¢vµ∫ ñ ¶zu CªUQØÆ
6. v¿¡ıµı ñ ˜ØıP `zvµÆ
7. Amh©ı∫UPÆ ñ ˆ¡“¯Õ B¯h Ao¢u¡∫
9. {ª¢uı ñ ¯P¡¿Øı
10. ·ıuPU P¯uP“ ñ ©u˜£ıuP∫
11. ¯\zvØ[P“ ñ ©hıªØ[P“
12. ¬Pıµ[P“ ñ §µı∫zu¯⁄U Th[P“

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. Q.¨. B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ C¢vØı¬¿ ˜uıfl‘Ø ¨UQØ
\©Ø[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU T÷P.
2. w∫zu[Pµ∫P“ £ÿ‘Ø ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.
3. ©Pı√µ∂fl CÕ¯©U Pıªz¯u® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
4. v∂µz⁄ı Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“ Øıx?
5. ©Pı√µ∫ ufl ^h∫P–US ˜£ıvzu I¢x ˆPı“¯PP“
Øı¯¡?
6. \©n \©Øzvfl C∏ §∂ƒP“ ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU T÷P.
7. \©n \©ØzvÿS u[P“ Buµ¬¯⁄ AŒzu ©fl⁄∫P“
ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP.
8. ˜Ì©\¢vµ¯µ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
43
 9. ¶zu∫ G[S §”¢uı∫?
10. EªQfl xص[P¯Õ ]zuı∫zu∏US En∫zvØ {ıflS
Pım]P“ Øı¯¡?
11. ]zuı∫zu∫ G®˜£ıvº∏¢x ¶zu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhı∫?
12. ¶zu∫ ˜£ıvzu ˜©ªı⁄ Es¯©P“ {ıflQ¯⁄≤Æ G xP.
13. Gs ¡»®£ı¯u Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
14. v∂•hP[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP?
15. ¶zu \©Øz¯u Bu∂zu Aµ\∫PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯Õ G xP?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. \©n, ¶zu \©Ø[P“ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
2. \©n \©Øzvfl ˆuıskP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP
3. ¶zu \©ØÆ £µ¬ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
4. ¶zu \©Øzvfl ˆuıskP“ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G xP.
5. \©n, ¶zu \©Ø[PŒ¯h˜Ø Pın®£mh Jÿ÷¯©,
˜¡ÿ÷¯©P“ Øı¯¡?

44
 £ıhÆ 4

AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl C¢vØ® £¯hˆØk®¶

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶US ¨fl ¡h
C¢vØı¬fl Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl u¤a ]”®¶P¯Õ A‘u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ Q˜µUP∫PŒfl C¢vØ®£¯hˆØk®§fl

¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø Bm] ˜uıfl” Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢u

`Ã|¯ªP¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

Q.¨. B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ C¢vØı¬fl Aµ]Ø¿

|¯ª¯© : Q.¨. B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ £ª
¨iص_ {ıkP–Æ, Siص_ {ıkP–Æ C∏¢u⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿
S‘®§mh 16 {ıkP“ ©Pı·⁄£u[P“ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mh⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿ A[PÆ, Pı], ˜Pı\ªÆ, A¡¢v, ¡z\Æ,
©PuÆ ˜£ıfl” ¨UQØ©ı⁄ {ıkP“. A¯¡P“ G®˜£ıxÆ
u[P–US“ ˜£ı∂mkU ˆPısk C∏¢u⁄. A¢{ıkPŒ¿
©PuÆ ™P ¡º¯© ˆ£ÿ” ˜£µµ\ıP ¬Õ[QØx. Au¯⁄
Bsh §Æ§\ıµ∏Æ, A·ıu\z∏ƒÆ A¢{ım¯h ¡º¯©
¡ı¥¢u Jfl”ıP ©ıÿ‘⁄∫.

§Æ§\ıµ∫ Bm]∞fl Rà ©Pu{ık (Q.¨.525 &

Q.¨.500) : PØı
PØı¬ÿS A∏Qæ“Õ Q∂∆µı·ı (£¯«Ø µı·
QµPÆ)¯¡ u¯ª{Pµ©ıPU ˆPısk B∫Ø[P ©µ¶ ©Pu
{ım¯h Bm] ˆ\¥ux. §Æ§\ıµ∫ ©Pu {ım¯h AvP
45
¡º¯© ˆ£ÿ” {ıhıUQ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ˜Pı\ª {ımk CÕ¡µ]
˜Pı\ª˜u¬¯Ø ©n¢x Pı]¯Ø ^u⁄©ıP® ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. ˜©æÆ
¯¡\ıº, ¬˜uPÆ, ©xµı BQØ {ıkPŒfl CÕ¡µ]P¯Õ≤Æ
A¡∫ ©n¢uı∫. A[P {ımk ©fl⁄∫ §µÆ©uzu¯µ ˜£ı∂¿
ˆ¡fl÷ A[P ˜u\z¯u≤Æ ufl {ımkhfl C¯nzxU
ˆPıshı∫. ©ıÕ¡Æ, Pı¢uıµÆ ˜£ıfl” {ıkP¯Õ Bsh
Aµ\∫P–hfl {m¶”ƒ ˆPıshı∫. v∏©n E”ƒ,
£¯hˆØk®¶, {m¶”ƒ BQØ ¡»PŒ¿ §Æ§\ıµ∫ ©Puz¯u
J∏ ˜£µµ\ıP ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ J∏ \©n∫. A¡∫ \©n \©Ø
¡Õ∫a]US Eu¬⁄ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ Bm]U Pıªzv¿
AU˜©¤Ø® ˜£µµ\µı⁄ ¨uªıÆ ˜h∂Ø_ ]¢x \©ˆ¡Œ¯Øz
uıUQ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫.
A·ıu\z∏ (Q.¨.500 & Q.¨.475) : A·ıu \z∏ ufl
u¢¯u §Æ§\ıµ¯µ ]¯”∞ª¯hzuı∫. ˜Pı\ªÆ, ©¿ªı,
¯¡\ıº BQØ {ıkP–hfl ˜£ı∂mk ˆ¡fl”ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ
Pıªzv¿ ©Pu®˜£µµ_ ¶P»fl Ea]¯Ø GmiØx.
A·ıu\z∏ ¨u¿ ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ımi¯⁄ µı·Q∏Pzv¿
Tmi⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm]US ¡¢u¡∫P“
¡º¯©Øÿ”¡∫PÕıP ¬Õ[Q⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ ]_{ıP ©µ¶
©Puzvfl Bm]¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ‘Øx.
]_{ıP ©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ ]_{ıP∫. A¡∫
P–US® §”S {¢u ©µ¶ ©Puz¯uU ¯P®£ÿ‘Øx.
{¢u ©µ¶ (Q.¨.425 & Q.¨.325) : ©Pı£z© {¢u∫ {¢u
©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫. A¡∫ ©Puzv¿ {¢u Bm]¯Ø
Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫. A¡∫ £ıg\ıªÆ, Pı], A_©PÆ, S∏, ™v¯ª,
©ÿ÷Æ `µ˜\¯⁄ BQØ {ıkP¯Õ ˆ¡fl”ı∫. A¡∫ ¡h
C¢vØı ¨ ¡¯u≤Æ ©Pu Bm]∞fl RÃU ˆPısk ¡¢uı∫.
ˆufl £Sv∞¿ Pº[P {ımifl ´x £¯hˆØkzuı∫.
A¡∏US®§fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ ¡º¯©Øÿ”¡∫PÕıP
C∏¢u⁄∫. {¢u ©µ§fl P¯h] Aµ\µı⁄ u⁄{¢u∫ Pıªzv¿
AˆªU\ı¢u∫ C¢vØı¬fl ´x £¯hˆØkzuı∫.
46
 AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ : ©Pı AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl
C¢vØ® £¯hˆØk®¶ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ v∏®¶¨¯⁄ØıP
A¯©¢x“Õx. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ C¢vØ
¡µªıÿ‘fl PıªPo®¶ ¨¯”US Buıµ©ıP A¯©¢x“Õx.
AˆªU\ı¢u∫ C¢vØı¬¿ 19 ©ıu[P“ ©mk˜© u[Q⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ A®£¯hˆØk®¶ C¢vØ ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø B«©ı⁄
¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ Hÿ£kzvØx.

©ı]˜hı¤Øı¯¡ Bsh §º®§fl ©Pfl AˆªU\ı¢u∫.

¶PÈ£ÿ” uzx¡bı¤ A∂Ïhıi¿ A¡∏¯hØ B]∂Ø∫.
ufl ]÷¡Øx ¨u¿ AˆªU\ı¢u∫ G∫Sª¯\® (Hercules)
˜£ı¿ ]”¢u ¡º¯©≤“Õ √µ⁄ıP ¬Õ[P ˜¡skˆ©⁄
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫. Q.¨.335¿ ufl u¢¯u∞fl ©¯”ƒUS® §fl
A∂دn H‘Ø AˆªU\ı¢u∏US A® ˜£ıx ¡Øx 20. A¡∫
EªPÆ ¨ ¡¯u≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ Gfl” ˜£µ¡ı
ˆPısh¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.

AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ : Q.¨.334 & Q.¨.330 ¡¯µ

AˆªU\ı¢u∫ B]Øı ¯©⁄∫, ]∂Øı, GQ®x BQØ {ık PŒfl
Aµ\∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizuı∫. Q.¨.328US“ £ıµ^Pzv æ“Õ
G¿ªı §µ˜u\[P¯Õ≤Æ, uÿ˜£ı¯uØ B®Pı¤z uı⁄z¯u≤Æ
ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆPısk "£ıµ ^Pzvfl ©Pı
©fl⁄∫' Gfl” £mhz ¯u®
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¢u ˆ¡ÿ‘
P–hfl A¡∫ v∏®v A¯hØ
¬¿¯ª. "£ıæÆ ˜u›Æ ˆ£∏Q
KkÆ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¡⁄ıP,
˜¡skÆ Gfl£˜u A¡∏¯hØ
˜£µ¡ı¡ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢x
SË ©¯ª®£SvPŒ¿ ufl
|¯ª¯©∞¯⁄ ¡º¯©ØıUQU
ˆPısh§”S ™P® ˆ£∂Ø £¯h
≤hfl ]¢x {v¯ØU Ph¢uı∫.
©Pı AˆªU\ı¢u∫ um\^ªzvfl ©fl⁄µı⁄ AƧ
47
AˆªU\ı¢u∂hÆ Ai £o¢uı∫. ˜£ı∫ ¶∂Øı©˜ª˜Ø
AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl u¯ª¯©¯Ø A¡∫ Hÿ÷U ˆPıshı∫.

˜£ıµ¯\ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPı“–u¿ : ˜£ıµ_ „ªÆ £Sv¯Ø

Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫. A¡∫ AˆªU\ı¢u∂hÆ Ai£oØ ©÷z
uı∫. A¡¯µ Gv∫zuı∫. C∏¡∂fl £¯hP–Æ „ªÆ Bÿ÷U
P¯µPŒ¿ Ihıψ£Ï (Hydaspes) Gfl›™hzv¿
Q.¨.326&BÆ Bsk Jfl¯”ˆØıfl÷ Gv∫ˆPısh⁄. „ªÆ
{v¯Ø ˜£ıµ]fl Gv∫®§ÿQ¯h∞¿ Ph®£x ™PU
Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl£¯u AˆªU\ı¢u∫ En∫¢uı∫.
£ª{ımP“ Pızv∏¢u§fl AˆªU\ı¢u∫ J∏ vmhzv¯⁄
¡Szuı∫. Aufl£i A¡∫ £¯h∞fl ¨fl¡∂¯\ √µ∫P“
™S¢u Bµ¡ıµzxhfl {v¯ØU PhUP ¨Øÿ]®£x ˜£ıfl”
J∏ ˜uıÿ”z¯u Hÿ£kzv⁄∫. ˜£ıµ_Æ A¡∏¯hØ √µ∫
P–Æ Q˜µUP®£¯hP“ „ªÆ Bÿ¯”U Ph¢x¡µ®
˜£ıQ”ı∫P“ Gfl÷ {Ƨ⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ §fl ¡∂¯\∞º∏¢u
Q˜µUP √µ∫P“ Ihıψ£]º∏¢x 16 ¯©¿ ˆuı¯ª¬¿
C∏¢u ˜¡ˆ”ı∏ Chzv¿ „ªÆ {v¯Ø Cµ¬¿ Ph¢x
˜£ıµ]fl £¯hP¯Õz vjˆµfl÷ uıUQ⁄ı∫. ˜£ıµ_ ™Pa
]”¢u √µ⁄ıP C∏¢u ˜£ıvæÆ Gv∫£ıµıu CzuıUSuº
⁄ı¿ A®˜£ı∂¿ ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢x ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫.
¯PvØıP AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ¨fl |fl” ˜£ıµ]hÆ A¡¯µ
G∆¡ı÷ {hzu ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ¬⁄¬⁄ı∫.
\ÿ÷Æ uØUP™fl‘ ufl¯⁄ ""J∏ Aµ\⁄ıP ©vzx'' {hzu
˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ˜£ıµ_ £vªŒzuı∫. ˜£ıµ]fl ˜uıÿ”®
ˆ£ıºƒÆ A¡∏¯hØ A¢u £væÆ AˆªU\ı¢u¯µ ™PƒÆ
P¡∫¢u⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡¯µ® ˆ£∏¢ufl¯©≤hfl {hzvØ
AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ˜£ıµ]fl {ıhı⁄ „ªÆ £SvP¯Õ A¡∏U˜P
v∏®§U ˆPıkzuı∫.
§fl⁄∫ AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ^⁄ı® {v¯ØU Ph¢x A[Q∏¢x
©UP¯Õ AhUQ⁄ı∫. A¡∫ µı¬ {v¯Ø≤Æ Ph¢x Pızu∫
P¯Õ≤Æ, \[PÕ∫P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫. §fl⁄∫ A¡µx
£¯hP“ §ØıÏ Bÿ”[P¯µ¯Ø A¯h¢u˜£ıx ˆ{k{ımP“
48
uıØPz¯u ¬mk® §∂¢u xØ∏Æ, Eh¿ ˜\ı∫ƒÆ A¡∫P¯Õ
¡ımi⁄. G⁄˜¡ ˜©ÿˆPısk £¯hˆØk®¯£z ˆuıhµ
A¡∫P“ ©÷zu⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿ AˆªU\ı¢u∫ uıØPÆ v∏Æ£
˜¡siØuı∞ÿ÷. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ uıfl ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø £Sv
P¯Õ ≠fl”ıP® §∂zuı∫. A®£SvP¯Õz ufl uÕ£vP“
¡\Æ J®£¯hzuı∫. Aufl£i C¢vØı¬fl ¡h˜©ÿS®
£Sv ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫ Gfl£¡∂hÆ ˆPıkUP®£mhx. §fl
{ı“PŒ¿ \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂صı¿ ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫
˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. Q.¨. 323¿ ufl uıØPÆ v∏ƶÆ
¡»∞¿ £ıUuız {P∏US A∏Qæ“Õ £ı§˜ªıfl Gfl›
™hzv¿ AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ©µn©¯h¢uı∫. A®˜£ıx
A¡∏¯hØ ¡Øx 33 uıfl.
AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£kzvØ
uıUP[P“ : 1. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ ¡h
C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿ §¯n®¯£ Hÿ£kzvØx. Jÿ÷¯©
∞fl‘ ]u‘UQh¢u ]÷{ıkP“ Jfl”ıP C¯nØ ¬∏Ƨ⁄.
AÆ©ıÿ”Æ \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ¡æ¡ı⁄ J∏
˜£µµ_ A¯©UP \ıuP©ıP A¯©¢ux.
2. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ vmh™mk ˜©ÿˆPısh Ph¿¡»
P–Æ, £¯hˆØk®¶® £ı¯uP–Æ C¢vØı ˜©ÿS B]Ø
{ıkP–hfl ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ ¶vØ ¡»P¯Õ A¯©zxU
ˆPıkzu⁄. ¶vØ ¬Øı£ıµ ¡»P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. Ph¿
¡ıo£¨Æ AvP∂zux.
AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl Aµ_ C¢vØı¬¿ AvP PıªÆ |¯ªzx
|ÿPı¬mhıæÆ, £ıUi∂Øı, £ı∫vØı BQØ {ıkPŒ¿
Hÿ£mh Q˜µUP Si˜Øÿ”[P“ C¢vØı¬¿ £ª
uıUP[P¯Õ Hÿ£kzv⁄. P¤ËP∫ ¶zu∫, ˜£ıv\zx¡∫
E∏¡[P¯Õa ˆ\¥¡uÿPıP Q˜µUP £ıUj∂Ø ]ÿ§P¯Õ
Pı¢uıµzvÿS ¡µ¡¯«zuı∫. Au⁄ı¿ Q˜µUP £ıUj∂Ø
]ÿ§P“ Pı¢uıµzvÿS ¡¢u⁄∫. Q˜µUP C¢vØ ]ÿ£U
P¯ªP“ C¯n¢x Pı¢ uıµUP¯ª Gfl” J∏ ¶vØ ]ÿ£U
Pı¢uıµUP¯ª
49
P¯ª ˜uıfl‘Øx. Av¿ Q˜µUP∫PŒfl £[S S‘®§hz
uUPx.
4. Q˜µUP∫PŒfl ¡µ¡ı¿ C¢vØ ¡ı⁄¬Øº¿
¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx. C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿSU P¯µ˜Øıµ©ıP
£ØnÆ ˆ\¥u AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl {s£∫ |Ø∫\_Æ A¡∏hfl
ˆ\fl”¡∫P–Æ uı[P“ ˆ\fl” Ch[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
S‘®§mk“Õı∫P“. C¢vØı¬fl ¶¬∞Ø¿, ¡µªı÷,
Pªıa\ıµÆ £ÿ‘ S‘®§mk“Õ A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿
|ª¬Ø um£ˆ¡®£ |¯ª, uı¡µ[P“, \©Ø[P“, £«UP
¡«UP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂zx“Õ⁄∫. CUS‘®¶P“,
AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl C¢vØ® £¯hˆØk®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ A®˜£ı¯uØ
C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª£ÿ‘ A‘Ø ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P–US
ˆ£∂xÆ Eu¬ØıP E“Õ⁄.
©Puzv¿ {¢u∫PŒfl Bm] ¨i¡¯hu¿ : P¯h] {¢u
Aµ\µı⁄ u⁄{¢u∫ ©UPÕı¿ ˆ¡÷UP®£mhı∫. {¢u
©fl⁄∫P“ ˆ£ıx¡ıP Phƒ“ {ƧU¯PØÿ”¡∫P“. ™Pa
]”¢u A¢un A‘bµı⁄ \ınUQØ∫ u⁄{¢u∂hÆ ©¢v∂
ØıP® £oØıÿ‘⁄ı∫. J∏{ı“ A¡∫ J∏ Enƒa \ı¯ª∞¿
Enƒ EmˆPı“–Ƙ£ıx u⁄{¢uµı¿ A¡©vUP®£mhı∫.
u⁄US C¯«UP®£mh A¢u A¡©ı⁄zv⁄ı¿ ©⁄Æ ¶s
£mh \ınUQØ∫ {¢u ©µ¯£ Ai˜Øık A»®£ˆu⁄ \£u
ˆ©ıfl¯” ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. AuÿPı⁄ w¬µ ¨Øÿ]PŒ¿
\ınUQØ∫ Dk£mi∏¢u ˜¡¯Õ∞¿ ]÷¡⁄ı⁄ \¢vµS®
u¯µa \¢vzuı∫. A¡∫ \¢vµS®u¯µ J∏ ˜¡h¤h™∏¢x
¡ı[QØuıP {Æ£®£kQ”x. CÕÆ \¢vµS®u¯µ um\
^ªzvÿS A¯«zxa ˆ\fl÷ A[S A¡∏US Aµ\›USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄ A¯⁄zx £∞ÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ AŒzuı∫.
\ınUQØ∂fl Eu¬≤hfl u⁄{¢u¯µ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆPısh
\¢vµS®u∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.
\ınUQØ∫ G¢u `Ã|¯ª∞¿ \¢vµS®u¯µ
\¢vzuı∫ Gfl£¯u A‘¢x ˆPı“P.

50
 Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Q.¨. B”ıÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ¡h C¢vØı¬¿
|ª¬Ø Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯©¯Ø ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl Sn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ Q˜µUP® £¯hˆØk®§⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿

Hÿ£mh uıUP[P¯Õ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

4. ©ın¡∫ {¢u∫P“ Bm] G∆¡ı÷ ¨iƒÿ”x Gfl£¯u

¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. §Æ§\ıµ∫ §fl£ÿ‘Ø \©ØÆ
A) ¶zu \©ØÆ B) \©n \©ØÆ
C) C¢x \©ØÆ D) C¡ÿ‘¿ Gxƒ™¿¯ª
2. ¨u¿ ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ımi¯⁄U TmiØ¡∫
A) A·ıu \z∏ B) §Æ§\ıµ∫
C) A˜\ıP∫ D) u⁄{¢u∫
3. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl u¢¯u
A) ©ı]˜hı¤Ø ©fl⁄∫ §º® B) A∂Ïhıi¿
C) ˜£ıµÏ D) G∫SªÏ
4. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ u¯ª¡⁄ıP ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ™PƒÆ ¬∏ƧØ
{ık
A) C¢vØı B) £ıµ^PÆ
C) B®Pı¤zuı⁄Æ D) ©ı]˜hı¤Øı
5. AˆªU\ı¢u∂hÆ \µn¯h¢u ¨u¿ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫
A) ˜£ıµ_ B) AƧ
C) \¢vµS®u∫ D) \[PÕ©fl⁄∫
51
 6. ¯PvØı⁄ ˜£ıµ]hÆ A¡¯µ G∆¡ı÷ {hzu ˜¡skÆ
Gfl÷ ˜PmP®£mh˜£ıx ufl¯⁄ RÃUPsh¡ı÷ ©vzx
{hzu ˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ˜£ıµ_ T‘⁄ı∫.
A) uÕ£vØıP B) Aµ\⁄ıP
C) {s£⁄ıP D) £¯P¡⁄ıP
7. ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph¯µz ˜uıÿPizu¡∫
A) AˆªU\ı¢u∫ B) ˜£ıµ_
C) \¢vµS®u∫ D) AƧ

8. \¢vµS®u∫ P¿¬ Pÿ” ChÆ

A) um\ ^ªÆ B) ©PuÆ
C) Pı] D) A¡¢v

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. ©Pu{ım¯h ¡º¯©≤“ÕuıP ©ıÿ‘Ø Aµ\∫P“

_______________ ©ÿ÷Æ _______________ B¡∫.

2. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏

_______________ A¯©¢ux.

3. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ C¢vØı¯¡ _______________ ˆ£∏Q KkÆ

{ıhıPU P∏v⁄ı∫.

4. Q.¨.323¿ £ıUuız A∏Qæ“Õ _______________ ¿

AˆªU\ı¢u∫ C”¢uı∫.

5. AˆªU\ısh∫ uıfl ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø C¢vØ® £SvP¯Õ

_______________ Æ AŒzuı∫.

6. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl vmh™mh Phÿ£Øn[P“

_______________ {ıkP–hfl ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ ¶vØ
¡»P¯Õ A¯©zxU ˆPıkzu⁄.

52
 7. C¢vØ _______________ P¯ª∞¿ Q˜µUP∫PŒfl £[S
S‘®§hzuUPx.

8. {¢u ©µ§fl P¯h] ©fl⁄∫ _______________ B¡ı∫.

9. \ınUQØ∂fl Eu¬≤hfl _______________ ˆ©Õ∂Ø

˜£µµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. A∂Ïhıi¿ ñ Q˜µUP uÕ£v
2. AƧ ñ AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl B]∂Ø∫
3. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ñ AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl {s£fl
4. ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫ ñ ˆ©Õ∂Ø ©µ¶
5. |Ø∫\_ ñ um\ ^ªÆ
6. \¢vµS®u∫ ñ ©ı]˜hı¤Øı

IV. _∏UP©ı⁄ ¬¯hu∏P

1. Q.¨. 6&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ¡h C¢vØı¯¡ Bsh Aµ_P“
G∆¬uÆ A¯«UP®£mh⁄? A¯¡PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P“
]ª¡ÿ¯”U T÷P.

2. AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl BµÆ£Pıª ˆ¡ÿ‘P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

3. AˆªU\ı¢u¯µ Gv∫zu C¢vØ Aµ\∫ ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.

4. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ ufl £¯hˆØk®¯£ £ıv∞¿ |÷zv uı¥{ık

v∏Æ£U PıµnÆ Øıx? A¡∫ uı¥{ım¯h A¯h¢uıµı?

5. |Ø∫\_ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?

6. ""Pı¢uıµU P¯ª®£“Œ'' £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ ¡¯µP.

7. \ınUQØ∫ Hfl {¢u ©µ¯£ A»UP ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı∫?

53
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. Q.¨.6&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ¡h C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª¯©¯Ø®
£ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.
2. AˆªU\ı¢u∫ C¢vØı¬fl ´x Hfl £¯hˆØkzuı∫?
˜£ıµ_hfl A¡∫ ˆ\¥u ˜£ı¯µ ¬ÕUSP.
3. C¢vØı ´uı⁄ Q˜µUPz uıUP[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

54
 AªS & II
£ıhÆ 5
ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ_

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Pıª ¡µªıÿ÷a \ıfl÷P¯Õ A‘u¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ¯\z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ £ÿ‘

Pÿ”¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ A˜\ıP∂fl \©ØU ˆPı“¯P, A˜\ıP∫ ©UPŒfl

{ª›US Bÿ‘Ø £oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl Bm]¨¯”¯Ø® ¶∂¢x

ˆPı“–u¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ_ √Ãa] A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄

Pıµn[P¯Õ A‘u¿.

u⁄{¢ufl Gfl” P¯h] {¢u Aµ\∫ ˆPık[˜PıªµıPƒÆ

©UPÕı¿ ˆ¡÷UP®£mh ©fl⁄µıPƒÆ C∏¢uı∫.
AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl £¯hˆØk®¶ ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ S«®£z¯u
¬¯Õ¬zux. Afl¤Ø∫ Bm]US GvµıP A¯©vØÿ”
Aµ]Ø¿ `Ã|¯ª≤Æ |ª¬Øx. A®˜£ıx u⁄{¢u∂hÆ
£¯hzuÕ£vØıP C∏¢u \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Aa`Ã|¯ª
P¯Õz u⁄USa \ıuP©ıUQU ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ u⁄x Aµ\¯⁄
£u¬∞º∏¢x yUQ G‘¢uı∫. ™Pa ]”¢u A¢un A‘bµı⁄
\ınUQØ∫ AuÿS Eu¬ ¶∂¢uı∫. \¢vµ S®u∫ u⁄x
Aµ]¯⁄ Q.¨.322 BÆ Bsk Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫.

55
 \ıfl÷P“ : ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Pıª ¡µªıÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø
EuƒÆ \ıfl÷P“ :
1. \ınUQØ∫ G vØ A∫zu\ızvµÆ.
2. Q˜µUP yu∫ ˆ©PÏu¤_ G vØ CsiPı,
3. ¬\ıP uzu∂fl ¨zµıCµım\\Æ,
4. ¶zu \©Ø CªUQØ[PÕı⁄ ·ıuPU P¯uP“, w£¡Æ\Æ
©Pı¡Æ\Æ (Cª[¯P Aµ\ ©µ¶PŒfl ˆuıh∫ ¡µªı÷)
5. A˜\ıP∂fl £ı¯”, ys P¿ˆ¡mkUP“,
6. \¢vµS®u∫, A˜\ıP∫ PıªzvØ {ınØ[P“, ˆuı¿
ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫P“ APâˆukzu ]ª P¯ª®
ˆ£ı∏mP“.
\¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ (Q.¨. 322 & Q.¨. 298) : \¢vµ
S®u∂fl ¶Pà ¡Õ∫¢ux \∂zvµzv¿ J∏ Pı¬Ø©ıPU
P∏u®£kQ”x. \¢vµS®u∂fl ¨fl˜⁄ı∫P“ £ÿ‘ £¿˜¡÷
P∏zxUP“ |ªƒQfl”⁄.
¬\ıPuzu∫ : \¢vµS®u¯µ ˆ©Õ∂Ø ¶zµı (ˆ©Õ∂Øı
¬fl ©Pfl) Gfl÷ ¬\ıPu
¬\ıPuzu∫ S‘®§kQ”ı∫. \¢vµS®u∂fl
uı∞fl ˆ£Øµı⁄ ¨µı¬fl v∂¶uıfl ˆ©Õ∂Øı Gfl£x A¡∫
P∏zx. \¢vµS®u∫ £ıhº¶zvµzvÿS A∏Q¿ ¡ıâu
˜©ı∂Ø∫ Gfl” ©µ¯£a ˜\∫¢u¡∫ Gfl£x ]ªµx P∏zx. ˜¡÷
]ª∫ \¢vµS®u∂fl u¢¯u ©∞¿ (¨µı) ¡Õ∫USÆ ˆuı»º¿
Dk£mh¡∫ Gfl÷Æ T÷Qfl”⁄∫.
Aµ\µıP® £u¬˜Øÿ”§fl \¢vµS®u∫ C∏ ¨UQØ®
§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ Gv∫˜{ıUP ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A¯¡ 1)
¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØ® £SvPŒ¿ Bsh Afl¤Ø∫P¯Õ
¬µmiØizu¿, 2) {¢u ©fl⁄∫ Bm]Øı¿ {ımi¿ Hÿ£mh
^∫˜PkP¯Õ }US¡x. \¢vµS®u∫ u⁄{¢u¯µU ˆPıfl÷
£ıhº¶zvµz¯uU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¯u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫PŒfl
u¯ª {Pµ©ıUQ⁄ı∫. Caˆ\غ¿ \ınUQØ∫ A¡∏US
Eu¬⁄ı∫.
56
 \ınUQØ∫ : \ınUQØ∫ \¢vµS®u¯µ Aµ\µıP
E∏¡ıUQØ¡∫. A¡¯µ ˆPÕi¿Ø∫ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UQfl”⁄∫.
\ınUQؘµ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Bm] C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£h Ai®
£¯hU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢uı∫. ˆPÕi¿Ø∫ A∫zu\ızvµÆ
Gfl” °º¯⁄ G v⁄ı∫. C¢°¿ Aµ_UP¯ª¯Ø ¬ÕUS
Q”x. Czuıº {ımifl Aµ]Ø¿ ]¢u¯⁄ØıÕ∫ ©ıUQØ
¡¿ºUS C¯nØıP \ınUQØ∫ P∏u®£kQ”ı∫.
\¢vµS®u∫, §¢x\ıµ∫ BQ˜Øıµx Bm]∞¿ \ınUQØ∫
§µu© ©¢v∂ØıP® £oØıÿ‘⁄ı∫.
\¢vµS®u∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ : Q˜µUP∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl
¡h˜©ÿS G¿¯ª® £SvPŒ¿ ¨fl˜⁄” ¨iØıu£i \¢vµ
S®u∫ ukzuı∫. A¡∫ Q.¨.305&BÆ Bsk AˆªU\ı¢u∂fl
£¯hzuÕ£v ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph¯µ
|˜Ph¯µz ˜uıÿPizuı∫. ˆ\¿≥PÏ
Pı¢uPı∫, Ôµm, Pıß¿, £æ]Ïuı⁄Æ BQØ £SvP¯Õ
\¢vµS®u∂hÆ J®£¯hzuı∫. ˜©æÆ ˆ\¿≥PÏ ufl ©P“
ˆÌª¯⁄ \¢vµS®u∏US ©nÆ ¨izxU ˆPıkzuı∫.
\¢vµS®u∫ ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∏US 500 Øı¯⁄P¯Õ® £∂\ıP
AŒzuı∫. ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫ ˆ©PÏu¤_ Gfl£¡¯µ ufl
yuµıP \¢vµS®u∂fl Aµ\ \¯£US A›®§ ¯¡zuı∫.
ˆ©PÏu¤_ G vØ CsiPı G›Æ °¿ £ıhº¶zvµ {P∂¿
{¯hˆ£ÿ” ˆ©Õ∂Ø Bm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSÆ J∏ ¨UQØ
Buıµ©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x. \¢vµS®u∫ £ª ¡h C¢vØ
Aµ_P¯Õ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫. ˜©ÿQ¿ ˆ\ÕµıËiµÆ
¡¯µ∞æÆ ˆuÿQ¿ uUPınÆ ¡¯µ∞æÆ \¢vµS®u∫ ufl
{ımk G¿¯ªP¯Õ ¬∂ƒ£kzv⁄ı∫.
\¢vµS®u∂fl ˜£µµ_ ¡h˜©ÿQ¿ C¢xSË ©¯ª®
£Sv∞º∏¢x Q«U˜P ¡[PıÕÆ ¡¯µ∞æÆ £µ¬∞∏¢ux.
¡hU˜P C©Ø©¯ª∞º∏¢x ˆuÿ˜P ¬¢vØ ©¯ª¡¯µ
∞æÆ ¬∂ƒ£mi∏¢ux. \¢˜uPzxUS Ch™fl‘ £s¯hØ
C¢vØı¬fl ™Pa]”¢u Aµ\∫PŒ¿ \¢vµS®u∏Æ
J∏¡µı¡ı∫.
\¢vµS®u∫ \©n\©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ufl ¡ıÃ
{ıŒfl C÷v∞¿ A¡∫ Aµ\ £u¬¯Øz x”¢x £zµ£ıS Gfl”
57
\©nz x”¬≤hfl ¯©`∏US A∏Qæ“Õ \µ¡n
ˆ£ªˆPıªı Gfl” ChzvÿS ¡¢x u[Q⁄ı∫. uıfl C”USÆ
¡¯µ \¢vµQ∂ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh ©¯ª®£Sv∞¿
¡]zuı∫. A[S \¢vµS®u∂fl |¯⁄¡ıP Pmh®£mh
\¢vµı£ıÏi G⁄®£kÆ £«¯©Øı⁄ ˜Pı∞¿ Jfl÷ E“Õx.
\¢vµS®u∫ Q.¨.298&¿ Pıª©ı⁄ı∫.
§¢x\ıµ∫ (Q.¨.298 & Q.¨. 273) : \¢vµS®u∏US® §fl
A¡∫ ©Pfl §¢x\ıµ∫ Aµ\µı⁄ı∫. A¡∫ Gv∂P¯Õ A»®£¡∫
G›Æ ˆ£ı∏“£kÆ A™zµPuı Gfl” ]”®¶® £mhz¯u®
ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢uı∫. §¢x\ıµ∫ ufl ≠zu©Pfl _©⁄ı¯¡
um\^ªzvÿSÆ C¯ÕØ ©Pfl A˜\ıP¯µ E‰·∞¤USÆ
Aµ\® §µv|vPÕıP |Ø™zv∏¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ Bm]U
Pıªzv¿ um\^ªzv¿ C∏¨¯” Hÿ£mh PªP[P¯Õ ≠zu
©P⁄ı⁄ _©⁄ı¡ı¿ Pmk®£kzu ¨iØ ¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡
A˜\ıP∫ A[S ˆ\fl÷ PªPUPıµ∫P¯Õ ¨‘Øizuı∫.
§¢x\ıµ∫ ufl {ım¯h ¬∂ƒ£kzuı¬mhıæÆ,
u¢¯u∞h™∏¢x uıfl ˆ£ÿ” £SvP¯Õ ¡º¯©≤¯hØuıP
©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. AØ¿{ımk ©fl⁄∫P–hfl {m¶”ƒ ˆPıshı∫.
Q˜µUP, GQ®vØ {ımk ©fl⁄∫P“ u[P“ yu∫P¯Õ
§¢x\ıµ∂fl A¯¡US A›®§⁄∫.
A˜\ıP∫ (Q.¨.273 & Q.¨. 232) : ˆ©Õ∂Ø Aµ\∫PŒ¿
™Pa ]”¢u¡µıPU P∏u®£k£¡∫ A˜\ıP∫. A¡∫ ¨u¿ ˜u^Ø
Aµ\µıPƒÆ vPâuı∫. A˜\ıP∫ EªPÕı¬Ø ˆ£Ø¯µ≤Æ
©v®¯£≤Æ ˆ£ÿ”¡∫. ufl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø J∏ ˆ¡ÿ‘ √µµıP
A˜\ıP∫ ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫.
Pº[P®˜£ı∫ (Q.¨.261) : A˜\ıP∂fl ˜£µµ_ ¡hU˜P
PıË´µÆ ¨u¿ ˆuÿ˜P ˜Pıuı¡∂, Q∏Ënı \©ˆ¡Œ®
£SvP“ ¡¯µ £µ¬∞∏¢ux. Pº[P® £Sv (uÿPıª J∂\ı)
A¡∏¯hØ BvUPzvfl Rà C¿¯ª. {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
¡Õ∫a]¯Ø≤Æ £ıxPı®¯£≤Æ P∏v A˜\ıP∫ Pº[P
{ımifl ´x Q.¨.261¿ £¯hˆØkzuı∫. Pº[Pzx Aµ\∫
\\ı[Pfl A˜\ıP¯µ Gv∫zx ˜£ı∂mh ˜£ıvæÆ, C÷v∞¿
˜uı¿¬≤ÿ”ı∫. A®˜£ı∂¿ B∞µUPnUPı⁄ ©UP“
58
C”¢u⁄∫. £¿ªı∞µUPnUPı⁄¡∫P“ £kPıبÿ”⁄∫. A®
˜£ı∂fl ˜PıµUPım]P¯Õ≤Æ Cµzu ˆ¡“Õzv¯⁄≤Æ
Psh A˜\ıP∫ Av∫a]US“Õı⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ C¤ Gv∫
Pıªzv¿ ˜£ı∂¿ Dk£k¡v¿¯ª G⁄ A¡∫ \£uÆ ˜©ÿ
ˆPıshı∫.
A˜\ıP∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P∞¿ C®˜£ı∫ J∏ v∏®¶
¨¯⁄ØıP A¯©¢ux. A˜\ıP∫ ˜£ı∫ ¡»¯ØU ¯P¬mk
AQƯ\ ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØıÕ BµÆ§zuı∫.
A˜\ıP∂fl \©ØU ˆPı“¯P≤Æ uÆ©ıƒÆ : A˜\ıP∫
ˆuıhUPzv¿ ]¡¯⁄ ¡»£mh¡∫. Pº[P® ˜£ı∏US® §fl
A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu \©Øz¯uz u ¬⁄ı∫. E£S®u∫ Gfl” ¶zu
x”¬∞fl ˆ\¿¡ıUQÿSm£mh A˜\ıP∫ J∏ ˆ£Õzu∫
B⁄ı∫. A˜\ıP∂fl ©¯⁄¬Øı⁄ ˜u¬∞fl yskuæÆ
A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu \©Øzv¯⁄z u ¬h J∏ Pıµn©ıP
A¯©¢ux. A˜\ıP∫ ufl vU¬·Ø[P¯Õ ¯P¬mhı∫. AuÿS
£vªıP u∫©¬·Øz¯u ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. ©UPŒfl ©⁄v¿
ChƧiUP A˜\ıP∫ \©Øz¯u® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫.
A˜\ıP∫ J∏ ˆ£ÕzuµıP C∏¢u˜£ıvæÆ, A¡∫
E£˜u]zu uÆ©ı £µ¢u ˜{ıUP¨¯hØuıP ¬Õ[QØx. Ax
C¢x, ¶zu \©Ø[PŒfl ]”¢u P∏zxUP¯ÕU ufl⁄Pz˜u
ˆPısi∏¢ux. uÆ©ı Gfl›Æ §µıUQ∏u ˆ©ı»aˆ\ı¿
u∫©z¯u
u∫©z¯u˜Ø S‘UQfl”x. Ax \©ØÆ A¿ªx J UPU
Ph¯©∞¯⁄U S‘UQfl”x. A˜\ıP uÆ©ı¬fl ]”®¶U
T÷P“ ˆ£ı÷¯©, AQƯ\, £∂ƒ BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. Ax
G·©ı⁄∫P“ u[P“ £oØımP¯Õ≤Æ Ai¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
Afl¶hfl {hzu ˜¡skÆ G⁄ƒÆ, C¯Õb∫P“ ¡Øv¿
¨v∫¢u¡∫P–US Rî£i¢x {hzu¿ ˜¡skÆ G⁄ƒÆ
¡º≤÷zvØx.
A˜\ıP∫ G∆¡ı÷ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ®
£kQ”ı∫? ""Gsnÿ” ˜£µµ\∫PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫PŒ¿, A˜\ıP∫
J∏¡∂fl ˆ£Ø∫ ©mk˜© u¤zx JŒ∏Æ J∏ ¬s´fl
˜£ı¿ §µPı]UQfl”x'' GflQ”ı∫ Ga.‚.ˆ¡¿Ï.

59
 A˜\ıP∫ ufl uÆ©ı¯¡ ©UP“ ´x voUP¬¿¯ª.
A¡∏¯hØ uÆ©ı¬fl P∏zxUPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
Øı⁄¯¡ ¶zu \©Øzvº∏¢x ˆ£”®£mh¯¡. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫
¶zu \©Øzv¿ u⁄UQ∏¢u u¤®£mh {ƧU¯P¯Ø≤Æ,
˜£µµ\µıP uıÆ Bÿ” ˜¡siØ Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ ˆuŒ¡ıP®
£ıS£kzv⁄ı∫. Auÿ˜Pÿ”¡ı÷ A¡∫ {h¢x ˆPıshı∫.
™∏P[P“ £º∞k¡¯uz ukzuı∫. ˜¡m¯hØık¡x,
¶ªı¿ Esq¡x BQØ¡ÿ¯”z uı›Æ ¯P¬mhı∫.
\ı¯ªPŒfl C∏£UP[PŒæÆ |«¿ u∏Æ ©µ[P¯Õ ¯¡zx,
£ØoP“ u[Q K¥ƒ GkUP ¬kvP¯Õ≤Æ Pmi⁄ı∫. C¡∫
©¤u∫P–US ©mk©¿ªıx ™∏P[P–USÆ ©∏zx¡
\ı¯ªP“ A¯©zu ©ı©fl⁄∫. A˜\ıP∫ £ıhº¶zvµzv¿
≠fl”ı¡x ¶zu\©Ø ©ı{ımi¯⁄U Tmi⁄ı∫.
A˜\ıP∫ uıfl ˜£ıvzu¡ÿ¯” uı›Æ §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
A¯⁄zx E∞∂⁄[PŒhzxÆ Afl¶Pımi ufl
˜©fl¯©¯Ø |π§zuı∫. G⁄˜¡uıfl A¡∫ ©Pı A˜\ıP∫
(Asoka the great) G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.

A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısk : ¶zu \©ØÆ

£µ¡ A˜\ıP∫ A∏Æ£ık£mhı∫. A¡∫ Aa\©Øzv¯⁄ EªP
©uÆ BUQ⁄ı∫. ¶zu x”¬Øı⁄ vÈı G⁄®£kÆ
E£S®u∏hfl A˜\ıP∫ C∏ ¡∏h[P“ £ª Ch[P–USa
ˆ\fl÷ ¡¢uı∫. ¶zu \©Øz¯uz w¬µ©ıP® §fl£ÿ‘Ø
A˜\ıP∫ Aa\©Øzvfl Ai®£¯hU ˆPı“¯PP“ ¡»˜Ø
©UP¯Õ ¡» {hzvh w∫©ı¤zuı∫.
A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“ ˜µıÆ
{ımk ˜£µµ\∫ PıflÏhfl¯hfl Q‘Ïx¡ \©ØzvÿS
Bÿ‘Ø £oP–USa \©©ıPU P∏u®£kQfl”⁄.
1. A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ ˜£µµ]fl £ª
Ch[PŒ¿ Pÿ£ı¯”PŒæÆ, Pÿ◊sPŒæÆ ˆ\xUQ
¯¡zuı∫. C¢u P¿ˆ¡mkUP“ \¢¯u∞h[PŒæÆ, ©UP“
AvP©ıPU TkÆ ©ÿ” ˆ£ıx Ch[PŒæÆ ¯¡UP®£mh⁄.
CUP¿ˆ¡mkUP“ A˜\ıP∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ A¡µx
60
˜£µµ]fl ≠¯ª¨kUSPŒˆª¿ªıÆ £µ®§⁄. ufl
˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® £µ®£ A˜\ıP∫ A®˜£ıx ©UP“ ˜£]¡¢u
£ıº ˆ©ı»¯Ø® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫. G⁄˜¡ ©UP“ ¶zu
\©ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ {flS ¶∂¢x ˆPısh⁄∫. A˜\ıP∂fl
¨UQØ P¿ˆ¡mkP“ Pı¿], ¯£µz, π®{ız, ˆhÕº,
˜\ı£ıµı, Q∫⁄ı∫ BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
A˜\ıP∂fl ¶PÈ£ÿ” Pÿ◊s P¿ˆ¡mkP“ ·∆Puı,
\ıµ{ız, µıÆß∫¡ı BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ E“Õ⁄.
2. A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu∂fl |¯⁄¡ıP Ïy£[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬Pıµ[
P¯Õ≤Æ Pmi⁄ı∫. C¢u ¬Pıµ[P“ §fl⁄ıŒ¿ ¶zuz
x”¬P“ u[SÆ ©hıªØ[PÕı∞⁄.
3. A˜\ıP∫, ¶zu x”¬P“ u[Q \©Ø °¿P¯Õ®
£iUPƒÆ, A¯©vØı⁄ vØı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P∞¿ Dk£hƒÆ £ª
©hıªØ[P¯Õ A¯©zuı∫.
4. A˜\ıP∫ u©x {ımi¿ ¶zu∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P≤hfl
ˆuıh∫¶¯hØ G¿ªı Ch[P–USÆ ¶¤u®£ØnÆ ˜©ÿ
ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫ Aµ\∂fl _ÿ÷®£Øn ¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ
A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.
5. A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu \©ØU ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ≤Æ ¶zu∂fl
˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ≤Æ £µ®£ ˆ¡S yµzvº∏¢u ˆ©\£˜hı
™Øı, ]∂Øı, GQ®x, vˆ£z, ^⁄ı, £∫©ı ˜£ıfl” {ıkP–US
¶zuzx”¬P¯Õ A›®§¯¡zuı∫.
6. yØ, J UP ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ¡ı«˜¡si ©UP¯Õ
FUS¬zx A¡∫P¯Õ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞mh A桪∫PÕı⁄
u∫© ≤Uuµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ u∫© ©Pı©ızvµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ A˜\ıP∫
|Ø™zuı∫.
7. A˜\ıP∫ u⁄x ©Pfl ©˜P¢vµ¯⁄≤Æ, ©P“ \[P
™zv¯µ¯Ø≤Æ Cª[¯PUS A›®§ ¶zu \©ØU
ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ® £µ®§⁄ı∫.
8. A˜\ıP∂fl P¿ˆ¡mkPŒº∏¢x, A˜\ıP∫, ufl¯⁄
˜u¡⁄ıƧ∂Ø∫ (˜u¡∫P–US §∂Ø©ı⁄¡∫) Gfl÷Æ
61
§∂Øu∫\fl (C¤¯©Øı⁄ ˜uıÿ”¨¯hØ¡∫) Gfl÷Æ
A¯«zxU ˆPıshuıPz ˆu∂Q”x.
A˜\ıP∫ u⁄x P¿ˆ¡mkUPŒ¿ ""©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ
ufl S«¢¯uP“'' Gfl÷ G v≤“Õı∫. J∏ uP®£⁄ı∫ ufl
S«¢¯uP¯Õ® £ıxPı®£¯u® ˜£ıª Aµ\fl ufl Si
©UP¯Õ ˜£oUPızvh ˜¡skÆ G⁄ƒÆ T‘≤“Õı∫.

ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Bm]¨¯”
¯©Ø Aµ_: ¯©Ø Aµ_, Aµ\∂fl ˜{µi |∫¡ıPzvfl RÃ
C∏¢ux. Aµ\∫ G¿ªı AvPıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆPısh¡µıP
C∏¢uıæÆ, ©UP“ A¡¯µ GŒv¿ AqP ¨i¢ux. Aµ\∫
£¯hzu¯ª¡µıPƒÆ, ¨ufl¯© }v£vØıPƒÆ vPâuı∫.
≤¡µı·ı Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh £mhzx CÕ¡µ\∏Æ,
©¢v∂fl G⁄®£mh ©¢v∂P“ S«ı¨Æ Aµ\∏US Eu¬
ˆ\¥u⁄. ©Pı©ızvµ∫ G⁄®£mh AvPı∂P“ Aµ]fl Afl”ıh
Aæ¡¿P¯ÕU P¡¤zx ¡¢u⁄∫.
©ı|ª Aµ_ : ˜£µµ_ £ª ©ıPın[PÕıPƒÆ,
©ıPın[P“ ©ı¡mh[PÕıPƒÆ, ©ı¡mh[P“ Qµı©[P
ÕıPƒÆ §∂UP®£mi∏¢u⁄. CÕ¡µ\∫ A¿ªx Aµ\ SkÆ£z
¯ua ˜\∫¢u A[Pzv⁄∫ ©ıPın B–{µıP C∏¢x Bm]®
ˆ£ı÷®§¯⁄ P¡¤zuı∫. ©ı¡mh[P“ §µ˜u]P∫ A¿ªx
Ïuı¤P∫ Gfl” A桪∫PŒfl ˆ£ı÷®§¿ C∏¢u⁄.
Qµı©[P“ Qµı©oØ∫ Gfl” Qµı©z u¯ª¡∫PŒfl RÃ
ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄.
£ıhº¶zvµ {P∂fl Bm]¨¯” : Cufl |∫¡ıPÆ
{Pµım]∞fl ¡\Æ C∏¢ux. I¢x˜£∫ Ah[QØ B÷
S UP“ A¢|∫¡ıPzv¯⁄ ˜©ÿ£ı∫¯¡∞mh⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏
S ƒÆ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“, ©UP“ PnUˆPk®¶, ¡ıo£Æ,
Eÿ£zv≤Æ Aufl ¬ÿ£¯⁄≤Æ, ¡∂¡`¿ ˆ\¥u¿,
£ıhº¶µzvµ {P∂¿ ¡]USÆ ˆ¡Œ{ımi⁄∫ {ªÆ Pızu¿
BQØ¡ÿ¯” P¡¤zx ¡¢u⁄.
62
63
 £¯h : ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫PŒfl £¯h ™P® ˆ£∂Øx. A®
£¯h∞¿ Pıªım£¯h, Sv¯µ®£¯h, Øı¯⁄®£¯h, ˜u∫®
£¯h, Phÿ£¯h u¬µ ˜£ı∫ √µ∫P–USÆ, Sv¯µ, Øı¯⁄
˜£ıfl” ™∏P[P–USÆ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Enƒ® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ
¡«[S¡uÿPıP u¤®£¯h G⁄ B÷§∂ƒP“ C∏¢u⁄.
§Œ¤ Gfl” ˜µı©ı¤Ø G zuıÕ∂fl S‘®¶
ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ PŒfl £¯h∞¿ 6,00,000 Pıªım£¯h √µ∫P–Æ,
3,00,000 Sv¯µP–Æ, 9,000 Øı¯⁄P–Æ C∏¢uuıPz
ˆu∂¬UQfl”x.
Jÿ”∫ ¨¯” : {ımifl G¿ªı £ıP[PŒæÆ Aµ\∏¯hØ
Jÿ”∫P“ C∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ {ımifl ©¢v∂P“, EØ∫
AvPı∂P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ©UP¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø CµP]Øz uP¡¿P¯Õ
Aµ\∏US AŒzx¡¢u⁄∫. G⁄˜¡ Aµ\∏US ©UPŒfl |¯ª
≤Æ, ©⁄®£ı[SÆ £ÿ‘Ø ˆ\¥vP“ G®˜£ıxÆ Q¯hzu⁄.
ˆ£s Jÿ”∫P–Æ ˜¡¯ªUS A©∫zu®£mi∏¢u⁄∫.
|ª¡∂ : {ımifl ¨UQØ ¡∏¡ı¥ |ª¡∂ØıSÆ. u¬µ
¡oP∫, ¯P¬¯⁄b∫, ˆuı»¿¶∂£¡∫P–Æ ¡∂ ˆ\æzu
˜¡si∞∏¢ux. ¡∂P“ ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ¡∏¡ı¯Ø Aµ_
©UP“ {ª›USa ˆ\ª¬mhx.
{ınØ[P“ : Aµ_ A桪∫P“ u[P“ FvØz¯u
£n©ıP® ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. {ınØ[P“ ˆ¡“Œ∞⁄ı¿ ˆ\¥Ø®
£mi∏¢u⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿ ™Pa ]‘Ø A¯hØıÕ[P“ A¿ªx
E∏¡[P“ ˆ£ı‘UP®£mk x¯Õ∞h®£mi∏¢u⁄. Au⁄ı¿
A¯¡ x¯Õ∞h®£mh {ınØ[P“ (Punch marked coins)
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh⁄. C¢u {ınØ[P¯Õ P∫\ £nÆ
Gfl÷Æ A¯«zu⁄∫.
}v : £ıhº¶zvµzv¿ A¯©¢v∏¢u Aµ\∏¯hØ
}v©fl”˜© {ımifl EØ∫¢u }v ¡«[SÆ \¯£ØıP
C∏¢ux. {ık ¨ ¡xÆ }v©fl”[P“ |÷¡®£mi∏¢u⁄.
]‘Ø ¡«USP“ Qµı©® £g\ıØzxPÕı¿ w∫UP®£mh⁄.
ush¯⁄P“ Pk¯©ØıP C∏¢u⁄. }v ¡«[SÆ AvPı∂P“
Cµı_P∫P“ G⁄®£mh⁄∫.
64
 ˜£ıUS¡µzx : ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ]fl ˆ£∏Æ£Sv
\ı¯ªPÕı¿ C¯nUP®£mi∏¢ux. £ıhº¶zvµzvº∏¢x
¯¡\ıº ¡»ØıP ˜{£ıÕzvÿSÆ, £ıhº¶zvµz¯u
Pº[Pzxhfl C¯nUSÆ \ı¯ªP–Æ A¯©UP®£mh⁄.
£ØoP“, ¬Øı£ı∂P“, Jÿ”∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ £¯h√µ∫P“
Ca\ı¯ªP¯Õ E£˜ØıQzu⁄∫. £hSP“ ≠ªÆ Bÿ÷®
˜£ıUS¡µzx ©¤u∫P–USÆ ¡oPa \µUSP“ ˆPısk
ˆ\¿ªƒÆ £Øfl£mhx.
ˆufl C¢vØz ˆuıh∫¶ : C¢vØı¬fl ˆufl˜Pıi®
£Sv¯Øz u¬µ (uÿ˜£ı¯uØ u™«PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜PµÕı)
C¢vØı ¨ ¯©≤Æ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl Bm]∞fl Rà C∏¢ux.
A˜\ıP∂fl P¿ˆ¡mkP“ ˜\µ©UP¯Õ ˜PµÕ¶zvµ∫P“ Gfl÷
S‘®§kQfl”⁄. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ ˆufl¤¢vØ Aµ\∫P–hfl
¬Øı£ıµz ˆuıh∫¶P¯ÕU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫.
ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Pıª P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª : ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ u[P“
P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ªØı¿ ™PƒÆ ¶PÈ£ÿ”⁄∫. \ıµ{ızv¿
Pın®£kÆ Pÿ◊s ¡µªıÿ÷ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
¶PÙUP Jfl÷. Czyofl Ai® £Sv
P¬Ã¢u |¯ª∞¿ E“Õ J∏ uı©¯µ ©ª∫
A¿ªx ©o ˜£ı¿ Pın®
£kQ”x. AuÿS ˜©¿
{ıflS \UPµ[P¯Õ £UP
¡ımi¿ ˆPısh ¡mh
¡i¡ ¨µ_ ˜£ıfl”
A¯©®¶ Pın®£kQ”x.
u∫© \UPµÆ Gfl÷ A¯«U
P®£kÆ A¢u \UPµ[PŒ¿
24 S÷USU ˜PıkP–Æ
{ıflS £UP[PŒæÆ
][PÆ, Sv¯µ, G∏x
\ıµ{ız Pÿ◊s
©ÿ÷Æ Øı¯⁄ E∏¡[
P–Æ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.
¨µ]fl ˜©¿ £Sv∞¿ {ıflS ][P[P“ ¯¡\ıº Pÿ◊s
Jfl¯” Jfl÷ §fl¶”Æ Jmi |ÿ£x ˜£ıª
65
A¯©¢x“Õx. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ ¶PãıkÆ C¢u P¯ª®£¯h®¶
{©x {ımifl ˜u]Ø ]fl⁄zvæÆ £nzuı“ ©ÿ÷Æ
{ınØ[PŒæÆ Chƈ£÷Æ ]”®¶® ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
u∫©\UPµÆ {Æ ˜u]ØU ˆPıi¯Ø Aª[P∂UQfl”x.
Efl B]∂Ø∂hÆ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫PŒfl P¯ªzv”fl
G∆¡ı÷ {Æ{ımk {ınØ[P“, £nzuı“, ˜u]ØUˆPıi
BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄ Gfl£¯u ¬¡µ©ıP
A‘¢xˆPı“P.
\ıg] Ïy§ : ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl ¶PÈ£ÿ” ©ÿˆ”ı∏
]fl⁄Æ \ıg] Ïy§ BSÆ. PÿPÕı¿ Pmh®£mh \ıg]
Ïy§ 23 ´mh∫ Eص¨¯hØx. Cufl {ıflS £UP[PŒæÆ 41
´mh∫ Eص¨¯hØ ~¯«¡ı∞¿P“ A¯©¢x“Õ⁄. \ıg]
Ïy§, \ıµ{ız Pÿ◊s, A‚¬P∫ S¯PP“ BQد¡
ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl P¯ªz v”›US ]”¢u GkzxU PımkPÕıP
¬Õ[SQfl”⁄.

\ıg] Ïy§
66
 ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl √Ãa] : A˜\ıP∂fl ©µnzvÿS® §fl
™P®ˆ£∂Ø ˆ©Õ∂Ø Aµ_ √Ãa]دhØz ˆuıh[QØx.
AuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :
1. Pº[Pzx® ˜£ı∏US® §fl A˜\ıP∫ ˜£ı∂¯⁄U ¯P
¬mhı∫. Au⁄ı¿ £¯h∞⁄∂fl ˜£ı∫ £∞ÿ]≤Æ, µıq¡U
Pmk®£ıkÆ P¡¤®§fl‘® ˜£ı⁄x. G⁄˜¡ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫
£¯h £ª™«¢x v”¯©Øÿ”uıP ©ı‘Øx.
2. ™P®ˆ£∂Ø ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ¯\ |∫¡QUPUTiØ
v”¯© A˜\ıP∏US® §fl Bm]ˆ\¥u ¡ı∂_P–US C¿¯ª.
3. u¯ª{Pµı⁄ £ıhº¶zvµÆ ¬∂¡ı⁄ ˜£µµ]fl
{k®£Sv∞¿ A¯©Ø¬¿¯ª. Ax ©ı|ª B–{∫P“
QÕ∫a]∞¿ Dk£h FUS¬®£uıP A¯©¢ux.
4. ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˜£ıUS¡µzx ¡\v∞fl¯©Øı¿ £µ¢x
¬∂¢u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ ˜£µµ]¯⁄ |¯ª|÷zu ¨iج¿¯ª.
5. P¯h] ˆ©Õ∂Ø Aµ\µı⁄ §µPzµuı Gfl£¡¯µ
A¡∏¯hØ ©¢v∂Øı⁄ ¶ËØ™zvµ _[P∫ ˆPı¯ª ˆ\¥x
Bm]¯ØU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. Azxhfl ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Bm]
¨iƒÿ”x.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl ¡µªıÿ÷a \ıfl÷P¯ÕU S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ©Õ∂Ø Bm]¯Ø Hÿ£kzx¡v¿
\ınUQØ∂fl £[S £ÿ‘ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl ]”®¶P¯Õ ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ A˜\ıP∂fl uÆ©ı ©ÿ÷Æ AQƯ\ ˆPı“¯P
P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Bm] ¨¯”∞fl ]”®¶U T÷P¯Õ
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ P¯ª, PmhhU P¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø
ˆuısi¯⁄ ©v®§h ¨i≤Æ.

67
 _Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. A∫zu \ızvµz¯u G vØ¡∫
A) ˆ©PÏu¤_ B) \ınUQØ∫
C) ¬\ıPuzu∫ D) A˜\ıP∫

2. \¢vµS®u∫ RÃPıqÆ J∏¡∂fl ©P⁄ıP C∏UPªıÆ Gfl÷

]ª∫ P∏xQfl”⁄∫.
A) Bk ˜©¥®£¡∫ B) ©∞¿¡Õ∫®£¡∫
C) uÕ£v D) \ınUQØ∫
3. ˆÌª¤fl u¢¯u
A) \ınUQØ∫ B) ˆ\¿≥PÏ|˜Ph∫
C) AˆªU\ı¢u∫ D) \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫
4. A˜\ıP∫ ¨uº¿ ¡»£mh Phƒ“
A) ]¡fl B) ¬Ëq
C) ¶zu∫ D) G¡∏™¿¯ª
5. Pº[PÆ Gfl£x uÿ˜£ı¯uØ
A) J∂\ı B) £g\ı®
C) ¡[PıÕÆ D) Cµı·zuı⁄Æ
6. A˜\ıP∂fl ©¯⁄¬
A) ˜u¬ B) ˆÌªfl
C) ¨µı D) J∏ £ıµ^P® ˆ£s©o
7. uÆ©ı Gfl£x RÃUPsh ˆ©ı» Jfl‘¿ A¯©¢u ¡ı∫z¯u
A) £ıº ˆ©ı» B) \©UQ∏uˆ©ı»
C) §µıUQ∏u ˆ©ı» D) u™Ãˆ©ı»

8. A˜\ıP∫ ≠fl”ıÆ ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ımi¯⁄U TmiØ ChÆ

A) £ıhº¶zvµÆ B) um\^ªÆ
C) Pı] D) ¯©`∫

68
 9. ufl ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® £µ®£ A˜\ıP∫ £Øfl£kzvØ ˆ©ı»
A) \©UQ∏uˆ©ı» B) £ıºˆ©ı»
C) C¢v ˆ©ı» D) £ıµ^P ˆ©ı»
10. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫PŒfl P¯h] Aµ\∫
A) \¢vµS®u∫ B) A˜\ıP∫
C) §µPzµu∫ D) ©˜P¢vµfl.

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. {¢u∫PŒfl P¯h] Aµ\∫ ____________________
2. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Gfl£x _______________ ¡ı∫z¯u∞fl v∂£ıSÆ.
3. \ınUQØ∫ _______________ Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.
4. Czuıº¯Øa ˜\∫¢u ________________________ Aµ]Ø¿
]¢u¯⁄ØıÕ∫.
5. \ınUQØ∫ _______________ ©ÿ÷Æ _______________
Bm]UPıªzv¿ §µu© ©¢v∂ØıP £oØıÿ‘≤“Õı∫.
6. ˆ\¿≥PÏ Aµ\∂fl £∂\ıP _______________ \¢vµ
S®u∂h™∏¢x ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.
7. ˆ\¿≥PÏ|˜Phµı¿ ˆ©Õ∂Ø Aµ\¯¡US A›®£®£mh
yu∫ _______________
8. \¢vµS®u∫ §fl£ÿ‘Ø \©ØÆ _______________
9. \¢vµS®u∂fl |¯⁄¡ıPU Pmh®£mh £«¯©Øı⁄ ˜Pı∞¿
_______________ G⁄®£kQ”x.

10. §¢x\ıµ∂fl ≠zu ©Pfl _______________

11. ¶zu x”¬Øı⁄ _______________ yskuªı¿ A˜\ıP∫
¶zu\©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
12. A˜\ıP∫ ¶zu x”¬Øı⁄ _______________ _ÿ÷®£ØnÆ
Jfl¯” ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫.

69
 13. A˜\ıP∂fl P¿ˆ¡mkUP“ ©UP“ TkÆ ________________
Ch[PŒ¿ A¯©UP®£mh⁄.
14. ©UP“ yØ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ı«ƒÆ, {¿ˆªı UP[P¯Õ®
§fl£ÿ÷¡¯u Eÿ\ıP®£kzuƒÆ _______________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______________ AvPı∂P“ |Ø™UP®£mh⁄∫.

15. A˜\ıP∂fl ©Pfl _______________, ©P“ _______________

¶zu©uz¯u® £µ®£ Cª[¯P ˆ\fl”⁄∫.
16. §∂Øu∫\fl Gfl”ı¿ _______________ Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.
17. {Æ ˜u]ØU ˆPıi∞¿ _______________ ChÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx.
18. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ P¯ªUS ]”¢u GkzxUPımkP“ _____________
©ÿ÷Æ _______________
19. P¯h] ˆ©Õ∂Ø Aµ\∫ §µPzµuı¯¡U ˆPıfl” A¡∏¯hØ
©¢v∂ _______________
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. CsiPı ñ Pº[P ©fl⁄∫
2. ¨zvµıCµım\\Æ ñ {¿ˆªı UPÆ
3. £zµ£ıS ñ \ıµ{ız Pÿ◊s
4. A™zµPuı ñ ©¢v∂P“ S 
5. \\ı[Pfl ñ ©ı¡mh ˆ£ı÷®¶
6. uÆ©ı ñ ˆ©PÏu¤_
7. ˜u]Ø ]fl⁄Æ ñ P∫\£nÆ
8. ©¢v∂fl ñ \©nzx”¬
9. {ınØÆ ñ ¬\ıPuzu∫
10. Ïuı¤P∫ ñ Gv∂P¯Õ A»®£¡∫
11. }v ¡«[SÆ AvPı∂ ñ ˜\µ∫
12. ˜PµÕ ¶zvµ∫P“ ñ Cµı_P∫P“
70
IV. _∏UP©ı⁄ ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ u⁄x Bm]¯Ø Hÿ£kzvؘ£ıx

¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØı Øı∏¯hØ BvUPzvflRà C∏¢ux?

2. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫Pıª \ıfl÷P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.

3. \¢vµS®u∫ Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢u C∏ §µa\¯⁄P“

Øı¯¡?

4. ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?

5. ˆ\¿≥PÏ |˜Ph∫ \¢vµS®u∂hÆ J®£¯hzu Ch[P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

6. \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl ˜£µµ_ G¿¯ªP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

7. \¢vµS®u ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl P¯h] Pıªz¯u® £ÿ‘ E©US

Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?

8. uÆ© ¬·ØÆ S‘zx ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.

9. A˜\ıP∂fl uÆ©ı¬fl ]”®¶UT÷P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U

S‘®§kP.

10. A˜\ıP∂fl P¿ˆ¡mkUP“, ©ÿ÷Æ Pÿ◊sP“ Pın®£kÆ

Ch[P“ Øı¯¡?

11. ¶zu\©Øz¯u® £µ®£ A˜\ıP∫ ¶zuzx”¬P¯Õ A›®§Ø

{ıkP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

12. P¿ˆ¡mkUPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ A˜\ıP∂fl ˜¡÷ ˆ£Ø∫P“

Øı¯¡?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯hu∏P
1. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫PŒfl ¡µªıÿ¯” ¬ÕUSÆ \ıfl÷P¯Õ ¬¡∂.
2. A˜\ıP∂fl \©ØUˆPı“¯P £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ u∏P.

71
 3. ¶zu \©Øz¯u® £µ®£ A˜\ıP∫ ˜©ÿˆPısh ˆ\Ø¿P“
Øı¯¡?
4. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl Bm] ¨¯”∞fl ]”®£Æ\[P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
5. ˆ©Õ∂Ø∫ Bm] √Ãa]دh¢uuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
VI. ¡¯µ£h £∞ÿ]
1. A˜\ıP∫ Pıª ˆ©Õ∂Ø® ˜£µµ¯\ C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿
S‘UPƒÆ.

72
 £ıhÆ 6
_[P∫P“ & SÂın∫P“ & \ıu¡ıP⁄∫P“
u™Ã{ımi¿ \[P PıªÆ

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ _[P∫P“ £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ SÂın∫P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ P¤ËP∂fl
ˆ£∏¯©¯Ø≤Æ A‘u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Ô⁄Øı⁄Æ, ©PıØı⁄Æ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ \ıu¡ıP⁄∫ £ÿ‘ A‘u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £s¯hØ u™Ã Aµ\∫P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ A¡∫P“
u™ USÆ, CªUQØzvÿSÆ AŒzu Buµƒ £ÿ‘≤Æ
Pÿ”¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ A¢|Ø {ıkP–hfl u™«P Aµ_P“ ˆPısh
¡oPz ˆuıh∫¶ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ \[P Pıª ©UPŒfl \≠P ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘
Pÿ”¿.

_[P∫P“ : _[P ©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ ¶ËØ™zµ

_[P∫ B¡ı∫. C¡∫ Q.¨.185¿ ©Puzvfl Aµ\µı⁄ı∫.
_[P∫P“ 112 ¡∏h[P“ Bm] ˆ\¥u⁄∫. ¶ËØ™zvµ∫ C¢x
\©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. ˜¡u \©Øzvfl ˜©fl¯©¯Ø A¡∫
v∏Æ£ƒÆ ˆPısk¡µ ¨Øfl”ı∫. A¡∫ ufl {ım¯h
¡h˜©ÿ˜P £g\ı® ¡¯µ ¬∂ƒ £kzv⁄ı∫. {∫©¯u B÷
A¡∏¯hØ ˜£µµ]fl ˆufl G¿¯ªØıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫
A_¡˜©uØıPÆ ˆ\¥x ©Pıµı\ıvµı\ı Gfl” £mhz¯u®
73
ˆ£ÿ”ı∫. \©UQ∏u ˆ©ı» CªUPn ¡¿æ⁄∫ £ug\º
¶ËØ™zvµ∫ Pıªz¯ua ˜\∫¢u¡∫ Gfl÷ T”®£kQ”x.
¶ËØ™zvµ∂fl ©Pfl AU¤™zvµfl ™Pa ]”¢u √µfl.
A¡∫uıfl PıŒuı\∫ G vØ ©ıÕ¬PıUQ¤™zµÆ Gfl”
{ıhPzvfl Puı{ıØPfl. _[P ©fl⁄∫P“ AiUPi ˜£ı∂¿
Dk£mh⁄∫. ˜u¡ßv (˜u¡ß™) Gfl” P¯h] _[P Aµ\¯⁄
A¡∏¯hØ ©¢v∂Øı⁄ ¡ı_˜u¡ Pfl¡ı ˆPıfl”ı∫.
©Puzv¿ Pfl¡∫PŒfl Bm] ˆuıh[QØx.
A¢|Ø® £¯hˆØk®¶P“ : ˆ©Õ∂Ø∂fl √Ãa]US®
§fl ¡h˜©ÿS C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ Q.¨.200 ¨u¿ Q.¨.100
¡¯µ A¢|Ø∫ Bm]∞fl Rà C∏¢ux. £ıUi∂ØU Q˜µUP∫
G⁄®£kÆ C¢˜uı&Q˜µUP∫P¯Õz u¬µ £ı∫v¤Ø∫P“,
\ıP∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ SÂın∫P“ ©zvØ B]Øı¬º∏¢x
¡¢u¡∫P“. ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ Si˜Ø‘Ø A¡∫P“ C¢vØ
£s£ımk ¡Õ∫a]US Eu¬⁄∫.
SÂın∫P“ : ^⁄ı¬º∏¢x ≥a] C⁄z¯ua ˜\∫¢u
SÂın∫P“ Q.§. ¨u¿ °ÿ”ısi¿ ˜©ÿS ˜{ıUQ {P∫¢x
C¢vØı¬ÿS“ ~¯«¢u⁄∫. S·ªı Pım•\_ Gfl” ≥a]
C⁄zu¯ª¡∫ Pı߯ª≤Æ, PıË´¯µ≤Æ ¯P®£ÿ‘ SÂı⁄
©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zuı∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl √©ı Pım•\_
¶PÈ£ÿ” Aµ\∫. A¡∫ ˆ¡Œ∞mh u[P {ınØ[P“ C¢vØ
{ınØ[P¯Õ Jzv∏¢u⁄.

SÂın∫PŒ¿ ™Pa ]”¢u Aµ\∫ P¤ËP∫. A¡∫ Q.§.78

¨u¿ Q.§.120 ¡¯µ Bm] ˆ\¥uı∫. A¡∫ BµÆ§zu \P
\Pı®uÆ Q.§.78&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆuıh[QØx. A¡∏¯hØ
u¯ª{P∫ ˆ£Âı¡∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kÆ ¶∏¶µÆ. A¡∫
P¤ËP¶µÆ Gfl” {P¯µ A¯©zuı∫.

P¤ËP∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ : P¤ËP∫ PıË´µz¯u

ˆ¡fl”ı∫. ^⁄ıƒUS Gvµı⁄ A¡∏¯hØ £¯hˆØk®¶ ™P
¨UQØ©ı⁄ Jfl÷. £ı™∫ ¨ia¯\U Ph¢x A¡∫ ^⁄∫P¯Õ
ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPıshı∫. A¡∫PŒh™∏¢x ˜Pımhıfl,
74
Øı∫UPsm, PıËP∫ BQØ £SvP¯Õ ˆ¡fl”ı∫. ©ıÕ¡z¯u
Bsh \ıP∫P¯Õ≤Æ, S·µız ©fl⁄¯µ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘
ˆPıshı∫ P¤ËP∫. ©Pu ˜u\ ©fl⁄¯µ ˆ¡fl÷, ¶PÈ£ÿ”
¶zu uzx¡ bı¤Øı⁄ A_¡˜Pı\¯µ ufl›hfl A¯«zxa
ˆ\fl”ı∫.
P¤ËP∫ CµshıÆ A˜\ıP∫ : ¶zu \©Øzv¿
˜\∫¡uÿS ¨fl P¤ËP∫ £ª Phƒ“P¯Õ ¡n[Q⁄ı∫.
A_¡˜Pı\∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P“ ≠ªÆ P¤ËP∏Æ A˜\ıP¯µ®
˜£ı¿ ¶zu \©Øz¯u u ¬∞∏UPU TkÆ. ¶zu \©ØÆ
¡Õ∫a] ˆ£” P¤ËP∫ A∏Æ£ık£mhı∫. ¶vØ ©hıª
Ø[P“ Pmh®£mhxhfl £¯«Ø ©hıªØ[P“ ¶x®§UP®
£mh⁄. A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ ¶zu \©ØÆ ^⁄ı, ·®£ıfl,
©zvØ B]Øı, vˆ£z BQØ {ıkPŒ¿ £µ¬Øx. P¤ËP∫
{ıflPı¡x ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ımi¯⁄ PıË´µzv¿ E“Õ
S¢u¿¡⁄Æ Gfl›™hzv¿ Tmi⁄ı∫. ¡_™zvµ∫,
{ıPı∫·˙⁄∫, £ı∫\¡∫ ˜£ıfl” ¶zuz x”¬P“ £[S ˆ£ÿ”
AÆ©ı{ımiÿS A_¡˜Pı\∫ u¯ª¯© uı[Q⁄ı∫.
A_¡˜Pı\∫ ¶zu \∂uÆ Gfl›Æ °¯ª≤Æ, ¡_™zvµ∫
©Pı¬£ıÂÆ Gfl›Æ °¯ª≤Æ CØÿ‘⁄ı∫P“. ©zvØ ™Pı
`zµÆ Gfl” °¿ {ıPı∫·˙⁄µı¿ G u®£mhx. A¡∫PŒ¿
£ª¯µ Bu∂zu P¤ËP∫ ¶zu \©Øz¯u {ıˆh[SÆ £µ®£
£ª ¨Øÿ]P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. ¶zu \©Øzv¿ A¡∏US
C∏¢u Dk£ıkÆ, ¶zu \©ØÆ £µ¡ A¡∫ ˜©ÿˆPısh
¨Øÿ]P–Æ A¡∏US CµshıÆ A˜\ıP∫ Gfl” ˆ£Ø¯µ
ˆ£ÿ÷z u¢u⁄.
©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ : P¤ËP∫ Pıªzv¿ ¶zu \©ØÆ
ˆ£∏Æ ©ıÿ”zxUS“ÕıQØx. Aa\©ØÆ {ıflPı¡x ¶zu
\©Ø ©ı{ımiÿS® §”S Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ (Lesser Vehicle)
G⁄ƒÆ, ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ (Greater Vehicle) G⁄ƒÆ C∏
§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂¢ux. ©PıØı⁄ ¡ıvP“ ¶zu¯µU PhƒÕıP
¡»£h BµÆ§zu⁄∫. ©PıØı⁄ P∏zvfl£i J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ
¶zu |¯ª¯Ø A¯hتıÆ. J∏¡∫ ¶zu |¯ª¯Ø (Buddha-
hood) A¯hØ B∞µ©ı∞µÆ BsiÿS∂Ø u∏©, ]µ©
75
¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ¡ıâx ˜£ıv \zu¡µıP˜¡ı A¿ªx Bÿ”¿
ˆPısh ¶zuµıP ©ı” ˜¡skÆ. ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ
C¯”¡nUPÆ, ¡»£ık, £Uv ©ÿ÷Æ w¬µ {¿ˆªı UPÆ
BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ¡º≤÷zvØx. E∏¡ ¡»£ıkÆ, \©Øa
\h[SP–Æ ¡Õµ BµÆ§zu⁄. ¶zu∫, ˜£ıv \zx¡∫P“
E∏¡[P“ ¡»£h®£mh⁄. ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©Øzvfl ]”¢u
A‘b∫PÕıP A_¡˜Pı\∏Æ {ıPı∫·˙⁄∏Æ P∏u®£mh⁄∫.
P¤ËP∫ ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu\©Øz¯u Bu∂zuı∫.
Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ, ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ J®•k

Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ

1. Cx S÷QØ (Lesser Vehicle) Cx ˆ£∏¡» (Greater Vehicle)

Gfl÷ P∏u®£kQ”x. Gfl÷ P∏u®£kQ”x.

2. ¶zu∫ J∏ \©Øz u¯ª¡ ¶zu¯µ PhƒÕıPU P∏v ¡»

µıPU P∏u®£mhı∫. £mh⁄∫.

3. E∏¡ ¡»£ık C¿¯ª. ¶zu∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜£ıv \zx¡∫

E∏¡[P–US ¡»£ık {h¢ux.

4. Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ C¢vØı

C¢vØı¬fl £ª £ıP[P“, ¬æÆ vˆ£z, ^⁄ı, ·®£ıfl
˜©ÿS {ıkP“, Cª[¯P BQØ {ıkPŒæÆ £µ¬Øx.
BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ £µ¬Øx.
5. A˜\ıP∫ Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu P¤ËP∏Æ §fl⁄∫ Ì∫Â∏Æ
\©Øz¯u Bu∂zuı∫. ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©Øz¯u
Bu∂zu⁄∫.

6. ©UP“ ˜£_Æ ˆ©ı»Øı⁄ A‘b∫P“ £Øfl£kÆ \©U

£ıº ˆ©ı»∞¿ ¶zu∂fl Q∏u ˆ©ı»∞¯⁄ ©PıØı⁄
ˆPı“¯PP“ ˜£ıvUP® ¶zu \©Øz¯ua ˜\∫¢u¡∫P“
£mh⁄.
£Øfl£kzv⁄∫.

76
 ©∏zx¡zvÿS P¤ËP∂fl Buµƒ : \µP∫ Gfl” ™Pa
]”¢u ©∏zx¡∫ P¤ËPµı¿ Bu∂UP®£mhı∫. \µP∫ £ª °¿
P¯ÕU Pÿ” A‘b∫. A¡∫ G vØ \µP \™uÆ Gfl” °¿ £ª
©∏zx¡U S‘®¶P¯ÕU ˆPıshx. §ÿPıªzv¿ £ıµ^PÆ,
A˜µ§Øı ˜£ıfl” {ıkPŒ¿ A¡∏¯hØ °¿P“ ™P®¶PÃ
ˆ£ÿ”⁄. __∏u \™uÆ Gfl” °¯ª G vØ __∏u∫ Gfl£
¡∏Æ P¤ËP∫ Pıªz¯ua ˜\∫¢u¡∫ B¡ı∫. __∏u \™uÆ
A÷¯¡ ]Qa¯\ ¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ, AuÿPı⁄ ]Qa¯\U
P∏¬P¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ ™Pa]”®£ıP ¬ÕUSQfl”x. C¢°¿
A˜µ§Øı, PƘ£ıiØı BQØ {ıkPŒ¿ ™P ¶PÈ£ÿ”uıP
¬Õ[QØx.
Pı¢uıµU P¯ª≤Æ Pı¢uıµU P¯ªUS P¤ËP∂fl
ˆuıskÆ : P¤ËP∂fl Pıªzv¿ ]ÿ£U P¯ª∞¿ J∏ ¶vØ
£∂©ınÆ ˜uıfl‘Øx. Ax Pı¢uıµ ]ÿ£U P¯ª Gfl÷
A¯«UP®£mhx. ¶zu∏¯hØ E∏¡[P“ ]¯ªPÕıPƒÆ,
_¡∫PŒ¿ ˆ\xUQØ K¬Ø[PÕıPƒÆ A¯©¢u⁄. CUP¯ª
∞fl u¤a]”®¶ ¶zu∂fl ]¯ªP“ Q˜µUP £ıo∞¿
A¯©UP®£mi∏¢uıæÆ, C¢vØ En∫ƒ (ufl¯©) ˆPısh
uıP ¬Õ[Q⁄. Ax C¢vØU P¯ª∞fl Pı¢uıµ® £“Œ Gfl÷
A¯«UP®£mhx.
P¤ËP∫ P¤ËP¶µÆ, ˆ£Âı¡∫, ©xµı, um\ ^ªÆ BQØ
Ch[PŒ¿ £ª ©hıªØ[P“ A¯©zuı∫.
P¤ËP∂fl ©µnzvÿS® §fl {ımifl G¿¯ª®
£SvPŒ¿ C∏¢u ©ı|ª[PŒ¿ QÕ∫a]P“ Hÿ£mh⁄.
AÆ©ı|ª[P“ E“—∫ u¯ª¡∫PŒfl Rà _u¢vµ©ıP
ˆ\Ø¿£h BµÆ§zu⁄. Q.§.180&BÆ Bsk P¤ËP∂fl
˜£µµ_ √Ãa]دh¢ux.
\ıu¡ıP⁄∫P“ (Q.¨.225 & Q.§.220)
˜Pıuı¡∂, Q∏Ënı BQØ B÷P–US C¯h®£mh
£Sv¯Ø Bsh B¢vµ∫P“ \ıu¡ıP⁄∫P“ Gfl”¯«UP®
£mh⁄∫. \ıu¡ıP⁄ ©µ¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬zu ^¨P J∏
77
ˆPık[˜Pı¿ Aµ\µıP C∏¢uı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl
¨uªıÆ ˇ\uP∫¤ \ıu¡ıP⁄ ©µ§ÿS® ˆ£∏¯© ˜\∫zuı∫.
A¡∫ ©ıÕ¡ ˜u\z¯u ˆ¡fl÷ A_¡˜©uØıPÆ Jfl÷
{hzv⁄ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ u¯ª{PµÆ §µvmhfl BSÆ.
\ıu¡ıP ©fl⁄∫PŒ¿ ™Pa]”®¶ ¡ı¥¢u¡∫ ˆPÕu™ ¶zµ
\uP∫¤. A¡∫ ˜©ÿS C¢vØı¬æ“Õ \ıP∫P¯Õ ˆ¡fl÷
\ıP∂ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∏¯hØ Bm] Q.§.80
¨u¿ Q.§.104 ¡¯µ 25 BskP“ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x. A¡∏US®
§fl Bm] ˆ\¥u ©fl⁄∫PŒ¿ ¡]Ïh (¡]Ëh) ¶zµ
¶ª©ı∞≤Æ ØU⁄ ˇ\uP∫¤≤Æ ¡¿ª¯© £¯hzu¡∫PÕıP
C∏¢u⁄∫. {¡[Pµı Gfl” ¶vØ {P¯µ ¶ª©ı∞ |∫©ıoz
uı∫. A©µı¡v∞¿ Pın®£kÆ ¶ª©ı∞fl Pÿ◊sP–Æ
µı\©ıuı P¿ˆ¡mkUP–Æ \ıu¡ıP⁄∂fl Bm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø
£ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õ {©US ˆ¡Œ®£kzxQfl”⁄.
\ıu¡ıP⁄∫ Bm]∞fl Rà \≠PÆ, P¯ª, £s£ık :
Aµ\∫P“ u∫©\ızvµ ˆ{‘PŒfl£i Bm] ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
¬¡\ıØÆ ¨UQØz ˆuı»ªıPU P∏u®£mhx. {ımi¿
¡ıo£¨Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ¨Æ ˜©Æ£mh⁄. Pı∫\£nÆ,
_¡∫nÆ ˜£ıfl” {ınØ[P“ £«UPzvº∏¢u⁄. ˜¡u[
P¯ÕU Pÿ” A‘b∫P“ Aµ\∫PÕı¿ Bu∂UP®£mh⁄∫.
§µıUQ∏u ˆ©ı» ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”x. \®u\hıPı, §∏PzPuı
BQØ CªUQØ °¿P–Æ Phı¢uµı Gfl›Æ \©UQ∏u
CªUPn °æÆ \ıu¡ıP⁄∫ Pıªz¯ua \ı∫¢u ¨UQØ
CªUQØ[PÕıSÆ. A©µı¡v∞æÆ {ıPı∫·˙⁄ ˆPıshı¬
æ“Õ S¯PPŒæÆ Pın®£kÆ ]”¢u ¡sn K¬Ø[P“
\ıu¡ıP⁄∫ Pıªz¯ua ˜\∫¢u¯¡PÕıSÆ. \ıu¡ıP⁄
©fl⁄∫P“ A«QØ ˜Pı∞¿P“, ©hıªØ[P“, S¯P
˜Pı∞¿P“, Pÿ◊sP“, §µı∫zu¯⁄U Th[P“ £ª¡ÿ¯”U
Pmi⁄∫.
u™Ã{ımi¿ \[P PıªÆ (Q.¨.300 & Q.§. 300)
£s¯hØ u™«PÆ ˜\µ, ˜\ı«, £ısiØ {ıkP¯ÕU
ˆPıshx. A¡ÿ¯” Bsh Aµ\∫P“ P¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ

78
CªUQØz¯u≤Æ ˜£ıÿ‘⁄ı∫P“. u™Ãˆ©ı»¯Ø≤Æ, u™Ã
CªUQØz¯u≤Æ \[PÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh ¶ª¡∫
S ©Æ ≠ªÆ ¡Õ∫zu⁄∫.

\ıfl÷P“ : £s¯hØ u™«Pzvfl ¡µªı÷ £ÿ‘ A‘Ø

Euƒ¡x \[PPıª CªUQØ °¿P˜ÕØıSÆ. \[P Pıªzv¿
CØÿ”®£mh ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©Øı⁄ u™Ã £ıh¿P“ CuÿS
EuƒQfl”⁄. \[P Pıª® £ıh¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ ¡¯P®£kz
uªıÆ. A¯¡ £zx®£ımk, Gmkzˆuı¯P, £vˆ⁄flRÃU
PnUS °¿P“ G⁄®£kÆ.

RÃUPnUS Gfl£x J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ˆ\¥≤“ £Sv∞æÆ

S¯”¢u ]ª ¡∂P“ ©mk˜© ˆPısh £ıh¿
(stanza)
P¯ÕU S‘USÆ. CuÿS ]”¢u EuıµnÆ v∏US”“.

\[PPıª C÷v∞¿ Cµm¯hU Pı®§Ø[P“ Gfl÷

A¯«UP®£kÆ ]ª®£vPıµzv¯⁄ CÕ[˜Pı¡iP–Æ
©o˜©P¯ª¯Ø Tª¡ıoPfl ^zu¯ªa \ızu⁄ı∏Æ
CØÿ‘⁄∫.

¶¯u ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]P“, £s¯hØ {ınØ[P“,

P¿ˆ¡mkUP“ BQد¡ \[PPıª ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P
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ˆ£ı∏¯Õ≤Æ En∫¢x ˆPı“P.
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˜©ÿS® £SvP“ A¢{ıŒ¿ ˜\µ{ık Gfl÷ A¯«UP®
£mhx. Aufl u¯ª{P∫ ¡g]. ˜\µ∫PŒ¿ ]”¢u ©fl⁄µıP
ˆ\[Smk¡fl P∏u®£kQ”ı∫. A¡∫ P[¯P Bÿ¯”U Ph¢x
¡h C¢vØı¬fl ´x £¯hˆØkzu ˆ£∏¯© E¯hØ¡∫.
˜\µ∫PŒfl ]fl⁄Æ ¬¿. ˆuısi, ¨]‘ BQد¡
A¡∫PŒfl x¯”¨P[P“ BSÆ.
79
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£SvP¯ÕU ˆPıshuıP ˜\ı«{ık ¬Õ[QØx. £s¯hØ
˜\ı«∫PŒ¿ P∂Pıªfl ]”¢u Aµ\µıPU P∏u®£kQ”ı∫.
E¯”≥∫ ˜\ı«∫PŒfl u¯ª¡µıPƒÆ Pı¬∂ßÆ
£mi⁄Æ A¡∫PŒfl x¯”¨P©ıPƒÆ ¬Õ[Q⁄.
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A∏Qæ“Õ P¿ª¯⁄ Pı¬∂Øıÿ‘fl S÷UQ¿ P∂Pı¿ ˜\ı«
©fl⁄µı¿ Pmh®£mhx.
£ısiØ∫ : u™Ã{ımifl ˆufl £Sv∞æ“Õ ©x¯µ,
Cµı©{ıu¶µÆ, v∏ˆ{¿˜¡º BQØ £SvP¯ÕU ˆPıshx
£ısiØ {ık.
£ısiØ∂fl u¯ª{P∫ ©x¯µ. A¡∫PÕx x¯”¨PÆ
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\©Øzv¿ u¯ªØın[Pı⁄Æ Gfl›™hzv¿ ˜uıÿPizuı∫.
A¢u ˆ¡ÿ‘∞⁄ı¿ u¯ªØın[Pı⁄zxa ˆ\÷ˆ¡fl”
(u¯ªØın[Pı⁄zx® ˜£ı∂¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆPısh¡∫)
ˆ{kgˆ\»Øfl Gfl÷ ]”®§UP®£mhı∫. ˆ{kgˆ\»Øfl
Bm]∞flRà C∏¢u £ısiØ {ık £ÿ‘≤Æ, ©x¯µ¯Ø®
£ÿ‘≤Æ ©x¯µU Pıg] Gfl” °¿ ¬¡∂UQfl”x.

\≠P ¡ıÃU¯P
\[PPıª u™Ã{ımk ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P G¿ªı
¬uzvæÆ ]”®¶ ˆ£ÿ”uıP ¬Õ[QØx. \[P Pıªzv¿
|ªÆ S‘g], ¨¿¯ª, ©∏uÆ, ˆ{¥u¿, £ı¯ª Gfl÷ I¡¯P
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S‘g], ¨¿¯ª, £ı¯ª® £SvPŒ¿ ˜¡k¡∫P–Æ ˜ufl
˜\P∂®£¡∫P–Æ, ©∏uzv¿ E«¡∫P–Æ, ˆ{¥uº¿
£µu¡∫P–Æ ¡ıâx ¡¢u⁄∫. \[P Pıª ©UP“ {flS ¡¯µ
د” ˆ\¥Ø®£mh \≠P ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPısh⁄∫.
80
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Bh¿, £ıh¿ ˆ\»zx ¡Õ∫¢u⁄. {ıhPU P¯ª, ]zvµÆ
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u™Ã ©fl⁄∫PŒfl Bm]∞¿ ˆ£ıºƒÿ”⁄.
¬∏¢˜uıÆ¶Æ ufl¯© : £s¯hØ u™«∂fl ¬∏¢
˜uıÆ£¿ {ıh‘¢u ˆ\تıSÆ. \[PPıªzv¿ EØ∫¢u
|¯ª∞º∏¢u ¬∏¢˜uıÆ¶Æ £s£ık Cfl÷Æ ©UPÕı¿
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BQ˜Øı∫ ¶ª¡∫P¯Õ≤Æ, A‘b∫P¯Õ≤Æ Bu∂zu ¨¯”
£ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP©ıPU T÷Qfl”⁄.
v∏US”“, ]÷£ınıÿ÷® £¯h, ˆ£∏Æ£ınıÿ÷®
£¯h ˜£ıfl” °¿P¯Õ £izx \[PPıª ©UPŒfl
¬∏¢˜uıÆ¶Æ ¨¯”∞¯⁄ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“P.
u™«∫PŒfl √µÆ : £s¯hØ u™«∫P“ S‘®§mh ]ª
\≠P, \©Ø, {¿ˆªı UP £«UP ¡«UP[P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ‘⁄∫.
√µÆ, J UPˆ{‘, P∏¯n, Aµ\¤hÆ £ÿ÷ BQØ EØ∫
Sn[P¯ÕU ˆPısh¡∫PÕıP ¬Õ[Q⁄∫. ˜\µ ©fl⁄∫
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C©Ø¡µÆ£fl Gfl÷ ¶PÈ£ÿ”ı∫. ˜\ı« Aµ\∫ J∏¡∫ ufl
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PÕzv¿ ufl Aµ\∏UPıP ˜£ı∫ ˆ\¥x E∞∫ }zu √µ∫P¯Õ
ˆPÕµ¬USÆ ¬u©ıP √µUP¿ {kÆ ¡«UPÆ £s¯hØ
u™«∫PŒ¯h˜Ø Pın®£mhx. √µ∫P“ ˜£ı∂fl˜£ıx
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P∏u®£mhx.
£s¯hØ u™«∂fl √µÆ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P“
¶”{ıfiÿ‘¿ Pın®£kQfl”⁄.

81
 ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª : \[P Pıªzv¿ ˆ£sP“
©∂Øı¯uU S∂Ø¡∫PÕıPU P∏u®£mhıæÆ Bs BvUPÆ
Pın® £mhx. ˆ£sPŒ¿ ]ª∫ EØ∫ P¿¬ ˆ£ÿ”¡∫PÕıPz
vPâu⁄∫. PıU¯P®£ıi¤Øı∫, ˆ£ıfl¨iØı∫, JÕ¯¡Øı∫
˜£ıfl” ˆ£s£ıÿ ¶ª¡∫P“ C∏¢u⁄∫. A¡∫PŒ¿ Aµ]Ø¿
Buµƒ ˆ£ÿ” ]ª∫ Aµ\∏US B˜ªı\¯⁄ T÷Æ uSv
E¯hØ¡µıPƒÆ C∏¢u⁄∫. Pÿ¶zufl¯© ˆ£sPŒfl ™P
¨UQØ £s£ıPU P∏u®£mhx. E∞¯µUPımiæÆ EØ∫¢u
uıP ˆ£sP“ uÆ Pÿ§¯⁄U P∏v⁄∫. A¡∫P“ u[P“
Pn¡∫P“ £ı¿ ™S¢u Afl¶ ˆPısh¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.
Pÿ¶¯hØ ˆ£si¯µ \≠PÆ ˆ£∂xÆ ©vzux.
]ª®£vPıµÆ PsnQ∞fl Pÿ§fl ©ıs§¯⁄
¬ÕUSÆ °ªıSÆ.
ˆuı»¿P–Æ ¡oP¨Æ
\[P Pıª ©UP“ E“{ımk ¡oPzv¿ ]”¢x
¬Õ[Q⁄∫. ˆ©ızu ¡oP∫P–Æ, ]¿ª¯” ¬Øı£ı∂P–Æ,
ˆu∏¬¿ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˆ\¥˜¡ı∏Æ uÆ ¬Øı£ıµzv¿ ™Pz
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T‘ ¡ıoPÆ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. ¡ıoPzv¿ ˜{∫¯©, ¬Øı£ıµ
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P∏zuıPU Pın®£mhx.
\[P Pıª ©UP“ ˜µıÆ, Q∑_, B®§∂UPı, Cª[¯P,
ˆuflQ«US B]Øı BQØ {ıkP–hfl ¡oPÆ ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
£ısiØ {ımk ¨zxUP“ ˜µı©ı¤Øµı¿ ˆ£∂xÆ
¬∏Æ£®£mh⁄. Cµzv⁄U PÿP“, u¢uÆ, \¢u⁄U
Pm¯hP“, ©∞¿, £∏zv, £mk B¯hP“, {÷©n®
ˆ£ı∏mP“ BQد¡ Q∑_, ˜µıÆ BQØ {ıkP–US
Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄.

82
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E¯hØ¡∫P“. A¡∫P“ ˆ£sPhƒ¯Õ ¡n[Q⁄ı∫P“.
˜©æÆ ]¡fl, ¬Ëq, §µÆ©fl, C¢vµfl, ¡∏nfl BQØ
PhƒÕ¯µ≤Æ ˆuı u⁄∫. S‘®§mh Pıª[PŒ¿
v∏¬«ıUP“ {¯hˆ£ÿ”⁄.
}v : \[P Pıª Aµ\∫P“ }v¯Ø ©vzx {h¢uuı¿
A¡∫P“ Bm] ©UP“ ¬∏Æ¶Æ Bm]ØıP A¯©¢ux.

}v Pı®£v¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[QØ Tfl £ısiØfl

©ÿ÷Æ ©›}va˜\ı«fl BQ˜Øı¯µ® £ÿ‘ ˆu∂¢x
ˆPı“P.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ¶ËØ™zµ _[P∂fl £oP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ P¤ËP∫ G∆¡ı÷ CµshıÆ A˜\ıP∫ Gfl÷
P∏u®£kQ”ı∫ Gfl£¯u ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ P¤ËP∫ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“ £ÿ‘
|¯⁄ƒTµ ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ Ô⁄Øı⁄, ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©Ø® §∂ƒP¯Õ
˜¡ÿ÷¯©®£kzu ¨i≤Æ
5. ©ın¡∫ Pı¢uıµU P¯ª∞fl AÆ\[P¯ÕU S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ 450 BskP“ B¢vµı¯¡ Bm] ˆ\¥u
\ıu¡ıP⁄∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
7. ©ın¡∫ \[PPıª ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.

83
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. ¶ËØ™zµ _[P∫ {hzvØ ØıPÆ
A) µı·`Ø ØıPÆ B) A_¡˜©u ØıPÆ
C) ¡ı·˜£Ø ØıPÆ D) C¯¡PŒ¿ Gxƒ™¿¯ª.
2. AU¤ ™zµ¯⁄ u¯ª¡⁄ıPU ˆPısk PıŒuı\∫ CØÿ‘Ø
{ıhP °¿
A) \ıS¢uªÆ B) ©ıÕ¬ PıU¤™zµÆ
C) ˜©PyuÆ D) CµS ¡Æ\Æ
3. SÂı⁄ ©µ§¯⁄z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A) √©ı Pım•\_ B) S·ªı Pım•\_
C) P¤ËP∫ D) A_¡˜Pı\∫
4. A_¡˜Pı\∫ G vØ °¿
A) ¶zu \∂uÆ B) ©Pı¬£ıÂÆ
C) ©zvØ ™Pa `zvµÆ D) J∏ ©∏zx¡ °¿
5. \[PÆ ¡Õ∫zu ˆ©ı»
A) u™Ã B) C¢v
C) E∏x D) \©UQ∏uÆ
6. ©o˜©P¯ª¯Ø CØÿ‘Ø¡∫
A) CÕ[˜Pı¡iP“ B) \ızu⁄ı∫
C) v∏¡“–¡∫ D) P§ª∫
7. ˜\µ∫PŒfl u¯ª{PµÆ
A) ¡g] B) ˆuısi
C) ©x¯µ D) ug\ı≈∫
8. Pı¬∂∞fl S÷UQ¿ P¿ª¯n PmiØ¡∫
A) P∂Pıªfl B) ˆ{kgˆ\»Øfl
C) ˆ\[Smk¡fl D) C¡∫PŒ¿ G¡∏™¿¯ª
9. ˆ{kgˆ\»Ø¤fl Bm]¯Ø ¬¡∂USÆ °¿
A) ©x¯µUPıg] B) ]ª®£vPıµÆ
C) £zx®£ımk D) v∏US”“
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1. _[P ©µ§¯⁄z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ ___________ B¡ı∫.
2. SÂın∫P“ ___________ ©µ¯£a ˜\∫¢u¡∫P“.
3. SÂın∫PŒ¿ ]”¢u Aµ\∫ ___________
4. P¤ËP∫ ^⁄ı¯¡ ˆ¡fl÷ ___________ ___________©ÿ÷Æ
___________ BQØ £SvP¯Õ≤Æ ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
5. P¤ËP∫ S¢u¿¡⁄zv¿ ¶zu \©Ø ____________¯⁄U
Tmi⁄ı∫.
6. ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu \©Øz¯ua \ı∫¢u ]”¢u A‘b∫P“
___________©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡ı∫.
7. Pı¢uıµUP¯ª ___________ P¯ªPŒfl Jfl‘¯⁄®£ıSÆ.
8. ¨uªıÆ ˇ \uP∫o∞fl u¯ª{PµÆ ___________
9. \ıu¡ıP⁄∫PŒfl ™Pa ]”¢u Aµ\∫ _______ B¡ı∫.
10. ˜\µ ©fl⁄∫PŒ¿ ]”¢u Aµ\∫ ___________ B¡ı∫.
11. ˜\ı«∫PŒfl u¯ª{P∫ ___________ BPƒÆ ___________
x¯”¨P©ıPƒÆ vPâu⁄.
12. C©Ø¡µÆ£fl Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫ ˆ£ÿ” ˜\µ ©fl⁄∫ ___________
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. £ug\º ñ uzx¡ bı¤
2. ˆ£Âı¡∫ ñ ©Pı¬£ıÂÆ
3. A_¡˜PıÂ∫ ñ A÷¯¡ ]Qa¯\
4. ¡_™zvµ∫ ñ \u¡ıP⁄ ©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
5. __∏u∫ ñ x¯”¨PÆ
6. ^¨Pı ñ \©UQ∏u CªUPn ¡¿æ⁄∫
7. ]ª®£vPıµÆ ñ u¯ª{P∫
8. ˆuısi ñ ˜\ı« Aµ\∫
9. P∂Pıª∫ ñ CÕ[˜Pı¡iP“
10. JÕ¯¡Øı∫ ñ £ısiØ Aµ_
12. ¨zx ñ Aµ]Ø¿ B˜ªı\P∫.
85
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1. _[P ©µ¶ G∆¬uÆ ¨iƒÿ”x?
2. Q.¨. 200 ¨u¿ Q.§.100 ¡¯µ C¢vØı¬¿ Si˜Ø‘Ø
A¢|Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
3. \P \Pı®uz¯u® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
4. P¤ËP∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ Øı¯¡?
5. {ıflPı¡x ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ımi¿ Pª¢x ˆPısh A‘b∫P“
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
6. \ıu¡ıP⁄∫P“ G®£Sv¯Ø Bm] ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
7. \ıu¡ıP⁄∫PŒfl Bm] £ÿ‘ A‘Ø EuƒÆ \ıfl÷P“
Øı¯¡?
8. \[PÆ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏¯ÕU T÷P.
9. u™Ã Pı¬Ø[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
10. £s¯hØz u™Ã Aµ\∫PŒfl u¯ª{P∫, x¯”¨PÆ
BQØ¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
11. £s¯hØ u™«∫PŒfl ¬∏¢˜uıÆ£¿ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
12. \[P Pıªzv¿ ¶PÈ£ÿ” ˆ£s£ıÿ ¶ª¡∫P“ Øı∫?
13. £s¯hØz u™Ã {ımi¿ |ªÆ G∆¡ı÷ §∂UP®£mhx?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. P¤ËP∫ Hfl CµshıÆ A˜\ıP∫ Gfl÷ P∏u®£kQ”ı∫?

2. Ô⁄Øı⁄ ¶zu \©ØÆ, ©ÌıØı⁄ ¶zu \©Øzv¯⁄
J®§kP.
3. Pı¢uıµU P¯ª∞fl ]”®¶ AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?

86
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Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫PŒfl ¡µªıÿ¯” ¬ÕUSÆ \ıfl÷P¯Õz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ \¨zvµS®u∫, CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∫
BQ˜Øı∫PŒfl \ıu¯⁄P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫P“ Bm]U Pıªzv¿ |ª¬Ø \≠P,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \©Ø, £s£ımk |¯ª¯©P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø
A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫PŒfl Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ S®u∫ PıªÆ Hfl
ˆ£ıÿPıªˆ©⁄ A¯«UP®£kQ”x Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ £s¯hØ C¢vØı¬¿ S®u∫ Bm]∞fl RÃ
A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿ ~m£[PŒ¿ Hÿ£mh
¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄® £ÿ‘ Pÿ”¿.
7. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ Hÿ£mh ~sP¯ª
¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

SÂın∫PŒfl √Ãa]US® §fl⁄∫ H”US¯”Ø J∏

°ÿ”ıskPıªÆ ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ ¡º¯© ™UP J∏ Aµ_
Hÿ£h¬¿¯ª. Q.§. {ıflPıÆ °ÿ”ısifl BµÆ£zv¿
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G v≤“Õı∫. Aufl£i ©fl⁄∫ \©Øa \Q®¶z ufl¯©
ˆPısh¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. ©UP“ uıµıÕ ©⁄®£ıfl¯©≤Æ,
J UP¨Æ A¯©v≤Æ ˆPısh¡∫PÕıP C∏¢u⁄∫. ˜©æÆ
A¡∫P“ ¡Õ©ı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P ¡ıâu⁄∫. E∞∫£º Pın®£h
¬¿¯ª. ush¯⁄P“ ™P GŒ¯©ØıP C∏¢u⁄. ^⁄ı,
Cª[¯P, Q«US C¢vØz wƒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ £ª I˜µı®§Ø
{ıkP–hfl C¢vØı ¬Øı£ıµz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPısi∏¢ux
Gfl÷Æ A‘Q˜”ıÆ.

S®u∫PŒfl ˆ£ıÿPıªÆ : C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ S®u∫

PŒfl PıªÆ ˆ£ıÿPıªˆ©fl÷ P∏u®£kQ”x. Hˆ⁄¤¿
CUPıªzv¿ \©ØÆ, CªUQØÆ, A‘¬Ø¿, P¯ª, PmhhU
P¯ª BQØ G¿ªı x¯”PŒæÆ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ Pın®£mhx.
{ımi¿ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ˆ\»z˜uı[QØx. A¯¡P¯Õz u¬µ
£s£ımk ©÷©ª∫a]≤Æ ˜uıfl‘Øx. G⁄˜¡ S®u∫P“
PıªÆ C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘fl ˆ£ıÿPıªÆ G⁄UP∏u®£kQ”x.

S®u∫PŒfl √Ãa] : CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∏US® §fl

A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl S©ıµS®u∫ A∂دn H‘⁄ı∫. A¡∏
¯hØ Bm]∞fl˜£ıx {ımi¿ A¯©v≤Æ ¡Õ¯©≤Æ
|¯”¢v∏¢ux. A¡∏US®§fl A¡∏¯hØ ©P⁄ı⁄ ÏP¢u
S®u∫ A∂دn H‘⁄ı∫. A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ ≥n∫P“
AiUPi S®u® ˜£µµ¯\z uıUQ⁄ı∫P“. ˜uıµ©ı⁄∫ ©ÿ÷Æ
™QµSª∫ Gfl” ¡º¯© ™S¢u ≥nz u¯ª¡∫P“ S®u®
˜£µµ¯\ £ª™«UPa ˆ\¥u⁄∫. ≥n∫P“ ©zvØ B]Øı¬
º∏¢x ¡¢u ≠∫UP SnƈPısh ©UP“. A¡∫PŒfl £ªÆ
¡ı¥¢u £¯hzu¯ª¡∫P“ S®u® ˜£µµ\∫P–US AiUPi
xfl£ ©Œzx ¡¢u⁄∫. ¡ı∂_∂¯© Pıµn©ıP Hÿ£mh
£¯P¯©≤Æ S®u∫PŒfl √Ãa]USU Pıµn©ıP A¯©¢ux.
ÏP¢u S®u∂fl ©µnzvÿS®§fl √Ãa]دhØ BµÆ§zu
S®u Aµ_ ¨ ¡x©ıP ©¯”¢ux.

96
 Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫ Pıª ¡µªıÿ¯” A‘Ø EuƒÆ ¨UQØa
\ıfl÷P¯Õ £miغh ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ \¨zvµS®u∫, CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∫
BQ˜Øı∂fl \ıu¯⁄P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫ PıªzvØ ]”®¶ AÆ\[P¯Õ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ Hÿ£mh £s£ımk ¡Õ∫a]
∞¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫ Bm] ¨¯”∞¯⁄ ˜PıimkU Pımh
¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ S®u∫P“ PıªÆ ˆ£ıÿPıªˆ©⁄ Hfl
P∏u®£kQ”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. S®u ©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A) ¨uªıÆ \¢vµS®u∫ B) CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∫
C) ˇS®u∫ D) S©ıµS®u∫
2. CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∂fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏ u¯ª{P∫
A) £ıhº¶zvµÆ B) E‰¯·∞¤
C) ˆh¿º D) Pı]
3. CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∏US® §fl Bm]US ¡¢u¡∫
A) S©ıµS®u∫ B) ÏP¢u S®u∫
C) ¨uªıÆ \¢vµS®u∫ D) ≥n∫P“
4. S®u∫PŒfl Aµ\¯¡ ˆ©ı»
A) \©UQ∏uÆ B) £ıº
C) §µıUQ∏uÆ D) u™Ã

97
 5. £g\ u¢vµU P¯uP¯Õ G vØ¡∫
A) ¬\ıPuzu∫ B) ¬Ëq\∫©ı
C) ¡µıP ™zvµ∫ D) PıŒuı\ı∫
6. S®u∫PŒfl EªP®¶Pà ˆ£ÿ” S¯P K¬Ø[P“ Pın®£kÆ
ChÆ
A) PØı B) ©xµı
C) A·¢uı D) \ıµ{ız
7. EªPÆ E∏s¯h ¡i¡©ı⁄x Gfl÷ |π§zu¡∫
A) ¡µıP™zvµ∫ B) B∂Ø£mh∫
C) §µÆ© S®u∫ D) ¡ıP£mh∫
8. B≤∫˜¡u ©∏zx¡zv¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[QØ¡∫
A) \µP∫ B) __∏u∫
C) ufl¡¢v∂ D) {ıPı∫·˙⁄∫
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. ¨uªıÆ \¢vµS®u∫ ____________________ Gfl” ºa\ıº
CÕ¡µ]¯Ø ©n¢uı∫.
2. \¨zvµ S®uµı¿ ]¯” ˆ\¥Ø®£mh £¿ª¡ Aµ\∫
__________________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.

3. ¬UQµ©ıvzØ∫ Gfl”ı¿ ________________ Gfl÷ ˆ£ı∏“.

4. \ıP∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizx \ıP∂ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh¡∫
________________.

5. \¢vµS®u∂fl \¯£∞º∏¢u ™Pa]”¢u A‘b∫P“

______________ ©ÿ÷Æ __________________ B¡∫.

6. S®u∫PŒfl A¯¡US ¡¢u ^⁄®£Øo _________ B¡ı∫.

7. CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u¯µ ]”¢u ©fl⁄∫ Gfl÷ S‘®§mh
A˜µ§Ø ¡oP∫ __________________ B¡ı∫.
8. ¯P¬¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˆuı»¿P¯Õ _________
Pmk®£kzv⁄.

98
 9. CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∂fl A¯¡¯Ø Aª[P∂zu Jfl£x
A‘b∫P“ _______________ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh⁄∫.
10. S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ ¶PÈ£ÿ” ©∏zx¡ ¡¿æ{∫
________________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.
11. Pı]ß∂¿ E“Õ ________________ ˜Pı∞¿ PmhhU
P¯ªUS® ¶PÈ£ÿ”x.
12. _______________ Gfl£¡∫ |≥mh›US ¨fl˜£ ¶¬D∫®¶
¬¯\¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ____________ Gfl” °º¿ ¬ÕUQ≤“Õı∫.
13. E˜ªıP E∏USu¿ P¯ª∞¿ S®u∫P“ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫
Gfl£uÿS ˆ©Pµº∞æ“Õ _______________ \ıfl÷ BSÆ.
14. S®u∫Pıªzv¿ ¡ıâu ¶PÈ£ÿ” ©∏zx¡∫ C∏¡∫
_____________,__________________ B¡∫.
15. S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ ¨ufl ¨¯”ØıP ___________ \mh[P–Æ
______________ \mh[P–Æ ˜¡÷£kzu®£mh⁄.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ¨zµıCµım\\Æ ñ ¡µıP™Qµ∫
2. PıkP“ |¯”¢u {ık ñ A©µ]Æ©fl
3. AªPı£ız Pÿ◊s ñ `zµP∫
4. §µ£ı¡v ñ v˜ØıP∫
5. ©ı∫U˜Pı˜£ı˜ªı ñ ˆ¡¤_ {Pµ®£Øo
6. ¡ı⁄¬Ø¿ A‘b∫ ñ CµshıÆ ∏zµ˜\⁄∫
7. APµıv¯Øz ˆuıSzu¡∫ ñ A∂˜\⁄∫
8. ™∏a\P PiPÆ ñ Ah¬µı‰ØÆ
9. ¬Ëq˜Pı∞¿ ñ ¬\ıPuzu∫
10. ˆ©Pµº ñ ^⁄®£Øo
11. ufl ¡¢v∂ ñ C∏ƶzys
12. £ıQØıfl ñ B≤∫˜¡uÆ
13. E‰¯·∞¤ ñ ≥n∫ u¯ª¡fl
14. ˜uıµ©ı⁄∫ ñ £¿P¯ªUP«PÆ
99
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. S®u∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø EuƒÆ \ıfl÷P“ Øı¯¡?
2. C¢vØ ˆ{®˜£ıºØfl Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh¡∫ Øı∫? Hfl?
3. CµshıÆ \¢vµS®u∫ ufl |¯ª¯Ø G∆¬uÆ
¡æ®£kzvU ˆPıshı∫?
4. S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ª P¯ÕØ®
£ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
5. PıŒuı\∂fl CªUQØ® £¯h®¶P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
6. §∏Pz\ÆQuı¯¡® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
7. ©∏zx¡z x¯”∞¿ S®u∫PŒfl £[PŒ®¶ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶
u∏P.
8. £ıQØı¤fl C¢vØ® £ØnÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.
9. S®u∫PŒfl Bm]¨¯” £ÿ‘ _∏UP©ıP G xP.
10. S®u®˜£µµ]fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯hu∏P
1. S®u∫ Pıªzv¿ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuı»¿~m£zv¿
Hÿ£mh ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘ G xP.
2. S®u∫P“ PıªÆ ˆ£ıÿPıªˆ©⁄U P∏u®£k¡x Hfl?
VI. ¡¯µ£h® £∞ÿ]
C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ S®u∫ ˜£µµ¯\ ¡¯µ¢x, £s¯hØ
£¿P¯ªUP«P[P“ A¯©¢v∏¢u Ch[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.

100
 £ıhÆ 8

Ì∫\® ˜£µµ_ & \ı–UQØ∫P“ &

£¿ª¡∫P“ & Cµımiµ Th∫P“ & ˜\ı«∫P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Ì∫\¯µ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS Ì∫\∫ Bÿ‘Ø £o¯Ø® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ \ı–UQØ∫, £¿ª¡∫, Cµımiµ Th∫ ©ÿ÷Æ
˜\ı«∫P“ P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Ì∫\∏US® §fl Bm]ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ £ÿ‘
A‘u¿.

S®u® ˜£µµ]fl √Ãa]US®§fl, ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ £ª

]‘Ø, _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ ˜uıfl‘⁄. A¯¡PŒ¿ Jfl÷ uı˜⁄_
¡µÆ. C®£Sv¯Ø ¡∫zu©ı⁄ ©µ§⁄∫ Bm] ˆ\¥u⁄∫.
¡∫zu©ı⁄ ©µ§¯⁄ §µ£ıP ¡∫zu⁄∫ ˜uıÿ÷¬zuı∫.
C¡∏US Cµı‰‚Ø ¡∫zu⁄∫, Ì∫\¡∫zu⁄∫ Gfl” C∏
©PflP–Æ, Cµı‰Øˇ Gfl” ©P–Æ C∏¢u⁄∫, §µ£ıP
¡∫zu⁄∫ ™Pa ]”¢u √µ∫. A¡∏¯hØ ©¯”ƒUS® §fl
A¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl Cµı‰‚Ø ¡∫zu⁄∫ A∂دn H‘⁄ı∫.
B⁄ı¿ ™PU S÷QØ Pıªzv¿ A¡∫ Gv∂PÕı¿ ˆPı¿ª®
£mhı∫. G⁄˜¡ Ì∫\¡∫zu⁄∫ Q.§.606¿ uı˜⁄_¡µzvfl
Aµ\µı⁄ı∫. C¡∫ Q.§.647 ¡¯µ Bm] ¶∂¢uı∫.

Ì∫\∂fl ¨zv¯µ

101
 Ì∫\∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ : Ì∫\∫, ©ıÕ¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Pfl˜⁄ı],
©Pu Aµ\∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizuı∫. Ì∫\∫ ufl {ım¯h Q«UQ¿
¡[PıÕ¬∂Shı¬º∏¢x ˜©ÿQ¿ Aµ§U Ph¿ ¡¯µ∞æÆ,
¡hU˜P C©Ø©¯ª∞º∏¢x ˆuÿ˜P {∫©¯u {v ¡¯µ∞æÆ
¬∂ƒ £kzv⁄ı∫. Ì∫\∫ ˆufl¤¢vØı¯¡≤Æ ufl {ımkhfl
C¯nUP ¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥uı∫. B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ CµshıÆ ¶º˜P]
Gfl” \ı–UQØ ©fl⁄µı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP® £mhı∫.

Bm] ¨¯” : Ì∫\∫ ufl u¯ª{Pµz¯u uı˜⁄_¡µzv

º∏¢x Pfl˜⁄ı]US ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫. Ì∫\∫ ]”¢u √µµıP ©mk
©¿ªı©¿ ™Pa ]”¢u Bm]ØıÕµıPƒÆ vPâuı∫. ufl
©UPŒfl {fl¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£∂ØuıPU P∏v⁄ı∫. {ımifl
©¢v∂P“ ©ÿ÷Æ EØ∫ AvPı∂PŒfl {h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU
T∫¢x P¡¤zx ¡¢uı∫. ufl ˜u\zvfl £ª £ıP[P–USÆ
©ı÷˜¡hzv¿ ˆ\fl÷ Si©UPŒfl Gsnz¯u ˜{µiØıPz
ˆu∂¢x ˆPısk Auÿ˜Pÿ”£i ˆ\تıÿ‘⁄ı∫. ¬¡\ı∞P“
u[PŒfl ¬¯Õa\º¿ B‘¿ J∏ £[Q¯⁄ Aµ_US ¡∂ØıPa
ˆ\æzv⁄∫. Øı∏Æ G¡¯µ≤Æ Pmk®£kzxÆ £«UPÆ
C¿ªıuuı¿ ©UP“ u©US ¬∏®£©ı⁄ £oPŒ¿ Dk
£mh⁄∫. Pk¯©Øı⁄ ush¯⁄P“, ¨UQØ©ıP ©µn
ush¯⁄ ˜£ıfl”¯¡ Ì∫\∂fl Bm]UPıªzv¿ Pın®£h
¬¿¯ª. ©∏zx¡\ı¯ªP“ {¿ª ¨¯”∞¿ £µı©∂UP®
£mh⁄. ™Pa]”¢u \ı¯ªP“ £ØoØ∫ ¬kv (Rest House)
¡\vP–hfl A¯©UP®£mh⁄. A[S u[SÆ £ØoP–USz
˜u¯¡Øı⁄ Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ©∏zx¡ ¡\vP–Æ AŒUP®
£mh⁄. Ì∫\∫ uıµıÕ ©⁄Æ ˆPısh¡∫. ˆPı¯hØŒ®£v¿
¡“Õ¿ ufl¯© ˆPısh¡∫. I¢x ¡∏h[P–US J∏ ¨¯”
{¯hˆ£ÿ” §µØı¯PU Tmhzv¿ u⁄USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄
A¯⁄zx ˆ\¿¡z¯u≤Æ ˆPı¯hØıP AŒ®£x A¡∏¯hØ
ˆPı“¯PØıP C∏¢ux.

§µØı¯P {vUTmhÆ, ©Pı˜©Õı £ÿ‘ ˜©æÆ

A‘¢x ˆPı“P.

102
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¶¤u®£Øo C¢vØı ¡¢uı∫. A¡∫ H”US¯”Ø £v⁄ıflS
BskP“ C¢vØı¬¿ u[Q∞∏¢uı∫. ¡h C¢vØı¬fl £ª
Ch[P–USÆ ˆufl¤¢vØı¬æ“Õ Pıg]¶µzvÿSÆ,
A¡∫ £ØnÆ ˜©ÿˆPıshı∫. ≤¡ıfl_¡ı[ Ì∫\∫,
\ı–UQØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ £¿ª¡ ©fl⁄∫PŒfl Aµ\ \¯£P–USÆ
ˆ\fl”ı∫. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫ ¶¤u® £ØoPŒfl CÕ¡µ\∫ Gfl÷Æ
A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫. ≤¡ıfl_¡ı[ u⁄x A›£¡[P“ G›Æ
ˆ£ı∏“ ˆPısh ]≥UQ Gfl” °¯ª G v≤“Õı∫. C¢u
°¿ ˜©¯ª{ıkPŒfl S‘®¶ Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQ”x.
Ì∫\∂fl ˆ¡ÿ‘P“, \©ØÆ, Bm] ¨¯” ©ÿ÷Æ ©UPŒfl
|¯ª £ÿ‘Ø £ª ¬¡µ[P“ ]≥UQ ≠ª©ıP {©USU
Q¯hUQfl”⁄. ˜©æÆ Ì∫\∂fl ¨zv¯µ ≠ª©ıPƒÆ
A¡∏¯hØ Bm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P“ {©US ˆu∂Ø
¡¢x“Õ⁄.
≤¡ıfl _¡ı[ £ÿ‘ ˜©æÆ ]ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Efl
°¿ |¯ªØzvº∏¢x A‘¢x ˆPı“P.

Ì∫\∫ ¶zu \©ØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısk : Ì∫\∫

¨uº¿ C¢x \©Øz¯u® §fl£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ¶zu
\©Øz¯uz u ¬ØxÆ ©PıØı⁄ ¶zu® §∂¬¯⁄® §fl
£ÿ‘⁄ı∫. G¤›Æ ]¡fl, ©ÿ÷Æ `∂ØU PhƒÕ∫P¯Õ≤Æ
A¡∫ ¡n[Q⁄ı∫. Q.§.644&BÆ Bsk ^⁄®£Øo ≤¡ıfl
_¡ı[ C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u¯uU ˆPÕµ¬USÆ ˆ£ı∏mk
Pfl˜⁄ı] {P∂¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø ¶zu \©Ø ©ı{ık Jfl¯”U
Tmi⁄ı∫. AÆ©ı{ık 23 {ımP“ {¯hˆ£ÿ”x.
©PıØı⁄ ¶zu §∂¬¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ
A‘¢xˆPı“P.
{ª¢uı £¿P¯ªUP«PÆ : {ª¢uı £¿P¯ªU P«PÆ
Q.§.5&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ S©ıµ S®u∫ Gfl” S®u ©fl⁄µı¿
˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mhx. A®£¿P¯ªUP«PÆ Ì∫\∂fl
Pıªzv¿ ¨ufl¯©Øı⁄U P¿¬UTh©ıPz vPâux. £ª
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P¿¬ £∞fl”⁄∫. AUP¿¬UThzv¿ 10,000
©ın¡∫P–Æ A¡∫P–USU Pÿ§UP 1500
B]∂Ø∫P–Æ C∏¢u⁄∫. ¶PÈ£ÿ” ^⁄®
£Øo ≤¡ıfl _¡ı[ A®£¿P¯ªUP«Pzv¿
u[Q ]‘x PıªÆ P¿¬ £∞fl”ı∫.
Cvº∏¢x A®£¿P¯ªUP«PÆ EªPzuµÆ
¡ı¥¢uuıPU P∏u®£mhx G⁄z ˆu∂Q”x.
A[S ©ın¡∫P–US ˜¡uÆ, uzx¡Æ,
CªUPnÆ, u∫UP¬Ø¿, \mhÆ, A‘¬Ø¿,
©∏zx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ~sP¯ªP“ ˜£ıfl” £ª
x¯”PŒ¿ £∞ÿ] AŒUP®£mhx. Ì∫\∂fl
Pıªzv¿ u∫© £ıª∫ Gfl£¡∫ A®£¿P¯ªU
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P«Pzvfl x¯n ˜¡¢uµıP® £oØıÿ‘⁄ı∫.
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ˆ\¥Ø®£mh ™P®ˆ£∂Ø ¶zu∫ ]¯ª {ª¢uı¬¿
|÷¡®£mhx.

{ª¢uı £¿P¯ªUP«PÆ £ÿ‘ ˜©æÆ ]ª ¬¡µ[

P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPƒÆ.

Ì∫\∫ & ™Pa ]”¢u A‘b∫ : Ì∫\∫ CªUQØzv¿

™S¢u B∫¡¨¯hØ¡∫. Ì∫\˜µ ™Pa ]”¢u A‘bµıP
¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫. A¡∫ ≠fl÷ {ıhP[P¯Õ G v≤“Õı∫. A¯¡
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E¯hØ Aµ\ \¯£∞¿ HµıÕ©ı⁄ A‘b∫P“ C∏¢u⁄∫.
A¡∫PŒ¿ ¨ufl¯©Øı⁄¡µıPU P∏u®£mh¡∫ £ı⁄∫.
£ı⁄∫ Ì∫\\∂uÆ, PıuÆ£∂ BQØ C∏ °¿P¯Õ G v
≤“Õı∫. ˜©æÆ Ì∂uzu∫, ˆ·Ø˜\⁄∫ ˜£ıfl” A‘b∫P–Æ
Ì∫\µı¿ Bu∂UP® £mh⁄∫.

Ì∫Â∫ Q.§.647&BÆ Bsk ©µn©¯h¢uı∫. A¡∏¯hØ

©µnzvÿS® §”S {ık £ª ]÷ £SvPÕıP® §∂¢ux.

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110
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Ì∫\∂fl u¯ª{P∫
A) Pfl˜⁄ı] B) £ıhº¶zvµÆ
C) Pıg] D) ©ıÕ¡Æ
2. Ì∫\∫ Bu∂zu A‘b∫
A) PıŒuı\∫ B) PÆ£∫
C) ˆ·Ø˜\⁄∫ D) v∏¡“–¡∫
3. ¨uªıÆ ©˜P¢vµ¡∫©¯⁄z ˜uıÿPizu¡∫
A) ¨uªıÆ ¶º˜P] B) CµshıÆ ¶º˜P]
C) Ì∫\∫ D) S©ıµ S®u∫
4. ™P®ˆ£∂Ø ˜Pı∞¿P¯Õ \ı–UQØ∫ PmiØ ChÆ
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5. ¨uªıÆ Cµı˜\¢vµfl Ph¿ £¯hˆØk®¶ ˆ\¥u {ık
A) ]˜ªıfl B) ¡[PıÕÆ
C) PhıµÆ D) A¢u©ıfl wƒP“
6. ˜\ı«∫ Pıªzv¿ ™P®¶Pà ˆ£ÿ” ]¯ªP“ ˆ\¥Ø £Øfl
£kzu®£mh E˜ªıPÆ
A) ˆ¡sPªÆ B) ˆ¡“Œ
C) u[PÆ D) C∏ƶ
7. PÆ£ Cµı©ıØnz¯u G vØ¡∫
A) ˆ·Ø[ˆPıshı∫ B) PÆ£∫
C) ˜\UQ«ı∫ D) v∏zuUP˜u¡∫

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. Ì∫\∂fl A¯¡® ¶ª¡∫ _______________ B¡ı∫.
2. _______________ Ì∫\∂fl u¯ª{PµıP ¬Õ[QØx.

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_______________ G⁄ƒÆ A¯«UP®£mhı∫.
4. Ì∫\µı¿ G u®£mh °¿P“ _______________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______________ BSÆ.
5. Ì∫Â∂fl Bm]Pıªzv¿ {ª¢uı £¿P¯ªU P«Pzvfl
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6. £ı⁄∫ G vØ °¿P“ _______________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______________
7. \ı–UQØ ©fl⁄∫PŒfl u¯ª{PµÆ _______________ BSÆ.
8. ¨uªıÆ ©˜P¢vµ¡∫©fl _______________ ©ÿ÷Æ
_______________ Gfl›™h[PŒ¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø H∂P¯Õ
ˆ¡mi⁄ı∫.
9. £¿ª¡∫PŒfl u¯ª{PµıP ______________ ¬Õ[QØx.
10. ¯Pªı\{ıu∫ ˜Pı∞¯ªU PmiØ¡∫ ______________ B¡∫.
11. Pº[Pzx®£µo¯Ø CØÿ‘Ø¡∫ ______________ B¡ı∫.
III. ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. {ª¢uı ñ ¶¤u®£ØoPŒfl CÕ¡µ\∫
2. ≤¡ıfl _¡ı[ ñ Ì∫\ \∂uÆ
3. £ı⁄∫ ñ §µØı¯P ©ı{ık
4. Ì∫\∫ ñ P¿¬ ¯©ØÆ
5. ©zu¬ªı\®
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6. ¡ıuı§ ñ I¢uıÆ v∏©¯”
7. {ıªı∞µ v∆¬Ø®
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8. ¨uªıÆ Q∏Ën∫ ñ ¨uªıÆ ©˜P¢vµ¡∫©fl
9. ©Q£ıª∫ ñ ¡[PıÕ Aµ\fl
10. ˆ£∂Ø ¶µınÆ ñ ˜©ÿS {ıkPŒfl S‘®¶
11. ]≥UQ ñ G¿˜ªıµı
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1. §µ£ıPµ ¡∫zu⁄∫ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫? A¡∏¯hØ §“¯ÕPŒfl
ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU T÷P.
2. Ì∫\∫ G∆¬uÆ A∂دn∞¿ A©∫¢uı∫?
3. Ì∫\® ˜£µµ]fl G¿¯ªP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
4. Ì∫\¯µz ˜uıÿPizu ©fl⁄∫ Øı∫?
5. ¶zu \©Ø ¡Õ∫a]US Ì∫\∫ Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısk £ÿ‘ _∏UQ
G xP.
6. §µØı¯P∞¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” TmhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ u∏P.
7. \ı–UQØ∂fl PmhhU P¯ª ¡Õ∫¢u Ch[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
8. ¨uªıÆ ©˜P¢vµ¡∫©¤fl S¯PU ˜Pı∞¿P“ G[ˆP[S
Pın®£kQfl”⁄?
9. ≤¡ıfl _¡ı[ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫? A¡¯µ®£ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
ˆu∂≤Æ?
10. {ıª¢uı £¿P¯ªUP«PÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ G xP.
11. CµımiµTh∫P“ P¯ª, PmhhU P¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø
ˆuısi¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. Ì∫\∂fl Bm] ¨¯”∞¯⁄ ¬¡∂UPƒÆ.
2. £¿ª¡∫ Pıª P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª¯Ø ¬ÕUPƒÆ.
3. ˜\ı«∫Pıª Bm]¨¯”∞fl u¤a]”®¶P¯Õ ˆ¡ŒU
ˆPın∫P.
4. ˜\ı«∫Pıªzv¿ Hÿ£mh P¿¬, CªUQØ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄®
£ÿ‘ ¬¡ıv.
¡¯µ£h® £∞ÿ]
1. Ì∫\® ˜£µµ]fl G¿¯ªP¯ÕU S‘®§mk \ı–UQØ∫,
CµımiµTh∫, £¿ª¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\ı«∫ Bsh £Sv
P¯Õ≤Æ S‘UPƒÆ.
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£ıhÆ 9
¡h C¢vØı¬fl Cµı\¶zvµ Aµ_P“ &
A˜µ§Ø∫, x∏UQØ∫ £¯hˆØk®¶P“

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ¡h C¢vØ Aµ_PÕı⁄ §µvPıµ∫P“, ˆ\Õ
PıflP“, £µ©ıµ∫P“, \¢˜uª∫P“, £ıª∫P“ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ A˜µ§Ø∫ £¯hˆØk®§fl ˜£ıx C¢vØı¬fl
|¯ª∞¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ £¯hˆØk®¶P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©ı≠z P·¤, ¨P©x ˜Pı∂ BQ˜Øı∫ C¢vØı
´x £¯hˆØk®£uÿPı⁄ `Ã|¯ªP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.

Ì∫\® ˜£µµ_ J∏ S÷QØ PıªÆ ©mk˜© |¯ªUP

¨i¢ux. Ì∫\∂fl Bm]US®§fl ¯©ØU Pmk®£ık
C¿ªı©¿ ˜£ı⁄x. {ık ´skÆ ˆ£∂Ø, ]‘Ø Aµ_PÕıP®
§Õƒ£mhx. A¯¡ J∆ˆ¡ıfl÷Æ u¤zu¤ _u¢vµ ©fl⁄∫
J∏¡∂fl Rà ˆ\Ø¿£mk ¡¢u⁄. A¯¡ u[P–US“
AiUPi \s¯h∞mkU ˆPısh⁄. G⁄˜¡ Aµ]Ø¿
Jÿ÷¯© ¨ ¯©ØıP Aÿ÷®˜£ı⁄x.
Ì∫\∂fl ©¯”ƒUS® §fl ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ ˜uıfl‘Ø
ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©Øı⁄ Aµ_P¯Õ Cµı\¶zvµ ©fl⁄∫P“
117
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C∏¢u⁄. B⁄ı¿ A¯¡PŒ¿ J∏ ]ª˜¡ |¯⁄¬¿ }[Pı
¡µªıÿ÷ ¡kUP¯Õ ¬mka ˆ\fl÷“Õ⁄.
Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒfl ˜uıÿ”Æ : Cµı\¶zvµ ¡«UPı÷
PŒfl£i A¡∫P“ u[P¯Õz ˆuıfl¯©¡ı¥¢u \z∂Ø Bm]
ØıÕ∫PŒfl ¡»z ˜uıfl”¿P“ G⁄U T‘U ˆPısh⁄∫. J∏
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C¡∏¯hØ ©Pfl ©˜P¢vµ £ıª›Æ ™Pa]”¢u √µ∫.
A¡∏¯hØ Pıªzv¿ §µvPıµ∫ Aµ_ ™P EØ∫¢u |¯ª¯Ø
A¯h¢ux. A¡∏¯hØ Aµ\¯¡® ¶ª¡µı⁄ Cµı·˜\Pµ∫
£ıª Cµı©ıØnÆ, £ıª£ıµuÆ ©mk©fl‘ ˜¡÷ ]ª
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ˆ£∏¯©≤Æ A¡∫P–US Esk.
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B‰´¯µz u¯ª{PµıPU ˆPısk ˆ\ÕPıflP“ u[P“ Aµ¯\
|÷¬⁄∫. ¬\ı¿˜u¡∫ CÆ ©µ§⁄∂fl ¶PÙUP Aµ\µıP
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CÆ©µ§˜ª˜Ø ™P ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢u Aµ\µı¡ı∫. A¡∫
Q.§.1191&BÆ Bsk {h¢u ¨u¿ uˆµ∞fl ˜£ı∂¿ ¨P©x
˜Pı∂¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu ˆ£∏¯© ˆ£ÿ”¡∫. B⁄ı¿ AuÿS
Akzu Bs˜h, Q.§.1192&¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ uˆµ∞fl
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A¯©¢ux.
§∏v¬µı\fl, µıo \Æ≤Uuı £ÿ‘Ø P¯u∞¯⁄®
£izxz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“P.
\¢˜uª∫P“ : {∫©¯u, ب¯⁄ {vP–US C¯h˜Ø
E“Õ £¢u¿Psm Gfl” £Sv¯Ø Bsh¡∫P“ \¢˜uª∫P“.
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E˜£¢vµ∫ B¡ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl ¨g\µı\ı Gfl£¡∫
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¡[PıÕzvfl £ıª∫P“ : ¡[PıÕ® £Sv¯Ø Bsh
£ıª∫ ©µ§fl ¨u¿ Aµ\∫ ˜Pı£ıªfl (Q.§. 765 & -Q.§. 769)
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Bm] A¯©®£ı⁄x |ªz¯u Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh
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123
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Bsk Sz¶wfl I£U ˆh¿º∞fl _¿uı⁄ıPz ufl¯⁄
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A˜µ§Ø x∏UQØ® £¯hˆØk ®¶PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP“ :
£¯hˆØk®¶PŒfl
A˜µ§Ø A‘b∫P“ £ª∫ C¢vØı¬æ“Õ ]¢x
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126
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2. ©ın¡∫P“ Cµı\¶zvµ∫P“ C¢vØ P¯ª, PmhhU
P¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫P“ C¢vØı ´uı⁄ ¨_ºÆ £¯hˆØk®¶P–U
Pı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫P“ A˜µ§Ø∫, x∏UQØ∫ £¯hˆØk®§fl
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C¢vØ® £¯h ˆØk®¶P–US C¯h˜Ø Pın®£mh
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukzx G xP
1. Cµı\˜\Pµ∫ Gfl” A‘b∫ G vØ °¿
A) £ıª Cµı©ıØnÆ B) Cµı©ıØnÆ
C) \ıS¢uªÆ D) Ru˜Pı¬¢uÆ
2. ¨u¿ uˆµ∞fl ˜£ı∫ {h¢u Bsk
A) Q.§. 1194 B) Q.§. 1191
C) Q.§. 1193 D) Q.§. 1195
127
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A) ؘ\ıu∫©fl B) R∫zv ¡∫©fl
C) ¬Ëq¡∫©fl D) Cµı\¡∫©fl
4. \¢˜uª ©µ§fl P¯h] Aµ\¯⁄z ˜uıÿPizu¡∫
A) P‚¤ ©ı≠z B) ˜Pı∂ ¨P©x
C) Sz¶wfl I£U D) \£Ui‚fl
5. ¨uªıÆ ˜£ı\∫ \©UQ∏u P¿ø∂¯Ø A¯©zu ChÆ
A) Pfl˜⁄ı] B) uıµı
C) ©ıÕ¡Æ D) ˆ·¥ß∫
6. ˜u¡£ıª∂fl uP®£⁄ı∫
A) ˜Pı£ıªfl B) u∫©£ıªfl
C) ©˜P¢vµ£ıªfl D) ©Q£ıªfl
7. \©nU ˜Pı∞¿ v¿¡ıµı A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ
A) BUµı B) ˆh¿º
C) A¶©¯ª D) P·˙µı˜Ìı
8. ¬Uµ©ı[P \∂zvµzvfl B]∂Ø∫
A) \ı¢ £∫uı¥ (Chand Bardai) B) §¿Pn∫
C) £¡ßv D) ˆ·Ø˜\⁄∫
9. Cµı˜\¢vµ ˜\ı«∫ ˜uıÿPizu £ıª∫ ©µ¶ Aµ\∫
A) ©Q£ıªfl B) ˜Pı£ıªfl
C) u∫©£ıªfl D) ˜u¡£ıªfl
10. Q.§ 1025¿ ©ı≠z P‚¤Øı¿ uıUP®£mh ¶PÈ£ÿ” C¢x
BªØÆ C∏¢u ChÆ
A) P·˙µı˜Ìı B) ˜\ı©{ıu¶µÆ
C) v¿¡ıµı D) ß∂ ˆ·Pfl{ıu∫
11. ˆ·Øa\¢vµ¤fl ©P“
A) \S¢uªı B) \Æ≤Uuı
C) £z™¤ D) ≠¡∂¿ G¡∏™¿¯ª.
12. Q.§.1197&¿ {ª¢uı £¿P¯ªUP«Pz¯u A»zu¡∫
A) ˜Pı∂ ¨P©x B) Sx®wfl
C) £UvØı∫Q¿‚ D) A¿i‚fl

128
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. §µvPıµ∫ ©µ§¯⁄z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ ___________ BSÆ.
2. ˆ\ÕPıfl ©µ§¿ ¡¢u ¬\ı¿˜u¡∫ ˆh¿º¯Ø ___________
C∏¢x ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄ı∫.
3. §µvPıµ∫ Aµ_ ___________ ©fl⁄∫ Pıªzv¿ ™P Efl⁄u
|¯ª¯Ø A¯h¢ux.
4. \¢˜uª ©µ§fl ¨UQØ©ı⁄ Aµ\∫P“ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ
___________ B¡ı∫.
5. P·˙µı˜Ìı¬¿ E“Õ ¶PÈ£ÿ” ¬Ëq ˜Pı∞¯ªU
PmiØ ©fl⁄∫ ___________
6. £µ©ıµ∫P“ ©µ§¯⁄ ___________ ˜uıÿ÷¬zuı∫.
7. ¡[PıÕz¯u Bsh £ıª∫ ©µ§fl ¨u¿ Aµ\∫ __________
B¡ı∫.
8. Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒfl Bm] A¯©®¶ ___________ ¨¯”¯Ø
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx.
9. \¢˜uª ©fl⁄∫P“ ___________ Gfl›™hzv¿ £ª A«QØ
˜Pı∞¿P¯ÕU Pmi⁄ı∫.
10. P‚¤ ©ı≠zvfl Aµ\ \¯£∞¿ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ
___________ BQØ ¶PÈ£ÿ” P¬b∫P“ C∏¢u⁄∫.
11. ¨P©x §fl Pı]Æ Gfl” A˜µ§Øz uÕ£v ___________
¯uz uıUQ⁄ı∫.
12. Âı {ı©ı¯¡ G vØ¡∫ ___________ BSÆ.
III. ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. `∂Ø ¡Æ\Æ ñ ¬UQµ© ^ª £¿P¯ªUP«PÆ
2. §∏v¬µı\fl ñ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˜Pı¶µÆ
3. CµshıÆ
uˆµ∞fl ˜£ı∫ ñ Cµı©fl
4. ¨uªıÆ ˜£ı\∫ ñ ˆ·Ø˜u¡∫
5. u∫©£ıª∫ ñ \ı¢ £∫uı¥
6. ¬·Ø ÏuÆ£Æ ñ ˆ\ÕPıfl
7. ˆ·¥\ı¿©∫ ñ Q.§. 1192

129
 8. Ru˜Pı¬¢uÆ ñ £µ©ıµ∫ ©µ¶
9. §∏v¬µı\µı˜\ı ñ ˜Pım¯h
10. Aª®i‚fl ñ ¨P©x ˜Pı∂.
11. Âı{ı©ı ñ Pfl˜⁄ı] ©fl⁄fl
12. \Pı®¶wfl ñ §∫ˆuÕ]
13. ˆ·Øa\¢vµfl ñ P‚¤ {PµÆ
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒfl ˜uıÿ”Æ £ÿ‘ }¬∫ A‘¡x Øıx?
2. §∏v¬µı\ ˆ\ÕPıfl £ÿ‘ }¬∫ A‘¡x Øıx?
3. \¢˜uª∫ ©fl⁄∫P“ PmhhUP¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄
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4. ¬UQµ©^ª £¿P¯ªU P«Pz¯u |÷¬Øx Øı∫? A®
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5. Cµı\¶zvµ® ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄® £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶
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6. Cµı\¶zvµ∫ Pıª CªUQØ[P“ J∏ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
7. ©ı≠z P‚¤∞fl C¢vØ® £¯hˆØk®¶PŒfl ˜{ıUPÆ
Øıx?
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PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?
9. Sz¶vfl I£U Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫? A¡¯µ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄
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10. ©ı≠z P‚¤, ¨P©x ˜Pı∂ C¡∫PŒfl C¢vØ® £¯h
ˆØk®§¿ Pın®£mh ¨UQØ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU
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V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. Cµı\¶zvµ∫PŒfl Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
2. Cµı\¶zvµ∫ Pıª PmhhUP¯ª E“Õ Ch[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
3. CµshıÆ uˆµ∞fl ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬¯Õƒ
P¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUSP.
4. A˜µ§Ø∫, x∏UQØ∫ £¯hˆØk®¶PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ
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Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ ˆh¿º¯Ø Bsh _¿uıflP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Q.§.1206 ¨u¿ 1526 ¡¯µ ˆh¿º¯Ø Bm]
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3. ©ın¡∫ ˆh¿º _¿uıflPŒfl Bm]¨¯”∞¯⁄z
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4. ©ın¡∫ _¿uıflP“ Pıª Aµ]Ø¿, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
|¯ª¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
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6. ©ın¡∫ _¿uı¤ØU Pıª P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª £ÿ‘
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C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ‘¿ Q.§.1206 ¨u¿ Q.§.1526 ¡¯µ∞

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Akzukzx CUPıªPmhzv¿ Bm] ¶∂¢u⁄. A¯¡ :
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2. Q¿‚ ©µ¶ Q.§.1290 & Q.§. 1320
131
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4. ¯\Øz ©µ¶ Q.§. 1414 & Q.§.1451
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Ai¯© ©µ¶ (Q.§.1206 & Q.§.1290)

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A˜u˜£ı¿ u⁄US Gv∫®¶ ˆu∂¬zu SkÆ£ A[Pzv⁄∫
P¯Õ≤Æ Pk¯©ØıPz usizuı∫.
Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚ (Q.§.1296 & Q.§.1316) : Q¿‚ ©µ§fl
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Aªıƒwfl A›®§⁄ı∫. ¡º¯© ¡ı¥¢u A®£¯h¯ØU
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Q.§.1301¿ CµfluıƘ£ı¯µU ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø Aªıƒwfl
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˜£ıh®£mhx. (Branding & `hı⁄ C∏ƶU ˜Pıªı¿ Aµ_
¨zv¯µ¯Ø ¯¡zu¿) Cu⁄ı¿ ]”¢u Aµ\ı[P
Sv¯µP¯Õz v∏i AuÿS £vªıP £Ø⁄ÿ” Sv¯µP¯Õ
©ıÿ‘ ¯¡USÆ £«UPÆ ukUP®£mhx.
¡∂ : Aµ]fl ¨UQØ ¡∏©ı⁄Æ |ª[PŒfl ≠ªÆ
Q¯hzux. C¯uz u¬µ √mk¡∂, ˜©¥a\¿¡∂, C¢xU
145
 PŒh™∏¢x ˆ·]Øı ¡∂ ˜£ıfl”¯¡
¡`ºUP®£mh⁄. C∆¡ı÷ ˜\∫¢u ¡∏©ı⁄Æ £¯h,
ˆ£ıx©UPŒfl {fl¯©, Aµs©¯⁄ £µı©∂®¶,
Bm]|∫¡ıPÆ, }∫®£ı\⁄Æ, \ı¯ª A¯©®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ \≠P
˜\¯¡ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿPıP ˆ\ª¬h® £mhx.
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ª : }sh Pı¿¡ı¥P–Æ, SÕ[P–Æ
ˆ¡mh®£mk £µ¢u |ª®£µ®¶PŒ¿ ¬¡\ıØÆ
ˆ\¥Ø®£mhx. Cª¡\ ©∏zx¡ \ı¯ªP–Æ, £ØoØ∫
¬kvP–Æ Pmh®£mh⁄. ˜¡¯ªzv”fl ™UP P¯ªb∫P“
Aµ\∏USÆ, §µ¶UP–USÆ ™P ˜{∫zvØı⁄ ¯P¬¯⁄®
ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õz uØı∂zx AŒzu⁄∫. £ª {Pµ[P“ ¬Øı£ıµz
uª[PÕıP ©ı‘⁄. E“{ımk, ˆ¡Œ{ımk ¡ıoPÆ
˜©Æ£mhx. PıƘ£, `µz BQØ {Pµ[P“ I˜µı®£ı ©ÿ÷Æ
©zvØ B]Ø {ıkP–hfl ¬Øı£ıµz ˆuıh∫¶
ˆPısi∏¢u⁄. ¡[PıÕÆ, S·µız £SvPŒº∏¢x £∏zv,
©ÿ÷Æ °ªı¯hP“ Hÿ÷©vØı∞⁄. A˜µ§Øı, ßhıfl,
£ıµ^PÆ, vˆ£z, Q«US B®§∂UPı ©ÿ÷Æ ^⁄ıƒhfl
¬Øı£ıµz ˆuıh∫¶ C∏¢ux. Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚∞fl ¬¯ª
|∫nØ ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ AzvØı¡]Ø® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ¬¯ª
Pmk®£ımiº∏¢ux.
P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª : C¢xUP–Æ, ¨_ºÆP–Æ
Jÿ÷¯©≤h›Æ, A¯©v≤h›Æ ¡ıâu⁄∫. C¢vØ
¨_ºÆ Pªıa\ıµ[P“ Jfl‘¯n¢u⁄. £ıµ^P ˆ©ı» Aµ_
ˆ©ı»ØıPz vPâux. £ıµ^P, A˜µ§Ø, C¢v ˆ©ı»P“
C¯n¢x E∏x Gfl” ¶xˆ©ı» E∏¡ı⁄x. C¢vØ,
A˜µ§Ø \[RuU P¯ªP“ Jfl÷£mk C¢xÏuı¤ \[Ru©ıP
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C¯\UP∏¬P“ £«UPzv¿ ¡¢u⁄. PmhhUP¯ª∞æÆ £ª
¶vØ £∂©ın[P“ ˜uıfl‘⁄. ¬¿ ¡¯Õƒ (Arch) ˜PıÕ
¡i¡ T¯µ A¯©®¶ (domb) Eص©ı⁄ TƶU ˜Pı¶µ[P“
(minars) ¨uºØ⁄ Pmhh[P–US ˜©æÆ A«Tmi⁄.
Pmhh[PŒfl ¡i¡ A¯©®¶ £ıµ^P £ıo∞æÆ, Aª[Pıµ
146
~qUP ˜¡¯ª®£ıkP“ C¢vØz ufl¯© ˆPıshuıPƒÆ
J∏ Pª®¶¨¯” ˜uıfl‘Øx. Cx C¢vØ&\ıµ\ı¤U ¨¯”
A¿ªx C¢vØ ¨_ºÆ TmkU P¯ª®£ıo Gfl÷
¡«[P®£mhx. Sx®™⁄ı∫
Sx®™⁄ı∫, Aª¥u∫¡ı·ı, ·Ìıfl £ga,
¨zx ©`v BQد¡P–Æ ˆuÕªuı£ız, ˆ£˜µıÂı£ız,
˜Pı¿ˆPıshı BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ ˜Pım¯h
P–Æ C¢u \ıµ\ı¤U Pmhh A¯©®¯£U ˆPısh¯¡.
C¡ÿ‘æ“Õ ˜PıÕ¡i¡ T¯µ A¯©®§¿ ~qUP©ı⁄
¡sna ]zvµ ˜¡¯ª®£ıkP“ ]”®¶ AÆ\Æ
ˆPısh⁄¡ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Ai¯© ©µ¶ Aµ\∫PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘P¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Aªıƒvfl Q¿‚∞fl Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUP
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ¨P©x §fl xUÕUQfl {¿ª Sn[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘
G uƒÆ A¡∫ ˆ\¥u u¡÷P¯Õ≤Æ S‘®§mkU T”ƒÆ
¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ _¿uı¤Ø∫ Bm]¨¯”∞fl ]”®¶P¯Õ
¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ _¿uı¤Ø∫ Pıªzv¿ E∏¡ı⁄ £s£ımk
Pª®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Sz¶vfl I£U ufl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø C∆¡ı÷ ˆuıh[Q⁄ı∫
A) £¯h√µµıP B) Ai¯©ØıP
C) uÕ£vØıP D) ©fl⁄µıP
147
2. Aµı™fl u¢¯u
A) C¿x™Ë B) I£U
C) {_∏wfl D) ¯u≠∫

3. Sx®™⁄ı¯µU Pmhz ˆuıh[QØ¡∫

A) C¿x™Ë B) Sz¶wfl I£U

C) Cµ]Øı D) A¿y¤Øı

4. C¿x™Â˚US® §”S Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫

A) _¿uı⁄ı Cµ]Øı B) {_∏wfl

C) Cµı©a\¢vµ ˜u¡∫ D) ]UP¢u∫ ˜ªıi

5. {_∏wfl Aµ\® ˆ£ı÷®¶ HÿP Eu¬ ˆ\¥u¡∫

A) £ı¿£fl B) I£U
C) C®µıQÆ ˜ªıi D) Cµ]Øı

6. Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚ CµfluıÆ߯µU ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø Bsk

A) Q.§.1351 B) Q.§. 1301

C) Q.§ 1321 D) Q.§. 1311

7. ]zy∫ µıo £z™¤∞fl Pn¡∫

A) •Æ][ B) µını µıƘu∆

C) £¿√∫][ D) µıÆ][

8. xUÕU ©µ¯£z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫

A) ¨P©x §fl xUÕU B) QØı_vfl xUÕU

C) ˆ£˜µıÏÂı D) ˆ£˜µıÏPıfl

9. QØı_vfl xUÕUQfl uıØı∫ §”¢u ChÆ

A) J∂\ı B) £g\ı®
C) ¡[PıÕÆ D) S·µız
148
 10. Ai¯©PŒfl ˜©Æ£ımiÿPıP u¤ A¯©®¯£z
˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A) ˆ£˜µıÏxUÕU B) ¨P©x§fl xUÕU
C) Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚ D) ©ıºUPıß∫

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. ˆh¿º¯Ø Bsh ¨u¿ _¿uıfl _________B¡ı∫.

2. Sz¶w¤fl ¡“Õ¿ ufl¯©Øı¿ A¡∏US _________ Gfl”

£mh®ˆ£Ø∫ Hÿ£mhx.

3. C¿x™Êfl Pıªzv¿ G¿¯ª®¶”zv¿ A£ıØz¯u

Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫_________ BSÆ.

4. Sz¶vfl I£U _________ ¬¯ÕØımi¿ B∫¡¨¯hØ¡∫.

5. C¢xÏuı⁄zvfl £”¯¡ (Parrot of India) Gfl÷ A¯«UP®

£mh¡∫ _________ BSÆ.

6. Aªıƒvfl Q¿‚Øı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mh ˜u¡Q∂∞fl

©fl⁄∫ _________ B¡ı∫.

7. ˆufl⁄Pzvfl ˜Pıi∞æ“Õ _________ ©ÿ÷Æ _________

{Pµ[P“ ©ıºUPıßµı¿ uıUP®£mh⁄.

8. ˜uı¿¬¯Øz u ¬Ø µıo £z™¤ _________ G⁄®£kÆ

wUSŒzx E∞∫¬mhı∫.

9. ˆ\Ø¿v”Æ ™UP _________ £¯h Aªıƒvfl Q¿‚Øı¿

|∫¡QUP®£mhx.

10. Aªıƒvfl Q¿‚ ˆh¿ºUS A∏Q¿ _________ Gfl” ¶vØ

{P¯µ |∫©ıozuı∫.

11. Q¿‚ ©µ§fl P¯h] Aµ\∫ _________B¡ı∫.

149
 12. xUÕU ©µ§¯⁄ _________ Gfl£¡∫ ˜uıÿ÷¬zuı∫.

13. ¨P©x §fl xUÕU _________ C∏¢x _________ US ufl

u¯ª{P¯⁄ ©ıÿ‘⁄ı∫.

14. ˆ£˜µıÂı xUÕU _________, _________ ©ÿ÷Æ _________

BQØ {Pµ[P¯µ |∫©ıozuı∫.

15. £∏zv≤Æ, £∏zv B¯hP–Æ _________, _________

{Pµ[PŒº∏¢x Hÿ÷©v ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄.

16. E∏x ˆ©ı» ˜uıfl” Ai®£¯hØıP A¯©¢u ˆ©ı»P“

_________, _________ ©ÿ÷Æ _________ BSÆ.

17. ¯u≠µı¿ ¨ ¡x©ıP A»UP®£mh {PµÆ _________

BSÆ.

III. ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. hı[Pı ñ ¡[PıÕ B–⁄∫

2. Cµ]Øı ñ £ıµ^PU P¬

3. x∏UQØ® §µ¶P“ ñ ˆuÕªuı£ız

4. xU∂¿Pıfl ñ uÕ£v

5. A´∫S_∏⁄∫ ñ ¡µªıÿ÷ A‘b∫

6. ˜u¡Q∂ ñ {ıÿ£x ˜£∫ (the famous forty)

7. ©ıºUPıß∫ ñ ˆ¡“Œ {ınØÆ

8. £µo ñ A¿y¤Øı

9. C£fl£mkhı ñ ˆ©ıµıU˜Pı {ımk® £Øo

10. C¢vØ \ıµ\ı¤UP¯ª ñ ©zvØ B]Øı

11. ¯u≠∫ ñ Tƶ ˜Pı¶µ[P“

150
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1. Sz¶vfl I£U G∆¡ı÷ ©µn©¯h¢uı∫?
2. Sz¶vfl I£U £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.
3. C¿x™Ë \¢vzu §µa\¯⁄P¯ÕU T÷P.

4. C¿x™Êfl |∫¡ıPz v”¯© £ÿ‘ ]ª¡∂P“ G xP.

5. ˆh¿º¯Ø Bsh J˜µ ˆ£s _¿uıfl Øı∫? A¡¯µ® £ÿ‘
E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
6. £ı¿£fl G∆¡ı÷ A∂دn H‘⁄ı∫?
7. ufl Gv∂P¯Õ AhUP £ı¿£fl ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ]P“
Øı¯¡?
8. ·ªıævfl Q¿‚ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?
9. Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚ ˆ£ÿ” ˆ¡ÿ‘P“ Øı¯¡?

10. ¨P©x§fl xUÕUQfl Snıv\Ø[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏ ]ª ¡∂P“

G xP.
11. ˜uı¡® (doab) G›Æ £uz¯u Euıµnzxhfl ¬ÕUSP?

12. ˆ£˜µıÏ xUÕU A‘¨P®£kzvØ ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

13. ¯u≠∫ £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.

14. ¯\Øx ©µ¶ Aµ\∫PŒ¿ S‘®§hzuUP Aµ\∫PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫
P¯ÕU T÷P.

15. ]P¢u∫ ˜ªıi £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?

16. £ı£∫ C¢vØı¬fl ´x £¯hˆØkUPa \ıuP©ıP A¯©¢u
`Ã|¯ªP¯Õ G xP.
17. _¿uı¤Ø∫ Pıªzv¿ C¢vØıƒhfl ¡ıoPz ˆuıh∫¶
ˆPısi∏¢u {ıkP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
151
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1. Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚∞fl |∫¡ıP {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ
ˆ¡ŒUˆPın∫P.
2. ¨P©x §fl xUÕU ufl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ˆ\Ø¿£kzxÆ
˜£ıx ˆ\¥u u¡÷P“ Øı¯¡?
3. _¿uı¤Ø∫ Bm]∞fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
4. ˆh¿º _¿uıflPŒfl Bm] ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
¡¯µ£h £∞ÿ]
C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ Aªıƒwfl Q¿‚ Aµ]fl G¿¯ª
P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.

152
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C¯hUPıª C¢vØı¬¿ £Uv CØUPÆ

Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¯hUPıª C¢vØı¬¿ ˜uıfl‘Ø £Uv CØUPÆ
£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ £Uv CØUPzvfl u¯ª¡∫PŒfl ˜{ıUP[P“,

A¡∫P–¯hØ ˆuıskP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ £Uv CØUPz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £oP¯Õ®

£ıµımkÆ£i FUS¬UP®£h¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ˆufl C¢vØ £Uv ˆ{‘¯Ø ¡hC¢vØ £Uv

CØUP[P–hfl J®§mk® £ı∫zu¿.

£Uv CØUPÆ ˜uıfl”U Pıµn[P“ : C_ªıÆ \©ØÆ

C¢vØı¬¿ ¶S¡uÿS ¨fl C¢x \©ØÆ, \©n \©ØÆ, ¶zu
\©ØÆ BQØ ≠fl÷ \©Ø[P–Æ ¨UQØ \©Ø[PÕıP
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˜uıfl‘Øx. Phƒ¯Õ ¡»£k¡v¿ \ıuıµn ©UP–US £ª
S«®£[P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. C_ªıÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ¶S¢u˜£ıx
C¢xUP“ £¿˜¡÷ \©Øa \h[SP¯Õ® §fl£ÿ‘≤Æ £ª
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C¯h˜Ø G¿ªı¬u©ı⁄ ≠h {ƧU¯PP–Æ C∏¢u⁄.
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\ıv ¨¯”≤Æ, wshı¯©≤Æ Ps≠izu⁄©ı⁄ ¡»£ımk

153
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©UPŒ¯h˜Ø P∏zx ˜¡ÿ÷¯©P¯Õ ¡Õ∫zu⁄. A˜u ˜{µz
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\˜Pıuµzx¡z¯u≤Æ ˜£ıvzux. E∏¡ ¡»£ımi¯⁄U
Psizux. Aa \©ØÆ Bsh¡¤fl ¨fl A¯⁄¡∏Æ \©Æ
Gfl÷ T‘Øx. ˆPık¯©US“Õı⁄ {kzuµ ©UP–Æ, uıâu
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TiØx. ©uˆ¡‘, ≠h £Uv, \©Øa \Q®§fl¯© ˜£ıfl”¯¡
u¯ª yUQ |fl”⁄. Azu¯PØ w¯©P¯Õ APÿ‘h
C¢vØı¬fl £ª £ıP[PŒæÆ \©Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ˜uıfl‘⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ Phƒ¯Õ A¯hØ £Uv G⁄®£kÆ Es¯© Afl¯£
˜£ıvzu⁄∫.
£Uv CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ : £Uv Gfl£x u¤{£∂fl
Phƒ“ £ÿ‘¯⁄˜Ø S‘USÆ. £Uv u¤ ©¤ufl Phƒ–hfl
IUQØ©ı¡¯u ¡º≤÷zxQ”x. ˆufl¤¢vØı¬¿ £Uv
CØUPÆ Q.§. 7&BÆ °ÿ”ısk ¨u¿ Q.§.12&BÆ °ÿ
”ısk ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ PıªPmhzv¿ ˜uıfl‘Øx. ]¡¯⁄ ¡»
£mh {ıØfl©ı∫P–Æ ¬Ëq¯¡ ¡n[QØ Báı∫P–Æ
£Uv¯Ø ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø £µ®§⁄∫. A¡∫P“ u[P“ Afl¶,
£ÿ÷ G›Æ ˆ\¥v¯Ø ˆufl¤¢vØı¬fl G¿ªı £Sv
PŒæÆ A¡µ¡∫ uı¥ˆ©ı» ≠ªÆ £ı©µ ©UP–USÆ ¶∂≤Æ
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ˆ£ıxU P∏zxUP¯Õ ©UP–US Gkzx¯µzu⁄∫.
¡h C¢vØı¬¿ £Uv CØUPÆ : C_ªı™Ø∫PŒfl £¯h
ˆØk®§⁄ı¿ ¡h C¢vØı¬¿ £Uv CØUPÆ w¬µ
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ˆ\¿¡∫P“ ™PƒÆ GŒØ SkÆ£[P¯Õa ˜\∫¢u¡∫P“.
A¡∫P“ \¨uıØzvfl £¿˜¡÷ ¡S®¶PŒº∏¢xÆ §∂ƒ
PŒº∏¢xÆ ¡¢u⁄∫. A¡∫P“ {ımifl £ª £ıP[P–USÆ
£Uv® £ıh¿P¯Õ® £ıia ˆ\fl÷, Aufl ≠ªÆ Phƒ“
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154
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£Uv CØUPzvfl ˆPı“¯PP“ : £Uv CØUPzvfl
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£¡∫ ©¤u Sªzvfl ˜©fl¯©USÆ £oØıÿ” ˜¡skÆ, 3)
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A‘¢x ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ.
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2. ©ın¡∫ \©Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ˜£ıvzu ©¤u ˜{ØÆ, ©¤u
\©}v, A¯⁄zx ©UP–Æ \©©ıP {hzu®£h¿ ˜¡skÆ
˜£ıfl” P∏zxUP¯Õ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ \©Øa \Q®¶zufl¯©¯Ø ¡Õ∫zxU ˆPı“¡∫.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u Sªzvh¨Æ, PhƒŒh¨Æ Afl¶
Pımk¡∫.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. Cµı©ı›\∫ Phƒ¯Õ P∏vØ ¬uÆ
A) Afl¶UPh¿ B) £ı¯ª¡⁄ }∫
C) ˜uımhzv¿ ©ª∏Æ ß D) Sfl‘fl ˜©æ“Õ ¬ÕUS
2. Cµı©ı›\∂fl ^h∫
A) P•∫ B) ´µı£ı¥
C) Cµı©ı⁄¢u∫ D) xÕ]uı\∫
3. C¢v ˆ©ı»∞¿ ˜£ıvzu ¨u¿ \©Øa ^∫v∏zu¡ıv
A) Cµı©ı›\∫ B) Cµı©ı⁄¢u∫
C) S∏{ı⁄U D) xUPıµıÆ
4. Phƒ¯Õ Afl¶z u¢¯uØıPU P∏vØ¡∫
A) £\¡∫ B) bı˜⁄Ï¡∫
C) ¯\uflØ∫ D) P•∫
5. ^UQØ \©Øz¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫
A) P•∫ B) Cµı©ı⁄¢u∫
C) xUPıµıÆ D) S∏{ı⁄U
6. {ı©˜u¡∂fl £ıh¿P“ G u®£mh ˆ©ı»
A) ¡[PıÕÆ B) ©µızv
C) ˆuæ[S D) u™Ã
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A) Qµ¢u \ıQ® B) R¯u
C) Cµı©ıØnÆ D) ©Pı£ıµuÆ
8. ¯\uflØ∂fl ˆ\ı¢u ChÆ
A) ©PıµımiµÆ B) ¡[PıÕÆ
C) ¯©`∫ D) ˜PµÕÆ
9. Cµı© \∂u ©⁄Ï G›Æ °¯ª G vØ¡∫
A) PÆ£∫ B) ¡ı¿´Q
C) xÕ]uı\∫ D) xUPıµıÆ
10. ´µı£ı¥ ufl £ıh¿P¯Õ G vØ ˆ©ı»
A) ¡[PıÕÆ B) ©µızv
C) Cµı·zuı¤ D) C¢v
11. ´µı£ı∞ÿPıP ˜Pı¬¿ Pmh®£mh ChÆ
A) ]zy∫ B) ¡ıµ⁄ı]
C) £ıhº¶zvµÆ D) ˜Pı¿ˆPıshı
12. \zvµ£v ]¡ı‚ §fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ˜£ıvzu¡∫
A) P•∫ B) Cµı©uı\∫
C) Cµı©ı›\∫ D) Cµı©ı⁄¢u∫
13. {ıØfl©ı∫PŒfl ˆ©ızu GsoU¯P
A) 63 B) 62 C) 64 D) 65
14. Báı∫PŒfl £ıh¿P¯Õz ˆuıSzu¡∫
A) {ıu¨¤ C) PÆ£∫
B) {ƧØıshı∫ D) Bshı“
15. E∏xˆ©ı» ˜uıfl” Ai®£¯hØıP A¯©¢u ˆ©ı»P“
A) C¢v≤Æ, ¡[PıÕ¨Æ C) £ıµ^P¨Æ ©µızv≤Æ
B) £ıµ^P¨Æ C¢v≤Æ D) C¢v≤Æ, Cµı·zuı¤≤Æ
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. u¤{£∂fl Phƒ“ £ÿ÷ ____________ G⁄®£kÆ.
2. ____________ Phƒ“ J∏¡˜µ Gfl÷ ˜£ıvzux.
3. £Uv CØUP[PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ıi Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫
____________B¡ı∫.

164
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__________ BQد¡P¯Õ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısh¯¡.
5. Cµı©ı⁄¢u∫ ____________∞¿ P¿¬ £∞fl”ı∫.
6. Cµı©ı⁄¢u∂fl ¨UQØ ^h∫PŒ¿ ¶Pà ˆ£ÿ” A∏mˆ\¿¡∫
____________ BSÆ.
7. }∏ G⁄®£mh ¨_ºÆ ˆ{\¡ıÕµı¿ ¡Õ∫UP®£mh¡∫
____________B¡ı∫.
8. A∏mˆ\¿¡µı⁄ §fl¶ S∏{ı⁄U ˆ\fl” ¶soØz uª[P“
____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ____________ BSÆ.
9. S∏{ı⁄UQfl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫ ____________
Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£mh⁄∫.
10. BvUQµ¢uÆ G u®£mh G zx¨¯” ____________
G⁄®£mhx.
11. ¬Ëq¬fl A¡uıµ©ıPU P∏u®£k£¡∫ __________ BSÆ.
12. ´µı£ı¥ ufl ¡ıÃ{ıŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£Sv¯Ø ____________
§”¢u Ch©ı⁄ ____________ ¿ P»zuı∫.
13. xUPıµı™fl £Uv®£ıh¿P“ ____________ ˆ©ı»∞¿
G u®£mh⁄.
14. `§ CØUPzvfl C∏§∂ƒP“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ
____________ BSÆ.
15. v∏¡ı\Pz¯u G vØ¡∫ ____________ B¡∫.
III. ˆ£ı∏zxP
1. Báı∫P“ ñ ¬z˜uı£ı
2. \[R∫zu⁄Æ ñ \©£¢v EnƒUThÆ
3. ´µı£ı¥ ñ ˜©¡ı∫ Aµ\∫
4. S∏ Qµ¢z ñ ˜u\z¯u E∏¡ıUQØ¡∫
5. {ı©˜u¡∫ ñ ¬Ëq£Uu∫
6. S∏µı©uı\∫ ñ ©Pı®§µ¶
7. ª[P∫ ñ ¶¤u°¿
8. ¯\uflØ∫ ñ ˆ£ıx Ch[PŒ¿ Phƒ“
¶Pà £ıkƨ¯”
165
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10. A£[P[P“ ñ £P¡z R¯u
11. ˆ£∂Ø ¶µınÆ ñ º[PıØz §∂ƒ
12. v∏®£ı¯¡ ñ ˜\UQ«ı∫
13. £\¡∫ ñ Bshı“
IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ
1. C¢x \©Øzvfl §∂ƒP“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U T÷P.
2. £Uv CØUPÆ Gfl£¯u® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
3. £Uv CØUPzvfl ˆPı“¯PP“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
4. Cµı©ı⁄¢u∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P“ Øı¯¡?
5. P•∂fl ˜£ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
6. ª[P∫ Gfl£x £ÿ‘ ]ª ¡ı∫z¯uP“ G xP?
7. ^UQØ∂fl ¶¤u °¯ª® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
8. ¯\uflØ∂fl E£˜u\[P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
9. xÕ]uı\∂fl CªUQØ £¯h®¶P“ Øı¯¡?
10. ´µı£ı¥ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ ˆu∂≤Æ?
11. S∏ Cµı©uı\∫ Øı∫?
12. bı˜⁄Ï¡µ∂fl CªUQØz ˆuısk £ÿ‘ ]ª ¡∂P“
G xP.
13. {ƧØıshı∫ {Ƨ CªUQØ ¡Õ∫a]USa ˆ\¥u
£o∞¯⁄U S‘®§kP.
14. ˜u¡ıµ® £ıh¿P¯Õ G vØ¡∫ Øı∫?
15. `§ CØUPz x”¬P“ ]ª¯µU S‘®§hƒÆ.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. £Uv CØUPzvfl ˜uıÿ”Æ, ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ ]ª £Uv
CØUPz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl ˜£ıu¯⁄P–hfl ¬ÕUSP.
2. `§ CØUPÆ £ÿ‘ G xP.
3. £Uv CØUPzuı¿ Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
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Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ £ı™¤, ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ_PŒfl ˜uıÿ”z¯u A‘u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ £ı™¤ ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ_P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ªUS ¬·Ø{Pµ ©fl⁄∫P“
Bÿ‘Ø ˆuısi¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

ˆh¿º _¿uı¤Øzvfl §Õ¡ı⁄x uUPınzv¿ £ª

Aµ_P“ ˜uıfl” ¡ı¥®£ıP A¯©¢ux. xUÕU ©µ¶§fl
√Ãa]US® §fl⁄∫ uUPınzv¿ C∏ ¨UQØ Aµ_P“
˜uıfl‘⁄. A¯¡P“ £ı™¤ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ_PÕıSÆ.
C¢u C∏ Aµ_P–Æ ¬¢vØ ©¯ªUS ˆuÿQ¿ E“Õ £µ¢u
|ª® £Sv¯Ø 200 BskP–US ˜©ªıP ufl ¡\zv¿
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Sÿ”©ÿ”¡∫ Gfl£¯u _¿uıfl En∫¢uı∫. ¨P¨x P¡ı¤fl
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P¯ªPŒfl ¶µ¡ª∫PÕıPƒÆ vPâuı∫P“.
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Q∏Ën ˜u¡µıØ∫ (Q.§.1510 & Q.§.1529) : C¡∫ ¬·Ø
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{ınØ[P¯Õ E∏UQ® ˆ£ı‘zu⁄∫.
u¯ªU˜Pım¯h ˜£ı∫ Q.§.1565 : Q∏Ën ˜u¡µı
Ø∏US® §fl A¡∏¯hØ \˜Pıuµ∫ Aa_uµıØ∫ Aµ\µı⁄ı∫.
A¡∫ ¡º¯©Øÿ”¡µıP C∏¢uuı¿ {ımifl £ª £SvP¯Õ
C«¢uı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Aµ\ısh \uı]¡µıØ∏Æ Bm]z
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172
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BQØ ˜Pı∞¿P“ ¬·Ø{Pµ©fl⁄∫P“ Pıªzv¿ Tku¿
Pmhh[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ ¬∂¡ıUP®£mhx.

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˜Pı∞¿

uÿ˜£ıx ¯©`∏US A∏Q¿ E“Õ ÌƧ Gfl”

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ˆufl¤¢vØı¬fl ¡µªıÿ÷a ]fl⁄[PŒ¿ ©UP¯ÕU P¡∏Æ
]”®¶ ™UPuıP E“Õx. AƧ v¯P®ßmkÆ £ª ¡ÿ¯”
E“ÕhUQØ ufl¯© ˆPıshuıPU Pım]ØŒUQ”x.
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174
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2. ©ın¡∫ £ı™¤ Aµ]fl ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ¨P¨x P¡ı¤fl

£[Q¯⁄ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.

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CªUQØ[P“ £ÿ‘ S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
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1. £ı™¤ Aµ_ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh Bsk
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C) Q.§.1344 D) Q.§.1342
2. Aªıƒvfl A\›US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫
A) CµshıÆ ¨PÆ©xÂı B) ¨uªıÆ ¨PÆ©xÂı
C) ˆ£˜µıÏÂı D) AP©xÂı
3. •hı∂¿ P¿ø∂U PmhhÆ Pmk¡uÿPıP ufl ˆ\¿¡Æ
A¯⁄z¯u≤Æ ˆ\ª¡Œzu¡∫.
A) Aªıƒvfl A\fl B) ¨uªıÆ ©PÆ©xÂı
C) ˆ£˜µıÏÂı D) ©P¨x P¡ıfl
4. £ı™¤ _¿uıflP“ Bu∂zu ˆ©ı»
A) C¢v B) E∏x
C) ˆuæ[S D) Pfl⁄hÆ
175
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C) x–¡ ©µ¶ D) Aµ√k ©µ¶

6. ufl ©¢v∂Øı¿ ]¯”¯¡UP®£mh ©fl⁄∫

A) Q∏Ën ˜u¡µıØ∫ B) \uı]¡µıØ∫
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II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. £ı™¤ Aµ¯\z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ ___________ B¡ı∫.

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________________ \xµAi £µ®¶¯hØx.

6. ¬·Ø{PµÆ ________________ Bÿ‘fl ˆuflP¯µ∞¿

|÷¡®£mhx.
7. µı©µıØ∫ __________ ©fl⁄∂fl ©¢v∂ØıP® £u¬ ¡Qzuı∫.

8. Q∏Ën ˜u¡µıØ∫ ________________ ©ÿ”Æ ____________

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9. AËhvU P·[PŒ¿ ¶PÈ£ÿ” ≠¡∫ ________________,

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10. ¬∏£ım] ˜Pı∞¿ Q.§.1510¿ ________________ B¿

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2. ¨PÆ©x Âı ñ S∏
3. \ı¢z™⁄∫ ñ A¿ª\ı¤ ˆ£zufl⁄ı
4. ¨P©x P¡ıfl ñ uzx¡z¯u≤Æ
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6. AØ¿{ımk® £Øo ñ AªıƒvflÂı¬fl u¯ª{P∫
7. P·£v §µuı£∏zµfl ñ |U˜Pı˜ªı ˜Pısi
8. B¨Uu ©ı¿Øuı ñ K∂\ı¬fl ©fl⁄∫
9. ˆu⁄ıºCµı©fl ñ {¯Pa_¯¡ {ıØP∫
10. ©›\∂uÆ ñ BshıŒfl P¯u

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒ

1. xUÕU ©µ§fl √Ãa]US®§fl ˆufl⁄Pzv¿ ˜uıfl‘Ø C∏

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2. £ı™¤ Aµ_ Gfl” ˆ£Ø∫ G∆¡ı÷ Hÿ£mhx?

3. £ı™¤ Aµ]fl ™Pa]”¢u Aµ\∫ Øı∫? AuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[

P¯Õz u∏P.

4. ¨P¨x P¡ı¤fl |∫¡ıPz v”¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄

ˆu∂≤Æ?
5. ¨P¨x P¡ıfl G∆¡ı÷ C”¢uı∫?
6. £ı™¤ Aµ]fl PmhhUP¯ª £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®¶ G xP.
7. ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ¯\z ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫ Øı∫?
8. ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ¯\ Bsh ©µ¶P“ ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU T÷P.

177
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10. ¬·Ø{Pµ Aµ_ G∆¡ı÷ ©¯”¢ux?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ¬·Ø{Pµ Pıª P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª, CªUQØÆ £ÿ‘
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Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
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|¯ª¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_

|÷¡®£k¡uÿPı⁄ `Ã|¯ªP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®

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4. ©ın¡∫ AU£∏¯hØ \©Øa \Q®¶U ˆPı“¯P∞fl

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PmhhUP¯ªUS Bÿ‘Ø £oP¯Õ® £ıµımku¿.

6. ©ın¡∫ Âı·Pı¤fl PıªÆ ˆ£ıÿPıªÆ Gfl÷

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7. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ∫ A‘¨P®£kzvØ |∫¡ıP

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8. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ]fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ

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179
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£ı£∫ C¯\UP¯ª∞¿ ¡¿ª¡∫. AU£∂fl Aµ\ A¯¡∞¿
C¢x, Cµı¤Ø∫, xµı¤Ø∫, PıË´µ Bs ˆ£s C¯\U
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C¯\UP∏¬, C¯\ BQØ Cµsk˜© ·Pı[R∫ ©ÿ÷Æ
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K¬Øz v”⁄ı¥¡ıÕµıPƒÆ vPâuı∫. A¡∫ P¯ª{ØÆ ™UP
K¬Ø[P–US HµıÕ©ı⁄ ¬¯ª¯Øz u¢uı∫. uıµı _˜PıƒÆ
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\©Ø, £s£ımk ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ∫ Pıª ¡µªıÿ÷ ¨UQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u
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3. ©ın¡∫ AU£∫, ·Pı[R∫, Âı·Pıfl BQ˜Øı∫ P¯ª,
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4. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ Pıªzv¿ C¯\UP¯ª ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø®
£ıµımk¡ı∫.
5. ©ın¡∫ ¨PªıØ∫ Pıªzx K¬Ø[P“ Pın®£kÆ
Ch[P¯ÕU S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.

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1. ·Pı[R∫ Pıªzv¿ A‘¨P®£kzvØ J∏ £∞∫
A) ˜Pıx¯© B) A∂]
C) ¶¯P∞¯ª D) uı¤ØÆ
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II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. ¨PªıØ∫ Pıªzv¿ AvP GsoU¯P∞¿ C∏¢u¡∫
____________ BSÆ.
2. CÕ¡µ\∫ uıµı _˜Pı ™S¢u ¬∏®£zxhfl ____________
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3. ¨PªıØ ©fl⁄∫P“ ____________ Sv¯µP¯Õ ™PƒÆ
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4. AU£∂fl ¶vØ \©Ø©ı⁄ ____________ \©Ø \Q®¶z
ufl¯©¯Ø Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx.
5. AU£∂fl Pıªzv¿ ¡¯µØ®£mh K¬Ø[PŒ¿
____________ ¨UQØ©ı⁄x.
6. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P–US Pım] u∏¡uÿPıP A¯©UP®£mh
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3. xUPıµıÆ ñ ©Ïºfl xo
4. ˜\ı⁄ı∫Pıfl ñ ˜Pım¯h
5. ™Øıfl uıfl˜\fl ñ ¡oP ¯©ØÆ
6. ¶µı⁄Qªı ñ ©Pı£ıµuÆ
7. µıÈÆ{ı©ı ñ I¢ukUS ©ıŒ¯P
8. v¡ı¤ AÆ ñ ¨PªıØ CÕ¡µ\∫
9. £ga ©Pı¿ ñ AU£∂fl A桪PÆ
10. uıµı _˜Pı ñ ˆ\∫Âı

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¡¯P®£kzxP.
2. ¨PªıØ∂fl |∫¡ıPzv¿ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄ ¡Qzu C¢vØ
AvPı∂PŒfl ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.
3. ¨PªıØ∫Pıª ¨UQØ ¡oP ¯©Ø[P“, x¯”¨P[P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
4. ¨PªıØ∫ Pıªzv¿ Hÿ÷©v, C”US©v ˆ£ı∏mP“
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5. ¨PªıØ∫ Pıªzx ^∫v∏zu¡ıvP“ ]ª∂fl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU
S‘®§kP.
6. uÏ¡¢z £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ ¡¯µP.
7. ¶ª¢u∫¡ı\ı¬fl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄U S‘®§kP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ¨PªıØ∫ Pıªzv¿ ©UPŒfl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuµ, \©Ø,
£s£ımk ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
2. ¨PªıØ∫ Pıª P¯ª, PmhhUP¯ª £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUQ G xP.

210
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Gfl£x £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

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C¢vØ J∏¯©®£ımifl PıµoP“ Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x
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4. ˜u]Ø Jÿ÷¯©UPıPƒÆ J∏¯©®£ımiÿPıPƒÆ

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£ıµuÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kÆ C¢vØı J∏ ™P® ˆ£∂Ø

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211
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ShıƒÆ, ˆuÿ˜P C¢x©Pı \¨zvµ¨Æ C¢vد¡ K∫
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Qfl”⁄∫. C¢x \©ØÆ K∫ ]”¢u J∏¯©®£ımk \UvØıPz
vPÃQ”x. ¡h C¢vØı¬º∏¢x ˆufl¤¢vØ ¶¤uz
uª[P–USÆ ˆufl C¢vØı¬º∏¢x ¡h C¢vØ ¶¤uz
uª[P–USÆ ¶¤u® £Øn[P“ ˜©ÿˆPı“¡x C¢vØ∫
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|¢u¯⁄P¯Õz u¬µ C¢x \©ØÆ J∏˜£ıxÆ CµzuÆ
]¢xÆ \©Ø® ˜£ı∫P¯Õ FUS¬zux Q¯hØıx.

C¢vØı \©Ø v∏¬«ıUP–US ˆ£Ø∫ ˆ£ÿ”x. C¢x

\©Ø v∏¬«ıUPÕıQØ w£ı¡Œ, Cµı©{¡™, Q∏Ën
ˆ·Ø¢v, B≤u ߯·, ¬{ıØP \x∫zv, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı[P¿
£si¯P C¢vØı ¨ ¯©USÆ ˆPıshıh®£kQ”x. ¨P
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ˆPıshıkQfl”⁄∫. ^UQØ∫P“ S∏{ı⁄U ˆ·Ø¢v¯Ø
ˆPıshıkQfl”⁄∫. ¶zu ß∫o©ı ©ÿ÷Æ ©Pı√µ∫ ˆ·Ø¢v
˜£ıfl” ¬«ıUP¯Õ ¨¯”˜Ø ˆ£Õzu∫P–Æ, \©n∫P–Æ
ˆPıshıkQfl”⁄∫. A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫P–Æ ¶zuısk
v⁄zv¯⁄U ˆPıshıkQfl”⁄∫. Czu¯PØ v∏¬«ıU
216
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ˆPı∏¡∫ u[PÕx ¡ıÃzxUP¯Õ® £∂©ı‘U ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.
SÆ£ ˜©ÕıUP–Æ IØ®£fl ߯\P–Æ Gzu¯PØ C¯h≥÷
™fl‘ {¯hˆ£÷Qfl”⁄. C¯¡ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl Jÿ÷¯©
En∫¯¡ {flS ¬ÕUSQfl”⁄.
Czu¯PØ ¬«ıUP¯Õ A¯©vØı⁄ ¨¯”∞¿
ˆPıshık¡uÿS Aµ_ ˆ£ıx¬k¨¯”P“ A‘¬®£ufl
¨UQØzx¡zvº∏¢x ""C¢vØı J∏ \©Ø \ı∫£ÿ” {ık''
Gfl£¯u A‘Ø ¨iQ”x.
©ın¡∫P“ & \©Ø¨Æ \©ØÆ \ı∫¢u v∏¬«ıU
P–Æ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø ¡Õ∫UQfl”⁄ Gfl£x £ÿ‘ Pª¢x¯µ
Øıh¿ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.
G¿ªı \©Ø[P–hfl C¯n¢u £«UP ¡«UP[P–Æ,
£ıµÆ£∂Ø ©µ¶ ©ÿ÷Æ {ƧU¯PP–Æ, \Q®¶zufl¯©≤Æ,
D¯P Snzv¯⁄≤Æ, ¬∏¢˜uıÆ£¯ª≤Æ, Akzu¡∫PŒhÆ
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Qfl”⁄. \©Ø¨Æ \©Øz v∏¬«ıUP–Æ ©UP“ ©⁄v¿
}v®£s¶P¯Õ≤Æ J UP ˆ{‘P¯Õ≤Æ Ffl÷Qfl”⁄.
G⁄˜¡uıfl C¢vØı¬¿ }sh Pıª©ıP J∏ A¯©vØı⁄
`Ã|¯ª |ª¬ ¡∏Qfl”x.
P¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ PmhhUP¯ª : C¢vØUP¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ
PmhhUP¯ª C¢vØı¬fl PÆ•µzv¯⁄U T÷Q”x.
C¢vØı, P∫{ıhP ©ÿ÷Æ C¢xÏuı¤ C¯\P–US ˆ£Ø∫
ˆ£ÿ” {ık. C¢vØı¬fl J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv∞æÆ A¢u¢u
¡mhıµ C¯\ ]”®¶ÿ÷ ¬Õ[SQ”x. ≠z˜uı∫P–Æ
£µÆ£¯µ¡ıvP–Æ £¯«¯©Øı⁄ C¯\¯Ø ¬∏ƶ
Qfl”⁄∫. C¯Õb∫P“ uÿPıª C¯\¯Ø ¬∏ƶQfl”⁄∫.
C¢v®£ıh¿P“ C¢v ˜£\ıu ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø≤Æ £∂a\ØÆ
ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄. A˜u˜£ıfl÷ C¢v A¿ªıu §”ˆ©ı»
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C¢vØ C¯\ AuÿˆP⁄ u¤zufl¯©¯Ø ˆ£ÿ÷“Õx. Cx
C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø ¡Õ∫UQ”x.
217
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Qfl”⁄.

C¢vØı PmhhUP¯ª Av\Ø[PÕı¿ Aª[P∂UP®

£mk“Õx. Pı¢uıµUP¯ª ¨u¿ C¢vØ&\µı\¤U PmhhU
P¯ª CØ¿¶ ˆPısh Pmhh[P“ ¡¯µ E“Õ Pmhh[
P¯Õ Cfl÷Æ {Æ©ı¿ Pın ¨iQ”x. C¢vØ PmhhU
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PmhhUP¯ªUS ]”¢u \ıfl÷PÕıSÆ. ¡h C¢vØ∫P¯Õ,
ˆufl C¢vØ ˜Pı∞¿PÕı⁄ ug¯\ §µPwÏ¡µ∫ BªØÆ,
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ˆufl C¢vØ∫P“ ¡h C¢vØ ¶¤uz uª[PÕıQØ Pı],
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218
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ˆ£∏¯©®£h ¯¡UQ”x. C∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø
PmhhUP¯ª ¡Õ∫zx“Õx.
©ın¡¯µ C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©¯Ø ¡Õ∫USÆ C¯\,
{ımiØÆ, PmhhUP¯ª, P¯ª ¨uºØ¡ÿ¯” £miØ¿
Cha ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.
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C¢vØ∫P“ A¯⁄¡∏Æ Jÿ÷¯©ØıP ¡ıâx ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.
C¢{ımi¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ ¨uº¿ ¨UQØ©ıP uıfl J∏
C¢vØfl Gfl÷ En∫¢x Jÿ÷¯©≤n∫ƒhfl ¡ıÃQfl”⁄∫.
Cx ˜u]Ø J∏¯©®£ımi¯⁄ ¡Õ∫UQ”x. Cx u¬µ ˜¡÷
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1. C¢vØı¬fl ˆuıh∫a]Øı⁄ ¶¬∞Ø¿ A¯©®¶Æ
Aufl £ıxPı®¶Æ.
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3. £µ¢u ©⁄®£ıfl¯©≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ \©ØU Pıî
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4. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®§fl \©Ø \ı∫£ÿ” ufl¯©.
5. ˜u]Ø ]fl⁄[P“, ˆPıi ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u]Ø RuÆ.
6. A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫PŒfl {¿¡ıìÿPı⁄ ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ En∫ƒP“.
7. {¡Æ£∫ 19
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J∏¯©®£ımk v⁄©ıP P¯h§izu¿, _u¢vµ v⁄
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£ımi¯⁄ ¡Õ∫UQfl”⁄.
219
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ¶¬∞Ø¿ ˜¡ÿ÷¯©∞æÆ C¢vØ Jÿ÷¯©
|ªƒ¡¯u ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ¡ı Æ £¿˜¡÷ C⁄ ©UP¯Õ

£miغmkU T” ¨i≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ CªUQØ[P“ G∆¡ı÷ J∏¯©®£ımka

\UvØıP ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”x Gfl£¯u |¯⁄ƒ T∫¡∫.

4. ©ın¡∫ C¢x \©Øzvfl \Q®¶z ufl¯©∞¯⁄≤Æ Aufl

\©ØU Pıî§fl¯©∞¯⁄≤Æ £ÿ‘ G u ¨i≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ {Æ ˜u]Ø J∏¯©®£ımi¯⁄ ¡Õ∫USÆ

PıµoP¯Õ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ

1. C¢vØı¬¿ A[RP∂UP®£mh ˆ©ı»PŒfl GsoU¯P

A) 14 B) 15
C) 18 D) 20
2. C¢vØ C¯n®¶ ˆ©ı»
A) §ˆµg_ B) ·®£ı¤Ø ˆ©ı»
C) Q˜µUP ˆ©ı» D) B[QªÆ

3. ˆ£Õzu∫P“ ˆPıshık¡x
A) ©Pı√µ∫ ˆ·Ø¢v B) S∏{ı⁄U ˆ·Ø¢v
C) Cµı©{¡™ D) ¶zuß∫o©ı

220
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£mk“Õ⁄
A) CªUQØ[P“ B) PmhhUP¯ª
C) ˆ©ı» D) £ıµÆ£∂ØÆ

II. ˜Pıimh Chz¯u |µ®¶P

1. C¢vØı J∏ ____________ C⁄a \¨uıØÆ.

2. C¢vØ \¨uıØÆ J∏ ____________ £s£ımka \¨uıØÆ.

3. C¢vØı¬¿ ____________ ©UP“ C¢x\©Øz¯u® §fl

£ÿ÷Qfl”⁄∫.

4. \©n∫PŒfl ¨UQØ v∏¬«ı ____________ BSÆ.

5. ____________ ^UQØ∫P“ ˆPıshıkÆ v∏¬«ı¡ıSÆ.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ©x¯µ ñ ¯Pªı\ {ıu∫ BªØÆ
2. ug\ı≈∫ ñ {ımiØÆ
3. Pıg]¶µÆ ñ C¯\
4. ©o®¶∂ ñ ´⁄ım] ˜Pı∞¿
5. C¢xÏuı¤ ñ §µPwÏ¡µ∫ BªØÆ.

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. £s£ık Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?
2. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£\®£kÆ ]ª ˆ©ı»P¯ÕU T÷P.
3. ˜u¡ıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ {ıªı∞µ v∆Ø®§µ£¢uz¯u CØÿ‘Ø¡∫P“
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4. Q‘zx¡∫PŒfl ¬«ıUP¯ÕU T÷P.
5. ¨P©vØ∫PÕx ¬«ıUP¯ÕU T÷P.
6. ¡h C¢vØU ˜Pı∞¿P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
221
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AŒUPƒÆ
1. C¢vØı £ª C⁄[PŒfl ""A∏[Pım]ØPÆ'' ó ¬ÕUSP.
2. ""C¢vØı ˜¡ÿ÷¯©∞¿ Jÿ÷¯©≤“Õ {ık'' ó ¬ÕUSP.
3. ˜u]Ø J∏¯©®£ımi¯⁄ ¡Õ∫USÆ PıµoP¯ÕU T÷P.

Pÿ”¿, Pÿ§zu¿ ˆ\Ø¿¨¯”P“

1. ˜u]Ø ]fl⁄[P“ £ÿ‘Ø K∫ B¿£Æ uØı∫ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.
2. ¡h ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl C¢vØ ¶¤u uª[P¯Õ® £miغhƒÆ.
3. ˜¡ÿ÷¯©∞¿ Jÿ÷¯© £ÿ‘ J∏ P∏zuµ[S {hzuƒÆ.

222
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©ın¡∏Æ \¨uıبÆ
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ \¨uıØzv¿ ©¤u∫P“ J∏¡¯µˆØı∏¡∫
\ı∫¢x ¡ıÃu¯ª® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ]÷ SkÆ£Æ, TmkUSkÆ£ ¨¯”PŒfl
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3. ©ın¡∫ ]÷ SkÆ£, TmkU SkÆ£ {fl¯©P“, w¯©
P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ ¨vØ¡∫P“, As¯h∞¿ ¡]®˜£ı¯µ G∆¡ı÷
©vzu¿ Gfl£¯uU Pÿ”¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ £“Œ, CÕ¯©∞¿ P¿¬ Pÿ”¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl
A¡]Øz¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
6. ©ın¡∫ Aµ]fl Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, ˆ£ı÷®¶P¯Õ≤Æ,
Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ, Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ A‘u¿.

©¤u∫P“ J∏¡¯µˆØı∏¡∫ \ı∫¢v∏zu¿ : ""\¨uıØÆ

Gfl£x J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∂fl {fl¯©UPıPƒÆ Jfl÷ Ti ¡ı Æ
u¤ ©⁄u∫P¯ÕU ˆPısh K∫ A¯©®£ıSÆ.'' ©¤ufl
u¤zx ¡ı« Cتıx. Hˆ⁄¤¿ ©¤ufl J∏ \≠P
E∞∂⁄Æ. ©¤u¤fl ¡ıÃU¯P |a\Ø©ıP \ı∫¢v∏zu¯ª
Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshuıSÆ. Euıµn©ıP, ©¤ufl u⁄x
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\ı∫¢v∏UP ˜¡si≤“Õx. ¡oP∫P“ ]÷ ¡oP∫P¯Õ≤Æ,
]÷¡oP∫P“ u[P“ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ ¬ÿP ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫
P¯Õ≤Æ \ı∫¢v∏UP ˜¡si≤“Õx.

223
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J∏¡¯µˆØı∏¡∫ \ı∫¢x ¡ıÃu¿ Gfl” ¡æ¡ı⁄ AizuÕz
vfl ´xuıfl A¯©¢x“Õx.
E©x ˆ£ÿ˜”ı¯µU ˜Pmk }¬∫ E©x En¬ÿS
Øı¯µa \ı∫¢x“œ∫ Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ.
SkÆ£Æ : \¨uıØzvfl Ai®£¯h A[PÆ SkÆ£Æ
BSÆ. ˆ£ÿ˜”ı∫P¯Õ≤Æ S«¢¯uP¯Õ≤Æ ˆPıshx J∏
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SkÆ£[PŒfl ¡¯PP“ : SkÆ£[P“

C∏¡¯P®£kÆ. A¯¡ (1) ]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ, (2) TmkU
SkÆ£Æ. ]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ AÕ¬¿ ]‘Øx. TmkU SkÆ£Æ
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TmkU SkÆ£zv¿ ˆ£ÿ˜”ı∫, S«¢¯uP–hfl Th
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2. ¡ıÃU¯Pa ]UP⁄©ıPƒÆ, ©QÃa]ØıPƒÆ A¯©≤Æ, 3.

A›£¡Æ ™UP ¨vØ¡∫PŒfl A‘ƒ¯µ Q¯h®£uÿS AvP
¡ı¥®¶P“ C∏USÆ, 4. SkÆ£ A[Pzv⁄∫PÕı¿ AvP
¡∏©ı⁄Æ Dmh ¨i≤Æ.
TmkU SkÆ£zvfl w¯©P“ : 1. SkÆ£® §µa]¯⁄
P–US AvP ¡ı¥®¶P“ Esk, 2. ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµÆ ˜£ıx
©ı⁄uıP C∏UPıx, 3. SkÆ£ A[Pzv⁄∫ ]ª∫ ©mkÆ
AvP® £o¯Ø _©UP ˜¡si C∏USÆ.

J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ¡¯P SkÆ£ ¨¯”∞æÆ {fl¯©P–Æ

w¯©P–Æ C∏®§›Æ J∏ {ımifl J [Pı⁄
¡Õ∫a]USÆ, ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSÆ, ¡Õ¯©USÆ \¨uıØzvfl
Ai®£¯h A[P©ıP ¬Õ[SÆ SkÆ£˜© Pıµn©ıP
A¯©Qfl”x.
}¬∫ J∏ ]‘Ø SkÆ£zvfl A[Pzv⁄µı A¿ªx
J∏ TmkU SkÆ£zvfl A[Pzv⁄µı Gfl£¯u A‘¢x
ˆPı“Õ ¨Øÿ]UPƒÆ. C∏ ¡¯PPŒ¿ G¢u ¡¯Pa
]Ӣux?
£“Œ : S«¢¯uPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯P¯Ø E∏¡ıUS¡v¿
SkÆ£zvÿS Akzu £iØıP £“Œ J∏ ¨UQØ®£[Q¯⁄
226
Bÿ÷Qfl”x. £“ŒP“ S«¢¯uPŒfl J UP, Eh¿, A‘ƒ®
£∞ÿ] ¯©Ø[PÕıP ¬Õ[SQfl”⁄. J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ın¡∂fl
B–¯© ¡Õ∫a] £“ŒPŒ˜ª˜Ø |PÃQfl”x. G⁄˜¡
\¨uıØzv¿ ©ın¡∏USÆ £“ŒUSÆ ¨UQØ®£[S Esk.
£“Œ∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ : 1. \¨uıØzvfl £¿˜¡÷
§∂ƒPŒº∏¢xÆ £“ŒUS ¡∏Æ S«¢¯uP“ J∏¡∏hfl
J∏¡∫ GŒuıP® £«Qh £“Œ J∏ A∂Ø ¡ı¥®§¯⁄
AŒUQfl”x.
2. S«¢¯uPŒfl {m¶”ƒ ¡Õµ £“Œ {¿¡ı¥®§¯⁄
{¿SQfl”x. A[S ¡Õ∏Æ {m£ı⁄x S«¢¯uPŒfl ¡ıÃ
{ı“ ¨ ¡xÆ ˆuıh∫Qfl”x.
3. S«¢¯uP“ G zx, ˜£a_, |¯⁄¡ıÿ”¿,
Jzx¯«®¶, u[P¯Õa _ÿ‘Ø EªS £ÿ‘Ø v”flP¯Õ
£“Œ∞˜ª˜Ø PÿQfl”⁄∫.
4. C¯ÕØ u¯ª¨¯”∞⁄∫ ˆ£ı÷®¶ ™UP {ÿSiPÕıP
E∏¡ı¡¯u £“ŒP“ Hx¡ıUSQfl”⁄. ¨v˜Øı∫P¯Õ≤Æ,
B]∂Ø∫P¯Õ≤Æ, \mhÆ ©ÿ÷Æ J [Q¯⁄≤Æ G∆¡ı÷
©vUP ˜¡skÆ Gfl£¯u A¡∫P“ £“Œ∞¿ PÿQfl”⁄∫.
5. ©ın¡∫P“ P¿¬® £∞ÿ]≤hfl Th Tku¿ P¿¬®
£∞ÿ]PÕı⁄ EhÿP¿¬, \ıµn CØUPÆ, ˆ\g]毡a
\[PÆ, ¡» {hzx⁄∫ S  ≠ª©ıP \≠P ˜\¯¡ BQØ
¡ÿ‘æÆ Dk£ık ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. CU Tku¿ P¿¬a
ˆ\Ø¿PÕı¿ S«¢¯uP“ ˆ¡S {fl¯© ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
A¡∫P“ \≠PzvÿS ]”¢u ˜\¯¡∞¯⁄® ¶∂≤Æ v”¯⁄®
ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.
6. S«¢¯uP“ J UP[P¯Õ≤Æ {ÿ£s¶P¯Õ≤Æ
Pÿ‘h {¿ª £∞ÿ] AŒUP®£kQfl”x.
7. S«¢¯uPŒfl ufl¯©∞¯⁄ E∏¡ıUS¡v¿ £“Œ
J∏ \Uv™UP \≠P A¯©®£ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x.
S«¢¯uPÕıP® £“Œ∞¿ ~¯«≤Æ ]÷¡∫P“ A®£“Œ
227
P¯Õ ¬mk £∏¡ ¡Ø¯u G¥vØ¡∫PÕıQ ˆ¡Œ∞¿
ˆ\¿Qfl”⁄∫.
8. £“Œ ]÷¡∫, ]÷™Ø∂fl G¿ªı¬u ¡Õ∫a]USÆ
Hx¡ı⁄uıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.
©ın¡∫P“ £“Œ∞¿ ˆ£÷Æ A›£¡©ı⁄x A¡∫P“
\¨uıØzv¿ ]ª ˜\¯¡P¯Õ® ¶∂Ø EuƒQfl”x. £“ŒU
P¿¬¯Ø ¨izu §fl⁄∫ ©ın¡∫P“ u[P“ ¬∏®£Æ,
v”›U˜Pÿ£ EØ∫P¿¬ ˆ£”a ˆ\¿Qfl”⁄∫. A¢u
|¯ª∞æÆ Th A¡∫P“ \¨uıØzvÿS ˜\¯¡ ¶∂Qfl”⁄∫.
1. E[P“ £“Œ∞¿ £∞fl÷ EØ∫¢u |¯ª∞¿
C∏USÆ ¨UQØ ¶“ŒP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘P.
2. £“ŒU P¿¬¯Ø ¨izu§fl E[P“ Gv∫PıªÆ
G®£i C∏UP ˜¡skÆ Gfl£x £ÿ‘ E÷vØı⁄
]¢u¯⁄ ˜¡skÆ.
Qµı©[PŒ¿ ©ın¡∫PŒfl £[S : C¢vØ {ık
Qµı©[ P¯ÕU ˆPıshx. C¢vØı¬fl ¡Õ∫a] Aufl
Qµı©[PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx.
C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµzvfl ¨xˆPæÆ£ıP Qµı©[P“ ¬Õ[S
Qfl”⁄. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ Qµı©[PŒº∏¢˜u
¡∏Qfl”⁄∫. Qµı© ¡ıÃU¯P A¯©v≤Æ C¯h≥÷P–Æ
Aÿ”x. Qµı©[PŒº∏¢x ¡∏Æ ©ın¡∫P“ u[P“ £“Œ
˜{µÆ u¬µ ©ÿ” ˜{µ[PŒ¿ ¬¡\ıØa ˆ\Ø¿PŒæÆ
Dk£kQfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“ \©Ø {ƧU¯P, GŒ¯©, TmkU
SkÆ£ ¨¯”, AUPÆ £UPzvæ“Õ¡∫P–hfl {¿æ”ƒ
BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ Th ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“
u[P“ Qµı©zvfl _ÿ÷®¶”z y¥¯©USÆ £ık£ku¿
˜¡skÆ. {Æ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ıxPı®£v¿ A¡∫P“
u[P“ \P ©ın¡∫P–hfl Tmk ¨Øÿ]∞¿ Dk£hªıÆ.
P¿¬ A‘¡ÿ”¡∫P–US A¡∫P“ P¿¬ ¶PmhªıÆ.
A¡∫P“ ¡Øx ¨v∫¢u¡∫P“, Eh¿ F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫P“,
H¯«P–US Eu¡ªıÆ. Caˆ\Ø¿PÕı¿ ©ın¡∫P“
u[P–US {ÿ ˆ£Ø¯µ Dmh ¨i≤Æ.
228
 }¬∫ {Pµ ©ın¡µıP C∏®§fl E©US A∏Qæ“Õ
J∏ Qµı©zvÿSa ˆ\fl÷ A[S ]ª {ımP“ u[PƒÆ. {Pµ
¡ıÃU¯PUSÆ Qµı© ¡ıÃU¯PUSÆ E“Õ
˜¡÷£ıkP¯Õ ©v®§hƒÆ.
As¯h∞¿ ¡]®˜£ı∫ : {©x As¯h∞¿
¡]®£¡∫ PŒfl §µa]¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–¡x {©x
\≠PU Ph¯©ØıQfl”x. Auÿ˜Pÿ”ı∫˜£ı¿ {ıÆ {h¢x
ˆPı“–u¿ ˜¡skÆ. Tk©ı⁄¡¯µ∞¿ {ıÆ A¡∫P–hfl
{m¶ £ıµımku¿ ˜¡skÆ. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫P–hfl
{m¶hfl £«S¡v¿ ©ın¡∫ uØUPÆ Pımk¡v¿¯ª.
©ın¡∫ u[P“ ˆ£ÿ˜”ı∫P–USÆ As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫
P–USÆ C¯h∞¿ £ıª©ıPa ˆ\Ø¿£ku¿ ˜¡skÆ.
J∏ £s£mh ©¤ufl u⁄x As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫
P–hfl G®ˆ£ı xÆ {fl¨¯”∞¿ {h¢x ˆPı“–¡ıfl.
{©x As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫P–hfl {ıÆ {m¶”¬¯⁄
Hÿ£kzxÆ ˆ£ı x §fl¡∏Æ ]ª¡ÿ¯” ©⁄v¿ ˆPı“Õ¿
˜¡skÆ.
1. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫PŒfl ©QÃa]∞æÆ
xصzvæÆ £[˜Pÿ”¿.
2. J∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏Æ ©ÿ”¡∂fl \©Ø, SkÆ£ |PÃa]
PŒ¿ £[˜Pÿ”¿.
3. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫P–hfl ™PƒÆ ufl¯©ØıP
{h¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫PŒfl §µa]¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x
ˆPısk A¡∫P“ A¯¡PŒº∏¢x ´Õ Euƒu¿.
5. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫PŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U
Psk ˆ£ı”ı¯©¯Ø ¡Õ∫zxU ˆPı“Õı©¿ C∏zu¿.
6. {ıÆ {©x E∂¯©P¯Õ ©ÿ”¡∫P–US G∆¬u
C¯h≥÷™fl‘ A›£¬zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. Cu¯⁄
{©x ¡ıˆ⁄ıº, ˆuı¯ªUPım]∞fl Jº∞¯⁄U
229
 S¯”®£vfl ≠ªÆ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. Cu¯⁄a ˆ\¥¡vfl
≠ªÆ {©x As¯h∞¿ ¡ı Æ ˜{ıØıŒP“,
©ın¡∫P“ ©QÃa] ˆ£÷¡∫.
7. ¡[QP“, Ag\¿ A桪P[P“, ©∏zx¡
©¯⁄P“, Enƒ ¡«[SÆ P¯hP“, Cµ∞¿˜¡
£vƒ A桪P[P“, ˜£∏¢x |¯ªØ[P“ ˜£ıfl”
ˆ£ıx Ch[PŒ¿ ¡∂¯\ ¨¯”¯Ø §fl£ÿ÷u¿.
8. \mhÆ, J [S BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ ©v®£ufl ≠ªÆ
{ıÆ {©x As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫P–US ©¯”¨P
©ıP EuƒQfl˜”ıÆ.
9. Aµ]Ø¿, ]¤©ı £ÿ‘ \zu¨hfl ¬¡ıvUPı©¿
˜u¯¡Øÿ” §µa]¯⁄P¯Õ ˆ£ıx¡ıP u¬∫zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
10. ¶¯P®£«UPÆ, ˆ©¿æu¿, ¶¯P∞¯ª¯Ø® £Øfl
£kzxu¿, ˜£ı¯u≥mkÆ §”¡ÿ¯” u¬∫zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
11. {ıÆ ¡]USÆ _ÿ÷®¶” £Sv∞fl _Pıuıµzv¯⁄
£µı©∂zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
12. ©ÿ”¡∫P–hfl G®ˆ£ı xÆ ©¤u ˜{Ø
Ai®£¯h∞¿ ˆuıh∫§¯⁄ ¡Õ∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
C¢vØU Si©UP“ : J∏ {ımi¯⁄a ˜\∫¢u Bs /
ˆ£s A[Pzv⁄∫ A¢{ımifl "Si©Pfl' G⁄U P∏u®£k
Q”ı∫. Si©UP“ A¡∫P–US Ezvµ¡ıuÆ ˆ\¥x uµ®
£mk“Õ ]ª E∂¯©P¯Õ A›£¬UQfl”⁄∫. A¯⁄zx
C¢vØ∫P–Æ C¢vØU Si©UP˜Õ. Cfl¯”Ø ©ın¡∫P“
{ı¯ÕØ Gv∫Pıªzvfl Si©UP“. A¡∫P“ Si©UP–US∂Ø
¬∏Æ£zuUP {ÿ£s¶P¯Õ ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿ A¡]ØÆ.
Si©UP–US∂Ø {ÿ£s¶P“ ]ª §fl¡∏©ı÷. A¯¡P“ :

1. ˜u\®£ÿ÷ ˆPısi∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

230
 2. {ÿP¿¬ ˆ£” ¨Øÿ]zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
3. A∆¡®˜£ıx {¯hˆ£÷Æ ˜u∫u¿PŒ¿ ¡ıUS
E∂¯©¯Ø £Øfl£kzxu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
4. Pi⁄ E¯«®§¯⁄ ˆ\¥≤Æ v”fl ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
5. \Q®¶z ufl¯© ˆPısi∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
6. ©ÿ”¡∫P–US EuƒÆ ©⁄®£ıfl¯© ˆPısh¡∫PÕı
∞∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
7. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®˜£ı∂hÆ Es¯©Øı⁄ Afl¶
ˆ\æzxu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
8. _ÿ÷® ¶”zv¯⁄ _zu©ıPƒÆ, y¥¯©ØıPƒÆ
¯¡zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
9. {ımi¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø, S‘®£ıP Cfl¯”Ø,
{h¡iU¯PP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏zu¿
˜¡skÆ.
10. Aµ]ÿS ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ ¡∂®£nzv¯⁄
H¥zu¿ Thıx.
©ın¡∫P“ u[P“ ˜u\®£ÿ‘¯⁄ Siص_ v⁄, _u¢vµ
v⁄ ¬«ıUP“ ©ÿ” ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Es¯©≤hfl £[˜Pÿ£vfl
≠ªÆ ˆ¡Œ®£kzuªıÆ. ˜Pı∞¿ ¬«ıUPŒ¿ Pª¢x
ˆPı“¡ufl ≠ªÆ {©x £s£ımi¯⁄ ¡Õ∫UPªıÆ.
©ın¡∫P–Æ Aµ]fl Ph¯©P–Æ : ©UPŒfl
{fl¯©UPıP ˆ£ıx{ª {h¡iU¯PP¯Õ {¯h¨¯”®
£kzx¡x Aµ]fl Ph¯©ØıQ”x. ©ın¡∫P“ Aµ_
§fl¡∏Æ u⁄x Ph¯©P¯Õ Bÿ÷¡v¿ Eu¬ ¶∂تıÆ.
1. \mhÆ, J [Q¯⁄® £µı©∂zu¿.
2. ©UPŒfl ˆ£ıx {ª¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzxu¿.
3. ˜¡¯ª∞fl¯©, Hï©∞fl AÕ¬¯⁄U S¯”zu¿.

231
 4. \mhzv¯⁄ ´÷£¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ \≠P ¬˜µıu
\UvP¯Õz usizu¿.
5. ¡∂ H¥®˜£ı¯µ Pk¯©ØıPz usizu¿.
6. Ai®£¯h ˜u¯¡PÕı⁄ P¿¬, ˆ£ıxa _PıuıµÆ,
\ı¯ªP“, £ıxPı®£ı⁄ Si}∫, Si∞∏®¶ ¡\vP“
BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄ Aµ_ AŒzu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
Aµ]h™∏¢x Pmh¯©®¶ ¡\vP¯Õ® ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©
Si©UP–US Esk. A˜u ˜{µzv¿ Aµ_ AŒUSÆ
¡\vP¯Õ® £ıxPızu¿ Si©UPŒfl Ph¯©ØıQfl”x. BP
Aµ]fl E∂¯©P–Æ Ph¯©P–Æ Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P–Æ
Ph¯©P–Æ J∏ {ınØzvfl C∏ £UP[PÕıSÆ. |a\Ø©ıP
A¯¡ Jfl¯”ˆØıfl÷ |¯”ƒ ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄. ´skˆ©ı∏
¨¯” T” ˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ Aµ_ ˆ£ıxa ˆ\ızxUP¯Õ®
£ıxPızx, Aµ_ {¯h¨¯”® £kzxÆ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P,
ˆ£ıx{ªz vmh[P–US Jzx¯«®¶ {¿S¡x Si©UPŒfl
Ph¯©ØıQ”x.
}¬∫ ˜©ÿS‘®§mh {ÿSi©Pfl £s¶P¯Õ®
ˆ£ÿ÷“œµı? u[P¯Õ˜Ø ˜PmkU ˆPı“–[P“.
Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ ©¤ufl J∏¡¯µˆØı∏¡∫ \ı∫¢v∏zu¯ª
|¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ SkÆ£ ¡¯PP¯Õ≤Æ A¯¡PŒfl {fl¯©
P¯Õ≤Æ, w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ £“Œ ¡ıÃU¯P∞fl ©v®§¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ Qµı©[PŒ¿ ©ın¡∫PŒfl £[Q¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP
¨i≤Æ.
5. ©ın¡∫ As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫P–hfl {m¶”¯¡
¡Õ∫UP Gu¯⁄ ©⁄v¿ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ Gfl£¯u
¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.
6. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl E∂¯©P“, Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ Aµ]fl
E∂¯©P“ Ph¯©P¯Õ≤Æ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ¨i≤Æ.

232
 _Ø©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. {ıÆ {©x En¬ÿS \ı∫¢x“Õx
A) En¡P[P¯Õ B) E«¡∫P¯Õ
C) ˆ£ÿ˜”ı¯µ D) ¡oP∫P¯Õ
2. \¨uıØzvfl Ai®£¯h A[PÆ
A) SkÆ£Æ B) C¿ªÆ
C) Qµı©Æ D) ©ı{PµÆ
3. C¢vØı¬fl Qµı©[P“ {©x {ımifl §fl¡∏Æ Jfl‘fl
¨xˆPæƶ
A) ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ B) £s£ık
C) Enƒ D) {ımiØÆ
4. ]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ
A) AÕ¬¿ ˆ£∂Øx B) AÕ¬¿ ]‘Øx
C) {kzuµ AÕƒ¯hØx D) C¡ÿ‘¿ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª
5. J∏ {ÿSi©Pfl ˆ£ÿ‘∏UP ˜¡siØx
A) ˜u\ £Uv B) {ÿP¿¬
C) \Q®¶z ufl¯© D) C¯¡ A¯⁄zxÆ
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. ]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ AÕ¬¿ ____________ BSÆ.

2. £“ŒUS Akzx ____________ J∏ ¨UQØ® £[Q¯⁄
¡QUQfl”x.
3. Qµı©[P“ C¢vØ® ____________ vfl ¨xˆPæƶ.
4. J∏ £s£mh ©¤ufl u⁄x As¯h∞¿ ____________
G®ˆ£ı xÆ {fl¨¯”∞¿ C∏®£∫.
5. Si©Pfl Gfl£¡∫ J∏ {ımifl ____________ B¡ı∫.

233
III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. C¿ªÆ ñ J UP, Ehÿ, A‘ƒU P¿¬¯©ØÆ

2. £“Œ ñ ˜u\£Uv
3. Qµı©Æ ñ Ai®£¯h® £“Œ
4. Si©Pfl ñ A¯©vØı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P
IV. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ
1. \¨uıØÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.
2. SkÆ£Æ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿¯ª ¬ÕUSP.
3. £“Œ∞fl £[S Gfl⁄?
4. £“Œ∞¿ E“Õ Tku¿ P¿¬a ˆ\Ø¿P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U
S‘®§kP.
5. Si©UPŒfl {ÿ£s¶P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
6. Aµ]fl Ph¯©P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
V. §fl¡∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP–US J∏ £zv AÕ¬¿ ¬¯h u∏P
1. SkÆ£[PŒfl ¡¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUQ, A¡ÿ‘fl {fl¯©,
w¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.
2. £“ŒUP¿¬ G∆¡ı÷ S«¢¯u∞fl J UP, Eh¿, A‘ƒ
¡Õ∫a]¯Ø Hÿ£kzxQfl”x?
3. As¯h∞¿ ¡]®£¡∫PŒhÆ {m¶”¬¯⁄ ˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ
ˆ£ı x J∏¡∫ ©⁄v¿ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡siد¡ G¯¡?
4. {ÿSi©P¤fl £s¶P“ Øı¯¡?
Pÿ§zu¿, Pÿ”¿ ˆ\Ø¿P“
1. ]‘Ø, TmkU SkÆ£ {fl¯©, w¯©P“ S‘zx S 
¬¡ıuzvÿS Hÿ£ık ˆ\¥u¿.
2. Tku¿ P¿¬® £∞ÿ] ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ £[˜Pÿ÷ \¨uıØz
vÿS G∆¡ı÷ ˜\¯¡ ˆ\¥ØªıÆ Gfl£¯uU Pÿ”¿.
3. ]‘Ø SkÆ£Æ, TmkUSkÆ£Æ £ÿ‘ £h[P“ uØı∫
ˆ\¥u¿.

234
 £ıhÆ 3
C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶ &
Aufl ]”®¶U T÷P“
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®
ˆ£”¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ ¨Pƒ¯µ∞fl ˆ£ı∏¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄ Pskn∫u¿.
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£[Rmi¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ¨i≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k
I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 1947US® §”S Aµ]Ø¿ |∫nØa \¯£∞fl u¯ª¡∫
A) ˜{∏ B) hıUh∫ CµıuıQ∏Ënfl
C) hıUh∫ Cµı˜\¢vµ§µ\ız D) Pı¢v
2. Aµ]ت¯©®¶ ¡¯µƒU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
A) hıUh∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zP∫ B) hıUh∫ ]flPı
C) hıUh∫ Cµı˜·¢vµ §µ\ız D) ˜{∏
3. Aµ]ت¯©®¶ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“Õ®£mh {ı“
A) 1948 {¡Æ£∫ 26 B) 1949 {¡Æ£∫ 26
C) 1950 {¡Æ£∫ 26 D) 1947 {¡Æ£∫ 26

245
 4. Siص_ v⁄Æ P¯h®§iUP®£kÆ {ı“
A) i\Æ£∫ 26 B) §®µ¡∂ 26
C) {¡Æ£∫ 26 D) \⁄¡∂ 26
5. Aµ]ت¯©®§¿ E“Õ ˆ©ızu ¬vP“
A) 395 B) 295
C) 495 D) 595
6. Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§kÆ ¬v
A) 50 A B) 52A
C) 51A D) 53A
7. ˜ªıU \¯£∞fl uÿ˜£ı¯uØ GsoU¯P
A) 545 B) 550
C) 500 D) 454
8. ¡ıUPŒUSÆ ¡Øx
A) 20 B) 21
C) 19 D) 18
9. C¢vØı¬fl ™P EØ∫¢u }vzx¯” A[PÆ
A) EØ∫}v ©fl”Æ B) Ea\ }v ©fl”Æ
C) ©ı¡mh }v ©fl”Æ D) {k¡∫ ©fl”Æ
10. ©ı|ª |∫¡ıPzvfl u¯ª¡∫
A) Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ B) ¨uª¯©a\∫
C) B–{∫ D) u¯ª¯© }v£v
11. ¯©Ø® £miغ¿ E“Õ x¯”P“
A) 97 x¯”P“ B) 96 x¯”P“
C) 95 x¯”P“ D) 94 x¯”P“
II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
1. C¢vØa _u¢vµa \mhÆ __________ Bsk |¯”˜¡ÿ”®
£mhx.
2. C¢vØU Siص]fl ¨u¿ Siص_z u¯ª¡∫ ___________
B¡ı∫.
246
 3. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®¶ J∏ }sh ________ B¡n©ıSÆ.
4. C¢vØı J∏ C¯”Øıs¯©≤¯hØ \©u∫© ___________
©UPÕım]U Siص_.
5. C¢vØı J∏ _____________ Tmi¯nƒ BSÆ.
6. {©US ____________ Si≤∂¯© ©mk˜© Esk.
7. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“ }v ©fl”[PŒ⁄ı¿ ____________
¨¯”® £kzuU Tiد¡.
8. ©zvØ Aµ_ £ıµı–©fl” ______________ Ai®£¯h∞¿
ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x.
9. ______________ C¢vØ ¯©Ø |∫¡ıPzvfl u¯ª¯©®
ˆ£ı÷®§¿ E“Õı∫.
10. Cµı‰Ø \¯£ J∏ ________ A¯¡.
11. Ea\ }v©fl”Æ ________ ∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õx.
12. C¢vØı¬fl ________ EØ∫}v©fl”[PŒfl }v£vP¯Õ
|Ø™UQ”ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. hıUh∫ Cµı˜\¢vµ §µ\ız ñ 1955
2. hıUh∫ §.B∫. AƘ£zP∫ ñ \⁄¡∂ 26
3. Siص_ v⁄Æ ñ 1976
4. Si≤∂¯©a \mhÆ ñ Aµ]Ø¿ |∫nØa
\¯£∞fl u¯ª¡∫
5. 42&¡x Aµ]Ø¿ v∏zua ñ ¡¯µƒU S ¬fl u¯ª¡∫
\mhÆ
IV. §fl¡∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP–US _∏UP©ıP £vªŒUPƒÆ
1. Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ G®ˆ£ı x {¯h¨¯”US ¡¢ux?
2. G¢u ¬vP“ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯ÕU ˆPısk“Õx?

247
 3. ©zvØ \mh©fl”Æ Gx?
4. ˜ªıU \¯£∞fl E÷®§⁄∫P¯Õ Øı∫ ˜u∫¢ˆukUQ”ı∫P“?
5. EØ∫}v©fl” }v£vP¯Õ |Ø™®£x Øı∫?

V. §fl¡∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP–US ¬∂¡ıP £vªŒUPƒÆ

1. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®§fl £SvP“ Øı¯¡?
2. ¨Pƒ¯µ¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.
3. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ S‘®§kP.
4. Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ıkPŒ¿ ]ª¡ÿ¯”U S‘®§kP.
5. C¢vØU Si©UP“ Bÿ” ˜¡siØ Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“
Øı¯¡?
6. ¯©Ø Aµ_ £ÿ‘ G xP.
7. C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®§fl ]”®¶UT÷P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

Pÿ”¿ Pÿ§zu¿ ˆ\Ø¿P“

1. ©ın¡¯µ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“, Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U
˜Pım£ıkP“, Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“ ˆPısh ¡sn
Am¯hP“ uØı∂UPU T”ªıÆ.
2. ¯©Ø, ©ı|ª Aµ_ A¯©®§¯⁄ ¡¯µ£h©ıP ¡¯µØa
ˆ\¥u¿.
3. ¯©Ø, ©ı|ª Aµ_P–UQ¯h∞ªı⁄ AvPıµ® £[Rk
£ÿ‘ Amh¡¯n uØı∂zu¿.
4. Aµ]ت¯©®¶ \mhzv¯⁄U ˆPısk ©ın¡∏US
Pÿ§zu¿.

248
 AªS & II
£ıhÆ 4
Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“, Ph¯©P“,
Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ık
Pÿ”¿ ˜{ıUP[P“
1. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄®
¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.
2. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.
3. ©ın¡∫ Si©UPŒfl Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P¯Õ A‘u¿.
4. ©ın¡∫ Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄® ¶∂¢x
ˆPı“–u¿.
5. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“, Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım
£ımiÿS“Õ ˜¡÷£ıkP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.

C¢vØ Siص]fl Aµ]ت¯©®¶ {ım¯h B–¡uÿ

Pı⁄ Ai®£¯ha \mh ¬vPÕıP ¡SUP®£mh¯¡. {©x
Aµ]ت¯©®¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Si©P›USÆ E“Õ ]ª
E∂¯©P–US Ezvµ¡ıuÆ AŒUQfl”x. A¯¡P“ Ai®
£¯h E∂¯©P“ G⁄ A¯«UP®£kQfl”⁄. C¢u Ai®£¯h
E∂¯©P“ ©UPÕım] A¯©®§¿ ©UP“ _u¢vµ©ıPƒÆ
©QÃa]ØıPƒÆ ¡ı« Hx¡ıP A¯©¢x“Õ⁄. A¯¡P“
CØÿ¯PØı⁄ E∂¯©PÕıSÆ. A¯¡P“ {Æ ¡ıÃU¯PUS
A¡]Ø©ı⁄¯¡. A¯¡P“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :
1. \©zx¡ E∂¯© (¬vP“ 14 ¨u¿ 18 ¡¯µ) : G¿ªı
©¤u∫P–Æ \©©ıP˜¡ §”UQfl”⁄∫. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P“
249
\©©ıP˜¡ {hzu®£h¿ ˜¡skÆ. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶
A¯⁄zx Si©UP–USÆ \©zx¡ E∂¯©∞¯⁄ Ezvµ
¡ıuÆ ˆ\¥Q”x. C¢vØı¬¿ \mhzvfl Bm] §fl£ÿ”®
£kQ”x. G¢u J∏ Si©P›Æ \ıv, ©u, £ı¿ A¿ªx §”®
§h Ai®£¯h∞¿ ˜¡÷£kzu® £k¡v¿¯ª. P¯hP“,
ˆ£ıx En¡P[P“, ˆ£ı x ˜£ıUS Cfl⁄ §” Ch[PŒ¿
~¯«Ø G¡∏USÆ ˜¡÷£ık Pımku¿ Thıx.
A˜u˜£ı¿ Aµ_U Pmk®£ımiæ“Õ Qn÷P“,
SÕ[P“, SŒ®§h[P“, \ı¯ªP“, ˆ£ıx©UP“ ©QÃ÷Æ
Ch[P“ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©©ıP v”¢x ¬h®£mk“Õ⁄.
ˆ£ıx ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®¶ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©
¡ı¥®§ÿS Ezvµ¡ıuÆ AŒUP®£mk“Õx. G¤›Æ
\¨uıØzv¿ §flu[QØ §∂¬⁄∫PŒfl {ªflP¯Õ® £ıx
Pızvh ]ª S‘®§mh \mh[P“ E“Õ⁄. Euıµn©ıP
\≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ∑v∞¿ §ÿ£kzu®£mh ¡S®§⁄∫ (SE
BC) uıÃzu®£mh, £«[Si ¡S®§⁄∫ (SC, ST) ˜£ıfl
˜”ı∏US ˜¡¯ª¡ı¥®¶, £“Œ, P¿ø∂PŒ¿ A›©v
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ Ch JxURk ¡ı¥®¶ AŒUP®£mk“Õx.
Aµ]ت¯©®§fl 17&¡x ¬v wshı¯©¯Ø J»U
Qfl”x. A∆¬v wshı¯©¯Øz ukUQfl”x. G¡˜µ›Æ
wshı¯©¯ØU P¯h®§izuı¿ Au¯⁄ ush¯⁄US∂Ø
Sÿ”©ıP A∆¬v A‘¬UQfl”x.
2. _u¢vµ E∂¯© : ©UPÕım]∞fl \ıµÆ u¤{£∫
_u¢vµ˜©ØıSÆ. Au⁄ı¿ {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏
Si©P¤fl _u¢vµ E∂¯©USÆ Ezvµ¡ıuÆ AŒUQ”x.
C∆ƒ∂¯©∞fl£i A¯⁄¡∏Æ P∏zxa _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ÷“
Õ⁄∫. A¯⁄zx Si©UP–Æ P∏zv¯⁄U T÷Æ ˜£a_a
_u¢vµzv¿ \© E∂¯© E¯hØ¡∫P“. A¯⁄¡∏Æ B≤u
™fl‘ A¯©vØıPU TkÆ E∂¯© ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ⁄∫. A¯⁄
¡∏Æ ˜£µ¯¡ A¿ªx \[PÆ A¯©USÆ E∂¯© ˆPısk“
Õ⁄∫. C¢vØı¬fl G®£SvUS ˜¡sk©ı⁄ıæÆ J∏¡∫
_u¢vµ©ıPa ˆ\¿ªªıÆ. C¢vØı¬fl G®£Sv∞¿ ˜¡sk
250
©ı⁄ıæÆ J∏¡∫ _u¢vµ©ıP ¡]UPªıÆ. J∏¡∫ G¢uz
ˆuı»¯ª≤Æ A¿ªx £o∞¯⁄≤Æ ˜©ÿˆPı“ÕªıÆ.
G¡¯µ≤Æ \mhz¯u ´÷uæUSz u¬µ usizu¿ Thıx.
Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhÆ J∏¡¯µU ¯Px ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ
£ıxPı®§¿ ¯¡®£uÿSÆ J∏ ]ª |£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ
¬vUQfl”x. K∆ˆ¡ı∏¡∏¯hØ u¤ ©¤u ¡ıÃU¯P≤Æ,
u¤{£∫ _u¢vµ¨Æ £ıxPıUP®£kQfl”⁄. {©x Aµ]Ø¿
A¯©®¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ u¤ ©¤u¤fl ©¤u E∂¯©P¯Õ≤Æ
£ıxPıUQfl”x.
B⁄ı¿ C¢u _u¢vµ[P“ A¯⁄zxÆ AÕ¬fl‘
A›©vUP®£k¡v¿¯ª. J∏¡∫ u⁄x _u¢vµzv¯⁄
©ÿ”¡∫PŒfl _u¢vµÆ £ıvUP®£hıu ¡¯P∞˜ª˜Ø
A›£¬zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.
E[P“ B]∂Ø∂h™∏¢x J∏¡∫ G∆¡ı÷ ¯Px
ˆ\¥Ø®£hªıÆ Gfl÷Æ G∆¡Õƒ PıªÆ £ıxPı®§¿
¯¡UP®£hªıÆ Gfl£¯u≤Æ ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“P.
3. _µshæUˆPvµı⁄ E∂¯© : J∏¡¯µ PmhıØ
©ıP˜¡ı A¿ªx FvØ™fl‘˜Øı ˜¡¯ª ˆ\¥Ø ¯¡zu¿
Thıx. ˆ£sP–Æ S«¢¯uP–Æ _µsh®£ku¿ Thıx.
]÷¡∫P“ £o∞ª©∫zu®£hU Thıx. A¡∫P¯Õ £ıxPı®
£ÿ” £oPŒ¿ Dk£kzuU Thıx. 14 ¡ØvÿSU R “Õ
]÷¡∫P¯Õ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª∞˜ªı A¿ªx _µ[Pzv˜ªı
A¿ªx £ıxPı®£ÿ” £oPŒ˜ªı £o∞ª©∫zuU Thıx.
4. \©Ø _u¢vµ E∂¯© : {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶ C¢vØU
Si©UP“ A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©Øa _u¢vµzv¯⁄ Ezvµ¡ıuÆ
ˆ\¥Qfl”x. G¿ªı \©Ø[P–Æ J˜µ ¬u©ıPU P∏u®£k
Qfl”⁄. A¯⁄zx \©Ø A¯©®¶P–Æ u[PÕx ¬¡Pıµ[
P¯Õ |∫¡QzxU ˆPı“Õ _u¢vµÆ ¡«[P®£mk“Õx.
ˆ£ıx J [Q¯⁄® £µı©∂®£uÿPıP ©mk™fl‘ Aµ_
©UPŒfl \©Øa ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ u¯ª∞k¡v¿¯ª.
5. £s£ımk, P¿¬ E∂¯©P“ : C¢vØı £ª ˆ©ı»P“,
G zxP“, £s£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısh {ık. C[S £ª ]÷
251
£ıfl¯©® §∂¬⁄∫P–Æ ¡ıÃQfl”⁄∫. u[P“ £s£ımi
¯⁄® £ıxPızxU ˆPı“Õ A¡∫P–US E∂¯©≤sk. u[P“
¬∏®£zvÿ˜Pÿ£ P¿¬ |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ A¯©zx A¯¡
P¯Õ |∫¡QUP A¡∫P–US E∂¯© Esk. C¢vØı¬fl
A¯⁄zx £s£ımk §∂¬⁄∏Æ u[PÕx £s£ık, P¿¬
E∂¯©P¯Õ® £ıxPızxU ˆPı“Õ Aµ]ت¯©®§¿ ¡»
ˆ\¥Ø®£mk“Õx.
6. Aµ]ت¯©®¶ ¨¯”∞¿ w∫ƒ PıqÆ E∂¯© :
C∆ƒ∂¯© Si©UPŒfl Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“ ´”®£kÆ
˜£ıx ˜{∂¯hØıP A¡∫P“ Ea\}v ©fl”zv¿ ¡«USz
ˆuıh∫¢x £ıxPı®§¯⁄® ˆ£” EuƒQfl”x.
Ai®£¯hU Ph¯©P“ : 1976&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£kzu®
£mh 42&¡x Aµ]ت¯©®¶ v∏zuzvfl ≠ªÆ Si©UPŒfl
£zx Ai®£¯h Ph¯©P“ C¢vØ Aµ]ت¯©®§¿
˜\∫UP®£mk“Õ⁄. A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
1. Aµ]ت¯©®§fl£i {hzuæÆ, Aufl
ˆPı“¯PP“, |÷¡⁄[P¯Õ ©vzuæÆ.
2. ˜u]ØUˆPıi, ˜u]Ø Ruzv¯⁄ ©vzu¿.
3. ¡fl¨¯” Cfl¯©, ©UPÕım], \©Øa\ı∫§fl¯©
BQØ ¨UQØ ˜{ıUP[P¯Õ A¯hØ £ık£kuæÆ
A¯¡P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ÷uæÆ.
4. {©x £s£ımifl ]”®¶ ™UP £ıµÆ£∂Øz¯uU
Pı®£x J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Si©P¤fl Ph¯©ØıQ”x.
5. ˜u\zvfl C¯”Øıs¯©, Jÿ÷¯©, J∏¯©®
£ımi¯⁄U Pızu¿.
6. ˆ£ıxa ˆ\ızxUP¯Õ £ıxPızu¿.
7. E∞∂¯⁄≤Æ ˆ£ı∏m£kzuıx {©x {ımi¯⁄U
Pızu¿.
8. CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ıxPızu¿.
9. ¡µum]¯⁄, `uımhÆ, ©ÿ” \≠PU ˆPık¯©
P¯Õz ukzu¿.
10. A¡µ¡∫ x¯”PŒ¿ EØ∫v”fl ˆ£”® £ık£ku¿.
252
 Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ık : Ai®£¯h E∂¯©
P–US Akzu£iØıP Aµ]ت¯©®§¿ Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U
˜Pım£ık uµ®£mk“Õx. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶a ]ÿ§P“
H¯«P“, P¿¬ A‘¬¿ªıu¡∫P“, \≠P, P¿¬ ∑vØıP
§flu[QØ ©UP“ BQ˜Øı∂fl |¯ª¯©¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzu
˜¡siØvfl A¡]Øz¯u En∫¢u⁄∫. Aµ]د©®§fl £Sv
IV Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄ ¬ÕUSQ”x. CU
P∏zxUP“ }v©fl”[P“ ≠ªÆ {¯h¨¯”®£kzuU Tiد¡
A¿ª. B⁄ı¿ {ım¯h B“¡uÿS A¯¡ Ai®£¯h
Øı⁄¯¡. \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ÷Ƙ£ıx CUP∏zxUP¯Õ {¯h
¨¯”®£kzu Aµ_ Ph¯©®£mk“Õx. A¯¡ ©UPŒfl \≠P
{ª¯⁄® ˜£q¡¯u ˜{ıUP©ıPU ˆPısk E“Õ⁄.

Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ımifl£i Aµ_ (1) A¯⁄zx

Si©UP–USÆ ˜£ıx©ı⁄ ¡ıÃU¯P ¡\vP¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷z
u∏u¿, (2) A¯⁄zx ¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ£ıx {fl¯©US
£Ø›÷Æ ¡¯P∞¿ ˆ\¥u¿, (3) ˆ\¿¡U S¬®¯£z ukzu¿,
(4) Bs, ˆ£s C∏¡∏USÆ \© E¯«®§ÿS \© FvØÆ
Q¯hzvh ¡¯P ˆ\¥u¿, (5) S«¢¯u ˆuı»¯ªz ukzu¿,
(6) H¯«P–US Cª¡\ \mh Eu¬ Q¯hzvh ¡» ˆ\¥u¿,
(7) Qµı©® £g\ıØzxUP¯Õ A¯©zu¿, (8) ˜¡¯ª,
P¿¬ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ªØÿ˜”ı∫, ¡Øuı⁄¡∫P“,
˜{ı≤ÿ˜”ı∫, F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∏US ˆ£ıx Eu¬ Q¯hzvha
ˆ\¥u¿, (9) £o¶∂≤Æ ©PŒ∏US ©P®˜£÷ |¡ıµnÆ
AŒzu¿, (10) Si¯\z ˆuı»¿P¯Õ ¡Õ∫zu¿,
(11) J˜µ ©ıv∂Øı⁄ Si¯©∞Ø¿ \mhzv¯⁄ ¡«[Su¿,
(12) 14 ¡Øx¡¯µ S«¢¯uP–US Cª¡\U PmhıØU
P¿¬∞¯⁄ ¡«[Su¿, (13) uıÃzu®£mh £«[Si
¡S®§⁄∫P“, ©ÿ” §flu[QØ §∂¬⁄∫PŒfl P¿¬,
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzxu¿, (14) ©UPŒfl
¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zv ˆ£ıx _Pıuıµzv¯⁄
˜©fl¯©≤”a ˆ\¥u¿, (15) ˜¡Õıs¯©, Pı¿{¯h x¯”
∞¯⁄ A¯©zu¿, (16) _ÿ÷a`«¯ª® £ıxPızx ˜©Æ
£kzxu¿, (17) PıkP¯Õ≤Æ ¡⁄ ¬ª[SP¯Õ≤Æ £ıx
253
Pızu¿, (18) ¡µªı÷ Dk£ık¯hØ |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P¯Õ®
£ıxPızu¿, (19) }vzx¯”¯Ø |∫¡ıPzvº∏¢x §∂zu¿,
(20) £fl⁄ımk A¯©v∞¯⁄≤Æ £ıxPı®§¯⁄≤Æ ¡Õ∫z
u¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡P¯Õa ˆ\Ø¿£kzu Ph¯©®£mk“Õx.
Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P–USÆ Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U
˜Pım£ımiÿS¨“Õ ˜¡÷£ıkP“.
Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“ ˆ{‘¨¯”U P∏zxUP“
1. Aµ]⁄ı¿ Th C∆ C¯¡ Aµ]ÿPı⁄ \ıuıµn
ƒ∂¯© }UP˜¡ı (A) Pmh¯ÕP˜Õ.
S¯”UP˜¡ı Cتıx.
2. C∆ƒ∂¯©P“ }v C¯¡P“ G¢u }v
©fl”[PŒ⁄ı¿ ˆ\Ø¿ ©fl”zvfl ≠ª¨Æ ˆ\Ø¿
£kzuU Tiد¡. £kzu ¨iØıu¯¡.

3. Aµ_ C∆ƒ∂¯©PŒfl CUP∏zxUPŒfl ´x ˆPı“

´x ˆPı“¯P ¨iƒ ¯P ¨iƒP¯Õ GkUP
P¯Õ GkUP ¨iØıx. Aµ_US AvPıµ¨sk.

4. C∆ƒ∂¯©P“ ©UP CUP∏zxUP¯Õ {¯h

Õım] Aµ]دª ¡º ¨¯”®£kzx¡uı¿ \≠P,
¯©® £kzxQfl”⁄. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ©UPÕım]
¯Ø E∏¡ıUP ¨i≤Æ.

5. C¯¡ CØÿ¯PØı⁄ C¯¡ ©¤u E∂¯©P¯Õ®

E∂¯©P“. £ıxPıUP Cmka ˆ\¿
Qfl”⁄.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
1. ©ın¡∫ Aµ]ت¯©®¶a \mhzv¿ Ezvµ¡ıuÆ uµ®
£mk“Õ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ® £miغh ¨i≤Æ.
2. ©ın¡∫ Ai®£¯h E∂¯©PŒfl ¨UQØzx¡zv¯⁄
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254
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1. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“ ©UP“ C∆¡ı÷ ¡ı« Eu¬
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A) J∏ Ai®£¯h E∂¯© B) ˆ{‘¨¯”U P∏zx
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1. wshı¯© _________ E∂Ø Sÿ”©ıP A‘¬UP®£mk“Õx.
2. J∏¡∂fl P∏zv¯⁄ ˆ¡Œ∞kÆ _u¢vµÆ ____________
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2. ]÷£ıfl¯©∞⁄∂fl ñ }v©fl”zv⁄µı¿ {¯h¨¯”®
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5. ˆ{‘¨PU P∏zxUP“ ñ }v©fl”[PŒ⁄ı¿ {¯h
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2. {©x Aµ]ت¯©®§¿ Ezvµ¡ıuÆ AŒUP®£mk“Õ
Jfl÷ A¿ªx Cµsk Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P¯Õ G xP.
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V. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P
1. E©x Aµ]ت¯©®¶ Ezvµ¡ıuÆ ˆ\¥≤Æ Ai®£¯h
E∂¯©P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.
2. J∏ Si©P¤fl Ph¯©P¯Õ G xP.
3. Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım£ımi¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.
4. Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P–USÆ Aµ_ ˆ{‘¨¯”U ˜Pım
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10&BÆ {ı“ Hÿ÷UˆPıshx. Ax I.{ı.¬fl
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Si∞Ø¿, Aµ]Ø¿ E∂¯©P“ : Si∞Ø¿, Aµ]Ø¿

E∂¯©P“ {√⁄ Pıª ©UPÕım]≤hfl ™P ˆ{∏UP©ı⁄
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Õım]∞fl ˆ¡ÿ‘US ¡»¡SUSÆ. C∆ƒ∂¯©PÕı¡⁄:
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(2) Ai¯©zu⁄Æ, ]zvµ¡¯u∞º∏¢x ¬ku¯ª;
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]¯”±k A¿ªx {ık PhzxuæUS Gvµı⁄ £ıxPı®¶;
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Ai®£¯ha _u¢vµÆ; (10) A¯©vØıPU Tku¿, \[PÆ
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259
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ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, £s£ımk, E∂¯©P–USÆ Th \©
|¯ª∞¯⁄z u¢x“Õx. C∆ƒ∂¯©PŒ¿ (1) ˜¡¯ª
E∂¯©; (2) \© E¯«®§ÿS \© FvØ E∂¯©; (3)
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Bsk ¬Øfl⁄ı¬¿ {¯hˆ£ÿ” ©¤u E∂¯©P“ ´uı⁄
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(5) 1959&BÆ Bsifl ]”ı∫PŒfl E∂¯©P“ §µPh⁄Æ;
(6) 1967&BÆ Bsifl ©PŒ∏US Gvµı⁄ ˜¡ÿ÷¯©P¯Õ
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
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2. ©ın¡∫ Si∞Ø¿, Aµ]Ø¿ E∂¯©P¯ÕU S‘®§h
¨i≤Æ.
3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£ı∏Õıuµ, \≠P, £s£ımk E∂¯©P¯ÕU
S‘®§h ¨i≤Æ.
4. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u E∂¯©P“ G∆¡ı÷ £ıxPıUP®£k
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I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ˆukUPƒÆ
1. 17&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ ©¤u Sªzvfl Ai®£¯h E∂¯©P“
C∆¡ı÷ ¬¡∂UP®£mh⁄.
A) ©¤u E∂¯©P“ B) CØÿ¯P E∂¯©P“
C) Si∞Ø¿ E∂¯©P“ D) ©¤u¤fl E∂¯©P“
2. CØÿ¯P E∂¯©P“ ©¤u¤fl E∂¯©PÕıP ©ı‘Ø PıªÆ
A) 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk B) 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısk
C) 16&BÆ °ÿ”ısk D) 17&BÆ °ÿ”ısk
3. I.{ı. ©¤u E∂¯©P“ §µPh⁄z¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPısh {ı“
A) 1944 AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 24 B) 1945 AU˜hı£∫ v[P“ 14
C) 1996 i\Æ£∫ v[P“ 10 D) 1948 i\Æ£∫ v[P“ 10
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ˆuflˆPı∂Øı ˜£ıfl” {ıkP“ C¡ÿ¯” ˆ¡ÿ‘Pµ©ı⁄ ©¤u ˜©Æ£ımk AÕ¯¡∞¿ P¯h|¯ª∞¿ C∏USÆ
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C¢{ıkPŒfl £fl⁄ımk ¬Øı £ıµ¨Æ
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ˆ\¿¡Æ ˆPı»USÆ {ıkPÕı⁄ Aˆ©∂UP IUQØ
{ıkP“, P⁄hı, ·®£ıfl, BÏv˜µºØı, ˜©ÿS I˜µı®§Ø Øı∂hÆ AÕ¬˜ª Gg_Æ
{ıkPÕı⁄ IUQØ{ıkP“, §µıflÏ, ˆ·∫©¤, {ı∫˜¡, C∏UQ”˜uı Øı∂hÆ
_√hfl BQØ {ıkP“ ØıƒÆ Aˆ©∂UP hıª∫ 18,000US ˆ\¿¡Æ C¿¯ª˜Øı
˜©ªı⁄ u¤{£∫ ˆ©ızu Eÿ£zv® ˆ£ı∏Œ¯⁄U
ˆPısh ¯¡ØıP ¡Õ∫a]دh¢x“Õ⁄. Gv∫©ı”ıP, A¡¯µ˜Ø ˜\∏Æ. A¡¤hÆ
B®§∂UPı¬fl ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ {ıkP“ Aˆ©∂UP hıª∫ T¯µ C∏®£xÆ ˜£ıSÆ!!
1000USU S¯”¡ıP ƒÆ, C¢vØı, ^⁄ı, C¢˜uı˜⁄]Øı §¥zxUˆPımkÆ Hï©
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ˆPısh¯¡ØıP E“Õ⁄.
296 297
 §”USÆ ¨fl w∫ƒ ˆ\¥uı¿ §¯«®˜£ıÆ {ıÆ Gfl£x GŒuıQ≤“Õx. EªPÕı¬Ø C¯nØ ¡¯ª
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Gfl uı¥ u¢¯uدµ {ıfl ¬∏Æ£U uÕ[PŒº∏¢x (1995) 25 ™¿ºØfl C¯nØz
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˜u∫¢ˆukUP® £ı∫z˜ufl
BskPŒ¿ ©mkÆ Qmhzumh Cµmi®£ıP C¯nØz
B⁄ı¿ Gfl ¡ıÃU¯P
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{ıfl Cfl›Æ
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ˆ\»zv∏USÆ. C∏UQfl”x Gfl” Es¯© ˆ¡Œ®£ıhı⁄x. uP¡¿
Gfl §”¢u Chz¯u \≠P AÕ¯¡ (Information Society Index) & ©UPŒfl uP¡¿
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B⁄ı¿ w∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø ˆu∂¬UQfl”x. C∆¡Õ¯¡∞fl£i _√hfl (6,496)
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§”UP˜¡∞¿¯ª! {Æ ¡ıì¿? L§flªı¢x (5953) ≠fl”ıÆ Chz¯u≤Æ, Aˆ©∂UP
G⁄US IUQØ {ıkP“ (5850) {ıflPıÆ Chz¯u≤Æ Gmi≤“Õ⁄.
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C∏¢uıæÆ Po® ˆ£ı‘ \ı∫¶¯hØ Pmk©ı⁄[P“
uP¡¿ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ (Information Economy) : uP¡¿,
(√mi¿, £“ŒPŒ¿, ¡oP¬h[PŒ¿ C∏USÆ
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Cfl÷ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa \Uv∞fl Buıµ[PÕıP C∏UQfl”⁄. Q¯hUSÆ AÕƒ (ˆuı¯ªUPım], ˜µi˜Øı, ˆuı¯ª˜£],
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ˆuı¯ªz ˆuıh∫¶ ~m£[P¯Õa \ı∫¢v∏UQfl”⁄. uP¡¿ \≠PU T÷P“ (£“ŒPŒ¿ ©ın¡, ©ın¬Ø∫ £vƒ,
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¡«UQÿS ¡¢x¬mh |¯ª∞¿ EªQ¿ G¢uˆ¡ı∏ ~m£ Hï©∞¿uıfl C∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£x ©⁄v¿
≠¯ªU SÆ ˆ£ı∏mP“, uP¡¿P¯Õ ¬ÿ£x A›®¶¡x ˆPı“Õ ˜¡siØuıSÆ.

298 299
 ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–[P“! B⁄ı¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡«UQ¿, ¡hUS & ˆuÿS
{ıkP“ Gfl” P∏zx B«®£v¢x“Õx. C®£ıS£ık
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ {h¡iU¯PP“ Es¯©∞¿ ˆ\¿¡Æ, ¡ıÃU¯PzuµÆ, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
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§∂zx ¡¯P®£kzxQfl”⁄∫. ¡Õ∏Æ C∏¢uıæÆ Th & A¯¡P–Æ ˆuÿS {ıkPÕıP˜¡
ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ[PŒ¿ £ª C¡ÿ÷“ Jfl‘¯⁄ & P∏u®£kQfl”⁄.
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¡hUS {ıkPÕı¥ C∏®§›Æ A¯¡uÆ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
* ¨ufl¯©z ˆuı»¿ (Primary Sector) ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ ˆuÿS {ıkPÕı¥ C∏®£x ˆuŒ¡ıSÆ.
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ˆuı»¿ ˆuÿS {ıkPÕıP C∏®§›Æ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ
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ˆuŒƒ. ¡hUS {ıkPŒ¿, ¡Õ∫¢x¬mh ˆ\¿¡
ˆuı»ªP Eÿ£zv, Pmk©ı⁄Æ, Bÿ”¿ ©ÿ÷Æ }∫ {ıkPŒ¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© ˜©ÿS I˜µı®§ØU Pshzv¿
* ≠fl”ıÆ ˆuı»¿ (Tertiary Sector) Pın®£kQfl”⁄. S‘®£ıP, IUQØ {ıkP“ §µıflÏ,
ˆ·∫©¤, ÏPı¢x˜{¬Ø {ıkP“, Czuıº, Cfl⁄ §”
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©ÿ÷Æ {ª¡ıà £ıxPı®¶).
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Gxƒ™¿¯ª. ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk C¢{ıkP¯Õ ™P
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§∂ƒPÕıP® §∂zxU T÷¡x ¡«UQ¿ C∏¢ux.
C®§∂ƒP˜Õ, ¨u¿ (First), CµshıÆ (Second) ©ÿ÷Æ I. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P
≠fl”ıÆ (Third) {ıkP“ Gfl£¯¡ØıP C∏¢u⁄. 1. EªP ¡ıo£z¯u ______________ ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ[P“
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EªP {ıkP“' G⁄ ¡«[P®ˆ£ÿ”⁄. C¯¡PŒfl 4. ¡hUS {ıkP“ ______________ ˆ\»USÆ {ıkP“.
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{ıkP“' G⁄ ¡«[P® ˆ£ÿ”⁄. C¯¡P“ Pª®¶U Pmk®£ık

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1. J∏ {ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ Es¯© |¯ª∞¯⁄z
ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Õ EuƒÆ T÷P“ Øı¯¡?
2. EªP® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ FUPÆ u∏Æ
£fl⁄ımk |÷¡⁄[P“ ]ª¡ÿ¯”z u∏P.
3. uP¡¿ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“ Gfl⁄?
4. C¢vØı¬fl ~m£ ¡Õ∫a] £ÿ‘ J∏ ]ª ¡∂P“
G xP.
5. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ {h¡iU¯PPŒfl ¡¯PP“ Øı¯¡?
IV. ¬∂¡ıP ¬¯hu∏P
1. "{ıkP–US C¯h∞ªı⁄ uP¡¿ ~m£[P“ \ı∫¢u
§∂ƒ' Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUQU T÷P.
2. "¡hUS & ˆuÿS' {ıkP“ £ÿ‘ J∏ ]‘Ø Pmk¯µ
¡¯µP.
3. ˆ\¿¡¢u, H¯«{ıkP“ £ÿ‘ J∏ £zvUS ™Pı©¿
G xP.
V. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“
1. EªP |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ¯¡zx ¡hUS & ˆuÿS
{ıkP¯Õ≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl A¯©¬hz¯u≤Æ Psh‘u¿.
2. wƒ {ıkP“, EªQfl ™Pa]‘Ø {ıkP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®
£kzv G xu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ EªP |ª¡¯µ®£hzv¿
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Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“
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v”¯©.
2. CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ Pªıa\ıµ ¡mhıµ[P¯Õ® §∂UP
EuƒÆ T÷P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ Pÿ”‘u¿.
3. C∆ƒªPÆ G∆¡ı÷ £ª Pªıa\ıµ[PÕı¿ B⁄x
Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

"¡mhıµÆ' Gfl” ¡ı∫z¯u J∏ £µ®§fl ©ı÷£kÆ

£s¶{ªflP¯Õa _∏UP©ıPƒÆ v”¯©≤hfl Gkzxa
ˆ\ı¿æÆ ¡¯P∞¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh J∏ P∏zx.
¡mhıµÆ Gfl£x ¶¬∞غfl ¡æ¡ı⁄ P∏zxPŒ¿
Jfl÷. Ax©mk ©¿ª, CUP∏zv¯⁄ ¯¡zx J∏
£µ®§¯⁄ £ª ¡mhıµ[PÕıP® §∂UQfl”⁄∫.
¡mhıµ[P¯Õ® §∂®£uÿS Ai®£¯hØıP
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¶¬∞تı∫ u[PÕx B¥¬¿ ≠fl÷ ¨UQØ ¬⁄ıU
P¯Õ G ®§ ¨iƒ PısQfl”⁄∫ :
1. J∏ £Sv∞¿ / £µ®§¿ Jfl‘fl "A¯©¬hÆ'
£ÿ‘Ø ¬⁄ı.
2. A®£Sv∞¿ "©¤u & `«¿ ˆuıh∫¶P“' £ÿ‘
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3. A®£µ®§¿ ]”®¶® £s¶ Jfl‘¯⁄ Ai®£¯h
ØıPU ˆPısk A¯hØıÕÆ Pımh®ˆ£∏Æ
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\ıµ¨Æ G∆¡ı”ı⁄ £s¶ {ªflP“ ˆPısk
¬Õ[SQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯uz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“Q˜”ıÆ.
CØÿ¯P ¡mhıµ[P“
{Ư©a _ÿ‘Ø EªQ¯⁄® £ı∫U¯P∞¿, `«¿
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Ca`«¿ £fl¯©P“ EªQ¯⁄® £ª §∂ƒPÕıP® §∂zx
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Ai®£¯hØıP ¯¡zx® §∂zu⁄∫. Cfl›Æ ]ª˜µı
Pıª|¯ª, uı¡µÆ Gfl£u¯⁄U T”ıP ¯¡zx ¡mhıµ[
P¯Õ® §∂zu⁄∫.
ˆ¡®£Æ & SŒ∫ Ai®£¯hØı¿ G Æ
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P¯ÕU S‘USÆ. G⁄˜¡ AØ⁄ ©shªÆ Gfl£x G[S
`∂Øfl J∏ S‘®§mh £∏¡zv¿ ˜{∫ ˜©º∏¢x ˆ¡®£z
v¯⁄z u∏Q”ı˜⁄ı A®£SvØıSÆ. ˆ¡®£zv¯⁄ Ai®
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©shªzvÿS Gv∂¯hØı⁄ Cµsk ¡mhıµ[P“
Esk Gfl£x ˆu∂≤Æ. B∫UiU ¡mhzvÿS
¡hU˜P≤Æ, Ashı∫UiU ¡mhzvÿSz ˆuÿ˜P≤Æ
Pın®£kÆ Ch[P“ x∏¡ ¡mhıµ[P–“ Ah[SÆ.
x∏¡ ¡mhıµ[ PŒ¿ ¡∏hÆ ¨ ¡xÆ Ai©s
306
E¯”¢u |¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø C∏USÆ ¡ı¥®¶P“ AvPÆ.
A∆¡ı˜” Ph¿ ˜©¿ £µ®§¯⁄≤Æ £¤≠iU ˆPısh
|¯ª∞¿ ¡mhıµ[P“ E“Õ⁄.
EªP Eÿ£zvz v”fl \ı∫¢u |ª®§∂ƒP“ :
EªPzv¯⁄ ¡mhıµ[PÕıP® §∂®£v¿ £Øfl
£kzu®£kÆ Cflˆ⁄ı∏ T÷ Eÿ£zvzv”fl (Productivity).
Cu¯⁄ ¯¡zx ˜£mh∫\fl Gfl” ¶¬∞تı∫
EªPzv¯⁄ B÷ §∂ƒPÕıP® §∂z x“Õı∫. "A'¬¿
ˆuıh[Q "F' Gfl£v¿ ¨i≤Æ C∆ ¡mhıµ[P“
£ª¬u©ı⁄ Eÿ£zvz v”¯⁄ GkzxUPımk Qfl”⁄.
"F' Gfl” ¡mhıµÆ Eÿ£zvzv”fl AÕ¯¡∞¿ 0.25
¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ AÕ¯¡¯ØU Pımk¡uıSÆ. EªQ¿
£ı¯ª|ª[P“, £¤£h∫¢u x∏¡[P“, ©¯ª ¨PkP“
C¡ÿ÷“ Ah[SÆ. £µ¡ªıP \Ìıµı® £SvP“, Aµı§Ø
˜©ÿS B]Ø® £SvP“, C©Ø©¯ª ¨Pmk® £SvP“,
©ÿ” £ı¯ª¡⁄® £SvP“ G¿ªıÆ Cu›“ Ah[SÆ."E'
Gfl” ¡mhıµÆ 0.26 & 1.0 Gfl” Eÿ£zvz v”fl
AÕ¯¡¯ØU ˆPıshuıSÆ. Cx "F' ¡mhıµzvfl
G¿¯ª¯Ø≤Æ, £ı¯ª |ª[PŒfl ¬ŒÆ¶P¯Õ≤Æ
u ¬Ø ™PƒÆ S÷QØ |ª®£µ®£ıSÆ. C®£Sv ¡h
Aˆ©∂UPı, Cµ]Øı¬fl ˆ£∏Æ£SvP¯Õ
E“ÕhUQØuıSÆ. "D' Gfl” ¡mhıµÆ ˜Pı¯h∞¿
AvP©ıP ©¯«ˆ£¥≤Æ ™uˆ¡®£ Pıª |¯ª®
£SvP¯Õ ufl›“ AhUSÆ. C[S Eÿ£zvzv”fl
1.01º∏¢x 3.0 ¡¯µØı⁄ AÕ¯¡ Gmi|ÿSÆ. ©zvØ,
Q«US I˜µı®§Ø® £SvP“, ¡h Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl ˆ£∏
\©ˆ¡ŒP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” E“ÕhUSÆ. Gfl”ıæÆ
£µ®§¿ ˆ¡S S¯”¡ı⁄ £µ®§¯⁄≤Æ ˆPısh¯©≤Æ.
_©ı∫ 3.01 º∏¢x 10.0 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ Eÿ£zvzv”fl
ˆPısh C¯h®£mh £SvP¯ÕU S‘USÆ. C[˜Puıfl
©UPÕh∫zv ™P AvP©ıPƒÆ Pın®£kÆ. C∆¡mhıµÆ
Q«US Aˆ©∂UP {ıkP“ £Sv, ˜©ÿS I˜µı®£ı,
H”US¯”Ø ¨  C¢vØı, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl ^⁄ı
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” E“ÕhUQØ uıSÆ.
307
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EØ∫¡ı⁄ Eÿ£zvz v”fl PıqÆ |ª®£SvP“ AØ⁄ ˆPısk EªP˜© B÷ uı¡µ ¡mhıµ[PÕıP®
©shª[PŒ¿ ©mk˜© PınUQ¯hUQfl”⁄. Cx˜¡ §∂UP®£mk“Õ⁄. A¯¡Øı¡⁄ :
"B' Gfl” |ª® £µ®¶. Cufl ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄ £SvP“ ˆufl 1. £ı¯ªP“ 4. ˆ¡®£U PıkP“
Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿ PınUQ¯hUQfl”⁄. C∆¡mhıµz
v¯⁄¬h Cfl›Æ AvP ©ıP Eÿ£zvzv”fl ˆPısh 2. F]∞¯ªU PıkP“ 5. ¶¿ˆ¡ŒP“
|ª®£SvP“ "A' |ª®£SvP ÕıSÆ. C[S 3. ™uˆ¡®£U PıkP“ 6. y¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ x∏¡Æ
Eÿ£zvzv”fl AÕ¯¡ 50.0&Iz uıskÆ. ˆufl
Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl A˜©\ıfl ¡i|ªÆ, B®§∂UPı¬fl
£ı¯ªP“
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©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl B]Ø® £SvP“ C∆¡mhıµzv›“ £ı¯ªP“ 15 iQ∂º∏¢x 35 iQ∂ ¡¯µ ¶¬∞¯hU
Ah[SÆ. ˜PımkUS A®£ı¿ Cµsk ˜PıÕ[PŒæÆ
PınUQ¯hU Qfl”⁄. C¯¡ EªQfl {ıflQ¿ J∏ £Sv
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ˆPısh ¡mhıµ[P“ £ı¯ªP¯Õ≤Æ & C[˜P ¶u∫P“ uı¡µ[PÕı¥ Pım]u∏Æ
& E“ÕhUSÆ. Cµƒ £Pº¿ £ı¯ªP“ AvP ˆ¡®£
uı¡µzvfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¶¬∞تı∫ ≠fl÷ ˆ£∏Æ
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§∂ƒ ¡mhıµ[PÕıP® §∂zu⁄∫. A¯¡P“ : 55 iQ∂ ˆ\fliQ˜µm AÕ¯¡z ˆuıkÆ. Cµ¬¿ E¯”
1. PıkP“ Ah∫¢u |ª®§∂ƒP“. |¯ªUSU R«ı⁄ AÕ¬ÿSU S¯”≤Æ. £ı¯ªPŒ¿
2. C¯h®£mh uı¡µ |ª®§∂ƒP“. uı¡µ[P–Æ ¬ª[SP–Æ A∂x. C∏®§fl A¯¡P“
`«æU˜Pÿ£z uƯ©z v∏zvU ˆPı“–Æ.
3. uı¡µÆ C¿ªı |ª®§∂ƒP“.
F]∞¯ªU PıkP“
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x∏¡® §∂ƒP“ G⁄ A¯«UP® ˆ£ÿ”⁄. C¯h®£mh ¡h˜PıÕı∫z uzv¿ P⁄hı, ÏPı¢x˜{¬Øı ©ÿ÷Æ
Cµ]Ø® £SvPŒ¿ PınUQ¯hUQfl”⁄ C¯¡. ˆ¡®£Æ
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uı¡µÆ C¿ªıa `«¿P“ £ı¯ª, A¯µ®£ı¯ª §∂ƒ, £ª¬u©ı⁄ ßa]P“ Esk. uı¡µ[PŒ¿ £fl¯©
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ˆ£ÿ”⁄. |ªzuı¡µ[P¯Õ ¯¡zx ™P GŒuıP® ©µ¡¯PP“ & ¯£fl, ϶πÏ & £_¯©Øı⁄¯¡.
§∂UP®£mh¯¡ C¢u Jfl£x ¡mhıµ[P“ BSÆ. C¡ÿ‘ÿS C¯ªP“ Evµıx.

308 309
 ™uˆ¡®£U PıkP“
Am\[P“ 30 & 60¿ C¯¡P“ Pın®£kÆ.
¶¬∞¯hU ˜PımiÿS C∏£UP[PŒ¿ C¯¡P“ Esk.
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Pıª|¯ª Pın®£kÆ. ˆ¡®£ AÕƒPŒ¿ ˜¡÷£ıkP“
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C¯¡ PhP, ©Pµ ˜µ¯PP–US Em£SvPŒ¿
Pın® £kQfl”⁄. C[SÆ £∏¡ ˜¡÷£ıkP“ S¯”ƒ.
uı¡µ[P“ {fl”ıP ¡Õµ Hÿ”a `«¿P“ Esk.
C[Suıfl EªPz uı¡µ, ¬ª[SPŒfl ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯©
¡]UQfl”⁄. ˆ¡®£ ©¯«UPıkP“ C¡ÿ”ı¿ ]”®¶
™UP¯¡ØıQfl”⁄. C[˜P J∆ˆ¡ı∏ {ı–Æ ©¯«
ˆ£¥Qfl”x. ©µ[P“ ¡∏hÆ ¨ ¡xÆ P¤P“
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ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–[P“!
EªQfl ˆ£∏Æ £ı¯ªP“
1. \Ìıµı, ¡h B®§∂UPı, 9.0 ™¿ºØfl \.Q.´.
2. BÏv˜µºØı, BÏv˜µºØı, 3.8 ™¿ºØfl \.Q.´.
3. Aµı§Øfl, ˆufl ˜©ÿS B]Øı, 1.3 ™¿ºØfl \.Q.´.
4. uUªı ©Pıfl, ^⁄ı, 1.245 ™¿ºØfl \.Q.´.
5. ˜Pı§, ©zvØ B]Øı, 1.04 ™¿ºØfl \.Q.´.
6. PªÌı∂, ˆufl B®§∂UPı, 520,000 \.Q.´.
7. u∫PÏuıfl, ©zvØ B]Øı, 450,000 \.Q.´.
8. {´®, ˆufl ˜©ÿS B®§∂UPı, 310,000 \.Q.´.
9. ˜\ı©ıº, ˜\ı©ıºØı, 310,000 \.Q.´.
10. ˜\ı˜⁄ıµfl, A. IUQØ{ıkP“ / ˆ©U]˜Pı, 260,000
\.Q.´.
11. uı∫, C¢vØı / £ıQÏuıfl, 260,000 \.Q.´.
310
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ˆ¡®£U PıkP“ \ÿ÷U S¯”¡ı⁄ £fl¯©∞¿ uı¡µ &
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BÏv˜µºØı ©ÿ÷Æ ˆufl Aˆ©∂UPı¬fl
¡h£SvPŒ¿ PınUQ¯hUQfl”⁄. ˆ¡®£ Am\[PŒ¿
A¯¡ Pın® £i›Æ A¯µ®£ı¯ªz ufl¯©P“
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ˆ\fliQ˜µm Gfl£x ™Pa \ıuıµnÆ. ¡∏hzv¿ ©¯«
√Ãa] 50 & 150 ˆ\.´. ¡¯µ Pın®£kÆ. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄
©¯« S÷QØ £∏¡zv¿ ¬ Qfl”x. £“Õ©ı⁄
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¡Õ∫a] ˜¡P©ıP |P Æ. ¡”m]U PıªÆ ©¯«¯Øz
ˆuıh∫¢x ¡∏Æ.
Psh[PŒfl Em£SvPŒ¿uıfl ™uˆ¡®£® ¶¿
ˆ¡ŒP“ ˆufl£kÆ. SŒ∫PıªÆ ™PUSŒµıPƒÆ,
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y¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ x∏¡[P“
B∫miU £¤UP¬®§ÿSÆ F]∞¯ªU PıkPŒfl
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Pın®£kQfl”⁄. y¢vµ ¡mhıµ[PŒ¿ Rà ©s
G®˜£ıxÆ E¯”|¯ª∞˜ª˜Ø Pın®£kÆ. SŒ∂¿
¡ÕµƒÆ, ¡ı«ƒÆ uUP ˆ\iP“ ©mkÆ uıáıP ¡Õ∏Æ.
y¢vµ[P“ |ª®£µ®§¿ I¢vˆªı∏ £[Q¿
Pın®£kQfl”⁄. G[S ˆ¡®£ ©ıu[PŒ¿ ˆ¡®£Æ 10
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F]∞¯ªU PıkP¯Õ Fk∏¡ A›©vUQfl”⁄.
311
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PıkP“ A»zu¿ EªQ¿ ˜uıfl‘ {ıP∂Pz¯u≤Æ £s£ım¯h≤Æ ¡Õ∫z
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¡Õ∫a]UPıPƒÆ G⁄ EªPÆ ßµıƒÆ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl” Q.¨.3000&¿uıfl ˆuıh[Qÿ÷. Q˜µUP {ıP∂Pzvfl
Jfl÷. ˆ¡®£ |ª®£SvPŒ¿ ©UP“ ¡Õ∫a] Afl£Œ®£ıP˜¡ \⁄{ıØPÆ, uzx¡Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A‘¬Ø¿,
AvP©ıPƒÆ, ©v®¶ |¯”¢u ©µ[P“ AvP©ıPƒÆ ¬¯ÕØımk, {ıhPÆ, P¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ PmhhUP¯ª, ©∏¢x
C∏®£uı¿ PıkP“ ˆ¡S¡ıP A»UP®£kQfl”⁄. J∏ G⁄ £ª £Ø›“Õ¯¡ {©USU Q¯hzu⁄.
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PıkP¯Õ A»®£uı¿ Eh⁄i ¬¯Õƒ PÕıP C∏®£¯¡ Pªıa\ıµÆ Gfl£˜u C¿¯ª. G¢u J∏ £«¯©, §flu[QØ
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