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STATISTICS

VOCABULARY

1 data variable x
data set { x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn } where x1 ≤ x2 ≤ x3 ≤ ... ≤ xn
ungrouped data x1 x 2 x3 ... x n
grouped data x is grouped in class intervals a ≤ x < b or a < x ≤ b

2 frequency f
cumulative frequency

3 frequency distribution table

x x1 x2 x3
• ungrouped data
frequency distribution frequency f1 f2 f3

• grouped data x a< x≤b b< x≤c c<x≤d

frequency distribution
frequency f1 f2 f3
• cumulative x x ≤ x1 x ≤ x2 x ≤ x3
frequency distribution
cumulative f1 f1 + f 2 f1 + f 2 + f 3
frequency
x x≤b x≤c x≤d
cumulative f1 f1 + f 2 f1 + f 2 + f 3
frequency

4 nth percentile
median = 50th percentile
quartiles
• lower quartile = 25th percentile
• upper quartile = 75th percentile

5 measures of AVERAGE of data

• mode (for ungrouped data) mode (noun)
modal class (for grouped data) modal (adjective)
• median
• mean x
x=∑
x
for { x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn }
n
x=
∑ fx for frequency distribution
∑f

6 measures of SPREAD of data (wide or narrow spread)

• range = xn − x1 for { x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn }
• interquartile range = upper quartile − lower quartile
• standard deviation S (spread from the mean)

S= ∑ ( x − x )2 for { x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn }
n
∑ f (x − x)
2
S= for frequency distribution
∑f
2
f x2  ∑ f x  f x2
= ∑ −   = ∑ − (x ) 2
∑f  ∑f  ∑f

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STATISTICS

VOCABULARY

7 Statistical diagrams
1 pictogram
2 line graph
3 bar graph
4 pie chart
5 dot diagram
6 stem-and-leaf diagram
7 histogram (for grouped data)
8 box-and-whisker plot
9 cumulative frequency curve

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STANDARD DEVIATION

To derive the formula S=

∑ f x2 − (x ) 2 from the definition S= ∑ f (x − x)
2

∑f ∑f

S= ∑ f (x − x )2
∑f
∑ f [x
2 2
− 2x ⋅ x + (x) ]
= 2 x and (x ) 2 are constants
∑f
∑ [ fx
2 2
− 2 x ⋅ fx + f ( x ) ]
=
∑f
=
∑ fx 2 − ∑ 2 x ⋅ fx + ∑ f ( x ) 2
∑f
∑ fx 2 − 2 x ∑ fx + ( x ) 2 ∑ f
= ∑ kx = k ∑ x if k is a constant
∑f

=
∑ fx 2 − 2 x ∑ fx + ( x ) 2 ∑ f
∑f ∑f ∑f
=
∑ fx 2 − 2 x ⋅ x + ( x ) 2 ∑ fx =x and
∑f =1
∑f ∑f ∑f

=
∑ fx 2 − 2( x )2 + ( x ) 2
∑f

∴ S=
∑ fx 2 − ( x ) 2
∑f

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