Curs VT Anul II

Pr. Lect. Dr.
Constantin Oancea 6FKL HGHSUHOHJHULGH97
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ele.
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1
Pr. Lect. Dr. Constantin Oancea 6FKL HGHSUHOHJHULGH97
SURIXQGLQVSLUDWGHSULQFLSLLOHúLOHJLOHH[SXVHvQFDUWHD'HXWHURQRP'HDLFLúLGHQXPLUHDGH
LVWRULD GHXWHURQRPLVWLF FDUH VH G DFHVWHL RSHUH UHVSHFWLY GH GHXWHURQRPLVW FDUH VH G
rHGDFWRUXOXLHL8QLLDXWRULDILUPFDFHVWUHGDFWRUQXDIRVWXQVROLWDUFLHODDSDU LQXWXQHL
PLúFULVDXXQRUFHUFXUL,VWRULDGHXWHURQRPLVWLDUILSURGXVXOQXXQXLVLQJXUUHGDFWRUFLD
PDLPXOWRUUHGDFWRULQXPL LGHXWHURQRPLúWL(LYRUEHVFDVWIHO de cercuri deuteronomistice, de
R PLúFDUH GHXWHURQRPLVWLF VDX R úFRDO GHXWHURQRPLVWLF vQ HOHJkQG SULQ HD SH WR L DFHLD
FDUHDXDGHUDWúLSDUWLFLSDWODDFHVWFXUHQWGHLGHL$SDUL LDDFHVWXLIHQRPHQHVWHVLWXDWvQFX
SX LQWLPSvQDLQWHGHH[LOXOXLEDELORQLDQvQVUHGDFWDUHDLVWRULHLGHXWHURQRPLVWLFHDDYXWORF
vQ WLPSXO H[LOXOXL 'HVLJXU RSHUD QX D IRVW SURGXVXO LPDJLQD LHL FL OD UHGDFWDUHD HL
GHXWHURQRPLúWLL V-au folosit de izvoare mai vechi, unele dintre ele contemporane cu
evenimentele pe care leUHODWHD]
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WHRORJLFDVXSUDLVWRULHL(VWHRLVWRULHWRORJLFVDXRWHRORJLHDLVWRULHLOXL,VUDHOGHODLQWUDUHD
vQ DU SkQ vQ H[LO (D VH GHRVHEHúWH GH LVWRULRJUDILD PRGHUQ ILLQGF DILUP F vQ VSDWHOH
HYHQLPHQWHORU LVWRULFH VW 'XPQH]HX FDUH GLULMHD] FXUVXO LVWRULHL $OWIHO PRGXO GH D OXFUD
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OHJWXUD vQWUH FDX] úL HIHFWH VH HPLW MXGHF L GH YDORDUH VH IDF DSUHFLHUL DOH DFWLYLW LL
FRQGXFWRULORUSROLWLFLVHLQWHUSUHWHD]HYHQLPHQWHOHGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFHUFHWWRUXOXLVLWXDWODR
DQXPLWGLVWDQ GHHYHQLPHQWH
2
Cartea Iosua
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6HSWXDJLQWDFDUWHDSRDUWQXPHOH,LVXV1DYL,RVXDHVWHXUPDúXOGHVHPQDWGH0RLVHVSUHD-i
conduce pe EvreivQ DUDVIkQWGXSPRDUWHDOXL6XE,RVXDHYUHLLDXFXFHULW DUDúLHDDIRVW
vPSU LWvQWUHFHOHVHPLQ LL
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&DUWHD,RVXDVHSRDWHvPSU LLvQGRXSU L
Cap. 1-11
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FXFHULW ,VUDHOL LL WUHF vQ FKLS PLUDFXORV ,RUGDQXO OD IHO FXP WUHFXVHU RGLQLRDU HYUHLL SULQ
PDUHD URúLH ,RVXD SRUXQFHúWH FD WR L LVUDHOL LL FDUH V-DX QVFXW GXS LHúLUHD GLQ (JLSW V ILH
FLUFXPFLúL$SRLVHVUEWRUHVFVHVUEWRUHVFSHQWUXSULPDRDUSDúWLOHvQ DUDIJGXLW0DL
întâi este cuceriWvQPRGPLUDFXORV,HULKRQXOvQFDGUXOXQXLFHUHPRQLDOFXUH]RQDQ HOLWXUJLFH
3RSXOD LDRUDúXOXLHVWHPFHOULWSRWULYLWLQGLFD LLORUOXLLRVXD'RDU5DKDEvPSUHXQFXFDVD
HL HVWH FUX DW HD HVWH XQD GLQ VWUEXQLFLOH 0kQWXLWRUXOXL- Mt 1,5). Cucerirea RUDúXOXL $L
HúXHD] ILLQGF $FDQ FRQWUDUGLVSR]L LHLGLYLQHSVWUHD]RSDUWHGLQRELHFWHOHGLQ,HULKRQ
'H DELD GXS SHGHSVLUHD OXL $FDQ FHWDWHD $L SRDWH IL FXFHULW /RFXLWRULL *KLEHHL VFDS
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HYUHLLILLQGDMXWD LGH'XPQH]HXSULQRSULUHDVRDUHOXLSHFHUFDVOLVHSUHOXQJHDVFWLPSXO
GHOXSW
Capitolele 12-UHODWHD]vPSU LUHD ULLFXFHULWHvQWUHFHOHGRXVSUH]HFHVHPLQ LLPDLSX LQ
cea a lui Levi.,QILQDOXOFU LLVHPLQ LLOHGHODHVWGH,RUGDQFDUHDMXWDVHUODFXFHULUHDSU LL
GLQYHVWXO,RUGDQXOXLVXQWWULPLVHvQDSRLV-úLLDvQSULPLUHWHULWRULLOH&DSLWROXOFXSULQGH
testamentul lui Iosua, o recapitulare a celor întâmplate, cu îndemnul dHDLXELSH'RPQXOúLGH
a împlini legea lui Moise.
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FLWHúWH&DUWHDVHvQFKHLHFXPRDUWHDOXL,RVXD
7LPSXOFRPSXQHULLFU LLúLLQWHQ LDFU LL
Cu privire la timpXOFRPSXQHULLFU LLVXQWGHPHQ LRQDWGRXRSLQLL$XWRULLFODVLFLVRFRWHVF

F DFHDVW FDUWH D IRVW VFULV FkQGYD vQWUH HSRFD OXL ,RVXD úL SHULRDGD UHJDOLW LL GDU QX PDL
WkU]LXGHGRPQLDOXL'DYLGFFLvQVHVSXQHF5DKDEHVWHvQFvQYLD
Al LDXWRULREVHUYFH[LVWPHQ LXQLFDUHQXSXWHDXVSURYLQGHFkWGLQSHULRDGDFHORUGRX
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DGLFDWHPSOXOGLQ,HUXVDOLP
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IFkQG SDUWH GLQ DúD QXPLWD LVW GWU 5HGDFWRUXO D DYXW OD GLVSR]L LH VXUVH PDL YHFKL XQHOH
dintre ele chiaU GLQ HSRFD MXGHFWRULORU DOWHOH GLQ HSRFD UHJDOLW LL $úD VH H[SOLF GDWHOH
cronologice contradictorii din carte (vezi mai sus).
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3HQWDWHXKHVWHGDWDFXPLVUDHOL LORU&DUWHD,RVXDWUHEXLHFLWLWFDXQHSLORJDO3HQWDWHXKXOXL
vQ FDUH VH vPSOLQHúWH IJGXLQ D SULPLULL ULL 3H GH DOW SDUWH FDUWHD WUHEXLH FLWLW FD XQ
3
SURORJ OD FU LOH UHJLORU XQGH VH UHODWHD] SLHUGHUHD ULL DUD SH FDUH 'XPQH]HX D GDW-o,
Israel a pierdut-RILLQGFQXDvPSOLQLWOHJHD'RPQXOXL
DUDúLGUHSWXOGLYLQDVXSUDHL"
3RWULYLW FU LL ,RVXD DUD D IRVW QX DWkW UH]XOWDWXO FXFHULULL PLOLWDUH D LVUDHOL LORU FkW GDUXO OXL
'XPQH]HX 'XPQH]HX D GDW DUD $FHVW OXFUX VH YHGH FKLDU úL vQ UHODWULOH GHVSUH FXFHULUHD
XQRUFHW L,QFD]XOFHW LL,HULKRQIPDLvQWkL'RPQXOvLVSXQHOXL,RVXDÄ,DW(XYRL
GD vQ PkLQLOH WDOH ,HULKRQXO´ 3RSRUXO QX SXQH PkQD SH DUP FL LQH VOXMEH RILFLD] R
OLWXUJKLH LDU 'RPQXO OH G FHWDWHD vQ PkQ 6DX vQ OXSWD vPSRWULYD XQHL DOLDQ H DPRULWH
GHVFULVHvQFDSI'RPQXOVSXQHÄQXWHWHPHFL-am dat în mâinile tale”; apoi nu mor
DWk LGXúPDQLXFLúLGHVDELHFk LSLHUVXESORDLDGHSLHWUHODQVDWGH'RPQXOGLQFHU'RPQXO
RSUHúWHVRDUHOHSHFHUSHQWUXFDLVUDHOL LVILQDOL]H]HYLFWRULD
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GUHSWDOHYUHLORUDVXSUDDFHVWHL ULXQGUHSWSULPLWGHOD'XPQH]HXSHQWUXYHFLH$FHDVWLGHH
a constituit un idHDOVXSUHPPDLDOHVGXSFGHUHD,HUXVDOLPXOXLúLULVLSLUHDHYUHLORUvQOXPH
GXS DQXO G+ 6SUH VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL úL OD vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL LGHHD UHYHQLULL
HYUHLORU vQ 3DOHVWLQD HVWH VXV LQXW GH PLúFDUHD 6LRQLVW 5HIDFHUHD ,VUDHOXOXL LVWRULF este un
LPSHUDWLYPDMRU6LRQLúWLLLQYRFDXvQVSULMLQXOUHYHQGLFULLORUGUHSWXOGLYLQDVXSUD ULL DUDD
IRVW SURPLV GH 'XPQH]HX SDWULDUKLORU úL DSRL GDW HYUHLORU vQ WLPSXO OXL ,RVXD 'HFL OL VH
FXYLQHORU,GHDOXOVLRQLúWLORUV-a realizat prin înfiLQ DUHDVWDWXOXL,VUDHOvQ,QFRQIOLFWXO
FDUHDL]EXFQLWvQFXUkQGúLFDUHGXUHD]SkQvQ]LXDGHD]LHYUHLLLQYRFGUHSWXOGLYLQDVXSUD
ULL DGXF %LEOLD SH PDVD WUDWDWLYHORU SRORWLFH 3DOHVWLQLHQLL OD UkQGXO ORU LQYRF GUHSWXO
primului venit. SSXQHLFVXQWvQUHDOLWDWHVWUPRúLLFDQDDQL LORUúL DUDDIRVWDORULDUHYUHLL
le-DXUSLW DUD
$PEHOHSR]L LLVXQWQHWHPHLQLFH&HDDSDOHVWLQLHQLORUHVWHRVSHFXOD LH&HDDHYUHLORUHVWHR
LQWHUSUHWDUHXQLODWHUDODFU LL,RVXD,QWU-DGHYUFDUWHD,RVXDVSXQHF'XPQH]HXDGDW DUD
GDUFDUWHD5HJLDUDWFXP'XPQH]HXDOXDW DUD'DF,VUDHODUILDVFXOWDWOHJHDúLQXDUIL
SUVLW SH 'RPQXO DUD DU IL UPDV D ORU 'H YUHPH FH QX DX IFXW-R 'RPQXO vQVXúL L-a
SHGHSVLW úL DVXSUD ORU V-DX DEWXW EOHVWHPHOH VFULVH vQ OHJH DUD D GDW- Domnul; Israel a
pierdut-o.
9LROHQ vQQXPHOHUHOLJLHL"
6XQWVFHQHGLQFDUWHD,RVXDFDUHúRFKHD]SHFLWLWRUXOPRGHUQ(YUHLLGLVWUXJGLQWHPHOLLXQHOH
FHW L FXFHULWH úL RPRDU WRW FH HVWH YLX vQ HOH GH OD RP SkQ OD DQLPDOH 6XQW PFHOUL L OD
JUPDG EUED L úL IHPHL WLQHUL EWUkQL úL FRSLL ,DU FHHD FH vQILRDU HVWH F PFHOXULOH VH
petrec la porunca lui Dumnezeu!
Asemenea pasaje l-DXIFXWSH0DUFLRQVDILUPHF'XPQH]HXO9HFKLXOXL7HVWDPHQWHVWHXQ
dumnezeu al urii, care nu are nimic comun cu Dumnezeul NT, Dumnezeul iubirii. Asemenea
pasaje i-DXIFXWSHQD LRQDO-VRFLDOLúWLVDILUPHF%LEOLDHYUHLORUSURSDJXUDúLH[WHUPLQDUHD
FHORUGHDOWHQHDPXULúLFH[WHUPLQDUHDHYUHLORUDUILRUHDF LHGHDXWo-DSUDUH
9RFLOHFULWLFHODDGUHVD%LVHULFLLúLDFUHúWLQLVPXOXLGLQXOWLPLLGHDQLLQYRFQXvQXOWLPXO
rând „caracterul profund violent, inuman al Bibliei”1 plecând de la Vechiul Testament, care ar
RIHUL ÄFKLSXO XQXL 'XPQH]HX LQWROHUDQW´ FDUH RUGRQ PFHOULUHD GH VXJDUL FRSLL IHPHL úL
EUED L2
1
F. Buggle, Denn sie wissen nicht, was sie glauben. Oder warum man redlicherweise nicht mehr Christ sein
kann. Eine Streitschrift, Hamburg 1992.
2
G. Lüdemann, Das Unheilige in der Heiligen Schrift. Die andere Seite der Bibel, Stuttgart 1996.
4
&kWHYDFRQVLGHUD LLVHLPSXQFXSULYLUHODVFHQHOHYLROHQWHGHVFULVHvQFDUWHD,RVXD
-HOHDSDU LQXQHLHSRFLvQFDUHYLROHQ DHUDODRUGLQHD]LOHL,VUDHOL LLQXDXIRVWQLFLGHFXPÄFHL
UL´ LDU FHOHODOWH SRSRDUH ÄFHL EXQL´ &DQDDQL L V-DU IL FRPSRUWDW OD IHO vQ DFHHDúL VLWXD LH
(JLSWHQLL EDELORQLHQLL úL PDL DOHV DVLULHQLL vL VXSXQHDX SH FHL vQYLQúL vQWUHJXOXL DUVHQDO DO
FUX]LPLLSHFDUHXQRPúL-OSRDWHvQFKLSXL6FHQHFDUHDVW]LQLV-DXSVWUDWvQEDVoreliefuri ne
DUDWvQYLQJWRULFDUH]GUREHVFFDSHWHOHFHORUvQYLQúLVXESLFLRDUHOHVWUSXQJRFKLLOHDUDW
GHPRQVWUDWLY FDSHWHOH WLDWH HWF ([LVW R GLIHUHQ FXOWXUDO vQWUH OXPHD GH D]L úL FHD GH
DWXQFLvQWUHFHHDFHRPXOvQ HOHJHDDWXQFLSULQYRLDGLYLQúLFHHDFHvQ HOHJHDVW]L
-GLIHUHQ vQWUHFXOWXULH[LVWúLDVW]L&HLFDUHDX]EXUDWvQWXUQXULOHGLQ1<DXVSXVFDX
vQGHSOLQLWRPLVLXQHGLYLQ7HURULúWLLVLQXFLJDúLVHDXWRQXPHVFPDUWLUL(LXFLGvQQXPHOHOXL
$OODK'XSPRDUWHVXQWFRQYLQúLFDMXQJvQUDLXQGHvLDúWHDSWSOFHULOXPHúWLSHFDUHDLFL
nu le au.
- FDUWH ,RVXD D DSUXW vQ IRUP ILQDO vQ H[LO DGLF vQWU-XQ PRPHQW GH PD[LP VOELFLXQH
SROLWLF úL QD LRQDO DHYUHLORU,QSR]L LDGHXPLOLUH,VUDHOvúLGRUHúWHSHGHSVHFrunte pentru
YUúPDúL SH FDUH vQV QX OH SRDWH vPSOLQL 'HVFULHUHD FXFHULULL &DQDDQXOXL VH IDFH VXE
LPSUHVLD LVWRULHL UHFHQWH DYkQG vQ PHPRULH YLROHQ HOH DVLULHQLORU úL EDELORQLHQLORU
Evenimente petrecute cu sute de ani înainte sunt descrise cu imaginile obsedante ale istoriei
recente.
5
&DUWHD-XGHFWRUL
1XPHOHFRPSXQHUHDúLFXSULQVXOFU LL.
1XPHOHFU LLSURYLQHGHODDFHLEUED LFDUHGXSPRDUWHDOXL,RVXDúLSkQODLQVWDXUDUHD

UHJDOLW LL DX FRQGXV VHPLQ LLOH OXL ,VUDHO vQ SHULRDGH GH UHVWULúWH $FHúWLD VXQW QXPL L
MXGHFWRULLDUSHULRDGDORUSHULRDGDMXGHFWRULORU(LVXQWvQQXPUGHúLSHULRDGDvQFDUH
HLDFWLYHD]HVWHFXDSUR[LPD LHvQWUHDQLLúLv+$FWLYLWDWHDORUQXDIRVWFRQWLQX
FLvQWUHUXSWGHSHULRDGHGHSDFHúLOLQLúWH8QLLMXGHFWRULDXDFWLYDWvQSDUDOHOúLDFWLYLWDWHD
lor s-DGHVIúXUDWQXPDLvQFDGUXOXQRUDGLQWUHVHPLQ LL
0DL HYLGHQW GHFkW vQ FDUWHD ,RVXD VH SRDWH REVHUYD F DFHDVW FDUWH HVWH FRPSXV GLQ
L]YRDUH GH SURYHQLHQ GLIHULW úL GH H[WHQsiuni diferite. Unele dintre le sunt dezvoltate,
prezentând istoria unui personaj de-DOXQJXODGRXVDXWUHLFDSLWROH$OWHOHVHUHVWUkQJODXQ
singur verset. Aceste izvoare au fost preluate în cadrul istoriei deuteronomistice.
([LVW R VFKHP WHRORJLF FDUH VH UHSHW vQ FDUWH úL FDUH DSDU LQH UHGDFWRUXOXL LVUDHOL LL
SUVHVFSH'RPQXODWXQFLPkQLD'RPQXOVHDSULQGHvPSRWULYDORUúLWULPLWHQHDPXULVWULQH
DVXSUDORU$MXQúLvQSULPHMGLHLVUDHOL LLVWULJFWUH'RPQXO$WXQFL'XPQH]HXOHULGLFXQ
judHFWRU GLQ SRSRU FDUH V-L L]EYHDVF GH SULPHMGLD VWULQ 8UPHD] R SHULRDG GH SDFH
GXSFDUHHYUHLLXLWLDUGH'RPQXOúLHWDSHOHGHVFULVHPDLVXVVHUHSHW/LPEDMXOIRORVLWDLFL
FDúLvQDOWHSDVDMHGLQFDSLWROXO-úL-16) este deuteronomistic. Expresiile pe care
OHvQWkOQLPVXQWvQWkOQLWHDWkWvQFDUWHD'HXWFkWúLvQFHOHODOWHFU LDOH'WU+PDLDOHVvQ5
$VHPHQHD H[SUHVLL VXQW ILLL OXL ,VUDHO DX IFXW FHHD FH H UX vQ RFKLL 'RPQXOXL DX
SUVLW SH 'RPQXO úL DX VOXMLW EDDOLORU úL DVWDUWHORU DX PHUV GXS DO L GXPQH]HL
ILLOXL,VUDHODXVWULJDWFWUH'RPQXO$FHVWHH[SUHVLLFRUHVSXQGYL]LXQLLWHRORJLFH
GWU FRQIRUP FUHLD SFDWXO DQWUHQHD] GXS VLQH SHGHDSVD LDU SRFLQ D DGXFH LHUWDUHD
SFDWHORUúLL]EYLUHDGHSULPHMGLLWULPLVGH'RPQXO
$GDRVXULOHLVWRULFHGLQILQDOXOFU LLSURYLQGLQSHULRDGDUHJDOLW LLSHVHPQHGLQWU-RSHULRDG
vQ FDUH LQVWLWX LD DFHDVWD HUD vQF SULYLW IDYRUDELO FHHD FH V-a întâplat doar la începutul
UHJDOLW LL
3. CarWHD DUH R LQWURGXFHUH XUPDW GH LVWRULD ILHFUXL MXGHFWRU ,Q vQFKHLHUHD FU LL VH DIO
GRX DGDRVXUL LVWRULFH ,Q LQWURGXFHUH VH UHODWHD] SH VFXUW FXFHULUHD ULL FX VXFFHVHOH úL
LQVXFFHVHOH UHSXUWDWH GH LVUDHOL L $VWIHO VH HQXPHU R VHULH GH RUDúH Se care evreii nu le-au
putut cuceri sub Iosua (1,17- 3ULQWUH HOH RUDúHOH GH FkPSLH XQGH ORFXLDX ILOLVWHQLL FDUH
aveau care de fier. Deasemenea Ierusalimul, locuit de iebusei, care va fi cucerit de abia de
David.
$FHDVW VWDUH GH OXFUXUL HVWH H[SOLFDW vQWU-XQ SURORJ WHRORJLF DOFU LLvQFDSLWROXO-23.
'HúL 'XPQH]HX SURPLVHVH HYUHLORU WRDW DUD IJGXLQ D QX V-a realizat din motive bine
vQWHPHLDWH&FLGDFvQYUHPHDOXL,RVXDSRSRUXODVOXMLW'RPQXOXLGXSPRDUWHDVDLVUDHOL LL
DX SUVLW SH GRPQXO úL DX PHUV GXS DO L 'XPQH]HL 'H DFHHD 'XPQH]HX D PRGLILFDW
IJGXLQ DLQL LDOúLQXOH-DGDWWRDW DUD$FHVWHQHDPXULUPDVHvQ DUILOLVWHQLúLFDQDDQL L
YRUGXFHU]ERDLHvPSRWULYDHYUHLORUúLvLYRUVXSXQH$MXQúLvQSULPHMGLHLVUDHOL LLVWULJFWUH
Domnul, cerându-úL LHUWDUH $WXQFL 'XPQH]HX OH ULGLF XQ MXGHFWRU GLQ SRSRU FDUH V-i
L]EYHDVF GH SULPHMGLD VWULQ 8UPHD] R SHULRDG GH SDFH GXS FDUH HYUHLL XLW LDU GH
'RPQXOúLHWDSHOHGHVFULVHPDLVXVVHUHSHW
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DO LL L]EYLWRUL 7UHEXLH V vQ HOHJHP F LHL HUDX SH GH-o parte figuri harismatice
FXSULQúL GH 'XKXO 'RPQXOXL RDPHQL DOHúL GH 'RPQXO vQ VLWXD LL GH DPHQLQ DUH
6
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vQ HOHVvQWU-XQVHQVPDLODUJGHDJXYHUQDDFRQGXFHDúDFXPHVWHIRORVLWWHUPHQXOMXGHFWRU
úLvQWH[WHOHGHOD0DUL
Despre unii dintre ei avem doar noWL HGHFkWHYDYHUVHWH$VWIHOGHVSUHùDPJDUQLVHYRUEHúWH
într-XQ VLQJXU YHUVHW 'HVSUH DO LL VH UHODWHD] FDSLWROH vQWUHJL 3ULPXO MXGHFWRU HVWH 2WQLHO
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D PRDEL LORU DPRQL LORU úL DPDOHFL LORU 3ULQWU-R LVFXVLW VWUDWHJLH HO vO XFLGH SH UHJHOH
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,DELQ FRQGXVH GH JHQHUDOXOXL 6LVHUD OD UkXO &KLúRQ 6LVHUD YD IL XFLV GH R IHPHLH ,DHO ,Q
FDSLWROXOHSUH]HQWDWFkQWDUHD'HERUHLVRFRWLWXQXOGLQFHOHPDLYHFKLWH[WHDOH97
In capitolele 6-HVWHUHODWDWDFWLYLtatea lui Ghedeon, cel care vai fi supranumit Ierubaal ( a
VH MXGHFD D VH VIGL SHQWUX F GLVWUXVHVH DOWDUXO OXL %DDO GLQ ORFDOLWDWHD VD 0DGLDQL LL úL
DPDOHFL LL FDUH LQYDGDVHU YDOHD ,]UHHO VH PFHOUHVF vQWUH HL GDWRULW VWUDWDJHPHLRULJLQDOHD
lui GKHGHRQ FX FHL GH OXSWWRUL DL VL IFOLL DSULQVH QRDSWHD WUkPEL H úL RDOH VSDUWH
'XSYLFWRULHSRSRUXOvLSURSXQHOXL*KHGHRQVGHYLQUHJHGDUHOUHIX]'LQDXUXOSULPLW
FD UVSODW *KHGHRQ IDFH XQ HIRG XQ RELHFW FXOWLF FDUH PDL WkU]LX D Gevenit prilej de
GHFGHUHUHOLJLRDVvQ,VUDHO
5HODWDUHD GHVSUH $ELPHOHF DUH SX LQ OHJWXU FX IDSWHOH MXGHFWRULORU DQWHULRUL (D GHVFULH
PDLGHJUDERvQFHUFDUHHúXDWGHLQVWDXUDUHDUHJDOLW LLvQ,VUDHO'XSPRDUWHDOXL*KHGHRQ
ILXOVXL$ELPHOHFvLFkúWLJSHORFXLWRULL6LFKHPXOXLGHSDUWHDVDúLVHSURFODPUHJH3HQWUX
DvQOWXUDRULFHSRVLELOFRQFXUHQ HOvúLXFLGHIUD LL6FDSGRDU,RWDPFDUHSULQWU-RIDEXO
GHVFKLGHRFKLLVLFKHPL LORUGHVSUHIUGHOHJHDODFDUHV-au asociat. In cele din uUPVHQDúWH
XQ U]ERL vQWUH ORFXLWRULL ]RQHL LDU $ELPHOHF HVWH UQLW PRUWDO vQ WLPSXO XQXL DVHGLX GH R
IHPHLH'XSSUH]HQWDUHDVXFFLQWDIDSWHORUOXL7RODúL,DLUXUPHD]GLQQRXRUHODWDUHPDL
OXQJGHVSUHMXGHFWRUXO,HIWD,HIWDH$FHVWDHVWHILXl unei prostituate din Galaad, alungat de
IUD LLVLUHVSLQVGHFRPXQLWDWHGDWRULWRULJLQLLVDOH$OXQJDWHOVHDVRFLD]FXRDPHQLIU
FSWkLIRUPkQGREDQGGHWkOKDUL,QVFkQGDPRQL LLQYOHVFvQ DUEkWUkQLL*DODDGXOXL
persoane respectabile DSHOHD] OD VHUYLFLLOH FHOXL SH FDUH vO GHQLJUDVHU úL DOXQJDVHU
SURPL vQGX-L F vO YRU DFFHSWD GUHSW FRQGXFWRU úL GXS FH GXúPDQXO YD IL vQYLQV ,HIWD IDFH
vQV R IJGXLQ vQ ID D 'RPQXOXL úL GHUXODUHD XOWHULRDU D HYHQLPHQWHORU DPLQWHúWH GH
motivulEDODGHLPHúWHUXO0DQROH(OSURPLWHFGDFYDvQYLQJHYDDGXFHMHUWI'RPQXOXLSH
FHOFDUHYDLHúLSULPXOGLQFDVDVD
31. Când mã voi întoarce biruitor de la Amoni LRULFLQHYDLHúLGLQSRU LOHFDVHLPHOHvQ

vQWkPSLQDUHDPHDYDILDILHURVLW'RPQXOXLúi-l voi aduce ardere de tot".
$SRLDYHQLW,HIWDHOD$PRQL LVmVHEDWmFXHLúLL-a dat Domnul în mâinile lui.
ùLL-a bãtut cumplit de la Aroer pânã spre Minit în douãzeci de cetã LúLSkQã la Abel-
&KHUDPLPúLDXIRVWXPLOL L$PRQL LLvQID DILilor lui Israel.
'XSmDFHHDDYHQLW,HIWDHvQODFDVDVDúLLDWmILLFDVDL-DLHúLWvQvQWkPSLQDUHFXWLPSDQH
úLMRFXULDFHDVWDHUDVLQJXUXOOXLFRSLOFmFLHOQXPDLDYHDQLFLEmLH LQLFLIHWH
ùLFkQGDYm]XW-RHOúL-DVIkúLDWKDLQDúLD]LV: "Ah, fiica mea! Tu m-DLUmSXVúLHúWL
dintre cei ce-mi tulburã biruin D(XPL-DPGHVFKLVJXUDSHQWUXWLQHvQDLQWHD'RPQXOXLúL
nu mã voi putea lepãda!"
36. Iar ea a zis cãtre el: "Tatãl meu, dacã tu L-ai deschis gura pentru mine înaintea
Domnului, fã FXPLQHFHHDFHDURVWLWJXUDWDGHYUHPHFH'RPQXODVmYkUúLWSULQWLQH
rãzbunarea împotriva Amoni LORUYUmMPDúLLWmL
$SRLD]LVLDUmúLFmWUHWDWmOVmX,DUWmQXPDLFHVm-mi faci: Lasã-mã douã luni, sã mã
GXFVmPmVXLSHPXQWHúLVm-mi plâng fecioria cu prietenele mele!"
7
38. Atunci el a zis: "Du-WHùLDOmVDW-RGRXmOXQLùLV-DGXVFXSULHWHQHOHVDOHúLúL-a

SOkQVIHFLRULDvQPXQ L
39. Apoi dupã trecerea celor douã luni ea s-DvQWRUVODWDWmOVmXúLDFHVWDDImFXWFXHDFXP
ImJmGXLVHúLHa n-a cunoscut bãrbat.
ùLV-a fãcut obicei în Israel, ca în fiecare an fiicele lui Israel sã meargã sã plângã pe
fata lui Ieftae Galaaditeanul patru zile pe an.
8QDOWPRPHQWGLQLVWRULDOXL,HIWDQHUHOHYH[LVWHQ DGLDOHFWHORUDGLIHUHQ HORUGHSURQXQ DUH

DOLPELLvQWUHGLIHULWHVHPLQ LL,QXUPDXQXLFRQIOLFWvQWUH*DODDGúLHIUDLPL L,HIWDvLvQYLQJH
SHHIUDLPL LúLvLXUPUHúWH3HFHLFDUHvLEQXLHDILHIUDLPL LvLVXSXQHXQXLWHVWGHOLPE
ùLDXOXDW*DODDGLWHQLLYDGXO,RUGDQXOXLGHOD(IUDLPL LúLFkQGYUHXQXOGLQ(IUDLPL L
zicea: "Îngãduie-PLVmWUHFDWXQFLRDPHQLLGLQ*DODDGvLUmVSXQGHDX1XFXPYDHúWL
Efraimit?" Acela rãspundea: "Nu!"
(LvQVmvL]LFHDX=LùLEEROHWHOvQVm]LFHD6LEEROHWFmQXSXWHD]LFHDOWIHO$tunci
HLvOOXDXúL-OMXQJKLDXDFRORODYDGXO,RUGDQXOXLùLDXFm]XWvQYUHPHDDFHHDGLQ(IUDLPL L
SDWUX]HFLúLGRXmGHPLL
'XS R VFXUW WUHFHUH vQ UHYLVW D MXGHFWRULORU ,E DQ (ORQ úL $EGRQ XUPHD] LVWRULD OXL
6DPVRQ SURYHUELDO SHQWUX IRU D VD GDWRUDW SRGRDEHL FDSLODUH GDU úL SHQWUX VOELFLXQHD VD
SHQWUXVH[XOIUXPRVFDUHvLYDDWUDJHúLVIkUúLWXO
,QDGDRVXULOHLVWRULFHVHUHODWHD]GRXFD]XULGRXH[HPSOHGHGHFGHUHPRUDOúLQHOHJLXLUH
LGRODWULD VHPLQ LHL OXL 'DQ úL QHOHJLXLUHD ORFXLWRULORU GLQ *KLEHHD $FHVWH VLWXD LL DX IRVW
IDYRUL]DWHGHIDSWXOFvQYUHPHDDFHHDQXH[LVWDXQUHJHvQ,VUDHOúLILHFDUHIFHDFHLVHSUHD
FHGUHSWVDXFHHDFHvLSOFHD
Din carte:
2EVHUYUL LVWRULFR-FULWLFH D GLYLQLW L SJkQH GLQ FDUWHD -XG E) efodul lui Ghedeon; c)
jertfirea fiicei lui Iefta.
8
CU LOH6DPXHO
1XPHOHFU LORU
&U LOH6DXIRUPDWvQYHFKLPHRVLQJXUFDUWHÌPSU LUHDvQGRXFU LDSDUHGHDELDvQ

/;;FDUHRIHUGHDOWIHOúLXQWH[WPDLVFXUWDOFU LL3RWULYLW/;;QXPHOHFU LORUHVWH
5HJL,PSU LUHDvQFU LDIRVWSUHOXDWúLGH9XOJDWD'LQVHFvPSU LUHDvQGRXFU LD
IRVWSUHOXDWúLGHHGL LLOHELEOLHLHEUDLFH'DUvQWLPSXOOXL,RVLI)ODYLXDFHVWHFU LIRUPDXR
VLQJXUFDUWHFDGHDOWIHOúLFU LOH5&URQ(]UDúL1HHPLD
1XPHOHGHFU LOHOXL6DPXHOSURYLQHGHODIDSWXOFSRWULYLWWUDGL LHLUDELQLFHDXWRUXOFU LORU
D IRVW 6DPXHO LDU GXS PRDUWHD OXL SURIH LL 1DWDQ úL *DG DX FRQWLQXDW VFULHUHD ,XGDLVPXO
interpreta astfel nota din 1Cron 29,29- SRWULYLW FUHLD DFHúWL SURIH L DX DYXW R DFWLYLWDWH
OLWHUDU
6IkUúLWXOFU LL6HVWHRDUHFXPIRU DWvQWUXFkWHOvQWUHUXSHILUXOQDUD LXQLLGHVSUHVXFFHVLXQHD
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&XSULQVXOFU LORU
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vQFKLQD'RPQXOXL6HQDúWH6DPXHOLDU$QDvOGXFHODcortul sfânt spre a-OGUXL'RPQXOXL
DSRL vQDO R IUXPRDV FkQWDUH FDUH YD VHUYL GUHSW PRGHO PDL WkU]LX SHQWUX FkQWDUHD 6ILQWHL
Fecioare (Lc 1,46- 6DPXHO FUHúWH OD FRUWXO VIkQW OkQJ DUKLHUHXO (OL )LLL OXL (OL vQV QX
XUPHD] FLOH WDWOXL ORU úL SHUYHUWHVF VOXMLUHD SUHR HDVF ,Q DFHVWH FRQGL LL 6DPXHO HVWH
FKHPDWVILHXUPDúXODUKLHUHXOXL(OL,QFRQWLQXDUHVXQWGHVFULVHOXSWHOHLVUDHOL LORUvPSRWULYD
filistenilor. Intr-XQD GLQ OXSWH HYUHLL VXQW vQYLQúL úL XPLOL L FFL ILOLVWHQLL FDSWXUHD] úL
FKLYRWXO ,QV RGDW FH 6DPXHO DMXQJH SURIHW úL MXGHFWRU vQ ,VUDHO 'RPQXO vL YD DMXWD SH
LVUDHOL LV-LvQYLQJSHILOLVWHQL
&kQG6DPXHODvPEWUkQLWQLFLILLLOXLQXVHULGLFODvQO LPHDWDWOXL3RSRUXOvLFHUHGHDFHHD
lui Samuel un rege, mai aOHVFDPHQLQ DUHDILOLVWHQLORUQXvQFHWDVH,QFLXGDQHPXO XPLULLOXL
6DPXHOFDUHYHGHvQFHUHUHDSRSRUXOXLROH]DUHDWHRFUD LHL'RPQXOvOvQGUXPVXQJUHJH
SH 6DXO 6DPXHO VH UHWUDJH IFkQGX-L ORF OXL 6DXO OD FRQGXFHUHD SRSRUXOXL 2GDW FX HO
înceWHD] YUHPHD MXGHFWRULORU úL vQFHSH UHJDOLWDWHD vQ ,VUDHO 6DXO UHSXUWHD] YLFWRULL
vPSRWULYD ILOLVWHQLORU ,QV VXFFHVHOH OXL PLOLWDUH VXQW XPEULWH GH GRX IDSWH &X RFD]LD XQHL
OXSWH 6DXO QHUEGWRU QX PDL DúWHDSW SH 6DPXHO úL DGXFH HO MHUWIH 'RPQXOXL 'XS DOW
OXSW 6DXO FUX YLD D GXúPDQXOXL úL SVWUHD] SDUWHD PDL EXQ GLQ SUDG GHúL WUHEXLD V
QLPLFHDVFDWkWSHYUúPDúLFkWúLOXFUXULOHORU6DPXHOLQWHUYLQHúLvLSURIH HúWHFYDSLHUGH
tronul în favoarea lui David.
Samuel îl unge rege pe tkQUXO 'DYLG 6DXO SUVLW GH 'RPQXO GHYLQH GHSUHVLY 3HQWUX D
FRPEDWH VWULOH OXL GH PHODQFROLH HVWH DGXV OD FXUWH 'DYLG FD V-L FkQWH OD KDUS (O DMXQJH
VFXWLHUXOUHJHOXL)DLPDOXL'DYLGFUHúWHGXSFHvOvQYLJHSHXULDúXO*ROLDW2GDWFXIDLPDOXL
'DYLGVSRUHúWHvQVúLXUDOXL6DXOvPSRWULYDOXL5HJHOHGHFLGHV-l omoare pe David. Dar fiul
OXL 6DXO ,RQDWDQ vO SUHYLQH SH 'DYLG V IXJ 6DXO vO XUPUHúWH vQ SXVWLXO ,XGHHL XQGH VH
UHIXJLDVH 'DYLG ,Q GRX UkQGXUL 'DYLG vL FUX YLD D OXL 6DXO ,Q FHOH GLQ XUP 'DYLG VH
UHIXJLD]ODILOLVWHQLXQGHVHvQUROHD]FDPHUFHQDU'HFOLQXOUHJHOXLHVWHLQHYLWDELO(OSLHUH
vPSUHXQFX,RQDWDQvQWU-ROXSWvPSRWULYDILOLVWHQLORU
'XS PRDUWHD OXL 6DXO 'DYLG HVWH SURFODPDW UHJH vQ +HEURQ GH FWUH VHPLQ LD lui Iuda.
&HOHODWHVHPLQ LLvODOHJSHILXOOXL6DXO,úERúHW'DYLGvOvQYLQJHúLHVWHSURFODPDWUHJHúLGH
FHOHODWHVHPLQ LL(OFXFHUHúWH,HUXVDOLPXOGHODLHEXVL LúLVWDELOHúWHFDSLWDODUHJDWXOXLDLFL
(O DGXFH vQ ,HUXVDOLP FKLYRWXO VLPEROXO XQLW LL UHOLJLRDVH D SRSRUXOXL 'DYLG GRUHúWH V
9
FRQVWUXLDVF WHPSOXO vQV SURIHWXO 1DWDQ vL VSXQH F GRDU XUPDúXO VX YD UHDOL]D DFHDVW
OXFUDUH ,Q VFKLPE OXL 'DYLG 'RPQXO vL IJGXLHúWH SULQ SURIHWXO 1DWDQ F GLQDVWLD VD YD IL
YHúQLFRSURIH LHPHVLDQLFvPSOLQLWvQ+ULVWRV
,QFHSkQG FX FDSLWROXO GLQ FDUWHD 6 VH UHODWHD] VXFFHVLXQHD OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG 'DYLG
SFWXLHúWHFX%DWúHEDúLvOXFLGHSH8ULHVR XODFHVWHLD&RSLOXOFDUHVHQDúWHvQXUPDDFHVWHL
UHOD LL PRDUH 'XPQH]HX vL GUXLHúWH DOW ILX SH 6RORPRQ vQV YUVDUHD GH VkQJH vQ FDVD OXL
'DYLGFRQWLQX8QDGLQILLFHOHOXL'DYLG7DPDUDHVWHYLRODWúLUHSXGLDWGHIUDWHOHHLYLWUHJ
$PQRQ )UDWHOH EXQ DO 7DPDUHL $EHVDORP vO XFLGH SH $PQRQ FX SULOHMXO XQXL RVS
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VIXJGLQ,HUXVDOLP,QFHOHGLQXUP'DYLGUHYLQHLDU$EHVDORPHVWHXFLV1DUD LXQHDVH
vQWUHUXSH DLFL SHQWUX D IDFH ORF XQRU DGDRVXUL 8OWLPXO UHODWHD] SHGHDSVD GLYLQ vQ XUPD
recenVPkQWXOXLOXL'DYLG3XVvQID DJUHúHOLLVDOH'DYLGWUHEXHLVDOHDJVLQJXUSHGHDSVD
DQLIRDPHWHvQ DUWUHLOXQLVILHXUPULWGHGXúPDQLVDXWUHL]LOHGHFLXPvQSRSRU'DYLG
DOHJHFLXPD3ODJDVHRSUHúWHvQ,HUXVDOLPSH DULQDLHEXVHXOXL$UDYQD'DYLGFXPSUGHOD
DFHVWDORFXOúLDLFLYDILFRQVWUXLWWHPSOXOGHFWUH6RORPRQ
3ODQXOúLDXWRUXOFU LORU-2 Samuel
&U LOHSRWILvPSU LWHvQWUHLXQLW LOLWHUDUHPDLPDULLVWRULDOXL6DPXHOúLDOXL6DXO (1S 1,1-

15,35); A doua parte relaWHD]ascensiunea lui David (1S 16,1—6XUPDWGHFDSLWROHOH-
FDUHUHODWHD]DGXFHUHDFKLYRWXOXLvQ,HUXVDOLPúLSURIH LDOXL1DWDQUHIHULWRUODFRQVWUXLUHD
WHPSOXOXL úL GLQDVWLD GDYLGLF $ WUHLD SDUWH UHODWHD] succesiunea la tronul lui David. Ea
vQFHSH vQ FDSLWROXO DO FU LL 6 úL VH vQFKHLH vQ 5 )LUXO QDUD LXQLL HVWH vQWUHUXSW GH
suplimentele din 2S 21-24.
$P VSXV F vQ LXGDLVPXO DQWLF DXWRUXO FU LORU HUD VRFRWLW 6DPXHO LDU 1DWDQ úL *DG DU IL
FRPSOHWDW VFULHUHD VD $VW]L PDMRULWDWHD DXWRULORU VRFRWHVF F DFHVWH FU L DX IFXW SDUWHGLQ
RSHUD GH GLPHQVLXQL DPSOH QXPLW LVWRULD GWU UHGDFWDW vQ VDX vQ H[LOXO EDELORQLDQ VDX vQ
SUHDMPDOXL,QVSU LOHSHFDUHUHGDFWRUXOOH-a unit sunt mai vechi. Este uimitoare exactitatea
descrierii eveniPHQWHORU úL SHUVRQDMHORU PDL DOHV vQ LVWRULD VXFFHVLXQLL OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG
$VWIHO UHYROWD OXL $EHVDORP SDWUH D IL GHVFULV GH XQ PDUWRU DO HYHQLPHQWHORU 5HDOLVPXO FX
care sunt descrise personajele este un indiciu despre contemporanitatea autorului cu
HYHQLPHQWHOH&HOHWUHLSU LLVWRULDOXL6DPXHOúL6DXODVFHQVLXQHDOXL'DYLGODWURQSUHFXP
úL VXFFHVLXQHD OD WURQXO OXL 'DYLG DX SXWXW IL VFULVH DVWIHO GH DXWRUL FDUH DX IRVW PDUWRUL VDX
contemporani cu aceste evenimente. Redactorul deuteronomist a fRUPDW GLQ HOH R VLQJXU
VFULHUH LQWHUYHQLQG SH DORFXUL vQ QDUD LXQH 0kQD UHGDFWRUXOXL GWU SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ
FDSLWROHOHúLGLQ6FFLUHJDOLWDWHDHVWHDLFLFULWLFDWFDúLFXPGHODEXQvQFHSXWHDD
IRVW FRQWUDU YRLQ HL GLYLQH 3U LOH PDL YHFKL VXQW vQV IDYRUDELOH UHJDOLW LL VRFRWLQG F
regele a fost ales de Domnul 1S 10,24).
0LHVWULDOLWHUDUDFU LORU6
&U LOH 6 UHSUH]LQW R FXOPH D DUWHL QDUD LXQLL ELEOLFH )UXPXVH HD OLWHUDU D FU LORU
Samuel a încântat nu numai pe teRORJL &RSLL ILLQG DVFXOWDP FX IDVFLQD LH OXSWD OXL 'DYLG
vPSRWULYD OXL *ROLDW SDUDEROD OXL 1DWDQ VDX GHVFULHUHD SODVWLF D PRU LL OXL $EHVDORP
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DWHQ LHGLQSDrtea unor critici literari care vin din afara teologiei.
10
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din VT. Autorul ei ne introduce atât de profund în lumea pe care o descrie, încât avem acces
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11
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12
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13
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„cronica regilor lui Israel” (1R 14,19), respectiv la „cronica regilor lui Iuda” pentru regii din
regatul de Sud (1R 14,29). Cu alte cuvinte, autorul a extras din aceste cronici o parte din
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14
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fost alta.
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15
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Profetismul în general
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profet?
Prin profetism vQ HOHJHP XQ IHQRPHQ UHOLJLRV FDUDFWHULVWLF SRSRUXOXL ,VUDHO FDUH vQFHSH
DSUR[LPDWLYvQSHULRDGDMXGHFWRUXOXL6DPXHOúLVHvQFKHLHGXSH[LO,QDFFHS LXQHDPRGHUQ
D FXYkQWXOXL SURIHW vQVHDPQ FODUY]WRU DGLF R SHUVRDQ FDUH YHGH úL SUH]LFH YLLWRUXO
$FHDVWVHPQLILFD LHHVWHvQVRvQJXVWDUHDVHQVXOXLLQL LDOSHFDUHvOUHGGRDUSDU LDO(DVH
SRWULYHúWH GRDU SHQWUX FXYkQWXO prooroc, care vine din limba JUHDF SUR-oraw, a vedea în
viitor.
Cuvântul profet HVWH GH RULJLQH JUHDF prophetes). El apare în LXX ca echivalentul
cuvântului ebraic nabi’,QHEUDLFQDELHVWHXQXOGLQWUHWHUPHQLLIRORVL LSHQWUXSURIHW1XHVWH
singurul, cum vom vedea, dar este cHOPDLIUHFYHQW1DELDUHXQVHQVSDVLYúLXQXODFWLY
a) FHOFUXLDLVHYRUEHúWHFDUHDXGHRYRFHOXQWULF
b) FHOFDUHYHVWHúWH
Deci nabi-profetul-HVWHFHOFDUHYHVWHúWHFHHDFH'XPQH]HXL-DVSXV3URIHWXOFHOFDUHYHVWHúWH
cuvântul lui Dumnezeu. Acest senVDOFXYkQWXOXLSURIHWUH]XOWúLGLQ([-2, unde Domnul
îi spune lui Moise:

,DW (XIDFGLQWLQHXQGXPQH]HXSHQWUX)DUDRQLDU$DURQIUDWHOHW Xv LYDILSURIHW

7XGDUYHLJU LOXL$DURQWRDWHFkWHv LYRLSRUXQFLLDU$DURQIUDWHOHW XYDVSXQHOXL)DUDRQFDV ODVH

SHILLLOXL,VUDHOV LDV GLQS PkQWXOOXL0 -A-F=Dumnezeu-Nabi-Israel)
3URIHWXO HVWH DúDGDU YRUELWRUXO OXL 'XPQH]HX FDUH YHVWHúWH SRSRUXOXL FHHD FH L-a spus
'XPQ]HX 3URIHWXO HVWH QX DWkW SUH]LFWRU DO YLLWRUXOXL FkW PDL ales vestitor al voiei lui
Dumnezeu.
,QVQDELQXHVWHVLQJXUXOFXYkQWGLQ97IRORVLWSHQWUXSURIH L,QWkOQLPúLDOWHFXYLQWH
1) UR¶HKúLKR]HKY]WRUúLSULYLWRU3ULQDFHúWLWHUPHQLVHDUDWFSHUVRDQHOHvQFDX]

OL VH GHVFRSHUHD YRLD GLYLQ SULQ LPDJLQL SULQ YL]LXQL %DODDP HVWH QXPLW Y]WRU
(Num 24,17- LDW vO YG GDU vQF QXHvO]UHVFGDUQXGHDSURDSHRVWHDUVDUHGLQ
,DFREXQWRLDJVHULGLFGLQ,VUDHO
2) Omul lui Dumnezeu e folosit pentru persoane înzestrate cu puteri de a vindeca (Elisei
2R 5; Ilie 1R 17,17)
Diversitatea fenomenului profetic
16
'HúLWHUPHQLLVXQWOLPLWD LIHQRPHQXOODFDUHVHUHIHUHVWHPXOWPDLFRPSOH[,QSULPXOUkQG
H[LVW SURIH L FDUH VFULX SURIH L VFULLWRUL úL SURIH L FDUH QX DX VFULV SURIH L RUDWRUL $SRL
cuvântul profet-QDELHIRORVLWSHQWUXEUED LGDUúLSHQWUXIHPHL0LULDP'HERUD+XOGD$X
H[LVWDW úL IHPHL-SURIHWHVH $SRL SURIHWXO $PRV SULPXO SURIHW VFULLWRU UHIX] V ILH DSHODW
nabi-SURIHW$P'HFLFXYkQWXODUHXQHRULúLFRQWD LHQHJDWLYvQ VT.
7RDWH DFHVWH REVHUYD LL QH LQGLF FRPSOH[LWDWHD IHQRPHQXOXL GHVHPQDW SULQ FXYkQWXO
profetism.
,Q FRQWLQXDUH YRP SUH]HQWD FkWHYD WLSXUL GH SURIH L FkWHYD FDWHJRULL GH DVHPHQHD SHUVRDQH
FDUHDSDUvQLVWRULD,VUDHOXOXLúLVXQWDPLQWL LvQFU LOH97
IQSULPXOUkQGGLVWLQJHPvQWUHGRXFDWHJRULLPDULSURIH LVFULLWRULúLFU LSURIHWLFHUHVSHFWLY

SURIH LFDUHQXDXVFULV,QFDGUXODFHVWRUDGLQXUP97DPLQWHúWH
a) 3URIH LFDUHWULHVFvQFRPXQLW L6XQWQXPL LILLLSURIH LORUúLvLvQWkOQLPvQUHODWrile

GHVSUHSURIHWXO,OLHúLPDLDOHV(OLVHL57ULHVFvQFRPXQLW LXQLLVXQWFVWRUL L
vúL DVLJXU WUDLXO SULQ PXQF FD DJULFXOWRULVDXSVWRUL8QHRULFDGvQH[WD]SURYRFDW
VDXQHSURYRFDWúLSURIH HVF6DP
b) 3URIH LLFXOWLFL, din jurul teSPSOHORU6XQWSURIH LGHFDULHU)XQF LDORUSULQFLSDOHUD
GHPLMORFLWRULúLHUDXVROLFLWD LvQVLWXD LLFRWLGLHQHERDOEXQVWDUHHWF)XQF LRQHD]
DOWXUL GH SUHR L GH DFHHD VXQW DPLQWL L DGHVHD vPSUHXQ vQ VHQV FULWLF 0L ,HU
2,26)
c) 3URIH Li de curte 6XQW LQVWLWX LRQDOL VWDX vQ VOXMED UHJHOXL úL UROXO ORU H GH D VSULMLQL
SROLWLFD DFHVWXLD IJGXLQG ELQHOH EXQVWDUHD úL RSULQG QHQRURFLUHD 6XQW VROLFLWD L
vQDQWH GH vQFHSHUHD XQXL U]ERL OD vQVFXQDUHD QRXOXL UHJH OD QXQWD OXL OD QDúWHrea
PRúWHQLWRUXOXL UHJDO HWF 0DULL SURIH L FD GH H[HPSOX ,HUHPLD YD LQWUD vQ FRQIOLFW
deschis cu ei, acuzându-LFQXYHVWHVFYRLD'RPQXOXLFLYRLDRPXOXL(LVXQWGHIDSW
DúDQXPL LLSURIH LPLQFLQRúL5-OHFWXU$PRVUHIX]VILHLGHQWLILFDWFX ei (Am
7,14).
d) 3URIH LL OLEHUL $FHúWLD VXQW FHL PDL LPSRUWDQ L GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH UHOLJLRV (L VXQW
SURIH LL DXWHQWLFL 6XQW YRFD L DGLF QX VH IDF HL VLQJXUL SURIH L FL 'XPQH]HX vL
FKHDP OH G VDUFLQD GH D YRUEL vQ QXPHOH 6X 'H DFHHD HL YRUEHVF GRar când le
YRUEHúWH 'XPQH]HX &kQG 'RPQXO QX OH YRUEHúWH HL WDF 'H DFHHD HL QX IDF SDUWH
dintr-RDQXPLWFODVVRFLDO$PRVHUDSVWRUFkQGHFKHPDWGH'XPQH]HX,VDLDIDFH
SDUWH GLQ FHUFXULOH QRELOH VDSLHQ LDOH GLQ ,HUXVDOLP ,HUHPLD HVWH ILX GH SUHRW FD úL
,H]HFKLHO (L DSDU DWXQFL FkQG VXQW WULPLúL GH 'XPQH]HX vQGHRVHEL DFROR XQGH
LQVWLWX LLOH VWDWXOXL PRUDYXULOH úL FUHGLQ D VXQW SHUYHUWLWH 'H DFHLD HL VXQW FHL PDL
DGHVHD FULWLFL DL LQVWLWX LLORU RILFLDOH &KLDU úL ,VDLD DSURSLDW DO FXU LL GLQ ,Hrusalim,
FRQVLOLHUDOPDLPXOWRUUHJLFULWLFYHKHPHQWFHHDFHVHSHWUHFHDLFL3HQWUXDWLWXGLQHD
ORURS]L LRQDOVXQWEDWMRFRUL LPDUJLQDOL]D LúLSHUVHFXWD L9LD DORUHVWHXQPDUWLULX
SRWULYLWWUDGL LHLLXGDLFHPXO LGLQWUHHLDXPXULWFDPDUWLUL,JQRUD LvQWLPSXOYLH LLHL
DXIRVWDFFHSWD LSRVWPRUWHPvQHSRFDH[LOXOXLFkQGLVWRULDDFRQILUPDWPHVDMXOORU
$FXP vQFHSH FXOHJHUHD FXYLQWHORU ORU WUDQVPLVH GH XFHQLFL úL DVWIHO DSDU FU LOH
profetice canonice.
9RFD LDSURIH LORUúLLPSHUDWLYXO misiunii profetice
0UH LD VOXMLULL SURIHWLFH VH REVHUY FKLDU GH OD vQFHSXWXO HL GLQ FOLSD YRFD LHL SURIH LORU
3URIH LLVXQWFKHPD LGH'XPQH]HXúLPRPHQWXODFHVWDHVWHXQXOVXEOLPVIkQWúLFXWUHPXUWRU
SHQWUXRP3URIH LLDXVLP LWDXDX]LWWDLQLFvocea lui Dumnezeu, Care i-a chemat la slujire.
0RPHQWXOYRFD LHLO-i s-DLPSULPDWDGkQFvQFRQúWLLQ úLOH-DUPDVSXUXUHDYLXvQPHPRULH
17
$YHP vQ FU LOH SURIHWLFH GHVFULHUL GH YRFD LL FHOHEUH FHD D OXL ,VDLD FDSDOXL,HUHPLD
FDSúLDOXL,ezechiel (cap.1-3).
Is 6:

ÌQ DQXO PRU LL UHJHOXL 2]LD DP Y ]XW SH 'RPQXO VWkQG SH XQ VFDXQ vQDOW úL P UH úL SRDOHOH KDLQHORU /XL
umpleau templul.

6HUDILPL VW WHDX vQDLQWHD /XL ILHFDUH DYkQG FkWH úDVH DULSL FX GRX vúL DFRSHUHDX IH HOH FX GRX SLFLRDUHOH

LDUFXGRX ]EXUDX

ùL VWULJDX XQXO F WUH DOWXO ]LFkQG 6IkQW VIkQW VIkQW HVWH 'RPQXO 6DYDRW SOLQ HVWH WRW S PkQWXO GH VODYD
Lui!"

'LQSULFLQDDFHVWRUVWULJ WHSRU LOHVH]JXGXLDXGLQ k kQHOHORULDUWHPSOXOV -a umplut de fum.

ùL DP ]LV 9DL PLH F VXQW SLHUGXW 6XQW RP FX EX]H VSXUFDWH úL ORFXLHVF vQ PLMORFXO XQXL SRSRU FX EX]H
-
QHFXUDWHùLSH'RPQXO6DYDRW/ DPY ]XWFXRFKLLPHL

$WXQFLXQXOGLQWUHVHUDILPLD]EXUDWVSUHPLQHDYkQGvQPkQDVDXQF UEXQHSHFDUHvOOXDVHFXFOHúWHOHGHSH
jertfelnic.
ùLO-DDSURSLDWGHJXUDPHDúLD]LV,DWV-DDWLQVGHEX]HOHWDOHúLYDúWHUJHWRDWHSFDWHOHWDOHúLIUGHOHJLOH
WDOHOHYDFXU L
ùL DP DX]LW JODVXO 'RPQXOXL FDUH ]LFHD 3H FLQH vO YRL WULPLWH úL FLQH YD PHUJHSHQWUX1RL"ùLDPU VSXQV
,DW -PWULPLWH-PSHPLQH
- -
ùL (O D ]LV 'X WH úL VSXQH SRSRUXOXL DFHVWXLD &X DX]XO YH L DX]L úL QX YH L vQ HOHJH úL XLWkQGX Y Y YH L
XLWDGDUQXYH LYHGHD
-
& V DvQYkUWRúDWLQLPDSRSRUXOXLDFHVWXLDúLFXXUHFKLOHVDOHJUHXDDX]LWúLRFKLLV LL -a închis, ca nu cumva

V YDG FXRFKLLúLFXXUHFKLOHV DXG úLFXLQLPDV vQ HOHDJ úLV VHvQWRDUF OD0LQHúLV -l vindec".
ùL DP ]LV 3kQ FkQG 'RDPQH $WXQFL (O PL-D UVSXQV 3kQ FkQG FHW LOH YRU IL SXVWLLWH úL YRU UPkQH
IUORFXLWRULúLFDVHOHIURDPHQLúLSPkQWXOSXVWLX
3kQFkQG'RPQXOYDL]JRQLSHRDPHQLúLSXVWLLUHDYDILPDUHvQPLMORFXODFHVWHL UL
ùL GDF YD UPkQH vQF XQXO GLQ ]HFH úL DFHOD YD IL KU]LW IRFXOXL FD úL WHUHELQWXO úL VWHMDUXO DOH FURU
WUXQFKLXULVXQWWUkQWLWHODSPkQW'LQEXWXFXOUPDVYDOVWULRPOGL VIkQW
Ier 1:
4. Fost-DFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLFWUHPLQHúLPL-a zis:
- -
ÌQDLQWH GH D WH IL ] PLVOLW vQ SkQWHFH WH DP FXQRVFXW úL vQDLQWH GH D LHúL GLQ SkQWHFH WH DP VILQ LW úL WH -am
rânduit prooroc pentru popoare".

,DUHXDPU VSXQV2'RDPQH'XPQH]HXOHHXQXúWLXV YRUEHVFSHQWUXF VXQWvQF WkQ U
-
'RPQXO vQV PL D ]LV 6 QX ]LFL 6XQW vQF WkQ U F FL ODFk LWHYRLWULPLWHODWR LYHLPHUJHúLWRWFH - LYRL
porunci vei spune.
(OH QH DUDW FODU F VOXMLUHD SURIHWLF SHQWUX HL QX D IRVW R PHVHULH R SURIHVLH FD vQ FD]XO
DOWRUD $GHYUDWD VOXMLUH SURIHWLF QX HVWH FXWDW GH SURIHW FL SURIHWXO VH WHPH H]LW V R
DFFHSWH )LLQGF H FRQúWLHQW F H RP LPSHUIHFW úL SFWRV QHYUHGQLF GH DFHVW PDUH GDU
dumnezeiesc.
'HDVHPHQHD VH REVHUY GLQ FHOH WUHL PUWXULL DOH YRFD LHL F SURIHWXO VH VXSXQH GHFL]LHL OXL
'XPQH]HXILLQGDWkWGHFRSOHúLWGHLPSHUDWLYXOPLVLXQLLSULPLWHvQFkWQLFLPFDUQXVHPDL
SRDWH RSXQH 'H DFHDVW PLVLXQH QX SRDWH V IXJ GH VOXMLUHD SURIHWLF QX SRDWH V VH
eschiveze.
Am 3,8: 'DFOHXOPXJHúWHFLQHQXVHYDvQVSLPkQWDúLGDF'RPQXOJULHúWHFLQHQXYDSURIH L
„Confesiunile lui Ieremia” 20,7f.: Doamne, Tu m-DL DSULQV úL LDW VXQW vQIOFUDW 7X HúWL PDL WDUH GHFkW
PLQHúLDLELUXLWLDUHXvQWRDWH]LOHOHVXQWEDWMRFRULWúLILHFDUHvúLEDWHMRFGHPLQH

& GHFkQGYRUEHVFVFR kQGVWULJ WHvPSRWULYDVLOQLFLHLúLURVWLQGSXVWLLUHD cuvântul Domnului s-DSUHIFXWvQ

RFDU SHQWUXPLQHúLvQEDWMRFXU ]LOQLF
9. De aceea mi-DP]LV1XYRLPDLSRPHQLGH(OúLQXYRLPDLJULvQQXPHOH/XL'DULDWHUDvQLQLPDPHD
-OvQIUkQH]úLQ-am putut.
FHYDFDXQIHOGHIRFDSULQVvQFKLVvQRDVHOHPHOHúLHXP VLOHDPV
18
5HYHOD LDúLIRUPDPHVDMXOXLSURIHWLF
Cel mai frecvent, profetul aude în interior vocea lui Dumnezeu, cuvintele tainice pe care
'RPQXO L OH GHVFRSHU $FHVWH FXYLQWH HO OH URVWHúWH vQ ID D GHVWLQDWDULORU vQFHSkQG FX R
foUPXOLQWURGXFWLY
Fost-DFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLFWUHPLQH: sau $úDDVSXVVSXQH'RPQXO:
)RUPXOD DúD D VSXV [ HUD IRORVLW vQ DQWLFKLWDWH GH VROLL FDUH WUDQVPLWHDX R VROLH RILFLDO
3URIHWXOVHFRQFHSHDVWIHOSHVLQHvQVXúLFDVROXOOXL'XPQH]HX
Un miMORFPDLSX LQRELúQXLWDOFRPXQLFULLYRLHLGLYLQHHUDYL]LXQHD5DUVHDPLQWHúWHYLVXO
3ULPLQG UHYHOD LD SURIHWXO QX HVWH GRDU XQ LQVWUXPHQW UHFHSWLY SXU SDVLY )LHFDUH SURIHW vúL
DUH LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD VD FDUH FRQOXFUHD] FX DF LXQHD GLYLQ ,QWU-un fHO VXQ FXYkQWXO
Domnului în gura lui Isaia, altfel în a lui Ieremia, de ex. Sau Mi 2,1-3 se vede conlucrarea
vQWUHFRQVWDWDUHDRPXOXLúLVHQWLQ D'RPQXOXL

9DLGHFHLFHFXJHW JkQGXULVLOQLFHVWkQGvQDúWHUQXWXULOHORUúLGHFHLFHV YkUúHVFI U GHOHJ ea la lumina zilei

GHvQGDW FHDIO SULOHM

/H SODF DULQLOH SHQWUX DFHHD OH úL U SHVF FDVHOH GH DFHHD OH úL LDX &DOF VLOQLF GUHSWXULOH VW SkQXOXL úL DOH
FDVHLOXLDOHRPXOXLúLDOHPRúWHQLULLOXL

3HQWUX DFHDVWD DúD ]LFH 'RPQXO ,DW F (X SXQ OD FDOH SHQWUX QHDPXO DFHVWD R QHQRURFLUH GH FDUH QX YH L

3URIH LL vúL WUDQVPLWHDX VROLD GLYLQ SULQ FXYkQWUL 8QHRULFXYLQWHOHORUHUDXvQVR LWHGHDFWH
SXWHDV Y IHUL LJUXPD]XOYRVWUXúLQXYH LPDLF OFDPkQGULF FLYUHPXULOHVXQWUHOH
simbolice
1XPUXOúLGHRVHELUHDSURIH LORU
6I 6FULSWXU QH-D SVWUDW XQ QXPU UHODWLY PLF GH SURIH L FDUH DX DFWLYDW vQ ,VUDHO 'HVLJXU
SURIH LLDXIRVWPDLQXPHURúL1XSXWHPVWDELOLFXH[DFWLWDWHQXPUXOORU7DOPXGXOYRUEHúWH
GH GH SURIH L úL SURIHtese (Seder Olam 21). Intr-XQ VHQV PDL ODUJVXQWQXPL LSURIH LúL
0RLVHVDX$DURQEDFKLDU$YUDDP,VDFúL,DFRY'DUSURIHWLVPXOLVUDHOLWSURUSLX]LVDúDFXP
VSXQHDPvQFXUVXODQWHULRUvQFHSHvQYUHPHDOXL6DPXHOúLvQFHWHD]vQYUHPHDSRVWH[LOLFFX
Maleahi.
'H RELFHL SURIH LL VXQW vPSU L L vQ SURIH L FDUH QX ú-LDX VFULV FXYkQWULOH QXPL L úL SURIH L
RUDWRUL VDX YHFKL úL SURIH L VFULLWRUL VDX QRL 'LQWUH SULPLL DPLQWLP SH 6DPXHO SH *DG úL
1DWDQ SURIH L OD FXUWHD OXL 'DYLG VDX SHSURIH LLFDUHDSDUvQFU LOH5HJL,OLHúL(OLVHL
0LKHD 3URIH LL QRL VXQW FHL PDUL OD HYUHL GRDU úL FHL PLFL ,Q FU LOH FDUH OH SRDUW
QXPHOH DIOP úL SURIH LL PHVLDQLFH'HRVHELUHD ÄPDUL PLFL´QXHVWHFDOLWDWLYFLFDQWLWDWLY
'DUvQXQHOHFD]XULúLFDOLWDWLY'HH[HPSOX,VDLDHVWHSHQWUXFUHúWLQLPDUHvQDPEHOHVHQVXUL
&U LOHSURIHWLFHúLVWLOXOORU
3URIH LLDXIRVWvQSULPXOUkQGYRUELWRULúLQXVFULLWRUL(LvúLvQFHSGHPXOWHRULFXYkQWULOHFX
ÄDVFXOWD L´(LQXVSXQÄFLWL L´&H-i dreptIRDUWHUDU'XPQH]HXDGDWSRUXQFH[SUHVVILH
VFULVHFXYkQWULOHSURIHWLFH([HPSOHDYHPvQ,V,HU'DUFU LOHSURIHWLFHQXV-
DXVFULVGHRGDWFLvQPRGFRQWLQXXIUDJPHQWFXIUDJPHQW(OHVXQWURGXOXQXLSURFHVFDUHVH
extinde adesHD SH ]HFL GH DQL 7UDQVPLVLD FXYLQWHORU SURIHWLFH R GDWRUP FHO PDL DGHVHD
ucenicilor lor, care s-DX VWUGXLW V OH SVWUH]H SHQWUX JHQHUD LLOH XUPWRDUH &XYLQWHOH
SURIH LORU HUDX FXYLQWHOH 'RPQXOXL úL GH DFHHD HOH UPkQ YDODELOH úL SHQWUX JHQHUD LLORU
XUPWRDUH HOH VXQW DFWXDOH úL vQ DOWH VLWXD LLVDXFRQWH[WHLVWRULFHGHFkWFHOHvQFDUHDXIRVW
URVWLWH $FHDVWD D IRVW FUHGLQ D FHORU FDUH DX FXOHV úL DX WUDQVPLV PDL GHSDUWH FXYLQWHOH
SURIH LORU 'LQ XQLUHD úL SUHOXFUDUHD FXYkQWULORU V-DX QVFXW FU ile profetice, care sunt de
19
DFHHD RSHUH UHGDF LRQDOH &HOH PDL PXOWH DSDU vQ H[LO úL GXS H[LO FkQG FXYLQWHOH SURIH LORU
sunt confirmate de cursul istoriei.
6WLOXOFU LORUSURIHWLFHVHDSURSLHGHSRH]LDHEUDLF,QWkOQLPúLODSURIH LDFHDWHKQLFOLWHUDU
QXPLWSDUDOHOLVPXOPHPEUHORU2LGHHHVWHH[SULPDWvQWU-XQYHUVILLQGUHOXDWvQXUPWRUXO
vers, cu alte cuvinte.
De multe ori cuvintele profetice nu sunt clare, mai ales acolo unde este vorba de vestirea
YLLWRUXOXL $FHVWHD VXQW vQ HOHVH GHSOLQ GRDU RGDW FX vPSOLQLUHD ORU 'H H[HPSOX SURIH LLOH
mesianice n-DXIRVWvQ HOHVHGHFkWGXS&LQFL]HFLPHFkQGDSRVWROLLúLHYDQJKHOLúWLLOHYGFX
DO L RFKL ILLQG LOXPLQD L GH 'XKXO 6IkQW $ VH YHGHD FD]XO IDPHQXOXL HWLRSLDQ FXP YRL
vQ HOHJH GH QX-mi va e[SOLFD FLQHYD $FHO FLQHYD HVWH vQV DSRVWROXO )LOLS 3H GH DOW SDUWH
QHFODULWDWHD FXYLQWHORU VH SRDWH GDWRUD úL VXEOLPLW LL FXSULQVXOXL FFL HOH YRUEHVF GHVSUH
tainele divine, care nu pot fi redate decât greu prin cuvinte.
8QHRUL SURIH LL YRUEHVF GHVSUH OXFUXUL GLQ YLLWRU FD úL FkQGHOHV-ar fi petrecut deja, folosind
WLPSXOWUHFXWSHUIHFWXOSURIHWLF3URIH LLOHYGFDvPSOLQLWHFDDSDU LQkQGWUHFXWXOXL
Profetismul în afara Israelului
&KLDU %LEOLD QH VSXQH F DX H[LVWDW SURIH L úL OD SRSRDUHOH din jurul Israelului. Balaam din
Num 22-SURYHQHDGLQ LQXWXULOHGLQHVWXO,RUGDQXOXL,QWLPSXOUHJDOLW LL,OLHvQIUXQW
GHSURIH LDLOXL%DDO(SRVLELOFDRSDUWHGLQHLVILIRVWLVUHDOL LGDUHIRDUWHSRVLELOVILIRVW
DGXúL GH ,]DEHOD GLQ RUDúXO HL GH EDúWLQ 7LU ,Q YUHPHD OXL 6DPXHO SURIHWLVPXO HVWH XQ
fenomen nou, cvasi-VWULQSHQWUXLVUDHOL L2DUHúL6DXOHVWHvQWUHILLLSURIH LORU
'DUúLGRFXPHQWHDUKHRORJLFHH[WUDELEOLFHYRUEHVFGHVSUHSURIHWLVPvQDIDUD,VUDHOXOXL$VWIHO
o iQVFULS LH vQ 7HOO 'HU $OOD PHQ LRQHD] SH Y]WRUXO %DODDP GH FDUH YRUEHúWH úL %LEOLD
Scrisori descoperite la MariUHODWHD]UHYHOD LLIFXWHXQRUEUED LVDXIHPHLvQQXPHOHXQHL
GLYLQLW LSHFDUHDFHúWLDOHWUDQVPLWUHJHOXL([LVWGRXWLSXULGHPHVaje: unele care vestesc
ELQHOH UHJHOXL IDSWXO F ]HLL VH SUHRFXS GH VRDUWD OXL úL vO VSULMLQ $OWH SURIH LL FULWLF
GHOVDUHDFXOWLFODWHPSOX$VHPQWRDUHSURIH LLORUGHOD0DULVXQWúLSURIH LLOHQHRDVLULHQH
din sec 7. î.H.
Comparând profetismul isrDHOLWúLFHOGLQMXUVHFRQVWDWXUPWRDUHOH
-DVHPQULOH SULYHVF PDL PXOW IHQRPHQXO úL QX FRQ LQXWXO $VHPQULOH VXQW PDUL FX
SURIHWLVPXOGHFXUWHFXSURIH LLGHFDULHUGLQ97FDUHvQ%LEOLHVXQWGHRELFHLFULWLFD L
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23
Isaia 40-55 (Deuteroisaia)
1. &RQWH[WXOvQFDUHDFWLYHD]SURIHWXO.
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este dumnezeu.
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40,3; 49,1-6; 53
24
Isaia 56-66 (Tritoisaia)

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Referitor la capitolele 56-66, opiniile clasice moderne sunt:

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vQGHRVHELDVHPQULOHFDUHH[LVWvQWUHFDSLWROHOH-úL-66.
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asupra deosebirilor dintre cap. 40-úL-66.
Contextul în care sunt rostite discursurile profetice din 56-66.

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ochi buni reîntoarcerHDDFHVWRUDSUHWHQ LLOHGHUHVWLWXLUHDYHFKLLORUSURSULHW L([LVWvQ3DOHVWLQD

RVFKLVP UHOLJLRDV úLVRFLDO vQDFHODúLWLPS
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H[LOD LLDLFLùLDFHúWLDVXQWVWU LQLGHUHOLJLDLVUDHOLW
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Mesajul profetului
Capitolele 56-66 sH DGUHVHD] WXWRU FHORU PHQ LRQD L PDL VXV úL SUREOHPHORU LYLWH vQ ,XGHHD úL vQ

,HUXVDOLP ,QWHQ LD SURIHWXOXL HVWH GH D YHGHD R FRPXQLWDWH UHI FXW úL XQLWDU I U GHVELQ UL úL
lupte interne.
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WHQVLXQLOH FX VDPDULWHQLL úL FX HYUHLL UPDúL vQ DU
WHPSOXO OD IHO FRQGL LL JUHOH GH YLD

'XPQH]HX U PkQH FUHGLQFLRV I J GXLQ HORU VDOH GHVSUH PkQWXLUHD ORU VSXQH HO 'DF PkQWXLUHD
întârzie, e din cauza pFDWHORU - 'XPQH]HX YD GUXL vQV JORULH SRSRUXOXL VX úL YD IDFH
din Ierusalim, din Sion, centrul lumii, locul de pelerinaj pentru toate neamurile. (60,14f.)
-HOFRQGDPQLGRODWULDFXOWXOQHOHJLWLPúLSUDFWLFLVWULQHGH/HJH-4 66,3):
-ura úLGHVELQDUHDvQWUHIUD LLLXGHLH[SORDWDUHDYLROHQ DQHGUHSWDWHD
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DOHJH SUHR L GLQWUH FHL GH DOW QHDP -11; 56,3-7; 66,21). Mesajul profetului nu este numai
pentru fiii lui Israel, ci pentru fiii lui Adam (56,2).
'HVSUHSRVWXOFHODGHY UDW

$FHVWH FXYLQWH VXQW URVWLWH FD XQ U VSXQV FHORU FDUH FUHG F 'XPQH]HX QX LQH FRQW GH SRVWXO ORU
(vv.2- $FHDVWD VH vQWkPSO vQV GLQ FDX]D SFDWHORU Oor, expuse în vv. 3- $GHYUDWXO SRVW QX
25

VH UH]XP OD DWLWXGLQL H[WHULRDUH (O SUHVXSXQH vQ SULPXO UkQG D QX IDFH U X D UHQXQ D OD

QHGUHSWDWH D IDFH ELQHOH DSURDSHOXL $ VH REVHUYD DVHP QDUHD vQWUH DFHVW FDSLWRO úL 0W I

FULWHULLOHGXS FDUHYDMXGHFD+ULVWRVVXQWDFHOHDúL

3URIH LDPHVLDQLF GLQ -2 (Lc 4,18-19)
26
Cartea Ieremia
$XWRUXOFRPSXQHUHDúLWH[WXOF U LL

,Q PDUH SDUWH GLVFXUVXULOH SURIHWLFH GLQ DFHDVW FDUWH VXQW DWULEXLWH SURIHWXOXL ,HUHPLD FDUH OH -a
rostit în regatul Iuda înGHFHQLLOHSUHPHUJWRDUHH[LOXOXLúLDSRLvQSHULRDGDH[LOXOXLEDELORQLDQ'H
DOWIHO vQ FDS DO FU LL QLVHVSXQHF,HUHPLDDFXOHVRVHULHGHFXYkQWULDOHVDOHúLOH-a dictat

XFHQLFXOXL V X %DUXK )LLQGF SULPD HGL LH D DFHVWHL FROHF LL D IRVW GLVWUXV GH UHJHOH ,RLDFKLP
Ieremia i-D GLFWDW vQF R GDW FXYkQWULOH OXL %DUXK DGXJkQG úL DOWH FXYkQWUL vQ SOXV ID GH
SULPD HGL LH $VWIHO F úL %DUXK D DYXW XQ URO LPSRUWDQWvQSURFHVXOGHFRPSXQHUHDODFHVWHLFU L
profetice (36,32).
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DSURSLDW GH FHO GHXWHURQRPLVWLF 6H SUHVXSXQH F vQ H[LO UHGDFWRULL GHXWHURQRPLVWLFL DX DG XJDW

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vQ WH[WXO HEUDLF OD VIkUúLWXO FU LL SH FkQG vQ FHO JUHFHVF HOH DSDU OD PLMORFXO FU LL $YHP DVWIHO
GRX ÄUHFHQ]LXQL´ DOH FU LL ,HUHPLD &DUHVILHH[SOLFD LDDFHVWRUGLIHUHQ HvQWUHWH[WXOHEUDLFúL
FHO JUHFHVF DO FU LL ,HUHPLD")LLQGYRUEDGHGLIHUHQ HGHPDULSURSRU LLVXQWH[FOXVHJUHúHOLOHGH
copiere sau de traducere cD VLQJXU FDX] D GHRVHELULORU &HD PDL DFFHSWDW LSRWH] vQWUH
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SX LQ GRX YHUVLXQL DOH WH[WXOXL vQ OLPED HEUDLF 7UDGXFWRULL /;; DX DYXW OD vQGHPkQ XQD GLn
DFHVWH YHUVLXQL GLIHULW GH FHD SH FDUH DX IRORVLW-R PDL WkU]LX PDVRUH LL 3HQWUX H[HJH] DPEHOH
UHFHQ]LXQLVXQWLPSRUWDQWHúLvQLQWHUSUHWDUHVH LQHFRQWDWkWGHWH[WXOHEUDLFFkWúLGHFHOJUHFHVF
9LD DúLDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHWXOXL
Ieremia s-D QVFXt într-R IDPLOLH SUHR HDVF GLQ $QDWRW R ORFDOLWDWH GLQ DSURSLHUHD ,HUXVDOLPXOXL
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LQYRFkQG F HVWH SUHD WkQU SHQWUX R DVHPHQHD PLVLXQH SHQWUX D YRUEL DOWora în public. Potrivit

OHJLL PR]DLFH XQ E UEDW SXWHDYRUELvQSXEOLFGXS GHDQL,HUHPLDDYHDSHVHPQHvQMXUGH

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UHIXJLDW vQ (JLSW $LFL VH SLHUG XUPHOH VDOH 3RWULYLW WUDGL LHL HO D PXULW XFLV FX SLHWUH de

FRPSDWULR LLV LvQ(JLSW
In perioada sa de activitate distingem trei perioade:

'HODYRFD LDVDDSUR[SkQ vQDQXOv+U'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHSROLWLF,XGDFXQRDúWHR

SHULRDG GHOLQLúWHILLQGF LPSHULXODVLULDQVHDIO vQGHF GHUH3 entru regele Iosia a fost un prilej
bun de a-úL OUJL JUDQL HOH VWDWXOXL SULQ RFXSDUHD GH WHULWRULL FDUH RGDW DX DSDU LQXW LXGHLORU vQ

WLPSXOOXL6RORPRQùLSHSODQUHOLJLRDV,RVLDvQWUHSULQGHRUHIRUP SULQFDUHUHYLJRUHD] FUHGLQ D

LDKYLVW vQUHJDW

2UL vQ FLXGD vQIORULULL WU LWH GH UHJDWXO ,XGD WRFPDL vQ DFHDVW SHULRDG ,HUHPLD SULPHúWH GH OD

'XPQH]HX VDUFLQD GH D SURSRY GXL VIkUúLWXO VWDWXOXL 8Q GXúPDQ GLQ QRUG D F UXL DUPDW HVWH

LQYLQFLELO H WULPLV GH 'XPQH]HX vPSRWULYD SRSRUXOXL LXGHX V pune Ieremia (cap. 4-6). Poporul

WUHELHV VHF LDVF V VHvQWRDUF OD'XPQH]HXSkQ QXHSUHDWkU]LX0HVDMXOV XHVWHWRWDOOLSVLW
GHFRQFUHWH HúLDSDUHFDUXSWGHUHDOLWDWHSHQWUXORFXLWRULLGLQ,HUXVDOLP,QSOXV,HUHPLDFRQWHVW

R WUDGL LH UHOLJLRDV GHODUJDFFHSWSRWULYLWF UHLD'RPQXOQXYDO VD,HUXVDOLPXOV FDG ILLQGF
27

vQ 6LRQ vQ 7HPSOX HVWH ORFXLQ D 6D LQGHVWUXFWLELO 3ULQFLSDOLL VXV LQ WRUL DL DFHVWHL

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SHQWUX ORFXLWRULL GLQ ,XGD IDF FD SURIHWXO V ILH QHVRFRWLW EDWMRFRULW GH VRFLHWDWH HYLWDW FKLDU GH
familia sa.
2. De la anul 605
SkQ vQ v+ 'XS F GHUHD LPSHULXOXL DVLULDQ EDELORQLHQLL GHYLQ VW SkQLvQ
2ULHQW 7UXSHOH HJLSWHQLORU VXQW vQYLQVH GH 1DEXFRGRQRVRU OD .DUNHPLú vQ DQXO ,QFHSH
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sale într-o carte. Profetul i-R G OXL %DUXK LDU DFHVWD R FLWHúWH OD 7HPSOX )LLQG YRUED GH SURIH LL

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în Babilon.

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F 'XPQH]HXYDvQFKHLDFXRU P úL XQQRXOHJPkQW-34), scris în inimile oamenilor.
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LL OXL ,HUHPLD vQFHSH GXS GLVWUXJHUHD ,HUXVDOLPXOXL vQ &ODVD

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Lecturi:
- cap. 1-2,
R VLQWH] D SURIHWLVPXOXL FODVLF SULQFLSDOHOH WHPH VXQW DERUGDWH úL GH SURIH LL
FODVLFL DSRVWD]LD OXL ,VUDHO UHOD LD <+:+ – ,VUDHO FD UHOD LH FRQMXJDO XQGH DSRVWD]LD

vQVHDPQ GHVIUkQDUHWU GDUH,PDJLQLúLOLPEDM
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,HUHPLDúLVLQJXU WDWHDRPXOXLOXL'XPQH]HX

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cVWRUHúWHQXPDLDUHYLD GHIDPLOLHVDXYLD VRFLDO,HUHPLDVXIHUILLQGFHOQXGRUHúWHVVH

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FXYkQW SH FDUH QX úL-O GRUHúWH GDU SH FDUH WUHEXLH V vO DQXQ H ILLQGF YLQH GH OD 'XPQH]HX
3ULQWUH SURIH LL HO QH-D GHVFULV vQ FXYLQWH ]JXGXLWRDUH GUDPD VD VLQJXUWDWHD RPXOXL FDUH úL-a
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IU FXYkQWXO 'RPQXOXL $FHVWH WH[WH DX IRVW GHQXPLWH GH H[HJH L ÄFRQIHVLXQLOH OXL ,HUHPLD´
(11,18-23; 12,1-6; 15,10.15-20; 17,14-18; 18,18-23; 20,7-13.14-18).
/HFWXU : 23,9; 20,7-9; 15,16

6FULVRDUHDOXL,HUHPLDF WUHH[LOD LLGLQ%DELORQ (cap.29: OHFWXU)
28
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PLMORFXO DOWRU QHDPXUL GH D VH UXJD SHQWUX DFHLD ILLQGF GH ELQHOH ORU GHSLQGH ELQHOH SURSULHL
FRPXQLW LDFHVWWH[WDFRQVWLWXLWRÄ0DJQD&KDUWD´DLXGDLVPXOXLGLQWRDWHWLPSXULOHRVLQWH] D

SULQFLSLLORU GH YLD SHQWUX WR
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zilele noastre.
3URIH LLPHVLDQLFH
31,15, cf. Mt 2,17 – uciderea pruncilor

31,31 cf. Evr 8,10; 10,16 –1RXO/HJPânt, înscris în inimi.
29
Cartea Iezechiel
9LD DúLDFWLYLWDWHDúLPHVDMXOSURIHWXOXL,H]HFKLHO

1XPHOH SURIHWXOXL vQVHPQ vQ HEUDLF Ä'XPQH]HX vQW UHúWH´ FHHD FH SRWULYLW GLFWRQXOXL ODWLQ
„nomen est omen”,3 s-D úL UHDOL]DW vQ FD]XOOXL,H]HFKLHODIRVWFKHPDWSURIHWGHFWUH'XPQH]HX

pentru a-L vQWUL SH HYUHLL DIOD L vQ H[LO 0LVLXQHD VD SURIHWLF vQFHSH vQ DQXO DO -OHD GXS SULPD

GHSRUWDUH D HYUHLORU vQ %DELORQ úL VH GHVI úRDU vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH vQ H[LO FLUFD GH DQL 2

WUDGL LH LXGDLF PHQ LRQDW úL GH XQLL 6I 3 ULQ L DILUP F HO D IRVW XFLV vQ %DELORQ GH F WUH XQ

MXGHF WRUDOSRSRUXOXLLXGHXSHFDUHvOPXVWUDVHGLQSULFLQDLGRODWULHL
Iezechiel s-D DIODW vQWUH HYUHLL GHSRUWD L vQ vQ 0HVRSRWDPLD $LFL SUHRWXO ,H]HFKLHO GHYLQH úL

SURIHWvQXUPDYL]LXQLLVODYHLOXL'XPQH]HX(DHVWHUHODWDW vQSULPXOFDSLWRODOF U LL

/HFWXU ,H] -3.
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vQJKLWXQVXOSHFDUHVXQWvQVFULVHFXYLQWele Sale, cuvinte ce trebuie rostite de profet poporului.

,H]HFKLHO WUHEXLH V FRQGDPQH S FDWHOH FDUH VH SHWUHF vQ SRSRUXO H[LODW GDU PDL DOHV vQ ,XGD vQ

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vL]LXQHDFHORUSHWUHFXWHDLFL,Q,XGDVHSHWUHFFULPHVHYDUVVkQJHHWF
DUD H FXSULQV GH LGRODWULH FKLDU úL vQ 7HPSOX VH DIO LGROL FDS
3FDWHOH 6RGRPHL -50), ale Tirului (28,2.5.17) úL DOH (JLSWXOXL VXQW DFXP
SUDFWLFDWH GH ,HUXVDOLP &D úL 2VHD ,H]HFKLHO VRFRWHúWH SFDWXO ,HUXVDOLPXOXL FD ILLQG FRQJHQLWDO
Ierusalim s-D QVFXW GLQ WDW DPRULW úL PDP KLWLW 4 DGLF GLQ SJkQL LGRODWUL 5RELD vQ
(JLSWDIFXWDSRLFDLQLPDOXL,VUDHOVILHPHUHXDSOHFDWVSUHLGRODWULH,H]HFKLHODUHRYL]LXQHvQ
FDUH L VH DUDW F VODYD 'RPQXOXL SUVHúWH ,HUXVDOLPXO - XQ VHPQ DO VIkUúLWXOXL
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VIkQW úL PDL WkU]LX vQ WHPSOXO GLQ ,HUXVDOLP VH GHS UWHD] DFXP GH DFHVW ORF -XGHFDWD OXL

'XPQH]HX úL SHGHDSVD SHQWUX SRSRU DGLF GLVWUXJHUHD ,HUXVDOLPXOXL úL URELD VXQW YHVWLWH GH
profet.

& GHUHD,HUXVDOLPXOXLDPDUFDWRFRWLWXU vQDFWLYLWDWHDOXL,H]HFKLHO9HVWHDFDWDVWURIHLGLQD
SURGXV R VFKLPEDUH vQ DWLWXGLQHD H[LOD LORU ID GHSURIHW'DFSkQDWXQFLvOLJQRUDXDFXPV-au

gerii
FRQYLQV F HO D DYXW GUHSWDWH ,H]HFKLHO VXIHU DO WXUL GH FRPSDWULR LL V L GLQ SULFLQD GLVWUX
,HUXVDOLPXOXL úL D 7HPSOXOXL 'H DFXP vQDLQWH FXYLQWHOH GH MXGHFDW úL PXVWUDUH YRU IL GRDU OD
DGUHVDDOWRUQHDPXUL,QFRQWLQXDUHHOvLYDURVWLGRDUFXYLQWHGHPkQJkLHUHSHQWUXLXGHLvQWULQGX-
OHVSHUDQ DvQL]EYLUHDGLQH[LOúLvQWRDUFHUHDvQ DUDORU'XPQH]HXvLYDDOXQJDSHSVWRULLFHLUL
DLSRSRUXOXLFRQGXFWRULLSROLWLFLúLVSLULWXDOLúLVHYDIDFH(OvQVXúLSVWRUXOFHOEXQ-31). In
DFHVW FRQWH[W HVWH URVWLW úL SURIH LD GHVSUHRDVHOHXVFDWHSHFDUH'XKXOOXL'XPQH]HXOHYDvQYLD
(37,1-9LD DSRSRUXOXLYDILXQDQRX-/DVIkUúLWXOYUHPLLGXSFHYDvQYLQJHWR L

GXúPDQLLFXOPLQkQGFX*RJGLQ0DJRJFDS,VUDHOYDWULvQSDFHvQWU-un Ierusalim Nou, cu
XQ7HPSOXUHFOGLWvQFDUHVODYD'RPQXOXLVHYDUHvQWRDUFHúLvQFDUH'RPQXOYDORFXLSHYHFLvQ
mijlocul poporului.

3UDFWLF VIkUúLWXO F U LL DPHVWHF LPDJLQL DOH XQXL YLLWRU DSURSLDW FX LPDJLQL DOH VIkUúLWXOXL
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30

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Ioan preia aceste imagini în descrierea Ierusalimului ceresc, sau ale miresei Mirelui (Apoc 21,10).

(Y,RDQIRORVHúWHLPDJLQHD3 VWRUXOXLFHOEXQ(]FI,QI
O proorocie despre pururea fecioaria Maicii Domnului (44,1-2)
Apoi m-DGXVEUEDWXODFHODvQDSRLODSRDUWDFHDGLQDIDUDWHPSOXOXLVSUHUVULWúLDFHDVWDHUD
vQFKLV
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3HQWUX FUHúWLQL LQWHUSUHWDUHD WH[WXOXL HVWH VLPEROLF FXP DP Y]XW F WUHEXLH LQterpretate în
ansamblu cap. 40- 7H[WXO DILUP F 0DLFD 'RPQXOXL D IRVW )HFLRDU úL D UPDV )HFLRDU
pururea.
31
Cartea Daniel
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1-6) are caUDFWHU LVWRULF ILLQG IRUPDW GLQ QDUD LXQL FDUH SUH]LQW HYHQLPHQWH GLQ YLD D
profetului Daniel. In cea de a 2-a parte sunt prezentate viziuni despre viitor ale profetului
Daniel, aceste texte având caracter apocaliptic.5
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autorului nu este în primul rând istoric. 'HH[UHJHOH'DULXVHPHQ LRQDWvQDLQWHGH&LUXV
,QOLPEDJUHDFH[LVWYHUVLXQLDOHWH[WXOXLFU LL'DQLHOFHDD/;;úLFHDDOXL7KHRGRWLRQ
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$]DULDúLFkQWDUHDFHORUWLQHUL$OWHDGDRVXULID GHWH[WXOHEUDLFsunt istoria Susanei, istoria
OXL %HO úL D EDODXUXOXL 7RDWH DFHVWH DGDRVXUL ID GH WH[WXO HEUDLF VXQW DúH]DWH vQ %LEOLLOH
URPkQHúWLvQWUHFU LOHQHFDQRQLFH$OWIHOWH[WXOJUDOOXL7KHRGRWLRQHPDLDSURSLDWGHWH[WXO
HEUDLFúLPDLELQHSVWUDWGHFkWFel al LXX, care e mai corupt.
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vechL $UJXPHQWXO SULQFLSDO DO GDWULL HVWH IDSWXO F vQ FDS úL VH GHVFULX FX H[DFWLWDWH
HYHQLPHQWHGLQDFHDVWSHULRDGFKLDUGDFHOHSHUVRQDMHOHLVWRULFHQXILJXUHD]FXQXPHOH :
SURIDQDUHD WHPSOXOXL GH FWUH $QWLRK ,9 (SLIDQHV vQ v+U SHUVHFX ia sa împotriva
LXGDLVPXOXLUHYROWDPDFDEHLORUúLFXU LUHDWHPSOXOXLGLQDQXOv+U'HDOWIHOúLUHODWULOH
GHVSUH 'DQLHO vQ %DELORQ VXQW DOX]LL OD HYHQLPHQWH VDX VWUL GH IDSW GLQ VHF ,, : cultul
vPSUDWXOXLLGRODWULDSUHVLXQHDEDELORQLHQilor asupra tinerilor evrei pentru a-úLOHSGD
UHOLJLDúLSUHVFULS LLOH/HJLL-VXQWRWULPLWHUHODSHUVHFX LDOXL$QWLRK,9FI0DF-7) ;
VWUXLQ D OXL 'DQLHO úL D FHORU WLQHUL vQ FUHGLQ D VWUPRúHDVF vQ FLXGD SHUVHFX LLORU úL FX
riscul martiULXOXLVXQWUHIHULULODSULJRDQDUHOLJLRDVVHOHXFLGúLUH]LVWHQ DLXGDLFFHDFRQGXV
la revolta macabeilor.
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(nebîîm), ci din cea a scrierilor (ketubîm), iQGLFDSDUL LDHLWkU]LH
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vúL DUH RULJLQLOH vQ LXGDLVPXO SRVWH[LOLF &XP VH SRDWH GHGXFH úL GLQ GHQXPL re, „apocalipsa“ (gr. Descoperire,
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32
&XUSLQVXOSULPHLSU L-6).
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VWUPRúHúWLvQ'XPQH]HXúLREVHUYFXVWULFWH HOHJHDPR]DLFFDS'DWRULWvQ HOHSFLXQLL
FX FDUH HVWH vQ]HVWUDW GH GXPQH]HX 'DQLHO SRDWH V LQWHUSUHWH]H YLVXULOH úL YL]LXQLOH
vPSUD LORU $VWIHO HO WkOFXLHúWH YLVXO OXL 1DEXFRGRQRVRU GHVSUH VWDWXLD GLQ DXU DUJLQW ILHU
DUDP úL SPkQW GLVWUXV GH R SLDWU DUXQFDW GH PkQ QHRPHQHDVF VLPERO DO LPSHULLORU
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IRFSULQJULMDOXL'XPQH]HXFDS'DQLHOWkOFXLHúWHYLVXOOXL1DEXFRGRQRVRUGHVSUHSRPXO
XULDú FDUH HVWH WLDW FDUH SUH]LFH QHEXQLD WHPSRUDU D UHJHOXL FDS (O LQWHUSUHWD] DSRL
LQVFULS LDPLVWHULRDVGHSH]LGODRVS XOOXL%HOúD DUSULQFDUHVHSUH]LFHVIkUúLWXOLPSHULXOXL
EDELORQLDQ úL FXFHULUHD OXL GH PH]L úL SHUúL PHQH PHQH WHNHO XIDUVLQ FDS ,Q XUPa
uneltirilor de la curte, Daniel este aruncat în graopa cu lei din porunca regelui Darius Medul,
VXEDFX]DFUHIX]VFXOWXOvPSUDWXOXL'XPQH]HXvOS]HúWHvQFKLSPLUDFXORVFDS
Teme teologice din cap. 1-6
8QLFLWDWHD úL XQLYHUVDOLWDWHD OXL 'XPQHzeul. Comun capitolelor 1- HVWH IDSWXO F HOH VH
vQFKHLHFXRGR[RORJLHYHQLWGLQSDUWHDUHSUH]HQWDQ LORUSJkQW LL,QXUPDYLVHORUWkOFXLWH
GH 'DQLHO VDX PLQXQLORU SULQ FDUH HO úL FROHJLL OXL VXQW L]EYL L GH PRDUWH WR L UHJLL SJkQL
UHFXQRVF úL SURFODP XQLFLWDWHD DWRWSXWHUQLFLD OXL 'XPQH]HX úL FDUDFWHUXO XQLYHUVDO DO
VWSkQLULL 6DOH 'XPQH]HXO HYUHLORU HVWH VLQJXUXO 'XPQH]HXFDUHJXYHUQHD]LVWRULD ;
2,28-29 ; 6,27-28).
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PHVDMVWUXLWRUDOFU LLHVWHvQGHPQXOGHDVWUXLvQFUHGLQ FKLDUFXULVFXOPDUWLULXOXL&DUWHD
RIHU SLOGH GH FUHGLQ YLH úL QH]GUXQFLQDW vQ 'XPQH]HX GH REVHUYDUH D SUHVFULS LLORU
UHOLJLRDVH GH UXJFLXQH úL SUDFWLF D SRVWXOXL Din aceste motive, cartea Daniel nu a fost
DSUHFLDWGRDUvQLXGDLVPFLHDDMXFDWXQUROvQVHPQDWvQHYODYLDFUHúWLQLORUSkQvQ]LXDGH
azi. Biserica a preluat din ea texte ca formulare liturgice în cultul ortodox : 3,25-45 úi 9,4-19
sunt modele de rugFLXQL GH SHQLWHQ FkQWDUHD FHORU WLQHUL FD PRGHO GH FkQWDUH
ELVHULFHDVF6HPDLGHVSULQGHLGHHDFUXJFLXQHDHVWHRSUDFWLFUHOLJLRDVELQHVWDELOLWFX
WLPSXULúLFKLDUFXRSR]L LHDWUXSXOXLIL[DWHLQGLIHUHQWGHORFXOvQFDUHVHDIOFUHGLQFLRsul
3RVWXOOXL'DQLHOúLDOFHORUWLQHULHVWHRIHULWFDPRGHOvQVFULHULOHSULQ LORU%LVHULFLL
6SLULWXDOLWDWHDDFHVWHLFU LDLQIOXHQ DWDúDGDUVSLULWXDOLWDWHDRUWRGR[
&XULQVXOSU LLD-a (7-12)
Cele patru viziuni ale lui Daniel sunt tâlcXLWH GH vQJHUL úL UHSUH]LQW GHVFRSHULUL GHVSUH
vQIUkQJHUHD LPSHULLORU FDUH VXEMXJ SRSRUXO LXGHX úL LQVWDXUDUHD vPSU LHL PHVLDQLFH OD
VIkUúLWXOWLPSXOXL
,Q SULPD YL]LXQH 'DQLHO YHGH ILDUH FDUH LHV GLQ PDUH úL vQ FHO GLQ XUP VXQW VXSXVH úL
judecate GH&HOYHFKLGH]LOHGH&HO3UHDvQDOW,PSU LDYHúQLFHVWHGDW)LXOXL2PXOXLFDUH
YDYHQLSHQRULLFHUXOXL&DúLvQFDSLWROXOYLVXOFXVWDWXLDGLQPHWDOHGLIHULWHFHOHILDUH
VLPEROL]HD] LPSHULL FDUH YRU SLHUL EDELORQLDQ PHG úL SHUVDQ DO lui Alexandru, al
SWRORPHLORUúLVHOHXFL]LORUFDS
$GRXDYL]LXQHHVWHFHDDEHUEHFXOXLFDUHHVWHvQYLQVGHXQ DSGLQDSXV'LQFRUQXO DSXOXL
FUHVF FRDUQH GLQWUH FDUH XQXO OXSW FX vQFUkQFHQDUH vPSRWULYD OXL 'XPQH]HX %HUEHFXO
UHSUH]LQW LPSHULXO persan, învoins de Alexandru cel Mare. Cele 4 coarne sunt imperiile
33
IRUPDWHGXSPRDUWHDVD&RUQXOFDUHOXSWvPSRWULYDOXL'XPQH]HXHVWH$QWLRK,9(SLIDQHV
(cap.8).
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GHVSWPkQLGHDQLGHODSRUXQFDGHUH]LGLUHD,HUXVDOLPXOXLSkQODYHQLUHDOXL0HVLD(OYD
SLHUL IU V VH JVHDVF YUHR YLQ vQ (O LDU XQ SRSRU VWULQ YD GUkPD FHWDWHD úL WHPSOXO
0HVLDYDvQFKHLDXQOHJPkQWFXPXO LvQWU-RVSWPkQFDS-27).
In capitolele 10-12 sunt prezentate viziuni despre succesiunea imperiilor persan, macedonian,
SWRORPHLORU úL VHOHXFL]LORU ,Q YUHPXULOH GLQ XUP VH YD VFXOD DUKDQJKHOXO 0LKDLO FDUH YD
LQWHUYHQLVSUHL]EYLUHDSRSRUXOXLGXSFDUHYDXUPDvQYLHUHDPRU LORU LUVSODWDFHORUGUHS L
FDUHYRUVWUOXFLFDVWHOHOHSHFHU'DQLHOHVWHvQGHPQDWVSHFHWOXLDVFFDUWHDGHVFRSHULULLV
LQDVFXQVHFXYLQWHOHSkQODVIkUúLWXOYUHPLL
Teme teologice din cap. 7-FRQFHS LDPHVLDQLFvQYLHUHDPRU LORUUHFHS LDFUHúWLQDFU LL
,PSRUWDQ DDSRFDOLSVHLOXL'DQLHO'LQSHUVSHFWLYFUHúWLQGHVFRSHULULOHGLQSDUWHDD-a a
FU LL UHSUH]LQW XQ SURJUHV vQ UHYHOD LD GLYLQ úL HOH SUHJWHVF GHVFRSHULUHD GHSOLQ D OXL
Dumnezeu în Iisus Hristos. Sunt importante proIH LLOH PHVLDQLFH GHVSUH WLPSXO YHQLULL OXL
+ULVWRV VDX GHVSUH MHUWID 6D úL OHJPkQWXO FHO 1RX FDUH VH GLVWLQJ vQ DFHDVW SDUWH D FU LL
9L]LXQLOH YRUEHVF úL GHVSUH vPSU LD YHúQLF D )LXOXL 2PXOXL GHVSUH D -D 6D YHQLUH úL
GHVSUH vQYLHUHD PRU LORU 'H DOWIHO 'DQ HVWH VLQJXUXO ORF QHFRQWURYHUVDW FDUH DILUP
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DXWRULLQRXWHVWDPHQWDULúLPXOWHLPDJLQLúLH[SUHVLLGHDLFLVXQWUHOXDWHvQ$SRFDOLSVD6I,RDQ
34
Osea
1XPHOHFU LL
Cartea profetului Osea face parte din cele 12 cU L QXPLWH ÄSURIH LL PLFL´ ,Q 9HFKLXO
7HVWDPHQWFHOHFU LIRUPHD]XQFRUSXVXQLWDUIDSWSHQWUXFDUHvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWH
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,Q DFHVW FRUSXV FDUWHD SURIHWXOXL 2VHD HVWH vQúLUDW SH SULPXO ORF 'HúL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
FURQRORJLFQXHVWHSULPXOGLQWUHSURIH LLVFULLWRUL2VHDHVWHSULQWUHSULPLLHOXUPkQGLPHGLDW
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1XPHOH 2VHD vQVHDPQ vQ HEUDLF ÄPkQWXLUH´ ILLQG vQUXGLW HWLPRORJLF FX QXPHOH ,RVXD VDX
Iisus.
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'LQ SULPXO YHUVHW DO FU LL DIOP F SURIHWXO D DFWLYDW VXE GRPQLD UHJHOXL ,HURERDP ,, -
GLQUHJDWXOGH1RUG&KLDUGDFPDLVXQWDPLQWL LúLUHJLDLUHJDWului de Sud, sub care a
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activitatea lui s-DGHVIúXUDWvQDFHVWUHJDW(OQLFLQXDPLQWHúWHYUHRGDWFHWDWHD,HUXVDOLPvQ
VFKLPEYRUEHúWHDGHVHDGHFHW LOHQordice.
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PDL WULW DFHVW HYHQLPHQW 3HVHPQH F V-D QVFXW vQ UHJDWXO GH 1RUG SH OD vQFHSXWXO VHF
v+úL-DvQFHSXWDFWLYLWDWHDSURIHWLFvQMXUXODQXOXLúLúL-a încheiat-o în jurul anului 730.
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vQ FVWRULH R IHPHLH GHVIUkQDW 'UDPD GLQ YLD D SULYDW HVWH WUDQVSXV SH SODQ UHOLJLRV
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profetul- Osea,QWLPSXOGRPQLHLVDOHDVLHULHQLLDVHGLD]6DPDULDFDSLWDODUHJDWXOXL,Q
î.H. regatul de Nord este cucerit de asirieni.
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FULPH FH YD GXFH OD FGHUHD UHJDWXOXL &KLDU GDF QX D WULW FXFHULUHD 6DPDULHL FXYkQWXO
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(LúL-au ales rege fãrã voin D0HDúL-DXSXVFmSHWHQLLImUmFD(XVmILúWLXW'LQDXUXO

úLGLQDUJLQWXOORUúL-au fmFXWLGROLFDHLVmVHSUmEXúHDVFm
Uzurpatorii nu sunt regi legitimi, sunt criminali.
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35
$VFXOWD LFXYkQWXO'RPQXOXLYRLFRSLLDLOXL,VUDHOFã Domnul stã la judecatã cu locuitorii pãmântului. Cã
nu mai este crHGLQ mQLFLLXELUHQLFLFXQRDúWHUHGH'XPQH]HXvQ DUã.

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Iubirea lui Dumnezeu
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spre Mine.
11,8. O, cum te voi lãsa, Efraime! Cum te voi pãrãsi, Israele! Cum te voi trece cu vederea
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Cartea Psalmilor
Teme:
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Amin”.
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3U3RSHVFX0 O HúWL op. cit. nr. 4 , Aprilie, 1924, p. 202.
7
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ca fiind un nepot de-al lui Tobit (1,22).
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52

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Pr. Lect. Dr.

Constantin Oancea 6FKL HGHSUHOHJHULGH97

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(YDQJKHOLLOH QH PHQ LRQHD] F FRQWHPSRUDQLL Mântuitorului îl credeau a fi un profet.

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ordinul regelui Manase (690).

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Sa, trebuie recunoscute de toate popoarele, de întreaga omenire.

Isaia 40-55 (Deuteroisaia)

puternic. Poporul învins a avut un dumnezeu mai slab. Israel s-DVRFRWLWvQXUPDvQIUkQJHULLSUVLW

-apel la Dumnezeu Creatorul 40,12-31

-Cirus, instrumentul lui Dumnezeu, unsul 44,28-45,7

3. Problema lui Ebed- Iahve.

Isaia 56-66 (Tritoisaia)

L SURIHWLFH XQLWH vQWU-R VLQJXU FDUWH

Referitor la capitolele 56-66, opiniile clasice moderne sunt:

asupra deosebirilor dintre cap. 40-úL-66.

Contextul în care sunt rostite discursurile profetice din 56-66.

pentru fiii lui Israel, ci pentru fiii lui Adam (56,2).

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In perioada sa de activitate distingem trei perioade:

 8OWLPD SDUWH D DFWLYLW

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- cap. 18-IRUPDDOHDV YL]LXQLDFte simbolice).

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(11,18-23; 12,1-6; 15,10.15-20; 17,14-18; 18,18-23; 20,7-13.14-18).

/HFWXU : 23,9; 20,7-9; 15,16

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31,15, cf. Mt 2,17 – uciderea pruncilor

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31. Când mã voi întoarce biruitor de la Amoni LRULFLQHYDLHúLGLQSRU LOHFDVHLPHOHvQ

38. Atunci el a zis: "Du-WHùLDOmVDW-RGRXmOXQLùLV-DGXVFXSULHWHQHOHVDOHúLúL-a

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L SURIHWLFH XQLWH vQWU-R VLQJXU FDUWH

asupra deosebirilor dintre cap. 40-úL-66.

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ora reasSHFWLYDVLPLOD LFXFDQDDQHLLDPRUL LLDYHDXRULJLQLHKLWLW

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nu mai este crHGLQ mQLFLLXELUHQLFLFXQRDúWHUHGH'XPQH]HXvQ DUã.

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6-PLILHGUXLWYLD FDV7HSRWOXGDúLMXGHF LOH7DOHV-mi ajute (Ps 119,175)

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