The Right To Rule of Law-Sinhala

kS;sfha md,khg we;s whs;sh
Right to Rule of Law
Discussion Materials compiled by NDI for the

District Multi stake holder forums on
Constitution and Peaceful Co-Existence
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Content
1. Rule of law research paper

2. Law and democracy
3. Constitutionalism and Constitution
4. Constitutional Democracy
5. Declaration of Delhi on the Rule of law in a Free society
6. Basic principles on the independence of Judiciary
7. Judicial independence and fina nc i al Di scl os ur e
8. Code of conduct for Law enforcement officials
9. Guidelines on the role of prosecutors
10. Basic principles on the use of fire arms by law enf or ceme nt official s
11. Basic principles on the role of lawyers

12. Educating Communities about how to be policed in a democracy
13. Introduction on the policing in South Asian Countries
14. Police reform in Sri Lanka

15. Police Accountability
16. Forced displacement and housing land and property ownership
challenges in post conflict and recons truc t ion

ෙ පාලනය බඳව වචනය
ෙ පාලනය ය රජය හා ග ක ් යට අය ය ම ගලය
හා ආයතනය (රජයද අ ත ගතවන ප ) ධව කාශයට ප කර
ඇ , සමානව බලා මකවන ස්වා නව ශ්චය වන ෙම ම ජාත තර
මානව ක ලධ මය හා ටඅ ල වන වලට වග වන
ආ කරණ ලධ මය .
ෙ උ ත තරභාවය බඳව ප යට අ ලව යා මක ම,
ය ඉ ෙ සමානා මතාවය, යට වග ම, සාධරණ ෙලස ය
යා මක ම, බලතල ෙව කර හ නාගැ ම, රණ ගැ ෙ
යාව ෙ සහභා වය, ෙ ෂ් තභාවය, අ තෙන ම ක ෙලස
ය යා මක ෙම හා එම යාදාමය උ ලංඝනය ෙම
වැලැ ම හා යා ලව ග යාදාමෙය දභාවය වැ
කාරණය ද ෙ පාලනයට අවශ ෙ .
Defini tion of the Rul e of La w
The rule of law is “a principle of governance in which all persons,

institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are
accountable to the laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced
and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with
international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well,
measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law,
equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the
application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-
making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and
legal transparency.”

kS;sfha md,khg we;s whs;sh
w' kS;sfha md,kfha w¾: ksrEmkh
kS;sfha md,kh iy ta háka Èfjk jákdlï hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ulao hkak
ld,dka;rhla ;siafia kS;s b;sydi{hskaf.a wjOdkhg ,lajQjla úh' fndfyda kS;sh ms,sn|
kHdfõ§ka iy f,aLlhska kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn|j woyia olajd fyda ±laùug W;aidyfldg
we;;a fuu ixl,amh ms,sn|j meyeÈ,s m%ldYkhla isÿlrkq ,enqfha 19 jk ishjfia§
uydpd¾h ta' ù' vhsis úisks' flfiafj;;a Tyqf.a woyia miqld,Sk kHdhfõ§ka úiska úYd,
jYfhka úfõpkhg ,lalrk ,§'
w& vhsis f.a kS;sfha md,kh
vhsis g wkqj kS;sfha md,kfha w¾:hka ;=kla mj;S'
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wkqj n,h wkqo;a fyda lsishï ffk;sl mokula iys; tllaùu kS;sfha md,khg w;HdjYH
jkakls' vhsis l,amkd lf<a mq¿,a wNsu;dkqidÍ n,;, úiska n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSug
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wod, N+ñ m%foaYh ;=, jk idudkH wêlrKhka úiska ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk ;ks kS;shlg
ish¿ fokd hg;a úhhq;= njhs' by, ks,OdÍkf.a isg my, olajd iEu ks,Odßhl=u isÿlrk
ffk;slj idOdrKSlrKh l< fkdyels iEu ls%hdjlgu fjk;a ´kEu mqrjeishl= úiska
tjeks ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka ±ßh hq;= j.lSu ±ßhhq;= fõ'
3' vhisf.a kS;sfha md,khg fjku ,sÅ; wdKavq l%u jHjia:duh ix.%yhla wjYH fkdfõ'
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úiska .kq ,enQ ;SrKhkays m%;sM,hla f,i wdKavql%u jHjia:d kS;sh ks¾udKhù we;s njhs'
flfiafj;;a vhsisf.a kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn| woyi ú,shï frdìkaika yd whsfjda fcksx.ai a
jeks iuld,Sk f,aLlhskaf.a úfõpkhkag ,laúh' vhsisf.a kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn|
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.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
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m¾hdh wdrCId lsÍu iy wdrCIdj yd úfoaY lghq;= l<ukdlrKh lsÍu jeks
idïm%odhsl N+ñldjkag wu;rj iqNidOk yd fjk;a iudcfiajd lghq;= ^tkï fi!LH"
wOHdmkh" ksjdi iemhSu" ikaksfõokh" l¾udka; wdÈh& lrd kQ;k wdKavqj, N+ñldj
me;sÍu;a iuÕ ck;dj fj; M,odhS yd ld¾hCIu fiajdjla ,nd§u i|yd úOdhlh
^ckdêm;sjrhd& fj; jeä jeäfhka wNsu;dkqidÍ n,;, ,nd§u w;HdjYH fõ' Tn
tlÕ jkafkao@
§ rfÜ uQ,sl kS;Skag wkql+,j n,d;aul jk fyda iïu; lrkq ,nk ish¿ kS;s l¾lY
tajd úhyel' jqjukdfjkau m%cdjf.ka fldgilg fjkiafldg i,lñka Tjqkafj;
iSudjka yd fkdyelshdjka mkjkq ,enQ ol=Kq wms%ldfõ j¾KfNaojd§ kS;s fuhg tla

WodyrKhls' kS;sfhaa md,kh iy l:dlsÍfï ksoyi" mqoa.,sl;ajfha ksoyi jeks uQ,sl
ksoyig tfrys jkakdjQ YS% ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis iy ;%ia;jdoh
je<elaùfï mk; ;j;a WodyrKhls' 2005 yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis wxl 19 g wkqj cd;sl
wdrCIdjg mgyeks jk fyda uyck ms<sfj, fyda w;HdjYH fiajd mj;ajdf.k hdug
ndOdldÍ f,i lgh;= lrkakdjQ ;eke;a;ka jirla olajd jQ ld,hla wêlrKuh
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lshd isáho kQ;k m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u jHjia:djka ;=, mjd iEu mx;shlgu tl
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;=, ziajlSh ks, uÜgñka fyda mqoa.,sl uÜgñka isÿlrkq ,nk lsisÿ ls%hdjkagZ tfrysj
kvq mejÍfuka úks¾uqla;shla ,nd§ we;'
§ tfukau vhsis woyia lf<a idudkH kS;sh yd idudkH wêlrKhka ms<sn|jh'
mqrjeishkaf.ka nyq;rhla fj; wod, jkakdjQ ,xldfõ kS;s moaO;sh bx.S%is fmdÿ kS;sh
^kvq ;SrK kS;sh& iy frdau ,kafoais kS;sh ixlS¾K f,i ñY%Kh ùulska ks¾udKhjQjla
jk w;r zmqoa.,sl kS;sZ f,iska ye¢kafjk Wvrg kS;sh" uqia,sï kS;sh iy f;aij,fï
kS;sh ^hdmkfha øúv kS;sh& m%cdfõ hï hï fldgia j,g muKla wod, fjhs' fuu
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§ ;jo ish¿u ;eke;a;ka iïnkaOfhka kvq úNd. lrkq ,nkafka tlu wêlrKhla
úiska fkdfõ' YS% ,xldfõ uqi,
a sï kS;shg wkqj uqia,sïjrekaf.a újdy iy Èlalido
iïnkaO ldrKdjka úNd. lrkq ,nkafka ld;s Widú kï úfYaI wêlrKhla uÕsks'
tfukau kQ;k wêlrK moaO;Ska ;=, ;dCIKsl úfYaI{ ±kqu wjYH jk iy idudkH
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iNdjka ^Wod wdodhï nÿ iudf,dapk uKav," lïlre úksYaph iNd" w,a,ia úksYAph
iNd hkdÈh& .Kkdjlao ls%hd;aulj mj;S'
§ vhsis ;¾lfldg isáfha wdKavq l%u jHjia:d kS;sh úksiqrejreka úiska iïmdokh lrk
,oaola úhhq;= njhs' tjeks w,sÅs; wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ,sÅ; wdKavql%u jHjia:djlg
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iy fkdfjkiajk iq¿ nj /£ we;af;a uyck u;h yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh u;o @
wd' vhsisf.a kS;sfha md,kh háka Èfjk tlsfklg fjkia jákdlï
1. kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh- kS;shg .re l<hq;=h' thska lshefjkafka w& ;eke;a;ka úiska

fukau ks,OdÍka úiskao kS;sh wkq.ukh l<hq;=h iy 2& rcfha ks,OdÍka kS;sfhka
;uka fj; ,nd§ we;s n,;, wkqj lghq;= l<hq;=h hkakh'
2. ksYaÑ;;djh- kS;sh ksYÑ
a ; yd mQ¾jWml,amkh l<yelalla úhhq;=h' vhsis lshd
isáfha ±ä kS;sj,g jvd jeä ydkshla fkdokakd ks;s úiska mqrjeishkag isÿ lrk
njh'
1 Justice in Retreast- A Report on the independence of the legal profession and the Rule of Law in Sri Lanka, 2009 uehs" újD; iudc wdh;kfha
iydh we;sj ksl=;a lrk ,o cd;Hka;r kS;S{ ix.ufha udkj ysñlï wdhkfha jd¾;dj

3. ixia:dhS;ajh- ixia:dhS;ajh hkq ksYaÑ;;djh ms<sn|j jk jákdlug we;s
iïnkaOhhs' yeuúgu okakd Í;Ska wdfoaY lsÍu uÕska Í;s yd m%ñ;Skaf.a myiq
ls%hdfõ fhoúula m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nhs'
4. úYajdikSh;ajh- lsishï ls%hdjl kS;Hdkql+,;ajh uekSu i|yd Í;Ska úiska m%isoaO
m%ñ;shla bÈßm;a lrkq ,nhs'
5. ldrHCIu;djh- Í;s u; mokïjQ ls%hdjka ldrHCIu fjhs'

6. ksis ls%hdoduh iy hqla;sh fj; jk m%fõYh- wêlrKhl wmCImd;S yd w.;s.dó
fkdjQ kvq úNd.hlska f;drj lsisÿ ;eke;a;l=g o~qjï îsr.; lsÍu fyda ov .eiSu&
fkdl< hq;=h'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
1. kS;sfha md,kh háka Èfjk Í;sh f,iska ksYaÑ;djh iy ixia:d;dhS;djh yeuúgu

kS;sfha md,kh m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nkafkao@ iudk f,i ie,lSu yeuúgu
m%;spd¾h;djh iy hqla;sh m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nhso@ th tfia fkdjkafka kï kS;sh
ieugu tl yd iudk f,i wod, lsÍu idOdrK fõo@ 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 24
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Èia;s%lalhka fj; ysñfjhs' fuu WodyrKhka ;=, ±elafjk zúfYaI ie,lSuZ
fkdtfiakï fjkiafldg ie,lSu idOdrKSlrKh l<yelafla flfiao@
2. vhsis mejiQ wdldrhg zokakd Í;sZ mej;Su uÕska tajd ls%hdjg kexùu iy;sl lrkq
,nhso@ ta wkqj ksis ls%hdoduh iy ;SrK .ekSfï§ ;eke;a;kaf.a ls%hdldÍ
iyNd.S;ajh okakd kS;s mej;Su ;rïu jeo.;a fkdjkafkao@
3. hqla;sh i|yd jk m%fõYh hkafkka woyia jkafka wêlrK fj; jk m%fõYho@

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mj;akd uQ,sl ud¾.h wêlrK moaO;sh jqjo iEu wjia:djla i|ydu wêlrKfha
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wjia:djla ,nd§ we;'
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.egqï rgl Bg mQ¾K f,i ls%hd;aulj mj;sk wêlrK" wêlrK fj; fN!;slj
m%fõY úhyelsùu" wêlrK fj; m%fõYùfï§ n,mdk ixialD;sl" iudÔh yd wd¾Ól
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jHJia:dfjka iy;sl fldg§ we;s ;ukag wNsu; NdIdjlska ikaksfõokh lsÍfï
whs;sjdislu hkdÈho we;=,;a úhhq;=h'

wd' kS;sfha md,kh iy wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh
iajdêk wêlrKhlg ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ^úOdhlfha& iy md¾,sfïka;=fõ ^jHjia:dodhlfha&

n,hka ms<sn|j úuid n,ñka ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lsÍfï yelshdj we;'
wêlrKhg Nshiel fkdue;sj ls%hd;aulùug muKla fkdj kS;s moaO;sh flfrys
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w&' wêlrKh ks¾foaYmd,kSlKh lsÍu iy wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd

jk wdKavql%u jHjia:duh iqrCIs;hla iy n,d;aul lsÍula isÿlsÍu
1978 wdKavql%u jHJia:dj úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh iy wêlrKh hk rcfha m%Odk wx.

;=fkys n,hka fjkafldg ;eìu tys 4 jk jHjia:dfjka m%ldYs;ju ms<s.kq ,en we;' fuu
n,hkays m%;sM,hla f,i fY%aIaGdêlrKh iy wNshdpkdêlrKh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
wdrCId lsÍug ne¢ isák w;ru wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úiska ue;sjrK fm;aiï" my<
wêlrK fj;ska bÈßm;a jk wNshdpk" wdKavql%u jHjia:duh .eg¿" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iy
md¾,sfïka;=fõ jrm%ido lvlsÍu hkd§ fndfyda lreKq iïnkaOfhka zby<u iy W;a;Í;r
wêlrKhZ f,i fY%aIG a dêlrKfha N+ñldj iqrCIsl lrkq ,en we;'2 fï wdldrhgu
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wNshdpkdêlrKfha n,;,o iqrCIs; lrkq ,nhs' my< wêlrK
iïnkaOfhka .;al< tajdfha úksiqrejrekaf.a m;alsÍï" udrelsÍï" Wiiaùï yd úkh md,kh
wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska isÿlrkq ,nhs' YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 107
jHjia:dj uÕska wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iy;sl lrkq ,nhs'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh n,d;aul lsÍug fmr w.úksiqrejrhd iy

wNshdpkdÈlrK iNdm;sjrhd m;alsÍuo we;=,;aj fY%aIaGdêlrK yd wNshdpkdêlrK
úksiqrejreka m;alsÍu iïnkaOfhka úYd, n,hla ckdêm;sjrhd ^úOdhlh& i;=j mej;=ks'
óg wu;rj úksiqrejreka bj;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;=j ^jHjia:dodhlh& i;=j
meje;s n,h fya;=fldgf.k fY%aIGa dêlrK yd wNshdpkdêlrK úksiqrejreka flfrys
n,mEï iy.; úh'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh
17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh y÷kajdfokq ,nQfha úksiqrejreka m;alsÍuo we;=¿j

rcfha fiajh ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍfï W;aidyhla f,isk's 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkh uÕska jHjia:dodhl iNdjhla ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk w;r m;alsÍï
iïnkaOfhka ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍfï iy iuyr wjia:djkays§ jeo.;a rcfha ;k;=rej,
m;alsÍï wkqu; lsÍfï n,h thg mejfrhs'3 flfiafj;;a m;alsÍfï n,h ;jÿrg;a
ckdêm;sjrhd i;=j mj;S' kuq;a l,ska ±lajQ mßÈ jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks¾foaYh fyda
wkque;sh fkdue;sj ckdêm;sjrhdg m;alsÍula isÿl< fkdyel' fY%aIaGdêlrKh yd
wNshdpkdêlrKh fj; úksiqrejreka" w.úksiqrejrhd iy wNshdpkdêlrK iNdm;sjrhd
m;alsÍfï§ ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wkque;shlska f;drj tu m;alsÍï isÿl<
fkdyel'
2
wdKavql %u jHJia:dfõ XV jk mßÉfþofhka wêlrK ia:dms; lsRSu" wêlrK uKav, idudðlhka .Kk" úksiqrejrekaf .a jegqma"
úksiqrejrekaf.a ls%hdldÍ;ajh yd j.lSï" úksiqrejrekaf.a m;alsÍï" bj;alsÍï yd úkh md,kh" wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj iy
fY%aIaGdêlrKfha yd wNshdpkdêlrKfha Í;s yd ksfhda. hkdÈh ±lafõ'
3
jHjia:dodhl iNdj idudðlhka oi folk=f.ka iukaú ; fjhs' thska mia folk= w.uelsjrhdf.a yd úmCI kdhljrhdf.a tlÕ;ajh
we;sj m;al rkq ,nk zby, úYajdikSh;ajhla yd ms,s.ekSulaZ iys; whj¨ka jk w;r yhjeks ksfhdað;hd md¾,sfïka;=fõ wfkla iq¿
mCI úiska kï lrkq ,nhs' y;ajk idudðlhd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq ,nk w;r Tyq úiska l,ska ±lajQ wdldrhg kï lrkq ,enQ
wfkla yhfokdf.ao m;al sÍï isÿl<hq;= fjhs' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ b;sß idudðlhka ;=k afokd jkafka iajlSh ks, n,fhka tu
;k;=reg m;ajk úmCI kdhljrhd" w.ue;sjrhd iy md¾,sfïka;=fõ l:dkdhl jrhdh' l:dkdhljrhd iNdfõ iNdm;s f,I lghq;=
lrkq ,nhs'

fï wkqj 17 jk ixfYdaOkh úOdhl ckdêm;s n,;, i|yd jeo.;a ixjrk yd ;=,khla
iïmdoh lrk ,§' flfiafj;;a tys idudðlhkaf.a m<uq OQr ld,h wjikaùfuka wk;=rej
ish ksfhdað;hd iïnkaOfhka iq¿;r mCI w;r tlÕ;ajhla fkdue;sùu hkd§ úúO fya;+ka
ksidfjka jHjia:dodhl iNdj wlS%h ù we;s w;r ta fya;=fldgf.k ckdêm;sjrhd úiska
Rcq m;alsÍï isÿlrkq ,eîu fya;=fjka wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh flfrys n,mEï we;slr
we;' jHjia:dodhl iNdj ls%hd;aul fkdùu fya;=fldgf.k j¾;udk w.úksiqrjrhd
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska Rcqju m;alrkq ,enQfjls'
wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj

17 jk ixfYdaOkhg fmr wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 112
jHjia:dj uÕska ia:dms; lrkq ,en we;s wdh;khls' w.úksiqrejrhd yd ;j;a
fY%aIG
a dêlrK úksiqrejreka fofokl= ckdêm;sjrhd úiska Bg m;alrkq ,nhs' uydêlrK
yd my< wêlrKhkays úksiqrejrekaf.a Wiiaùï" úkh" udreùï iy bj;alsÍï iïnkaO
j.lSu wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj fj; mejfrhs' 17 jk ixfYdaOkh uÕska ixfYdaê;
YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 117 jHjia:dj uÕska wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ
wkque;shlska f;drj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska úksiqrejka fofokd m;alsÍu j<ld we;s w;r
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wkque;shlska f;drj ckdêm;sjrhdg Tjqka bj;a lsÍugo fkdyels
fjhs'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
• 2005 jif¾ isg jHjia:dodhl iNdj fkdmej;Su fya;=fldgf.k ckdêm;sjrhd 17 jk

wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg fmr meje;s ;;ajhg kej; .ukafldg we;s w;r
rcfha fiajh" by< wêlrK" udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj iy cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu
hkdÈfha mqrmamdvq i|yd ish wNsu;h mßÈ m;alsÍï isÿlrkq ,en we;' fuu m;alsÍï
úiska fuu jeo.;a uyck wdh;khka úiska w¾:j;a lrk iy tys ienúkau mj;akd
iajdëk;ajh my; fy,d we;' j¾;udkfha 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh ls%hd;aul
fkdlsÍu YS% ,xldfõ kS;sfha md,kh flfrys t,a,jk nrm;, ;¾ckhls' Tn tlÕ
jkafkao@
§ rcfha woyi jkafka hïfyhlska fuu jeo.;a wdh;k ls%hd;aul fkdjk ;;ajhg
m;ajQjfyd;a jvd jeä ydkshla isÿúh yels ksidfjka fuu Rcq m;alsÍï ;uka úiska
isÿlrk ,o njhs' Tn fuu m%ldYh iuÕ tlÕ jkafkao@ tfia;a ke;skï jHjia:dodhl
iNdj ls%hd;aul fkdjkafka ukao hk uQ,sl m%Yakh fuu ;¾lh úiska fkdi,ldyer
;sfío@ ;jo jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wkque;sh yd ks¾foaYh hk hdka;%Kh úiska
úOdhlfha wNsu;dkqidÍ n,;,j,g ndOdjlaj we;so@ 17 jk ixfYdaOkhg fmr meje;s
;;ajhg kej; .uka lsÍu jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ uQ,slu wruqK jQ ck;djf.a úYajdih
wysñfldgf.k isák wêlrKho we;=¿ flakaøSh rcfha wdh;khka
ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍug we;s úfrdaOhlao@4 kS;sfha wka;¾.;hg wu;rj wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ m%;smdokhka w¾:ksrEmkh i|yd jk wêlrKfha ls%hdldÍ;ajho kS;sfha
md,kh i|yd jeo.;a fjhs' tfia lsÍug wfmdfydi;aùu wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úiska
wdrCId lr§ug fmdfrdkaÿj isák iq¿;rfha whs;sjdislïj,g n,mEï lsÍug
iSudfkdjkq we;'
4
122^1&^wd& jHjia:djg wkqj 17 jk wdKavl
q %u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh iïnkaOfhka fY%aI aGdêlrKfha woyia ±laùu n,kak

we' úYajdikSh" M,odhS iy wmCImd;S kS;sfha md,khla i|yd cd;sl wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu
wdKavql%u jHjia:djg isÿlrk ,o 17 jk ixfYdaOkh
wdKavql%u jHjia:d iNdfõ wruqKjQfha YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk rcfha wdh;khkay s

foaYmd,kSlrKh iy wdh;ksl jerÈ ls%hdjka ms <sn|j jk uyck u;h bj;a lr tajdfha
ksis iajdëk ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksÍCIKhg wjldYh ie<iSuhs' 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkfha olajd we;s m%Odk rcfha wdh;k jkafka ue;sjrK fldñiu" rdcH fiajd
fldñiu" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu" udkj ysñlï fldñiu" w,a,ia yd ÿIK úu¾IK
fldñIka iNdj" uQ,H fldñiu iy kS;sm;s" fmd,siam;s" ú.Kldêm;s jeks jeo.;a rcfha
ks,hkah' by; olajk ,o wdldrhg wjidk m;alsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd fj; r|jd.kq
,enqKo Tyq fyda wehg jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wkque;sfhka f;drj tlS m;alsÍï isÿl<
fkdyels úh'
m;alsÍï isÿlsÍfï§ jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ls%hd;aul úhyels wdldrhka folla 17 jk

ixfYdaOkfha ±lafõ' iuyr m;alsÍï i|yd iNdfõ ks¾foaYh wjYH jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla
m;alsÍï i|yd iNdfõ wkque;sh wjYH fjhs'
41wd^1& jHjia:dfjka ±lafjkafka ue;sjrK fldñiu" rdcH fiajd fldñiu" cd;sl fmd,sia
fldñiu" udkj ysñlï fldñiu" w,a,ia fyda ¥IK úu¾IK fldñIka iNdj" uQ,H
fldñiu hk fldñIka iNdjkaf.ka ljrlg fyda jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks¾foaYh
fkdue;sj lsisjl= fyda ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a fkdl<hq;= njhs'
41wd^1& jHjia:dfjka ±lafjkafka w.úksiqre" fY%aIaGdêlrK úksiqrejreka" wNshdpkdêlrK

úksiqrejreka yd tys iNdm;sjrhd" wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdfõ idudðlhka
îNdm;sjrhd yer" iNdm;s jkafka w.úksiqrejrhdh&" kS;sm;s" ú.Kldêm;s" fmd,siam;s"
mßmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia ^Tïnqâiauka& yd md¾,sfïka;= uyf,alï
hk ;k;=rej,g ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ks¾foaYhlska f;drj m;afkdl< hq;= nj;a tlS ;k;=re
i|yd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;ka tu ;k;=rej,g m;al< yelafla
jHjia:dodhl iNdj úiska wkqu; lsÍfuka wk;=rej muKla nj;ah'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
• jHjia:dodhl iNdj ia:dms; lsÍu iy ckdêm;sjrhd ^úOdhlh& fj; mejÍ we;s n,;,
Tyqg wNsu; mrÈ Ndú;d lsÍu iSud lsÍfï hdka;%Khla ilia lsÍu ta i|yd jk
foaYmd,k wNs,dYhlska f;drj id¾:l lr.; fkdyel' jHjia:dodhl iNdj
ls%hd;aulj meje;s ld,h ;=, jHjia:dodhl iNdj úiska l< ksrfoaYhka ckdêm;sjrhd
úiska m%;slafIam lsÍu fya;=fjka ue;sjrK fldñiu m;a lrkq fkd,enqks'
ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ fhdackdjka m%;slafIAm lsÍfï wNsu;h mj;skúg
tuÕska 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha ;¾lkh iïmQ¾Kfhka ì|jefghs'
• rcfha ks,hka ls%hdlaul úhhq;af;a ^tajd iliafldg we;af;a& uyck úYajdih Èkd.kakd
wdldrhlska jk neúka" tkï Tjqka fj; ck;dj n,h ,nd§ we;af;a ûe;sjrK wdÈfha§&
ck;djf.a hym; ;ld lghq;= lsÍug jk neúka úúO rdcHfha ;k;=re fmdÿ wruqKla
fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍfï jeo.;alu by; WodyrKfhka fmkajdfokq ,nhs' iyfhda.h
fkd±laùu úiska kS;sfha md,kh ì|jeàu iy rdcHfha wx.hka w;r ixjrk yd ;=,kh
ì|jeàu m%;sM, lrkq we;' WodyrKhla f,i wdishdkq udkj ysñlï fldñifï

jd¾;djkag wkqj kS;sm;sjrhd úiska 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska ia:dms; flrekq
iajdëk fldñIka iNdjkaf.a idudðlhka iy fY%aIG a dêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrK
úksiqrejka m;alsÍu jHjia:dodhl iNdj yryd isÿ l< hq;= njg ckdêm;sjrhd fj;
Wmfoia § we;' kuq;a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska wêlrK úksiqrejreka muKla fkdj udkj
ysñlï fldñIka iNdj" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu yd rdcH fiajd fldñiu i|ydo
m;alsÍï lrkq ,eìk' wdishdkq udkj ysñlï fldñiu olajd we;s wdldrhg 17 jk
ixfYdaOfha m;alsÍï jeks jeo.;a lreKla iïnkaOfhka jk kS;sm;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia
fkd;ldyeÍu uÕska ckdêm;sjrhd kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍka wffO¾hu;a
lrñka" ish jD;a;Suh hymeje;au fjkqfjka Tjqka foaYmd,k n,mEïj,g jv jvd
keUqre lrjñka kS;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j ÿ¾j, lsÍug lghq;=fldg we;'5
• jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wruqK yqfola ckdêm;sjrhdf.a ^úOdhlfha& wNsu;dkqidÍ n,;,
iSudlsÍu muKla fkdj rcfha m%Odk ;k;=re fj; we;s foamd,k n,mEï wju fldg
tajdg iajdêkj yd wmCImd;Sj lghq;= lsÍug wjldYh ie,iSuo úh'
• fuu fldñIka iNdjka rcfha fiajlhskaf.a ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka jk nrm;, ueisú,s

ûdkj ysñlï lvlsÍï" w,a,i yd ¥IKh& iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrhs' ;ukaj fyda ;u
foam< wk;=rg ,lajkq we;sh hk ìhlska f;drj bÈßhg meñK meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug
kï fuu wdh;k ms<sn|j úYajdih we;s l< hq;= jk w;r tys m%:u mshjr jkafka tu
wdh;k mCI.%dyS njg jk Ñ;%h fjkia lr,Suh'
wE' udkj ysñlï yd kS;sfha md,kh
w& kS;sfha md,kh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd jk m%;smdok
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïu;hka
fojk f,dal hqoaOh wjika ùfuka miqj udkj ysñlï w¾: ksremkh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka
n,j;a jHdmdrhla ks¾udKhjQ w;r tlS w¾:ksrEmkhka yd m%ldYkhka kS;sfha md,kh
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r ixl,amfha fldgila njg m;aj we;'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï fldñiu úiska udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYhla
flgqïm;a lrk ,o w;r 1948 uyd iuq¿fõ§ th iïu;fldg .eksk' iEu ;ek;a;l=
fukau iEu cd;shla úiskau w;alr.;hq;= fmdÿ m%ñ;shla tuÕska mkjkq ,eìk' fuu
m%ldYkh úiska rdcHhka fj; ffk;sl ne£ula we;s fkdlrk kuq;a idodpdrd;aulj yd
foaYmd,kslj th rdcHhka fj;
n,mEï iy.; fjhs' Bg iudka;rj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úYaj m%ldYkfha ±lafjk whs;sjdislï
yd ksoyia wka;¾.; lrñka Bg w;aika ;nk md¾Yajhka ^rdcHhka& tu iïuq;Skays
m%;smdokhka ls%hdjg kexùug mshjr .;hq;= njg ne£ula we;s lrjk iïuq;Ska folla
flgqïm;a lsÍuo isÿúh' ;jo isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;shg wksjd¾h
fkdjk fm%dfgdaflda,hlao iïu;fldg .ekqkq w;r tuÕska udkj ysñlï ms<sn| ixl,amh
;j;a mshjrla bÈßhg f.khñka ;ks mqoa.,hl=g jqjo udkj ysñlï fldñiu fj; meñKs,s
lsÍfï bv m%ia:dj ,ndfok ,§'6 YS% ,xldj úiska by; ish¿ iïuq;Ska wmrdkqu;fldg we;s
5
n,kak ls%I d,s mskafgda chj¾Ok" Public Accountability of the Attorney General – To What Extent Should the Exercise of His
Statutory Powers be Reviewed by Court?"kS;sh yd iudc iNdrh jdr m%ldYh" 15 l,dmh" 211 fj¿u" 2005 uehs'
6
ls%Id,s mskafgda chj¾Ok" Public Accountability of the Attorney General – To What Extent Should the
Exercise of His Statutory Powers be Reviewed by Court?"kS;sh yd iudc iNdrh jdr m%ldYh" 15 l,dmh"
211 fj¿u" 2005 uehs ys 19 jk msgqj
10

w;r Bg wu;rj udkj ysñlï yd ldka;d whs;sjdislï" <ud whs;sjdislï" ixl%uKsl
fiajlhskaf.a whs;sjdislï wd§ úfYaIs; whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu yd m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
jk iïuq;Ska /ilao wmrdkqu;fldg we;'7 ta wkqj YS% ,xld rch wod, iïuq;Ska hgf;a
y÷kd.kq ,en we;s fuu whs;Ska foaYShj n,d;aul lsÍu uÕska ;Dma; lsÍug ne£ isáhs' 1981
jif¾§ YS% ,xldj úiska ldka;djkag tfrys ish¿ wdldrfha fjkiafldg ie,lSï msgq±lSfï
iïuq;sh wmrdkqu; l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i 2005 wxl 35 ork .Dyia: m%pKav;aj
mk; uÕska tu iïuq;sfhka y÷kd.kq ,nk whs;sjdislï ms,s.kq ,eìk'8
óg wu;rj ;eke;a;kaf.a ksoyi yd whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk iqrCIs;hka

.Kkdjlau YS% ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=, wka;¾.; fõ'
1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj yd udkj whs;sjdislï
Y%S ,xldj ish wdKavql%u jHjia:dj yryd udkj whs;sjdislï i|yd by,u iqrCIs; njla
,nd§ we;' Bg fmr meje;s fida,anß jHjia:dj" 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj jeks
jHjia:djkays mqrjeishkaf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï 9 wdrCId lsÍu i|yd m%;smdokhka wka;¾.;
jqjo 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska y÷kd.kq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùu
iïnkaOfhka wêlrKuh iykhla ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj 17 iy 126 jk jHjia:djka uÕska
,ndfokq ,en we;' tkï úOdhl fyda mßmd,k ls%hdjla10 fya;=fldgf.k uQ, sl
whs;sjdislula" wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úiska y÷kd.kq ,nk NdId whs;sjdislula lvùulg
,lajQ fyda lvùug w;Hdikak ;;jhla mj;sk ;eke;a;l=g rfÜ by,u wêlrKh
^fY%aIG
a dêlrKh& fj;ska tlS lvùu fyda lvùug w;Hdikak ;;õhg iykhla ,nd.ekSfï
yelshdj mj;S'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 10 isg 14 olajd jHjia:djkays uQ,sl wh;sjdislï wka;¾.; fjhs'

is;Sfï ksoyi" yDoidCIsfha ksoyi" ;uka wNsu; wd.ula weoySfï ksoyi"11jOysxidjkaf.ka
7
YS% ,xldj j¾.ixydr wmrdOhka je,elaùu yd o~qjï lsÍu ms,sn| iïuq;sh" iEu wdldrhlu j¾.jd§
fjkiafldg ie,lSï je,elaùu yd o~qjï lsÍu ms,sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh" isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh iy tys wksjd¾h ffjl,ams; fm%dfgdaflda,hka fol" wd¾Ól iudðSh yd ixialD;sl
whs;sjdisluia ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh yd tys wksjd¾h fkdjk fm%dfgdaflda,h" <uhskaf.a whs;sjdislï
ms<sn| iïuq;sh yd tys wksjd¾h fkdjk fm%dfgdaflda,hka fol" ldka;djkag tfrys ish¿ wdldrfha
fjkiafldg ie,lSï msgq±lSfï iïuq;sh iy tys wksjd¾h fkdjk fm%dfgdaflda,h" jOysxid meñKùu yd
fjk;a lDDr wudkqIsl yd wjuka iy.; ie,lSï fyda o~qjïj,g tfys iïuq;sh yd tys wksjd¾h fkdjk
fm%dfgdaflda,h" hqO wmrdO yd ukqIH j¾.hdg frys wmrdO iïnkaOfhka jHjia:dms; iSudjka wod,
fkdlr.ekSu ms,sn| iïuq;sh" jrAKfNaojdo wmrdOhka uev,Su yd tajdg w~qjï lsÍu ms,sn| iïuq;sh" lS%vdj
;=, jrAKfNaojdoh ls%hd;aul lsÍug tfrys iïuq;sh" ixl%uKsl fiajlhska yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, whf.a
whs;sjdislï iq/lSu i|yd jQ iïuq;sh" wdndO iys; ;eke;a;kaf.a whs;sjdislï iq/lSu iy|d jk cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh yd tys wksjd¾h fkdjk fm%dfgdaflda,h" n,y;aldrfhka w;=okalrkq ,enQ ;eke;a;ka iq/lSu i|yd
jQ cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh hk iïuq;Ska wmrdkqu;fldg we;'
8
tlai;a cd;Sk af.a uyd uKav,fha idudðlhl= f,I Y%S ,xldj tlai;a cd;Skaf .a udkj ysñlï ms,sn| úYaj m%ldYkh wêlrKfha
iajdëk;ajh ms,sn| uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka kS;s{jrekaf.a N+ñldj ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka kvq lshkkkaf.a whs;sj dislï
ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ud¾f.damfoaY hka iqrIs; lsÍug ne£ isáhs' YS% ,xldj fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rglao jk neúka yrdf¾ m%ldYkfha
molajd we;s fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh uQ,sl jákdlï wdrCId lsÍugo furg ne£ isáhs'
9
q %u jHJia:dfõ olajd we;s udkj ysñlïh' ish¿ uQ,sl whs;sjdislulau udkj ysñlula jk kuq;a iEu
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï hkq wdKaavl
udkj ysñlulau uQ,sl whs;sjdislula fkdfõ' WodyrKhla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf .a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sj dislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r
iïuq;sh Ôj;aùfï whs;sh udkj ysñlula f,I y÷kd.kakd kuq;a 1978 wdKavql%U jHJia:dfõ th uQ,sl whs;sjdislula f,i wka;¾.;
fkdfõ'
10
YS% ,xldfõ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï i|yd n,kak" fojk uqøKh" chïm;s úl%u r;ak" 2006 ms' 754'
11
10 jHJia:dj
11

ksoyi" lDDr" wudkqIsl yd wjuka iy.; yeisÍïj,ska ksoyi"12 kS;sh bÈßfha iudk;ajh
iy kS;sfha /ljrKfha iudk;ajh13 w;a;fkdau;sl f,i isrNdrhg .ekSfuka r|jd
;nd.ekSfuka yd o~qjñka ksoyi"14 l:d lsÍfï ksoyi" /iaùfï ksoyi" iud.ufha ksoyi"
wNsu; /lshdjla lsÍFï ksoyi" .uka ìuka hdfu ksoyi15 hkdÈh Bg we;=,;a fõ' 15 jk
jHjia:dj cd;sl wdrCIdj" jd¾.sl fyda wd.ñl tluq;=j" wêlrKhg wmydi lsÍu"
md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido hkdÈh fya;=fldgf.k iuyr uQ,sl whs;sjdislï Ndú;d lsÍfï§
mkjkq ,eìh yels iSudlsÍï olajhs' is;Sfï" yDoidCIsfha yd wd.ñl ksoyi jOysxidjkaf.ka
ksoyi" idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg we;s whs;sjdislu iy kS;shg wkql+,j ñi fjk;a
wdldrhlska o~qjï lrkq ,eîfuka ksoyi mru whs;sjdislï fjhs'16 by;ska olajk ,o
wfkl=;a ishü whs;sjdislï uyck wdrCIl mk; hgf;a ilia lrkq ,nk yÈis ks;s
fr.=,diso we;=,;aj zkS;shZ uÕska lrk ,nk iSud lsÍuj,g hg;a fjhs' jdikdjlg fuka
;%ia;jdoh je,elaùfï mk; hgf;a ilia lrkq ,nk fr.=,dis zkS;sZ f,i fkdie,flk
neúka tajdhska uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iSud lsÍula isÿ fkdlrkq ,nhs'17
fï yerekqúg udkj ysñlï lvùug tfrysj wdrCIdj ,ndfok isú,a yd foaYmd,k

whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh jeks fjk;a kS;so mj;S'
wd& kS;sfha md,kh M,odhS f,i ls%hdjg kexùu iy;sl lrk m%;smdokhka
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
by; olajk ,o wdldrhg j¾;udk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska uQ,sl whs;sjdislï uekúka
ms,s.kq ,en we;s wdldrh wkqj tajd lvùul§ m%;sl¾u ,nd.ekSu i|yd fY%I a aGdêlrKh
fj; hdfï yelshdj Wodlrfohs' flfiafj;;a fuu m%;sl¾u ,nd.ekSFï hdka;%Kfha§
n,mdk iSudjka lsysmhla 17 iy 126 jHjia:djkays olajd we;' m<uqj 17 jk jHjia:dfjka
±lafjkafka úOdhl fyda mßmd,k ls%hdjla fya;=fldgf.k uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh
jk wjia:djka ms,sn|jh' fuys§ jHjia:dohlfha fyda wêlrKfha ls%hdjka 18 fya;=fjka
isÿjk W,a,x>khùï is;du;du neyerfldg we;' 80^3& jHjia:dfjka ljr fya wêlrKhla
fyda úksYaph iNdjla uÕska uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùuo we;=,;aj ljr fyda mokul msysgd
md¾,sfïka;= mk;l j,x.=Ndjh m%YaK lsÍu ;ykï fldg we;' lsishï mk;la wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg wkql+,ùu iïnkaO .eg¿ bÈßm;a lsÍug wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka wjir ,nd§
we;af;a tys mk;a flgqïm;a wjia:dfõ§ ^md¾,sfïka;=fjka iïu; ùug fmr& muKls'19
flfiafj;;a m<d;a iNdjla uÕska iuï; lrk ,o kS;shl j,x.=Ndjh m%YaK lsÍu fuhska
j,ld,kq fkd,nhs'20 fojkqj whs;sjdislï lvùug ,lajQ md¾Yajh tlS isÿùu isÿù udihl
ld<hl we;=,; fY%aIGa dêlrKh fj; fm;aiula bÈßm;a l<hq;= fjhs' ;=kafjkqj wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj lshd isákafka tfia fY%aIGa dêlrKh fj; fm;aiula bÈßm;a lsÍfï ffk;sl
whs;sjdislu ^kS;Hdkq+, ;;ajh& we;af;a mSvdjg m;ajQ md¾Yajh fyda Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a
kS;S{jrhdg muKla jk njhs' flfiafj;;a wêlrKh fmdÿ hym; ;ld wod, isÿùu
wod, fkdjk md¾Yajhkago fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍug wjir foñka fY%AIaGdêlrKh fuu
Í;sh fndfydaÿrg ,sys,a fldg we;' y;rjkqj fY%aIG a dêlrKhg zwod, ;;ajhka ;=,
12
11 jHJia:dj
13
12 jHJia:dj
14
13 jHJia:dj
15
14 jHJia:dj
16
211 msg qfõ 13 jk Wmqgkh
17
;jkS;ka t' ohdkkao Èidkdhl" 2003" 1 YS% ,kSjd" 74
18
l=udrisxy t kS;m s ;s fY%aIG
a dêlrK b,a,Sï 54$82 n,kak ohdkkao t ùrisxy
19
121 yd 122 jHjia:d
20
by; 14 ys 755 msgqj
12

idOdrK yd hqla;siy.; jkafka hehs fmkShk iykhka fyda ;SrKhkaZ21 ,nd§fï n,h
mj;sk neúka kvqfjka kvqjg fjkia ;Skaÿ ,eîfuka wix.;;djhla we;súh yel'
udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj
1996 jif¾§ udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj ia:dms; lrk ,oafoa tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
idudðlhl= f,i udkj ysñlï iq/lSu i|yd rdcHfha lemùu n,d;aul lsÍu i|ydh'
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a ta jkúgo uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùu iïnkaOfhka hdka;%Khla
ia:dms; fldg ;snqKo fld<ôka fndfyda ÿr neyer msysá .ïudkhkays idudkH ckhdg
fld<U msysá wêlrKhlska ,nd.; yels fulS iykhka ms,sn| wjfndaOhla fkdjqks' ta
wkqj fuu fldñIka iNdfõ wruqKjQfha udkj ysñlï ck;djg jvd;a ióm lrùu;a th
h:d¾:hla njg m;alr,Su;ah'22 fldñIka iNdjg idudðlhka m;alsÍfï§ ckdêm;sjrhd ta
ms,sn| ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍfï n,h 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska jHjia:dodhl iNdj
fj; mejÍu;a iuÕ udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a jQ w;r fldñiu ;=,
mej;sh yels mCImd;SNdjhka fyda foaYmd,k n,mEï ms,sn| jQ ìh myj hk ,§'
flfiafj;;a jHjia:dodhl iNdj ls%hd;aul fkdùu" iïm;a ysÕh" fldñIka iNdfõ n,;,
lsh
% djg kexùug wjYH foaYmd,ksl wNs,dIhla fkdùu hkd§ fya;+ka ksidfjka
j¾;udkfha th ck;djf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍug wfmdfydi;aj we;' kS;sfha
mj;sk ;j;a wvqÿq~q;djhla jkafka fldñIka iNdjg n,h we;af;a iudodk lsÍug fyda
ueÈy;aùug iy ks¾foaYhka yd fhduq lrùï isÿlrùug;a muKla ùuhs' ckdêm;sjrhd fj;
jd¾;d bÈßm;a lsÍu yerekqúg ish ks¾foaYhka n,d;aul lsÍug n,mEï iy.;ùfï
yelshdjla fldñIka iNdjg fkdue;' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska wod, ldrKdjka ksis mshjr
.ekSu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾'
mßmd,k lghq;= ms,sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia ^Tïnqâiauka&
rcfha fiajlhska" rcfha ixia:djkays fiajlhska" m,d;a md,k wdh;k iy tjeks fjk;a
wdh;khka úiska lrkq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï fyda fjk;a widOdrKhka ms,sn| meñKs,s
fyda fpdaokdjka iïnkaOfhka úu¾IKh fldg jd¾;d bÈßm;a lsÍu Tïnqâiaukajrhd úiska
isÿlrkq ,nhs' fuys ;¾lkho udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdfõ ;¾lkhg iudk fjhs' tkï
hqla;sh jvd;a ck;dj fj; ióm lrùuh' kej;;a 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uÕska fuu
OQrh fj; úOdhlh fj;ska t,a, úhyels n,mEï bj;afldg th ks¾foaYmd,kSlrKh
lsÍug W;aidy ork ,§'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
• cd;Hka;r iïuq;Skf.ka rdcH md¾Yajhka Rcqju ne£ fkdisák kuq;a rdcHhla lsishï
iïuq;shlg w;aika ;eîu th úiska iafõÉPdfjkau ish foaYSh udkj ysñlï jd¾;djka
ksÍCIKhg ,lalsÍu i|yd c;Hka;rhg werhqï lsÍula fjhs' fuu cd;Hka;r
ksÍCIKhka wdldr lsysmhlskau isÿúh yel' m<uqfjkau iïuq;Ska uÕska ia:dms; lrkq
,nk wdh;khkag m%;spdr ±laúhhq;= fjhs' fojkqj tlai;a cd;Ska jeks cd;Hka;r
hdka;%Khka fyda l,dmSh hdka;%Khka uÕska whs;sjdislï ms,s.ekSug ,lalrk f,ig
cd;Hka;r m%cdj úiska n,mEï lrkq ,eìh yel' WodyrKhla f,i YS% ,xldfõ .egqï
21
126 ^4& jHjia:dj
22
udkj ysñlï ms,sn| ±kqu fyda m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï iys; ;eke;a;ka 5 fofkl=f.ka udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj iukaú; fõ'
fldñIka indfõ ls%h dldÍ;ajh mq¿,a jk w;r uQ,sl whs;sj dislï W,a,x>khùï ms,sn|j fidhdn,d úu¾IK isÿlsÍu" uQ,sl whw;sj dislï
j,g mgyels ld¾h mámdàka ms,sn| jk meñKs,s ms,sn|j fidhdn,d úu¾IK isÿlsÍu hkdÈh i|yd thg n,h ysñfõ' fldñIka iNdjg
mq¿,a úu¾IK n,hla ysñ w;r tu lghq;= i|yd Wm lñgq m;alsÍFï n,ho thg ysñh' tfukau meñKs,a,la bÈßm;a ùulska f;drj
iajlSh ksÍCIKh u;o th úiska úurAIK isÿ lrkq ,eìh yel' fldñIka iNdjg uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| wêlrK lghq;=j ,g
ueÈy;aùug iy /|úhkaf.a iqNidOkh ms,sn|j kshdukh lsÍug;a n,h we;'
13

wjika fjñka meje;s wjika wÈhf¾§ ;Sj% fjñka wd m%pKav;ajh ;=, cd;Hka;r
udkqIjd§ kS;s yd udkj ysñlï ms,sn|j jk ne¢ï wkq.ukh lrkq ,nkafkao hkak
ms,sn|j wka;¾cd;sl m%cdfõ ±ä ksÍCIKhg ,laúh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï
ljqkais,h úiska W,a,x>khùï je,elaùu i|yd foaYSh udkj ysñlï jHqyhkays
YlH;djfha" cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï .súiqï ls%hdjg kexúu i|yd cd;sl jHjia:dodh
i;= yelshdfõ iy udkj ysñlï ms,sn| Í;Ska lvjQ wjia:dj, isÿlrkq ,nk
úu¾IKhkays mj;sk wvqÿq~q;djhka y÷kd .kakd ,§' 2008 jif¾§ YS% ,xldj kej;
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ysñlï ljqkais,h fj; flaÍ m;aùug ±rE W;aidyh wid¾:l
úh'23 ;=kafjkqj lsishï rgl udkj ysñlï ms,sn| jd¾;djka fyd| ;;ajhl mej;Su
wdOdr fyda fj;ka iyfhda.hka ,nd§fï§ uQ,sl fldkafoaishla njg m;afõ' 2008 jif¾§
hqfrdamd fldñiu GSP+ fhdackd l%uh hgf;a YS% ,xldjg ,nd§ ;snQ idudðl;ajh
;jÿrg;a §> l<hq;=o fkdtfiakï wj,x.= l<hq;o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd hqfrdamd
ix.uh úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= hehs olajd isák cd;Hka;r iïuq;Ska ls%hdjg kxjkq
,en we;a±hs hkak fidhd ne,Su i|yd úu¾IKhla wdrïN lrk ,§'24
• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ olajd we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislï Bg fmr mej;s wdKavql%u
jHjia:djkays jeäÈhqKqùula jqjo Ôj;aùfï ksoyi" ;eke;a;kaf.a wd¾Ól fyda iudÔh
whs;sjdislï jeks jeo.;a whs;sjdislï lsysmhlau Bg we;=,;a fkdfõ' tfukau tys
iSudjka /ilao .eíj mj;S' tkï tys y÷kd.kq ,nkafka úOdhl fyda mßmd,kuh
ls%hdjka fya;=fjka isÿjkakdjQ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvlsÍï muKls' mqoa.,sl ls%hdjka
fuys§ neyer lrkq ,en we;' úOdhl fyda mßmd,k ls%hdjka fya;=fjka isÿjkakdjQ uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï lvùï iïnkaO fm;aiï úNd. lsÍfï ;ks n,h fY%AIaGdêlrKh fj;
mejÍ ;sìh§ mqoa.,sl md¾Yajhka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvlsÍï
ms,sn|j kvq mqoa.,sl iud.ï ms,sn| kvq úNd. lrk Èid wêlrKfha mejÍug
kshufldg we;'
• uQ,sl whs;sjdislï kS;sh uÕska mkjkq ,nk iSudlsÍï j,g hg;afõ' uyck wdrCIl
mk; hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd úiska yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis mekùu jeks uyck wdrCIdj
iïnkaOfhka wod, ld,fha mj;akd kS;Ska hgf;a fuu iSudlsÍï isÿlrkq ,eìh yel'
fï wkqj tlS fr.=,dis uÕska wdrCId lsÍug wfmaCId lrk ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï tu
yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis úiskau Èhlr yßkq ,nhs' yÈis ks;s fr.=,dis 64 hgf;a yÈis kS;s
fr.=,dis hgf;a jrola jk ls%hdjla iïnkaOfhka fpdaokd lrñka hul= ufyaia;%d;a
wêlrKhla fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,nQúg tu ;eke;a;d nkaOkd.dr.; l<hq;=o wem
,ndÈh hq;=o hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï lsisÿ wNsu;hla ufyaia;%d;ajrhd i;= fkdjk w;r
Tyq úiska tu ;eke;a;dj wksjd¾hfhkau nkaOkd.dr.; l<hq;= fjhs' fuh 13 jk
jHjia:dj uÕska ms,s.kq ,nk whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍuls'
• miq.sh ld<h mqrdjgu fY%AIaGdêlrKfha uQ,sl whs;sjdislï w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍï
idïm%odhsl" ;dCIKsl" wod, wjia:dj u; mokïjQ" talñ;shla fkdue;s tajd f,i;a"
iuyr wjia:djkays§ foaYmd,ksl idOlhka yd cd;sl wjYH;djhka ñi ffk;sl
idOlhka ie,ls,a,g f.k fkdue;s njg;a úfõpk t,a,ù we;' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska iqrCIs;fldg ;sîu fukau ta iïnkaO kvq úNd. lsÍug
iajdëk yd wmCImd;S wêlrKhla mej;Su;a jeo.;a fõ'
• fï wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:djg uQ,sl whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lrkqjia fldmuK
ixfYdaOkhka .Kkdjla isÿ lrkq ,enqj;a iajlSh N+ñldj ms,sn|j jk wêlrKfha
wdl,amhka iy w¾: ksrEmk Ys,aml%uhka uÕska fuu whs;sjdislï mQ¾K jYfhka
iqrCIs; lrkafkao hkak iïmQ¾Kfhka kej; úuid ne,Sula fkdlrkafka kï tlS
ish¿ W;aidyhka M, rys; jkq we;'
wE' úOdhlh iy kS;sfha md,kh
23
by; 2 ys ms'20
24
tu
14

w& kS;sfha md,kh iïnkaOfhka úOdhlfha j.lSï iy.;Ndjh
úOdhlh yd kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn|j 1959 § wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a iïfï,kh úiska

iïmdokh lrk ,o fojk jd¾;fõ Tjqkaf.a ks.ukhka ±lafjk w;r zúOdhlfha n,h
whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍug tfrys m%udKj;a iqrCIs;hka iys; kS;s moaO;shlao" kS;sh yd
m¾hdh muKla fkdj iudch ;=, wd¾Ól iqrCIs;;djhla" iudc iqNidOkhla yd
wOHdmkhla hkdÈh idOdrk m%ñ;shlska hq;=j uyck;djg iemhsu ;=,ska ta i|yd jk
iudc wd¾Ól idOlhka w;alr.; yels wdKavqjlao mej;sh hq;= njZ thska m%ldY fjhs' YS%
,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd ck;djf.a Pkaofhka jir yhl ld<hla i|yd f;dard m;alr
.efkk w;r kej; j;djla tu OQrh i|yd ;rÕ lsÍFï whs;sho Tyqg ysñh' ckdêm;sjrhd
rdcHfha m%Odkshd" úOdhlfha m%Odkshd" wdKavqfõ m%Odkshd iy ;s%úO yuqodjkaf.a
fiakdêkdhlo fõ' Tyqg fyda wehg w.ue;sjrhd m;alsÍfï n,h" ;uka fj; fjk;a ljr
fyda ld¾hhla mjrd .ekSfï n,h" cku;úpdrKhla m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï n,h
^md¾,sfïka;=j úiska m%;slafIAm lrkq ,enQ mk;a flgqïm;a iïnkaOfhkao we;=,;aj&" ^Tyq
úiska m%Odk;ajh ork& leìkÜ uKav,h i|yd wud;Hjreka m;alsÍfï yd Tjqka fj;
ld¾hhka mejÍfï n,ho ysñfõ' ckdêm;sjrhd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fyda fjk;a ,sÅ; kS; s
yd ;;ald<fha ls%hd;aul uyck wdrCIdj ms,sn| kS;s hgf;a ish n,;, ksis wdldrfhka
ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaOfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lshhs' fï wkqj j¾;udk wdKavql%u
jHjia:d jHqyh hgf;a ckdêm;sjrhd f,i iajlSh OQrh ork ld<h ;=, Tyq fyda wehg
úYd, n,hla ysñjk w;r ckdêm;sjrhd ziajlSh ks, uÜgñka fyda mqÿ.,sl uÜgñka
isÿlrkq ,nk ljr ls%hdjlg fyda tfrysj kvq mjrkq ,eîfukaZ úks¾uqla;shla ,nhs'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka

• wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ckdêm;sjrhd ^úOdhlh& fj; ,nd§ we;s úks¾uqla;sh
fya;=fjka ish OQr ld<h ;=, mq¿,a n,;,j,g ysñlï lshhs' tkï 35 jk jHjia:dj
uÕska ckdêm;sjrhd fj; ,nd§ we;s úks¾uqla;sh fya;=fldgf.k wdKavql%u jHjia:d
iNdfõ wêldrhlska f;drj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska isÿlrkq ,nk m;alsÍï wNsfhda.hg
,lalsÍfï yelshdjla fkdue;' flfiafj;;a 35 jHjia:dfjka ,eîwe;s úks¾uqla;sh wod,
jkafka ckdêm;sjrhd ish OQr ld<h we;=,; isÿ lrkq ,nk ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka
muKls' ta wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd OQrfhka bj;ajQ miq Tyqg fyda wehg ysñj ;snQ
úks¾uqla;sh wjika fjhs' ta wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska 17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha
úIh m:fhka msg; isg isÿlrkq ,enQ m;alsÍï Tyq OQrfhka bj;ajQ miq wNsfhda.hg
,lal< yelsfõo @ ysgmq ckdêm;s pkaÈ%ld nKavdrKdhl j.lsjhq;= njg m%ldYjQ
zfjdagria tÊZ kvqj iuÕ fuh ii|kak'
• 4 jk jHjia:dj n,h fn§u iy;sl lrkq ,nk w;r ta wkqj wdKavqfõ m%Odk wx.hka
;=k úiska n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSu je,elaùu i|yd tuÕska ixjrK yd ;=,k
l%ufõohla we;sfldg we;' ta wkqj kS;sfha md,kh iy;sl lsÍu i|yd fuu wx.hka
;=k tlsfklg .re lsÍu iy ;ukaf.a n, iSudj ;=, isg lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tfia
lsÍug wiu;aùu úiska ks;sfha md,khg ndOd muqKqjhs' ´kEu wêlrK l%uhla ms,sn|
uQ,slu o¾Ylh jkafka ckdêm;s ^úOdhlh& iy úksYp a h uKav,h w;r we;s
iïnkaO;djhhs' iuia:hla f,i foaYmd,ksl fm<Uùula iys;j úOdhlh úiska
úksYaph uKav,h fj; isÿlrkq ,nk úfõpkhka fuu iïnkaO;djh nrm;,
wd;;shla lrd f.khkq ,nk w;r úksiqrejrekag foaYmd,ksj ixfõ§ kvqlghq;=j,§
wmCImd;Sj yd iajdêkj ;SrKhla .ekSfï yelshdj flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'
• fï wdldrhgu wdKavqj úiska wêlrK ;SrK ls%hd;aul lsÍug wiu;aùu kS;sfha
md,kh iy hqla;sfha md,kh ì|jeàug fya;=fjhs' fY%aIG a dêlrKh úiska ,ndÿka
;SrKhka W,a,x>kh lrñka ckdêm;sjrhd lghq;= lrk ,o wjia:djka lsysmhlau
miq.sh ld<fha jQ w;r fï w;=ßka zmeúÈ y~Z kvqj lemS fmfkhs' fuys§
15

cku;úpdrKh iïnkaOfhka zmeúÈ y~Z ixúOdkh úiska uqøKh l< w;am;s%ld
w;awvx.=jg .ekSu kS;s úfrdaë nj m%ldYhg m;alrñka fY%aIaGdêlrKh .ïmy fmd,sia
wêldÍ jrhdg jkaÈ yd w,dN f.jk f,ig kshu lrk ,§' wdKavqj úiska uyck
wruqo,a j,ska tlS jkaÈ yd w,dN f.jd ±uqjd muKla fkdj ;uka wêlrK ;Skaÿjg
úreoaO nj Rcqju fmfkkakg lghq;= lrk ,§' fï iïnkaO jvd;a uE; WodyrKh
jkafka bkaOk ñ< iïnkaOfhka mjrk ,o kvqjhs' 2008 foieïn¾ udifha§ tys
;Skaÿfjka kshu lrkq ,enQfha re'122 la j mj;sk fmg%,a ,Sgrhl ñ< re' 100 olajd my<
±ñh hq;= njh' fuh 12 jk jHjia:dj wkqj iudkd;au;djhg we;s ysñlu W,a,x>kh ù
we;s nj mjiñka mjrk ,o kvqõla úh' fuys§ fm;aiïlrejka lshd isáfha f,dal
fndrf;,a ñ< my, hoa§ ,xld Lkscf;,a kS;s.; ixia:dj furg fmg%,a ñ< my< ±óug
lghq;=fldg fkdue;s njhs'25
B' jHjia:dodhlh iy kS;sfha md,kh
1959 § wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a iïfï,kh úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o jHjia:dodhlh yd

kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn| m<jk jd¾;fõ olajd we;af;a zkS;sfha md,kh hgf;a mj;sk
iudchl jHjia:dodhlfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh jkafka ;ks mqoa.,hl= f,i ñksidg .re;ajfhka
hq;=j isàug wjYH ;;ajhka ks¾udKh lsÍu yd mj;ajdf.k hduZ jk njhs' wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj uÕska ksoyia ue;sjrK" ish¿ kS;s iïmdokhka jHjia:dodhlh úiska isÿlrkq
,eîu" jHjia:d iïmdok n,h wNsksfhdackh lsÍu md,kh lsÍu" iajdêk wêlrKhl
meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu fukau uQ,sl whs;sjdislï flfrys n,mdkakdjQ fyda w;S;hg
n,nj;ajk kS;s mekùu isÿ fkdlsÍu hkd§ f,i jHjia:dodhlfha n,;, ia:djr f,i
olajd ;sîu kS;sfha md,khla i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
ue;sjrK ksoyia" iudk yd ryia Pkaofhka meje;aúh hq;= nj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 93

jHjia:dj olajhs' 4^w& iy 75 jHjia:djka idudkH kS;s iE§fï n,h md¾,sfïka;=j fj;
mjrhs' flfiafj;;a iuyr kS;Ska cku; úpdrKhl§ ck;dj úiskoa wkqu; l<hq;= fjhs
^83 jHjia:dj&' m%udKj;a md,khka mj;skafka kï kS;s iE§fï wkq wdh;k mej;Su úiska
m%;súreoaO kS;s iïmdol wdh;khka ìys fkdlrkafkah hkak wêlrK uÕska ms,s.kq
,enQjls'26 by;ska olajk ,o wdldrhg wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh iqrCIs; lrkq ,nk iy
md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlhka isÿlrk ,o fyda isÿlsÍug woyia lrk ls%hdjka uÕska uQ, sl
whs;sjdislï lvfkdlrk njg j.n,d.kakd jHjia:djka lsysmhlau ^107" 108" 112" 115 yd
116& mj;S' uyck uQ,H yd uyck wdrCIl mk; hgf;a yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis ksl=;a lsÍu
i|yd w;HdjYH yÈis wjia:dj m%ldYhg m;alsÍu hk ldrKdjkays§ jHjia:dodhlhg
úOdhlh wNsnjd n,;, ysñfõ'
.eg¿$ ixjdo igyka
25
rch ksfhda.h iïmQ¾Kfhka ls%h djg kexùu isÿ fkdl< w;r re' 2 lska muKla tkï re'120 olaj d muKla fmg%,a ñ< my, ouk ,§'
fï fya;=fldgf.k ;uka úiska ,ndÿka ish ¿u ;djld,sl ksfhda. wj,x.= lsÍug fY%aIaGdêlrKh mshjr.;a w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i
foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r nexl= iuÕ wdKavqj t<eUisá m%dÖrK .súiqï fjkqfjka wdKavqjg úYd, jkaÈ uqo,la f.ùug isÿúh' wdKavj q
m%isoaêfhau lshd isáfha wêlrK ksf hda.h ish zhqO mßY%u hg m%;smCIZjk neúka th mQ¾K jYfhka ls%h d;aul fkdlrk njhs' l,sk a
i|ykal< wdldrhg fmg%,a ñ< ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd wêlrKh ueÈy;aùu úOdhlfha n,m%f oaYhg wêlrKh úiska wkjirfhka we;=,aula
f,i fmkS hd yel' flfiafj;;a úOdhlh úiska uq,a wjia:dfõ§u wêlrK ksfhda.h ls%h d;aul lsRSug tlÕ fkdùu úiska úOdhlhg
wêlrK ksf hda. hka fkd;ld isáh yelsh hk u;h we;s lsÍug fya;=j kq we;' fuu fomd¾Yajh w;r mj;sk fuu wd;;sh YS% ,xldfõ
kS;sfha md,khg ys;lr odhl;ajhla fkdimhhs'
26
ùrisxy t' iurisxy" 68 kkSjd" ms' 361' wdKavl
q %u jHjia:dfõ m%;smdokhkag wu;rj 158 jHjia:djo wNsksfhdað; jHjia:d iE§fï
n,hka CIKslj md,kh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk úêúOdk olaj d isáhs'
16

• f;aÍ m;ajQ wdh;khla f,i kS;sfha md,kh yd hy md,kh iy;sl lsÍfï j.lSula
jHjia:dodhlh i;=j mj;S' flfiafj;;a 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh hgf;a
jHjia:dodhl iNdjg idudðlhka m;alsÍfuys úYd, m%udohla we;sùug fya;=j ù
we;af;a idudðlhka w;=ßka miajekakd 27 jk uqia,sï ksfhdað;hd iïnkaOfhka uqia,sï
mCI w;r tlÕ;ajhla we;slr .ekSug fkdyelsùu;a" yhjk idudðlhd jk
md¾,sfïka;=fõ iq¿;r mCI tlaj m;al< hq;= ksfhdað;hd iïnkaOfhka tu mCIj,
kfhdað;hka nyq;rhla w;r tlÕ;ajhla we;slr .ekSug wiu;aùu;ah' jHjia:dodhl
iNdj ls%hd;aul ;;ajhg m;alsÍug jvd fkdjeo.;a mCI foaYmd,kh uq,afldg.;a
idlÉPdjkag jeä jeo.;alula fokq,en we;'
• md¾,sfïka;=fjka idudðlhka fkrmSu iïnkaOfhka jk wdKavql%u jHjia:duh
m%;smdok uka;S%jrekaf.a ia:dhS;djhg n,mEï we;s lrk w;r tuÕska Tjqkaf.a iajdëk
is;Sug n,mEï we;s lrhs' wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj ish mCIfhka fkrmd yßkq ,eîu
fyda ;uka ksfhdackh lrk mCIh yerod fjk;a mCIhg udreùu fyda ish mCIh úiska
bÈßm;a lrk ,o mk;a flgqïm;lg úreoaOj Pkaoh§u fya;=fldgf.k ukaS%jrhl=f.a
OQrh wfydais jk w;r Tyqg fyda wehg ;jÿrg;a ish OQrfha /£ isàug kï
fY%AIG
a dêlrKh fyda md¾,sfïka;=fõ f;aÍï ldrl iNdjla úiska Tyq mCIfha úkh
lvfldg fkdue;s njg fyda Tyq fyda weh bj;a lsÍfï§ iajNdúl hqla;sO¾u uQ,O¾uhka
wkq.ukh fldg fkdue;s njg ;SrKh l<hq;= fjhs'
W' wjidkh
ljqreka úiska ljr w¾:ksrEmkhka fhdod.kq ,enQjo kS;sfha md,kh úiska zn,h flfrys
M,odhS m%;sfIAOhlaZ isÿlrkq ,nk nj;a" zish¿ wd.ka;=l ysñlïmEïZ28 j,g tfysj
mqrjeishdg wdrCIdjla ,ndfok nj;a m%;slafIam l< fkdyel' kS;sfha md,kh iodpdr ks;s
uQ,O¾uhla fkdjkakdla fukau th kS;Hdkql+, jkaklao fkdfõ' th kS;sh ls%hd;aul
lrk fukau kS;sh ks¾udKh lrk wdh;khka flfrys n,mdk wdh;ksl iodpdrhls'
tneúka th úiska ffk;sl ia:djr;ajh fukau ld¾h mámdál iqrCIslhkao /lfohs' tys
.=Kdx.hka úêu;a jkjd muKla fkdj whs;sjdislï ms,sn| ixl,amh iy .re;ajh i|yd
jk úYajdikSh;ajh" ldrHCIu;djh" idOdrK;ajh Èßu;a lsÍuo t;=, wka;¾.; fjhs'
27
^1& w.ue;sj rhd ^2& l:dkdhljrhd ^3& úmCI kdhljrhd ^4& cksêm;sjrhd úiska kï lrk ,o ;eke;af ;la ^5& w.ue;sj rhd yd
úmCIkdhljrhdf.a kï lsÍu u; ckdêm;sj rhd úiska m;alrkq ,nk miq fofkla- fuys§ md¾,sfïka;=fõ mCI kdhlhska iuÕ idlÉPd
l<hq;= jk w;r fuu miq fokdf.ka ;=ka fofkl= md¾,sfïka;=fõ iq¿;r m%c djka ksf hdackh lrk mCI kdhlhska iu¿ idlÉPdfldg
kï lrkq ,nk Tjqkaf.a wNsreÖka ksf hdackh lrk whj¨ka úh hq;=h ^6& w.ue;sjrhd fyda úCIkdhljrhd ksf hdackh lrk mCIyer
fiiq mCIhkag wh;a uka;S%jreka úiska idlÉPdfldg kï lrkq ,en ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,enQ wfhla hk idudðlhkaf.ka
jHjia:dodhl iNdj iukaú ; fõ'
28
msg
s qfõ by; igyk
17

ය සහ ජාත වාදය
ය, ආ ම ව වස්ථාවාදය සහ ජාත වාදය අතර ඇ ස බ ධය ම ද?
කවර ෙහ සමාජෙයක ය සෑ ෙ අ කා බලය ල ආයතනය ඇත. ඕනෑම ෙ ශපාලන

සැලැස්ම ළ ග ලබන රණ හා යාව ෙහ දර ෙකෙරන සහ ස ෙ දනය ෙකෙරන
ක ම ෙ දය න ය . ජාත වාදය ළ ෙප ජනයාෙ යහපත ස
ගැ මට රජයට බලය පවරන ලා ය ව ෙ මහා ජනතාව . ෙමම රණ බවට ප
කර ෙප ප ෙස යාවට නැං ෙ මෙ දය ය ය . ෙ අ ව ෙප
ප ෙ භාෂාව ෙලස ය හ නා ගත හැක. ෙප ප යාවට නැං ය හැ ෙ
ඒවා ත ා ලව සකසා ඇ බැ .
අ ක ලධ මය බවට ප කර නා ආ ම ව වස◌ ථ◌ව◌දය සහ

ජාත වාදය අතර අත වශ ක බවට ප ෙවන ය බලගැ මට රජය බැ .
මානව යාකා වය ෙමෙහයව නා සහ මා කර නා ෙදය ෙලස ය අ ථ ගැ ෙවන

අතර ජාවෙ අ ලාෂය සහ අර සා ෂා කරගැ ෙ ධාන මාධ ය ව ෙ ද ය .
සමාජය වඩා දැ ව ව හා ස ඥා කව කට කරන ට, එම සමාජය ය ෙකෙර ,
එම ය ම රජෙ ආයතනය ෙ යාකා වය සහ එම යාකාරක ෙප ජන
ම ලට ල මට අවශ මා ෙග පෙ ශක වය සපයන ආකාරය ෙදස වැ ශ්වාසය
තබ . ම ද, සමාජෙයක රණ ය පරාව තනය වන අතර ෙ අ ත ගතය
බඳව ඇ පැ ය දැ ම ම යට අවංක ව ස රජය වග ෙම ව කට
කර නට සලස්ව . දැ ව යාකා වය සහ වග ම යන කාරණා වයට අවශ
පහ කරණය යම සැපෙයන තා රට ජාත වාදය වැෙඩ .
18

1. සං ත ෙ ෙ ල ෂණය. සං ධාන ව හය සැක ෙ සහ සමාජෙයක
ස බ ධතා ෙග ඩනැ ෙ ක මෙ දය ය ම සැපෙය . ෙ අ ව ග ට
ස් තය ෙවලකට පව වාගැ මට අවශ ක සැක සහ ස බ ධතා ය
ම සැපෙය . ඊට අමතරව, ම ව බලගැ ඇ ය යවා ම ෂණය කල හැ
බැ එය අන භව ය ෙන ෙව . ෙ සා ය නැවත සැල ලට භාජනය මට ,
ෙවනස් වලට ල කල හැක.
2. ෙප ප ය ම. ෙ ශපාලන යාව ෙ සාරය ෙප ප සැක ම න , එන

ෙප රණ ගැ ම සහ ක ප අවස්ථා හඳනාගැ ම න , එ ට ෙමම රණ අ ථකතනය
ම, යා මක කර ම, බලගැ ම සහ ශ්චයට බ ෙ ෙමවලම ව ෙ
ය .
3. අඛ ඩ වය. සමාජයකට අවශ ෙවල, ව ශ්චය, ආර ෂාව සහ පැවැ ම

සැප ෙ ක මෙ දය ය ෙව . වාද ශය මත ෙහ අ දැ ස දාය මත
ශ්වාසය තබා අ ථ පණය ලබා මට ය කට කරන තා රට, කාලය සමග
තම අරභයා අ ලතාව සහ ශ්වස ය වය තහ කරගැ මට ජාවට ඉඩ
සැලෙස .
4. අ ලාෂය තහ ම. සමාජෙයක ව නාක , ඉල ක සහ ස දාය ට කාශණය

ලබා ම සහ ඒවා මව ෛන ක ගැ මකට ල ෙ ක මෙ දය ය
ෙව . එම අර ණ අරභයා සමාජෙ අ ලාෂය ම මට , ඒවා ආව ජනය
මට ය සහාය ෙව . සමාජ ෙ දනය ර ෙක ට සමාජය අතර සහ වනය
ෙග ඩ නැ ම සහ ගල ශ්වාසය කඩ අවස්ථාවල , එ ෙනකා සමග ගැ මට
ෙය ෙවන ෙහ එ ෙනකා ෙකෙ සැකෙය ව බල නා පා ශවය අතර ම
බැ ඇ කර නට ය කට කර .
ව වස්ථාවාදය සහ ආ ම ව වස්ථාව
‘ව වස්ථාවාදය’ ය ම ද සහ ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාවට’ එ ඇ ස බ ධය?
තආ වක ෙ ශපාලන න ාය (සහ ස දාය) න ව වස්ථාවාදය ෙ . ෙම අ ත ගත

ව නාක බර වාදෙ සහ ජාත වාදෙ ලධ මය හා සමගා ව එම ෙ ශපාලන
න ාය බර වා න ාය ෙග ෙහ ජාත වා න ාය ෙග දහස්ව පව .
ඓ හා කව ග කල ගල දහස ෙව ෙව ආ ව මත මා පැන මට බර වාදය
කට ෙක ට ඇත. තන ජාත වාදය කට කර ෙ ප ෂ ා අ මතා ථය
ප වාග නට ෙන ව ෙප යහපත ෙව ෙව ආ ෙ බලය මා කරන ව වස◌ ථ◌ව◌දය
ෙව ෙව . එෙම ම ගල අ ආර ෂා කර ස ආ ෙ බලය මා කර නට
බර ව වස්ථාවා කැප ම ෙව ෙව තන ජාත වාදය කට ෙක ට ඇත.
ව වස්ථාවාදය ඓ හා කව ජ ත ෙ මානව අ කා බලයට වඩා ඉහළ අ කා බලය

ෙ ය යන අදහෙස . ෙමම අදහසට අ ව, එම ඉහළ අ කා බලය ෙවත අෙය ට ඇ බැ
ආ ව ෙකෙර අෙය ට ඇ බැ ඉ මවා .ෙ සා, තම ට අවනත වන හැ යට
ආ ව කර නා ඉ අවශ ෙය ම මාව ට ල ඇත. ෙප ෙළ තලය මත
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නා පාලකය පාලනය කර නා උ ව ආ මය ම ඇ යැ සැලෙකන
උ ත තර ය බඳ සංක පය ළ ෙමම මාව පැන ඇත.
ඊට අමතරව, ක ජාත වාදය ෙහ ෙර ම ප ක වාදය ළ රවැ යාට වන තැන

උ ත තර හා අ ලංඝ ය යැ සැල සා එම ආ ෙ බලය මාවකට ල ම
ව වස්ථාවා ඉ හාසෙ තව අංශය ව ෙ ය. යහප ආ මාණය කර නට
ඉ හාසය රා ග උ සාහය ෙග ෙහ ව ෙ ම ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ’
(සාමාන ෙය තව) තබාගැ ම, ව වස්ථාවාදෙ ෙ ශාපලන න ාය ළ ජනතාවට වග
යන ෙ ශපාලන බලය මාණය කරන ජාත වා ලධ මය සහ දහස ආර ෂා
ෙ බර වා ලධ මය වැ බල ලධ මය සා ෂා කරග නට ෙය ෙහ ඳම
මෙ දය බව .
ත ආ වක න ාය වශෙය ව වස්ථාවාදය ජ ත ව ෙ බලය, අ කා බලය බවට

ප ව තනය ෙම . ෙමම න ාය යටෙ ෛන ක එකම ෙ ශපාලන බලය න මා
ෙක බලය ෙව . එෙම ම ය අ කා බලය ව වස්ථාෙව ලබා ඇ ෙක ෙ වලට
අ ව මා ෙකෙර . අ කා බලය යා මක ව ෙ ‘ඉ කල ව ඇ තා අණ ’
හැ යටය. එන ශ් ත අර සහ යත ෙක ෙ ෙව ෙව ඊට ‘අ කා ය’ ලෙබදන
අයව ෙව ෙව එය බලය ෙලසට භා තයට ෙයෙදෙව . එෙම ම ය අ කා බලය, ඊට
යට ව නා ය ෙදනා මත වඩා යහපත ඉ කර ස ඇ බැ ෙ◌ පව . ෙ
සා අ කා බලය යා මක ව ෙ වඩා ධාන තැෙන ජ ත ‘භාරය ’
හැ යටය. එය ක වශෙය ෙග ඩ නංව නට අර කලා ෙද අඛ ඩව සැකෙස
භා තයට ෙයදැෙව . ෙමම අර සහ ‘භාරකාර වය’ බඳ ලධ මය අ කා බලය මා
කරනවා පමණ ෙන ව, එය රසාරව පව වාගැ ෙ කා යද ඉ කර .
ඉ කල ව ඇ අ සහ භාරකාර වෙය මාෙක ආ බඳ ෙමම න ාය,

ෙ ශාපලන මය ෙ අ තාලම වශෙය සමහර ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ම
පරාව තනය ෙක ණද, සමහර ආ ම ව වස්ථාවල එවැ න දැ ය හැ ෙන ෙව . ය
ෙ ශපාලන සැලැස්ම , ඉ කල වඇ අ සහ භාරකාර වෙය ව යා මක ෙව
න , එ ව වස්ථාවට අවශ අ කා බලය ලබාග ෙ උ ත තර ලා ය . ආ ෙ
බලය යා මක ෙකෙර ෙ , මාව ෙ ෙමම උ ත තර ලා ය ෙව ෙව . ෙ◌මම
උ ත තර ලා ය (ජනතාව ෙහ ෙද ය ) සැලෙක ෙ පරම බලා කාරය හැ යටය.
මාව ෙත ර ආ ස බ ධෙය ග ට, ආ ම ව වස්ථාව භා තයට ෙයදැ ම
අර කරග ෙ ජනතාව වැ මට, අයහප පාලනය සඟවාලන කඩ රාව ෙලසට,
බලෙ න ෙ මා ර ත හැ ම වසා ගැ මට යන කාරණා සඳහාය.
ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ණද, ෙන ණද, ෙ ශපාලන මය ම

ව වස්ථාවාදෙ ලධ මය පරාව තනය ෙකෙර . එයද ව ෙ , එම ෙ ශපාලන මෙ
බලය සහ එම බලය යාවට නංවන ආයතනය , ඉ කල අණ සහ භාරකාර වය පදන
ලධ මය පරාව තනය කරන ආ ම ව වස්ථාෙ ෙක ෙ ව මාවට ල
ෙකෙරනවා න පම . ෙමෙලස ග ට ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ‘උ ත තර ය’ බවට
ප ෙව .
ඒ අ ව ග ට ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ස ත ෙ ශපාලන මය (ෙහ ආ ව ) සහ

ව වස්ථාවාදය (ෙහ ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ම ට ආ ව) අතර පැහැ ෙවනස
ඇත. සෑම ෙ ශපාලන මයකටම ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ’ ඇත. එම ෙ ශපාලන මය
‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව කාරව’ ටැ එක ද, එෙස ෙන ෙව ද ය න ඊට අදාල නැත. ෙ
අ ථෙය ග ට ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව’ ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක සැකැස්ම ෙහ සං ය
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ස්තර කරන ෙදයකට වැ ෙදය ෙන ව ෙ ය. ෙ ශපාලන මය සැකැ ඇ ආකාරය
ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ම ෙප ෙකෙර . එම ෙ ශපාලන මෙය පදනම සැකැ ඇ
අ ද, එ ධාන ලධ මය කාශයට ප ෙක ඇ ආකාරයද, එය හැඩ ගැ ඇ
ස්ව පයද සහ එ ආ ව සකස් ඇ ආකාරය , යා මක වන ආකාරය එම ෙගන
දැ ෙව . එවැ ව වස්ථාව ෙ ශපාලන මය ස ව ණද, එය ෙක තර ම ෙලස
සැකැ ත ෙ ඛනය වද, එම ව වස්ථාවාදෙ ඉල ක ස ර නට හැ ෙ ය
ය න අදහස් ෙන ෙකෙර . ව වස්ථාවාදය ම ඉ ලා නත වය ට යට ව ම
තම ව බ ධනය කරගැ මට ආ කට කල ෙව .
ෙමම ත වය යාවට නැං මට, ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ’, ව වස්ථාවාදෙ ලධ මය

පරාව තනය කරන ‘උ ත තර ය’ බවට ප ය ව ඇ ෙ ය. ෙමම උ ත තර ය
ම ගල අ වා ක ආර ෂා මට සහ ෙප යහපත වැ ව ධනය මට ආණ ව
ස්ථා ත ෙක ට, මාව ට යට කල ව ඇත.
1. ව වස්ථාවාදය. ස්ථා ත අර සහ මාව සමග අ ල වන ආකාරෙය යා මක

මට වග ෙම බැ න, ශ් ත ස්ව පය සහ ල ෂණ ස ත ෙ ශපාලන
මය ව වස්ථාවාදෙ න ාය යටෙ සැකැෙස .
ෙ ශපාලන ෙමයක රටාව සහ අංග ල ෂණ ක ෙ ඛන ළ අවශ ෙය ම ඇ

ෙ◌ ෙකර න අ තරඑම ෙ ශපාලන රටාව ස බලෙ ස්ව පය සහ මාව එම ස්තර
ෙක ට, යම ෙක ට ද ව . ව වස්ථාවාදය ස්තරා මක ෙම ම ෙය ගා මක ද
ෙව . ඒ අ ව එය කල හැ සහ ෙන හැ ෙ ෙම ම කල ව ඇ ෙ ද ද වා .
ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක ස්ව පය සහ එ අංග ල ෂණ ස්ථා ත ෙක ෙම , ආ ම

ව වස්ථා ස පාදනය අ ශ ම ජාත ය යාව බවට ප ය හැක. ආ ම
ව වස්ථාව ජනතාව ම අ මත කර ලැ ම ස ඇ තා ෙප ජන මතය
ම ෙ යාදාමය ජාත වාදය මාණය කර ෙ ෙමවලම ව ෙ ය.
ෙ ශපාලන මය ජ ත කර මට ෙහ කාරණා වන ෙප මතය ම ෙ ෙමම
යාදාමය, ජනතාවෙ බල සහභා වය අෙ ෂා කරන කට ත ව ෙ ය.
අ. ව වස්ථාවාදෙ ලධ ම. ව වස්ථාවාදයට අ ව:
• ග ටඅ ලව බලය භා තා කල ය
• ෙ ශපාලන මය තම ෙ ඉල කවලට පමණ මා ය අතර ෛන ක
ඉල කය ඉ කරගැ ෙ මෙ දය පමණ භා තයට ගත ය
• ග ක ටඅ ලව ඇගැෙයන ‘ ෙ ආ පත ය’ හා සමගා වන
ෙල සාමාන සැකැ ය වඇ ෙ ය
• ව වස්ථාවා ෙ ශපාලන සැකැස්මකට එකඟ වය පළ කලා ජාත වා
ෙ ශෙයක ෙවෙසන ෙ පරමා පත බලය ඔ ෙ ආ ව මා
මට එකඟ වය පළ කරනවා පමණ ෙන ව තම වද මා කරගැ මට
එකඟ වය ලබා ෙද . උදාහරණය වශෙය ද වෙත , ම ව ෙ ශපාල ක
ත වය ෙවනස් ෙකෙරන ෙත එම ජනතාව තම ෙ ආ ම ව වස්ථාෙ
ෛන ක රා ෙව බැ .
• ගල අ වා ක ආර ෂා ම ආ ෙ බලය මා ෙක ෙම පමණ
ෙන ව, ආ ෙ අ කා යට යට ෙන වන ශ් ත අ වා ක ෙම ද,
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අ වා ක ආර ෂා මට රජෙ ආයතනය ට ශ් ත බලය පවරා ෙම ද
තහ ෙකෙර .
• ම ෂ තෙ සමහර කාරණා ෙ ශපාලනයට ෙහ ආ වලට අදාල කාරණා
ෙන ව ෙ ය. ඒ අ ව, එම කාරණා, ෙ ශපාලන අ කා බලයට අත ගැ ය
ෙන හැ තැෙනක ව ලබ .
ආ. ආ ම ව වස්ථාෙව ස්ථා ත ආ ව. ආ වක බලය පදන වන කාරණා
සහ එම බලය යා මක ෙකෙරන පරාසය ෙගන ද වන ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ස ත
ආ ව, ව වස්ථාෙව ස්ථා ත ආ ව ව ෙ ය. ආ ෙ බලය මා ෙකෙරන
වඩා බල මෙ දය ව වස්ථාව ම ම ෙගන ද වා ඇ අතර, ආ ම
ව ස්ථාෙ සඳහ ලධ මය සහ ව නාක ද, ෙ ශපාලන තෙ යථා තය ද අතර
ගැලැ ම ඇ මට ෙය ෙකෙරන මෙ දය බවටද ආ ම ව වස්ථාව
ප ෙව . බලෙ න ආ ම ව වස්ථාව පනවා ඇ මාව ට
යට ව හා අ ලව තම ට ලැ ඇ බලය භා තා ම ව වස්ථා ත ආ ව
ම අෙ ෂා කරන ත වය .
ඇ. ‘ව ාජ ව වස්ථාව ’. ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ට ෙහ ව වස්ථාවාදයට ග ෙ
ව ාජ අර සමහර ආ ම ජනතාව ෙන මග යව නා ‘ව ාජ ආ ම
ව වස්ථා’ ඉ ප කර . ෙමම ව ාජ ‘ව වස්ථාව ’ සැබෑ ආයතනය ට ෙහ
භා තාව ට සැබෑ ස බ ධතාව ෙන ෙප වන අතර ව වස්ථා ත ආ වක
මාව ට ඇ කැප මද ෙප ෙන කර . ව වස්ථා ත ආ වලට වඩා
ස ණෙය ම ෙර පය ග නා අ ත බලය භා තා කරන ආ
එවැ ත වයකට ප ව ඇ ෙ බලය පාලනය කරගැ මට ෙහ මා මට අවශ
යාමනය ෙහ බල ම ෙන මැ සාය.
2. ව වස්ථාවාදය සහ ‘ ෙ ආ පත ය’ බඳ සංක පය අතර ස බ ධතාව.
වෙය ම ප වා ඇ බව , ඒවා බඳව ය ල අතර ෙප දැ ම ඇ
බව , ඒවා ෙප භා තය සඳහා පව න බව , අප ෂපා ව එම අදාල ෙකෙරන
බව ෙ ආ පත ය බඳ සංක පෙය යැෙව . රජෙ ළධා ට ෙසම
රෙ න අෙන ය ගල ටද ෙ ආ පත ය බලපා . ෙ සා,
ෙ ආ පත ය ය ෙද පැවැ ම ෙහ පැන ම ෙන ෙව . ෙ◌මම
ලධ මය, මනාපයට සහ ෙපළැඹ වලට නැෙම නා යට වඩා සහ ම
ෙර ත වය උ ල . පාලනෙ නා තම ට කැමැ හැ යට
කැමැ අවස්ථාවල කට ම , ෙශෂ සැල ලබා ම , සහ/ෙහ තම ෙ
පාලනයට යට අයට පැහැ ෙන වන ආකාරෙය ය ෙයදැ ම ෙ
මනාපයට ෙවනස් කරන ෙ පදනම ෙව .
ෙ ආ පත ය බඳ අවම දැ ම , සදාචාරය ෙහ යහපත බඳ ත වය

ඒවා සාධාරණව හා මව ව පාලනය ෙකෙරන තා රට ෙ සාරය ෙහ හරය
සමග සමපාත ම අවශ ෙන කර ෙ ය. ඒ අ ව ෙ ආ පත ය ජාත වා
ෙන වන ෙ ශපාලන මය ළ පවා පැව ය හැක. ෙ ආ පත ය බඳ
අවෙබ ධය පැහැ කර ෙ ධ මෙ උ ත තර ත වය සමග
ගැල ෙම බවට ප මට ක ලබන බව .
ෙ ආ පත ය ම ගලය ෙ දහස ආර ෂා මට , ෙප යහපත

ම මට , රවැ ය ෙ , රජෙ ළධා ෙ යාකාරක මාවට ල
කර ලබ . ත ආ ව ස්ථා ත මට ඇ බලම මෙ දය ෙ
ආ පත ය ෙව . ම ද, මව සහ ගත හැ ෙ ශපාලන මයකට අවශ
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වාතාවරණය එම සැපැෙයන සාය. ශාල ගල සංඛ ාවකෙ සහ සං ධානය
අෙ ෂාව අතර ස බ කරණය පව ව නට ෙ ආ පත යට ශ ය
ෙම , ඒ හරහා ෙ ශපාලන බලය ඉහළ නංවා මටද හැ යාව ඇත.
ාෙය ක තලෙ ව වස්ථාවාදය එ අ ත පය ‘ ෙ ආ පත ය’ හරහා අ
කරග . ෙ ආ පත යට අදාල ක යමය , රජෙ ආයතනය ම සහ
ෙප සාක ඡාවල හා වාද වාද වල ජනතාව අ ථ පණය ෙක ට යා මක
කර මට, වඩා ස ස්තරා මක හා වග ස දාය බවට ප ව තනය ෙම
ව වස්ථාවාදය ස්ව ය අර ණ අ ප කරග .
3. ආ වට මා පැන ෙ මෙ ද වශෙය ෙ ශපාල ක, ආ ක සහ ගල දහස.
ව වස්ථාවාදය සහ ෙ ශපාලන, ආ ක, සහ ගල දහස අතර දැ ස බ ධතාව
ඇත. ආ වට මා පැන ෙ මෙ ද වශෙය ෙ ශපාලන, ආ ක, සහ ගල
දහස භා තා ෙකෙර . අෙන අතට, ෙමම දහස ආර ෂා මට තආ ව
අත වශ ම ව ෙ ය.
අ. ෙ ශපාලන දහස, රාජ පාලනය මත පාලනය හා බලපෑම ඇ කර නට
ජනතාවට ඇ අ ය ෙව . ජනතාව ෙ◌මම දහස භා තා කර ෙ ෙප කට වල
තම ෙ අදහස් යාපා නට ඇ අ යද අ ත ගත කරෙගනය. ෙ සා
ජනතාවෙ දහසට බාධා කර නට රජය දරන උ සාහය වල වා මට ජනතාව
ස ව ෙ ශපාලන දහස ම අවශ ෙව . තම ෙ ෙ ශපාලන දහස භා තා ම
ළ ජනතාව ආ ව මත තම ෙ පරමා පත බලය යාවට නංව .
ආ. ආ ක දහස ම රජෙ සෘ මැ හ ෙම ස්වා නව ෙවෙළඳ කට
පව වාෙගන යෑමට, සං ධානය මට සහ ව ාපාර කට කරගැ මට අවස්ථාව
සැලෙස . (ෙමය බර සමාජයක ක ල ෂණය ). ෙ පල කරගැ ම, භා තා
ම, වමා කරගැ ම සහ ණා දැ ම ෙමම දහස ළ ඇ ළ ය. ම ද,
ගලය ට තම ෙ තවල ක කාරණා ස බ ධෙය කට කර නට ද,
එෙම ම රජෙ අනවශ හා අසාධාරණ ප ෂාෙව සහ මැ හ ෙම ෙත රව එම
කට වල ත මටද ඇ අ ය ආ ක දහස ළ අ ත ගතය. ආ ක
දහස පැවැ ම ම එ ෙනකට තරඟකා ස්වා න බල ෙ ය මාණය
ෙකෙරන අතර එම ආ ෙ බලය මාවට ල ෙකෙර .
ඇ. ගල දහස න ෙ ශපාලන අ මැ ය ෙහ රජෙ බලපෑම නැ ව
ගලය ට ෙහ ගල ක ඩාය වලට තම කැමැ ත රටාව පව වාෙගන
යාමට සහ ඊට අ ල හැ ප ධ ය දරා මට ඇ ස්වා න කලාපය ෙව .
උදාහරණයකට, ප මාණය කරගැ මට, ස බ ධතා ඇ කරගැ මට,
කැමැ ආගම ඇදැ මට, ස සමාග වල යාකාරක වලට සහභා මට, සහ
කලා කට වල ත මට අ ය ෙමම දහස ම ගලයාට ලබාෙද .
ෙමම යාකාරක ගලයාෙ ස්වයං රණය මනාව ෙප කරන අතර ආ ෙ
සෘ පාලනෙය ෙව ව ෙත රාගැ මට , දහස මට අවශ
ලා ය බවට ප ෙව .
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ආ ම ව වස්ථා ත ජාත වාදය
‘ජනතාව ම ’ ව ලැ ආ ව සහ ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ’ බඳ අදහස අතර
ස බ ධය ම ද?
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ආ ම ව ස්ථාව බඳ සංක පය තල න ෙය ජනය කර . ජනතාව අතර ක
සහ වනය, ෙ ශපාලන ෙමයක රටාව සහ ආ වක සැකැස්ම ඒ තල න ෙව . ෙ සෑම
තලයක ම, තම ට තම තය කරග නට හා තම ෙ ඉරණම කර නට
රවැ ය ට ඉඩ සලසා ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව බඳ සංක පය ම ඉ ෙකෙර .
යතව හ නාග ජන ෙක ඨාශය , ‘ෙ ශපාල ක ’ ෙහ ‘සං ත ෙ ශපාලන

සං ධානය ’ බවට ප මට අවශ ශ ය ස ත ඒකාබ ධ ජාව ෙහ රවැ ය බවට
ප ව ෙ නැත. එවැ ඒකාබ ධ රවැ ක ඩායම බවට ප මට න , එන ‘ රවැ
’ ෙහ ‘ෙ ශපාලන සං ධානය ’ මට ජනතාව අෙන න ස බ ධතාව ෙග ෙහ
සාමාන ජන තය පහ කරවන මාණව ඉව ෙම ව එකට ඒකරා ජනතාව
බවට ප ය ව ඇ ෙ ය. රවැ ක ඩායම ෙස ජනතාව ෙමවැ සහ වනය
ෙග ඩනගා ගැ ම ජනතාවෙ ක ‘සං ත’ ෙස බාව මාණය කර ගැ ම ෙස
හ නාගත හැ වන අතර, එම එ ෙනකාව බල රවැ ය ෙස හ නාගැ මට ට
අවස්ථාව සැලෙස .
ණ ෙලස පරමා පත බලය ස ත ජනතාව බවට ෙ ශපාල ක ප ව ෙ

ජනතාව අතර සහ වනය ෙමයාකාරෙය ෙග ඩනැෙග ෙ න පම . ෙමම ක සං ත
ෙස බාව ම ධ රටාව ෙග ස්වා න ෙ ශපාලන ඒකක ෙහ ෙ ශපාලන සං ධාන
මාණය කරගැ මට අවශ පදනම සලස .
ජනතාවෙ ක සං ත බෙව ව නාක ඔ ෙ ස බ ධතා ළ ගම මාන ෙව ; එම

ව නාක සමාන ෙය ස ස්තරා මකව ඉ ප ෙන ෙකෙර . තවද, ෙමම ය ව නාක
ණ ෙලස කාශයට ප කර නට ෙන හැ ම ට වලද පැව ය හැක. ම ද එම
ව නාක ව ෙබ ෙහ මය අ කා ත ෙහ අ ඥා ත ෙස යා මක වන සාය.
කවර ෙහ ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක වඩා ස ස්තරා මක ව වස්ථාව හා සමග ජනතාවෙ ෙමම
ක සං ත බව ගැල ය ව ඇ ෙ ය. වඩා ෙහ සැක නා ෙ ශපාලන මය ,
පාලක ෙ ශපාලනෙ ස ස්තරා මක ව වස්ථාව ම ව කාශයට ප ව ෙ
ෙ ශපාල ක ආයතනය ෙ පදනම ය හැ ජනතාවෙ ක සං ත බෙව ගැ වන
ශ් ත ව නාක ස දාය .
ෙ සා ජනතාවෙ ක සං ත බව, වඩා ම ව වස්ථාව සැකැ මට ෙහ තම ව

ආකාරෙය පාලනය කරගැ මට ජනතාව ආයතනය මාණය කරන
ෙ ශපාලන මය සැක මට පදනම ව ෙ ය. ෙ අ ව වඩා ම ව වස්ථාව,
ජනතාවෙ සාමාන තය ස ය කරවන ෙ ශපාල ක වය අ ත ගත කරග ත ෙව .
පාලක ෙ ශපාලනෙ ෙමම වඩා ම ව වස්ථාව සහ ජනතාව ළ ඇ ස ය ව ණය,
එ ෙනක හා ෙහ ෙන ගැලෙපන ට , ෙ ශපාලන මය, ජනතාවෙ ස්වයං පාලනය
රසාර මට අසම අස්ථාවර පදනම එක බව පැහැ ෙකෙර . ‘ව වස්ථාෙ ’
තල න බඳ සංක පය යට සැඟව ඇ ජනතාවෙ ෙප බව ළ හ නාග ෙ ශපාලන
සැකැස්ම අ පැර ජාත වා ල ෂණය පරාව තනය කර .
ජනතාව සඳහා ෙශ ෙ ශපාලන සැකැස්ම සැල ෙක ට ස්ථා ත ෙක ට ඇ ට

(උදාහරණය වශෙය ජනරජයක ෙහ රාජා වක ෙශ ෙවනස්ක ස තව), ව වස්ථාව
බඳ සංක පය ෙගන එන තව කාරණය න ‘ආ පාලන මාලාව’ . ෙමය රජෙ
ආයතනය පව වාෙගන යෑමට අවශ කර නා ධාන ෙහ ක සැලැස්ම ෙව .
ෙමම මාලාව ත ව වස්ථාවක ස්ව පය ග . ෙමම මාලාව වඩා ෙහ
මාණය මට න , ජනතාවෙ අර වලට හා ඔ ෙ ෙස බාව ට වඩා ෙහ
25

ගැල මට අත වශ වන ලධ මය ආ පාලන මාලාෙ වග ම
පරාව තනය ය ව ඇ ෙ ය. ඒ අතරම, පාලක ෙ ශපාලනය ජාත වා ෙ වා ෙහ
ෙන ෙ වා, එම පාලක ෙ ශපාලනය ෙප කර නා ල ෂණවලට ෙමම ආ
පාලන මාලාෙ වග සත ෙල බැ පැව ය ව ඇ ෙ ය.
රවැ ජනතාව අතර පැහැ ෙවනස්ක දැ ය හැ වන සා, ඕනෑම තැනක භා තයට

ෙයදැ ය හැ ශ් යව අදාලවන ෙ ශපාලන රටාව ෙහ ෙ ශපාලන ව වස්ථාව නැ ෙ ය.
තවද, සෑම රටකම ජනතාවෙ ස්වයං පාලනය එක ෙස සා කව පව වාෙගන යා හැ
වෙය ෙක නා රාජ ආයතනය ද නැ ෙ ය. ඒ අ ව, ජනතාව සඳහා ඉතා
ෙහ ඳ ව වස්ථාව සකසා ගැ ම ජනතාව ම ය ත වන අතර ටස්ත
පැ ෙණන ෙශෂඥ එය භා ඩය බවට ප ම කල ෙන හැ ෙ ය.
1. ‘ ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාවක’ සංක පය. ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ත, අ ධ ත

ෙහ අෙ ත වද, එම ෙ ශපාලන ජාව වශෙය ජනතාවකෙ ක ව නාක
සහ ෙප ස්ව පය පරාව තනය ම ෙහ ඉ ප ම කර . ආ ම ව වස්ථාව
බඳ සංක පය, ෙ ශපාලන මය ව නට ෙපර ඊට අවශ සැලැස්ම ෙව .
නැ න පව න ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක අ ත ගත ලධ මය ෙග එම සංක පය ජ ත
වා ය හැක. ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව , සමාජයකට අවශ ආ ෙව සහ එ
ෙ ශපාලන බලෙය අර සහ සැකැ ම අ ත ගත කරගැ මද, ඉ ප මද
කර .
ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව බඳ සංක පය ළ අ ම තර පහත සඳහ කාරණා

අ ත ගත ෙව : ෙ ශපාල ක බවට ප මට ගල තම අතර ඇ කරග
‘සමාජ එකඟතාව ’ ෙහ ‘ ම ’ ෙව ; ෙ ශපාල ක සහ ඔ ෙ ආ ව
අතර ‘ ම ’ ෙව ; සහ ෙ ආ පත ය ස ත ෙමයකට පදනම සපය නා ‘ ක
ය’ ෙව . ‘ආ ම ව වස්ථාව’ යන වචනෙය අ ථ ගැ ෙව ෙ ,
i. ආ ෙවක ස්ව පය බඳ ස්තරය
ii. ක ය ෙගන ද වන ෙ ඛනය ෙහ ෙ ඛන පය
iii. ස දා ෙලසද, ස පාදනෙය ද, සහ අ කරණ ම ද කාලය සමග

සංෙශ ධනය මට ෙහ වැ මන අ ථ ගැ මට පහ කම සලසා ෙදන ත
ෙ ඛනය ෙහ ෙ ඛන පය
iv. ම ෙලස ග නා අවෙබ ධතාව ෙග ව
v. ය පැන වල සහ ආ ෙ යාකා වය පැ ය තා
සපයන සහ සමාජෙ ම අ ලාෂය ෙගන ද වන, එෙම ම
ආ ෙ බලය මා කරන උ ත තර, ධාන ෙහ ක ය ෙව
vi. ෙ ශපාල ක ජනතාවකෙ ප , ව නාක සහ ල ෂණ ෙගන ද වන

ෙදය ෙව .
2. ජාත වා ෙ ශපාලන මය ළ ම ආ ම ව වස්ථාව ෙ අර හා

ෙය ජනය .
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ආ ම යවස්ථාව ෙය ජනයට ගැ ම කල හැ ෙ ,
i. ෙ ශපාලන මය ට අවශ බලය සහ ආ වල යාකා වය සැකැ මට
ii. ජනතාව ආ වට ලබා ඇ බලය හා බල අ කා ය ස්තර මට
iii. ෙ ශපාල ක බල අ කා ය සහ ආ ෙ යාකලාපය ශ්චය කල හැ

ආකාරෙ ධ ම ප ධ ය සැකැ මට
iv. ආ ෙ ව හා මක රා ව ඉ ප මට, ආ ව බලගැ මට, ආ ෙ

ධ ලය ශ් ත වශෙය දැ මට සහ එම ලය ෙකෙස ර ය ද
ය නට දැ මට හා ජනතාව සහ ඔ ෙ ආ ව අතර ස බ ධතාව ස්ථා ත
මට
v. ගල අ වා ක ආර ෂා මට සහ ෙප යහපත ගැ මට ආ ෙ
බලය මා මට
vi. සමාජයට සහ ගලයා ස ෙප ග ක වයට ස්වා නව යා මක

ෙව නට අවශ අවකාශය ෙග ඩ නග නට
vii. ආ ක සැලැස්මකට අවශ ක ෙක ෙ හා ස්ථා ත මට
viii. ෙ ශපාලන සැලැස්ම ළ, පළා ෙහ රා ත වැ ඒකක අතර බලය ෙබදා මට
ix. ෙ ආ පත ය ස්ථා ත මට සහ සාමකා ආකාරෙය ගැ සඳා මට

අවශ ඉ ප මට
x. ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක ක ව නාක හා ලධ මය අ ත ගත කරගැ මට

ෙම ම සමාජෙ අ ලාෂය හා අනාගත ඉල ක ෙප වා මට
xi. ෙවනස් ම අර කරග සහ සමාජ ගැට සඳාලන වාහනය ෙලස
xii. රවැ ය ට තම ෙ ආ ෙ යාකලාපය ඇගැ ම කල හැ ෙහ

ක කාරණා සැප මට
27

රටක අ කරණ ප ධ ෙ ග ල ෂණ
රටක අ කරණ ප ධ ෙය ය ණාංගය - සෙහ ක වය, ද බව, සහ රවැ ය ට
අ කරණය ඉ යට ඒමට ඇ හැ යාව - ජාත වාදෙ යහප පැවැ මට ෙමම කාරණා
වැදග බලපෑ ඇ කර .
ජාත වාදයට තකර ව නා රෙටක ඇ ජාත වාදයට නාශකා ව නා රෙටක

අ කරණ ප ධ ෙ ග ල ෂණ න : අ කරණ ප ධ ෙ ග ල ෂණ න :
• අ කරණ ප ධ ය ළ අ ත ගත වන • ෙ සැබෑ අර සඟවා ඒවාට

ෙ ආ පත යට අදාල ක ව ාජ අර ආෙර පණය ම.
ල ෂණ - ය සැමෙදනා දැන
ගැ ම ස ව ඒ ගැන දැ ව • ය හැ ත වය ෙහ කවර
ම, ම බව, සහස බ ධය පල අ ව ෙ ද ය න ව
පැව ම, ෙප බව ම, අවෙබ ධ ෙන හැ තරමට පටලැ සහගත
කට ම, ය හැ ත වය බ හා ෙන හැ යාෙව අ කරණ
දැ ම, අප ෂපා බව. ප ධ ය වඩා සං ණ ඇත.
• රෙ පව න ජනතාවට අවෙබ ධ • පව න වල ඇ ෙන ගැලෙපන

කරගත හැ ඒවා වන අතර, එම ස්වභාවය සා ලබාෙදන වල
ජනතාවෙ ෙය ජනය සඳහා ෙව . ඇ ෙ ගැ කා ත වය . ෙ
සා ෙමම මතෙ ග ඒවා
• අ කරණ ප ධ ය බඳව ජනතාවට බව ස්ෙව නට ග .
ක දැ ම ඇ අතර එ
යාකා වය ෙප ජනයාෙ • පා ශ ය ෙල ද, ගල උවමනාව
ම ෂණයට වෘතව පව . මත ද යා මක ෙම ඒවා
අසාධාරණ වය ප රවන අතර,
• අ කරණ ප ධ ය සාධාරණ ෙලස ප ධ ය ෙකෙර , ෙකෙර
කට කරන බවට ද, එය සමස්ථය ෙප ජනයාෙ අතෘ ය සහ ග ව
ෙලස ය ම කරන බවට ද පළ ෙව .
හැ ම ජනතාව ළ ඇත.
• සැම ටම ෙහ ෙන සැල ම
• ය සැක ෙ , අදාල ෙ , ෙල ෙවනස් ෙම
ම ෂණයට ල ෙ සහ බල ප ධ ෙය අස්ථාවර වය ෙසම,
ගැ ෙ කට තට සහභා ෙ යා මක ෙම අ ව නා
අවස්ථාව රවැ ය ට ඇ ෙ ය. පල ගැන දැ ම ඇ
ෙන කර .
• ෙ බල අ කා ය හා ඊට යා මක
ව නට ඇ මාව එ අර ව ම • ෙ සාරය සහ එම යා මක
සාධාර කරනය ෙක ට ය රා ළ වන ආකාරය ගැන ජනතාවෙ අදහස්
මා ෙක ට ඇ අතර, ඒවා සාධාරණ හා යා පා නට ෙහ ජනතාවෙ දැ ම
ගත හැ ෙස ස්ෙව . ව ධනය කරග නට ඉඩ කඩ නැත.
28

• ය, සමාජෙ ක අර හා • ෙක තර සං ණ ද ය ඒවා
ප මත නැවත සලකා බල බඳ ත කා ල කාශ
ලැ ම , නැවත ම මට ල කර ම අපහ ය.
ලැ ම , ෙවනස් ම ෙකෙර .
• ස බ ධෙය සහ මය
• අ කරණය, ධායකෙය ද, ය ස බ ධව සාධාර කරනය
ෙ ශපාලන කාරණාව ද ෙව ව කර නට මය ග
පව නා ෙදය ෙව . ලබ න ෙෂප කර .
එෙම ම එවැ සාධාර කරනය
කර නට ඔ අෙප ෙහ ස ය.
• සහ , ස්ථාවර, ෙවනස◌
කල
ෙන හැ , නැවත සලකා බැ ම සඳහා
ෙය ජනා කල ෙන හැ ෙ ෙලස
සැලෙක .
• අ කරණ ර ආ වම ප
කර ලබන අතර ෙම ශාල ෙලස
ෙ ශපාල කරණයට හ ව . ෙ
සා ගැ ෙ කට ෙ
ෙම ෙ ශපාලන වා
බලාෙප ෙර ෙව .
29

ksoyia iudchl kS;sfha md,kh ms<sn| È,a,s m%ldYkh
kjÈ,a,sh bkaÈhdj
^1959 ckjdß 5-10&
kjÈ,a,s iïfï,kfha f;audj jQfha zksoyia iudchl kS;sfha md,khZ hkakh' ;jo kS;sfha
md,kh háka Èfjk uQ,O¾uhka yd ld¾h mámdàka j¾Okh lsÍu fukau tlS ixl,amh
w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍu yd meyeÈ,s lsÍuo iïfï,kh úiska isÿlrkq ,eìk'
—È,a,s iïfï,kh kS;sfha md,kh ms<sn| ixl,amfhys jeo.;a wx.hka ;=klg wdrïNh
,ndfok ,§' m<uqjekak jkafka hï hï whs;sjdislï ksoyia ;eke;a;ka i;=j mj;sk
nj;a" Tjqka tajd rdcHfhka wdrCId lr.; hq;= nj;ah' fojkqj iajdëk wêlrkhla iy
kS;S{ ukav,hla fukau uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd ksoyi wdrCId lsÍu i|yd M,odhS
hdka;%Khl wksjd¾h wjYH;djh mj;S' ;=kajekak jkafka .re;ajfhka hq;=j Ôj;afjñka
ish kS;Hdkql+, wfmaCIdjka ;Dma; lr.ekSu i|yd bv i,ik iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k
;;ajhka ia:dms; lsÍuhs'˜
^wka;¾cd;sl ks;sfõ§kaf.a fldñiu" The Pioneering Years" ÆIshka Ô' ùruka;S%" ms' 53&
rgj,a 52 lg wh;a úksYapldrjreka" kS;S{hska yd kS;s uydpd¾hjreka 185 fofkla

iïfï,khg iyNd.SjQy' iïfï,khg fmriQodkula f,i 1958 cQ,s 7 iy 8 Èkhkays
fko¾,ka;fha fya.a ys§ /iaùula mj;ajkq ,eìk' kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn| iïfï,k ldrHm;%h
fuys§ flgqïm;a lrkq ,enQ w;r th cd;Hka;r ks;sfõ§kaf.a fldñifï ysgmq uy f,alï fkdauka
udIa fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,eìk' msgq 134 lska hq;a m;s%ldj 1957 jif¾§ wka;¾cd;sl
kS;sfõ§kaf.a fldñiï uyf,alï ld¾hd,h úiska kS;S{jreka yd ffk;sl wdh;khka
fhdod.ksñka mj;ajkq ,enq cd;Hka;r ióCIKhla uÕska tla/ia lr.kakd ,o f;dr;=re
u; mokï úh' tla/ia lr.kq ,enQ f;dr;=re my; ldKav y;rg j¾. lrkq ,eìk'
1' jHjia:dodhlh iy kS;sfha md,kh

2' úOdhlh iy ks;sfha md,kh
3' wmrdO ls%hdj,sh iy kS;sfha md,kh
30

4' kS;sfha md,kh hgf;a wêlrKh yd kS;s jD;a;sh
iïfï,kfha§ fuu f;audjka i|yd fjk fjku lñgq msysgjkq ,enQ w;r ldrHm;%h úiska
tajdfha idlÉPdjka i|yd moku imhk ,§' lñgqj, jd¾;djka yd ks.ukhka mQ¾K
iïfï,kh fj; ieis foll§ bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ w;r óg iudka;rhj fuu mÀ;hka
fufyhqï lñgqjlgo fhduqlrk ,§' iïfï,kh ksud lsÍfï ieisjdrfha§ fufyhqï lñgqj
úiska ks.ukhka ksl=;a lrk ,§'
lñgqj, ks.ukhka ms,sn| idrdxYhla
1' jHjia:dodhlh iy ks;sfha md,kh
ish ks.ukj,§ jHjia:dodhl lñgqj m%ldYfldg isáfha kS;sfha md,kh hgf;a ñksidf.a
.re;ajh wdrCId lr.ekSu i|yd fya;=jkakdjQ ;;ajhka ks¾udKh lsÍu iy
mj;ajdf.khdu jHjia:dodhlh úiska isÿlrkq ,nk njhs' isú,a yd foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï ms,s.ekSu fukau mqoa.,hdf.a mQ¾K fm!reI j¾Okhla i|yd iudÔh" wd¾Ól"
wOHdmksl yd ixialD;sl ;;ajhka ia:dms; lsÍuo fuhg wh;a fõ'
lñgqj ;jÿrg;a lshd isáfha kS;sfha md,kh i|yd iudch ;=, ;ks mqoa.,hska kshdukh
lsÍfñ wju m%ñ;Ska wjYH jk njhs' flfiafj;;a fujka m%ñ;Ska úiska jHjia:dodhl n,h
flfrys hï hï iSudjka we;slrkq ,nhs' jHjia:dodhlh flfrys jk iSudjka wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg wka;¾.;fldg mej;sh hq;= w;r iajdëk wêlrKhla uÕska iq/lsh hq;= fjhs'
lñgqfõ ks.ukhkag wkqj w;S;hg n,mdk mßÈ oKavk kS;s mekùu" tla mqrjeishl= yd
;jfll= fjkiafldg i,lk" wd.ñl úYajdihka ±Ífï ksoyig ueÈy;ajk" l:dlsÍfï"
/iaùfï yd iud.ufha ksoyig iSudjka mkjk" ;ek;a;ka úiska uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd
iajlSh ksoyi ls%hd;aul lsÍug ndOdlÍ jk kS;Ska mekùfuka je,lS isàfï iy by;
i|yka l< ksoyia iqrCIs; lsÍu i|yd ld¾h mámdál hdka;%Khka iïmdokh ^zksi s
ls%hdoduhZ& lsÍfï j.lSu jHjia:dodhlh i;=fõ'
2' úOdhlh iy kS;sfha md,kh
úOdhlh ms,sn| lñgqj ks.ukh lf<a jHjia:dodhlh úiska úOdhlh fj; ,ndfokakdjQ
n,h mej;shyels wvqu iSudjka ;=, ls%hdjg kexúh hq;= nj;a" tlS wNsksfhdað; n,fha
m%udKh yd wruqK iy tlS wNsksfhdað; n,hka ls%hdfõ fhoúhyels ld¾h mámdàka
jHjia:dodhlh úiska w¾:ksrEmkh l<yels nj;ah' úOdhlh úiska iïu; lrkq ,nk
kS;s iudf,dapkhg ,lalsÍfï n,h iajdëk wêlrK foayhlg ,ndÈh hq;= fjhs ^wêlrK
iudf,dapkh&'
úOdhlh lsishï ;eke;a;l=g fyda lsishï foam,lg Rcq yd ydkslr f,i n,mEï iy.;
jkúg Tyq fyda wehg ish meñKs,a, wêlrKhla bÈßfha lshdmEug fukau iqÿiq
m%;sl¾uhla ,nd.ekSugo whs;sh mej;sh hq;=h' wêlrK iudf,dapk hdka;%Khla fkdue;s
;;ajhka ;=,§ ish whs;sjdislï yd wNsreÖka flfrys n,mEï we;sù we;s md¾Yajhkag
;ukaj ksfhdackh lrùu i|yd m%udKj;a wjia:djka ,ndfok meñKs,s úNd. lsÍfï"
úu¾IK isÿlsÍfï iy Wmfoia§fï mQ¾j.dó mámdàka ia:dms; l<hq;= fjhs'
31

lñgqfõ ;j;a ks.ukhlajQfha úOdhlh ish ;SrKhkag t<eöug fya;=jQ lreKq l%uj;aj
±laúhhq;= njg;aa" tys n,mEug ,lajk md¾Yajhka úiska b,a,Sula lr isá wjia:djkays§ tajd
tu md¾Yajhg ikaksfõokh l<hq;= njg;aa kshu lrkafka kï kS;sfha md,kh Yla;su;a
jkqwe;s njhs'
4' wmrdO ls%hdj,sh yd kS;sfha md,kh
wmrdO ls%hdj,sh ;=, kS;sfha md,kh m%dfhda.slj ls%hdfõ fhoúu ms,sn|j lñgqfõ
wjOdkh fhuqúh' kS;sfha md,kh m%ldYùu iqrCIs; lrkqjia w;HdjYH jk njg
ie,flk wju Í;s fuys§ meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'
w;S;hg n,mdk mßÈ wmrdO kS;s mekùu je,elaùu ^kS;sfha ksYaÑ;;djh& fukau
ks¾fodAISNdjfha mQ¾j ks.ukh ms,sn|jo lñgqj ish ks.ukhka bÈßm;a lrisák ,o w;r
Tmamq lsÍfï Ndrh udre l<yels jkafka lreKq úiska m%;smCI mQ¾jks.ukhla ia:dms ; l<
úgl§ muKla jk nj lñgqfõ woyi úh'
lsshï ;eke;a;l= w;awvx.=jg .ekSï iïnkaOfhka jk úg w;awvx.=jg .ekSfï n,h

kshdukh l<hq;= jk w;r ;ukaj wvx.=jg .kq ,eîug fya;=j w;awvx.=jg m;ajk
;eke;a;dg ±laúh hq;=h' Tyq fyda wehg kS;s iydh ,nd.ekSug ysñlu ;sìh hq;= w;r tu
;eke;a;dj flá ld<hla ;=,§ wêlrKh bÈßmg meñKúh hq;=h'
kvq úNd.hg fmr r|jd isák ;eke;a;kaf.a whs;sjdislï lñgqj úiska ,ehsia;=.; lrkq
,enQ w;r wem b,a,d isàfï whs;sho thg we;=,;a úh'
ú;a;sfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh iy meñKs,af,a wju j.lSï ms,sn|jo ks.ukhka bÈßm;a flßk'

pQÈ; fj; jdisodhl jk idCIs meñKs,a, úiska ;uka fj; r|jd.ekSfuka je,lSfï
wjYH;djho fï w;r úh'
pQÈ;f.ka m%YAK lsÍfï§ wkq.ukh l<hq;= wju m%ñ;Ska lñgqj úiska kshu lrkq ,eìks'
;uka fj; wmrdOdfrdamkh lsÍfuka je,lSfï whs;sh iy pQÈ;f.a fN!;sl yd udkisl
tald.%;djh iy;sl lrk m%;smdokhka ta w;r úh' wmrdO kvq iïnkaOfhka m%isoaO kvq
úNd. meje;aùu yd wNshdpkd lsÍfï iy jro ksjerÈ lsÍfï whs;sh ms,sn|jo lñgqj
ks.ukhka bÈßm;a lrk ,§'
wjidk jYfhka lñgqj ;SrKh lf<a kS;sfha md,khg o~qjï meñKùu iïnkaOfhka
lsisÿ úfYaIs; kHdhla wjYH fkdjk kuq;a lDDr" wudkqIsl fyda widOdrK ksjdrl
mshjrhka fyda o~qjï wksjd¾hfhkau neyer l<hq;= njh' fï wkqj yels iEu wjia:djlu
mqkre;a:dmk mshjrhka fhdod.ekSu flfrys lñgqfõ iyfhda.h ysñúh'
4' kS;sfha md,kh hgf;a wêlrKh yd kS;s jD;a;sh
wêlrKh yd kS;s jD;a;sh ms,sn| lñgqj wjOdrkh lr isák ,oafoa iajdëk wêlrKhla
mej;Su kS;sfha md,kh we;s lsÍu i|yd w;sYhskau jeo.;a jk njhs' wêlrKfha
iajdëk;ajh iqrCIs; lsÍu i|yd úksiqrejreka m;alsÍu iïnkaOfhka wju jYfhka
rdcHfha wx.hka follaj;a ^tkï wêlrKh iy jHjia:dodhlh& w;r iyfhda.S;djhla
mej;Su we;=¿ mshjrhka .Kkdjlau wjYH fjhs' ;jo lñgqj m%ldYfldg isáfha
32

úksiqrejreka zOQrfhka myl< fkdyelsùuZ kS;sfha md,kh iqrCIs; lsÍfï m%Odk idOlhla
jk njhs'
kS;s jD;a;sh iïnkaOfhka .;al< ish lghq;= ;ksj l<uKdlrKh lr.; yels
ixúOdkd;aul kS;s jD;a;shla meú;sh hq;=h hkak lñgqfõ u;h úh' ;uka fj;g
meñfKk ´kEu kvqjla Ndr.ekSfï ksoyi kS;S{jrhl=g mej;sh hq;=h' iuyr kvqj,§
Tyq wkqlïmdjla fkdolajk ;eke;a;ka fjkqfjka fmkS isàug Tyqg isÿjkq we;'
;jo hqla;sh fj; idOdrK m%fõYh ms,sn| ldrKh flfryso lñgqfõ wjOdkh fhduqúh'
kS;s jD;a;sh fj; mj;sk uQ,slu ne¢u jkafka m%udKj;a kS;s Wmfoia iy ksfhdackhla
,nd§u i|yd Wmßu W;aidyh orkq ,nk njg iy;slùu nj fuys§ m%ldYúh'
flfiafj;;a fuu j.lSï bgqlsÍu i|yd kS;s jD;a;shg iydh ùfï j.lSu rdcH yd m%cdj
i;=fõ'
È,a,s m%ldYkh
m%ldYkh fmdÿ iajrEmhla .;a;la jk w;r kS;sfha md,khg hg;a rgj,a leue;a;la
olajk wx.hka t;=, .eíj mej;=ks' jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka m%ldYkh úiska kS;sfha md,kfha
úYaùh;ajh iaÓridr f,i m%ldYhg m;alrkq ,eîuhs' m%ldYkh ls%hdjg kexúfï j.lSu
iyNd.Slrejka yd wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a iïfï,kh hk fomsßi fj; úh' m%ldYkh
zish¿u rgj, kS;sfõ§kag iïfï,kfha ks.ukhkays m%ldYs; uQ,O¾uhka ish m%cdjka ;=,
ls%hdjg kexùug lghq;= lrk f,iZ l< b,a,Sula fjhs' tfukau ziïfï,kfha ks.ukhka
f,dalh mqrd m%dfhda.slj ls%hdjg kexùug ish iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka fhdojk f,igZ
wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a fldñiu fj; jk b,a,Sulao tys .eíj we;'
È,a,s m%ldYkh
rgj,a 53 lg wh;a úksYapldrjreka" kS;s jD;a;sfha ksr; kS;s{hska iy kS;sh ms,sn|

.=rejreka 185 fokl=f.ka iukaú; wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a iïfï,kh wka;¾cd;sl
kS;sfõ§kaf.a lfñifï wkq.%yh hgf;a 1959 ckjdß udifha§ kjÈ,a,sfha§ /iaj f,dalh
mqrd kS;sfha md,kh yd hqla;sh ls%hdjg kexùu iïnkaOfhka ksoyiaj yd wjxlj
idlÉPdfldg jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh" wmrdO ls%hdj,sh iy kS;s jD;a;sh iïnkaOfhka
ks.ukhkag t<eU ^tlS ks.ukhka fuu m%ldYkfha weñKqfuys olajd we;&"
.dïNSr;dmQ¾jlj"
1955 § wka;¾cd;sl kS;sfõ§kaf.a iïfï,kh úiska we;kaia mkf;a m%ldY;sj olajkq ,enQ
uQ,O¾uhka" úfYaIfhkau kS;sfha md,kh iy hqla;sh ksis f,i ls%hd;aul lsÍug iajdëk
wêlrKh iy kS;s jD;a;sh w;HdjYH jk njg h<s m%;s{d foñka"
kssoyia iudchl isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lsÍug yd j¾Okh lsÍug

muKla fkdj kS;Hdkql+, wNs,dYhka yd .re;ajh by, kexúh yels iudc" wd¾Ól"
wOHdmksl yd ixialD;sluh ;;ajhka ia:dms; lsÍug iy ls%hdfõ fhoùu iïnkaOfhka
kS;sfõ§ka uQ,sl j.lSu orkakdjQ kS;sfha md,kh me;srùu;a" ;Dma; lsÍu;a l<hq;=
ixl,amhla f,i y÷kd .ksñka"
33

iïfï,kfha ks.ukhka ;=, m%ldYs;j we;s uQ,O¾uhka ish rgj, ls%hdjg kexùug lghq; =
lrk f,ig ish¿u rgj, kS;sfõ§kaf.ka b,a,d isákq ,efí' tfukau wjidk jYfhka"
1' iïfï,kfha ks.ukhkays m%ldYs; uQ,O¾uhka f,dalh mqrd ls%hdfõ fhoùug ish iïm;a
yd m%dfhda.sl mßY%uh fhdojk f,ig;a"
2' ish foaYmd,ksl yd ffk;sl wdh;khka ia:dms; lsÍfï" m%;sixúOdkh lsÍfï fyda
taldnoaO lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha ksr;j isák rgj,g úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrk f,ig;a"
3' kS;sfha md,kh we;s lsÍug kS;s YsIHhska yd kS;s jD;a;sfha lKsIaG idudðlhska Wkkaÿ
lrjk f,ig;a"
4' f,dj mqrd wdKavq" Wkkaÿjla olajk wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhka iy kS;S{ ix.ï fj;
m%ldYkh yd tys weuqKqï f,i we;s ks.ukhka ikaksfõokh lrk f,ig;a"
wka;¾cd;sl ks;sfõ§kaf.a fldñifuka b,a,d isákq ,efí'
fuu m%ldYkh È,a,s m%ldYkh f,iska ±k .ks;ajd'
1959 ckjdß ui 10 jk Èk È,a,sfha§h'
wêlrKfha iajdëssk;ajh ms<sn|jq uq,sl uq,O¾u
1985 wf.dia;= 26 Èk isg 1985 iema;eïn¾ 06 Èk olajd ñ,dfkdays§ mej;s” wmrdO je<elaùu iy
jrolrejka úIfhys ie,lSu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wgjk fldx.%ih úiska ^fulS uq,O¾uhka& ms<s.kakd ,È’
;jo fï i|yd 1985 fkdjeïn¾ ui 29 Èk” 40$32 orK fhdackd iïu; iy 1985 foieïn¾ ui 13 Èk”
40$146 orK fhdackd iïu;h yryd” tlai;a cd;Sakaf.a uy uKav,h uÕska n,d;aulNdjh ,ndfok ,§’
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh uÕska f,daljdiS ck;djg ;rfha lshd isákq ,nkqfha” wfkl=;a foa w;r” Tjqkaf.a
wêIaGdkh úh hq;af;a” lsisÿ wdldrhl fjkialulska f;drj” udkj ysñlï iy uq,sl ksoyi m%j¾Okh lsÍu
iy Èß.ekaùu úIfhys cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h <.dlr .ekSu Wfoid” hqla;sh mj;ajdf.k hd yels ;;a;ajhla
ia:dms; lsÍuhs’
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh uÕska kS;sh bÈßfha iudkd;au;djh” ks¾fodaISNdjfha mq¾j.ukh”
idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| jq whs;sjdislu iy kS;sh uÕska ia:dms; - iqÿiq” iajdëk iy wmlaImd;s úksYaph iNdjla
uÕska m%isoaêfha ijka§u ms<Sn|jq úfYaIS; uq,O¾u ;yjqre fldg we;’
wd¾Ól” iudchSh iy ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh iy isú,a iy foaYmd,k

whs;sjdislï ms<Sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh hk iïuq;s fol uÕskau” talS whs;sjdislï l%shd;aul lsÍu ;yjqre
lrkq ,nhs’ Bg wu;rj” ;jÿrg;a” isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh uÕska”
whq;= m%udohlska f;drj kvq úNd.hla i|yd jq whs;sjdislu ;yjqre fldg we;’
kuq;a” ks;ru” fulS uq,O¾uhkaf.ka wfmalaIs; wruqKq iy ienE ;;a;ajhka w;r mr;rhla mj;S’
34

iEu rglu hqla;sh mis|,Su iy ixúOdk .; lsßu” fulS uq,O¾uhka uÕska m%fndaOu;a l< hq;= w;ru” tajd
iïmq¾Kfhkau h:d¾:hla njg m;alr .ekSug m%h;akhla ork njg fmdfrdkaÿ lrjd .; hq;=h’
tfiau wêlrK ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾Hhka úIfhys wod< jk Í;Ska j, b,lalh úh hq;af;a o” úksYaphldrjreka
talS uq,O¾u j,g wkql=,j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd jq fm<Uúuhs’
úksYaphldrjreka fpdaokd ,nkqfha” mqoa., Ôú;h” ksoyi” whs;sjdislï” hq;=lï iy mqrjeishkaf.a foam, j,g
tfrysj hñka uq,sl jYfhka .kq ,nk ;SrK ms<sn|jhs’
wmrdO je<elaùu iy jrolrejka úIfhys ie,lSu ms<Sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 06 jeks fldx.%ifha 16 jeks
fhdackd iïu;h uÕska wmrdO je<elaùu iy md,kh lsÍu ms<snZ| lñgqfjka b,a,d isákq ,enqfha” úksYaph
ldrjrekaf.a iajdëk;ajh iy Tjqka f;dard .ekSu” jD;a;Suh mqyqKqj iy wNsfpdaolhkaf.a iy úksYaph
ldrjrekaf.a ;;a;ajh úIfhyso wod< jk ud¾f.damfoaYhka Tmakexùu ms<sn|j” ta w;f¾ m%uqL;djh ,dnÈh
hq;= njhs’
tu ksidfjka” hqla;sh msis|,k moaO;shla úIfhys wod< jk úksYaph ldrjrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh iy Tjqka f;dard
.ekSu” mqyqKqj iy Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn|jq jeo.;alu úIfhys m,uqj wjOdkh fhduqq lsÍu jvdfhda.Hfõ’
ta wkqj my; l%uj;a f,i ix.%y fldg we;s uq,sl isoaOdka; uÕska” md¾Yajldr rdcHhkag” wêlrKfha
iajdëk;ajh iqrlaId lsÍu iy m%j¾Okh lsÍu ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a ÿIalr ld¾hhg iyh fokq ,nk w;r” wdKavq
úiska ;u cd;sl jHjia:dj rduqj ;=< fukau mßphka ;=< § o tajdg .rel< hq;= fiau tajd wod< lr.; hq;=
w;r” tajd úksYaph ldrjrejka” kS;s{jreka” úOdhlfha fukau jHjia:dohl idudðlhka iy uyck;djf.a
wjOdkh msKsi /f.k hd hq;=h’ fulS uq,O¾uhka uq,slju jD;a;Suh úksYaph ldrjrekaf.a uki u; ix.%y
fldg we;s kuq;a” tajd mkjkq ,nk úksiqrejka úIfhysu jvd;a idOdrK f,i wod< lr.kq ,nhs’
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh
1’ úOdhlh yd jHjia:dodhlh úiska wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre l< hq;= fiau” rfgys kS;sh ;=<g fyda
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=<g wka;¾.; l< hq;=h’ tfiau wdKavq iy wfkl=;a wdh;kj, hq;=lu jkqfha”
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu iy thg .relsÍuhs’
2’ wêlrKh úiska ;uka bÈßfha we;s ldrKd” wmlaImd;Sj” lreKq u; mokï ù kS;shg wkql=<j” fjk;a lsisÿ
wdldrfha iSudlsßulska f;drj” fhda.H fkdjk wdldrfha n,mEï fm<Uùï” mSvk” ;¾ck fyda ueÈy;aùï” iDcqj
fyda jHx.j wkqlïmd ±laùï fyda ljr fyda fya;=jlska f;drj ;SrKh l< hq;=h’
3’ wêlrKhg” wêlrKuh iajNdjfha ishü lreKq j,g jvd Tíng .shdjq wêlrKuh md;%Ndjhla ;sìh
hq;=h’ ta fiau Tjqkaf.a ;SrKhla i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk lreKla” kS;sh u.ska kshu wldrfhka ksYaph lrkq
,enq wdldrhg” tlS lreKq - tu ffk;sl iSudj ;=< mj;sk lreKlao keoao hk j. ;SrKh lsÍfï mru
wêldÍ;ajhla wêlrKhg mej;sh hq;=h’
4’ wêlrKuh l%shdoduh úIfhys” l=uk fyda wkaoulg fhda.H fkdjk mßoafoka fyda n,rys;j ueÈu;aùula
fkdmej;sh hq;=h’ tfiau wêlrKhka úiska .kq ,nk wêlrK ;SrK m%;sfYdaOkhkag hg;a fkdúh hq;=h’
wêlrK ;SrK m%;sfYdaOkh úIfhys ndOdjka fkdmej;Su fyda kS;shg wkql=<j” wêlrKh úiska n,d;aul
lrkq ,enqq” ksis n,dêldÍka uÕska fok,o ;Skaÿ” ikaksfõokh lsßu fyda ovqju wju lsßu úIfhys fyda
ndOdjka fkdmej;Su hkak fuu uq,O¾uh fõ’
5’ ia:dms; ffk;sl ld¾hmámdàka Ndú;d lrñka uq,a wjia:d wêlrK úiska fyda m¾Iohka úiska lrkq ,nk
kvqúNd. i|yd iEu ;eke;af;l= úIfhysu whs;sjdislula mej;sh hq;=h’ wêlrKuh m¾Iohka fyda uq,a wjia:d
35

wêlrK i;= wëlrK md;%;dj wysñlrk wdldrhg ffk;sl l%shdoduhka úIfhys ia:dms; ld¾hmámdàka
fjkiafkdl< hq;=hs” tfiau m¾Iohka úiska Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h’
6’md¾Yajlrejkaf.a whs;sjdislïj,g .relsÍu iy wêlrK ld¾hmámdàka idOdrK f,i fufyhùu hkak

;yjqre lsÍu úIfhys” wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh kï jq ixl,amh wêlrKhg wjYH fõ’ tjf.au ta i|yd
wêlrKh ysñlïmdkq ,nhs’
7’ wêlrKh úiska Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh ksis wdldrfhka l%shd;aul lsÍu úIfhys” wêlrKhg n,h§u msKsi
m%udKj;a uq,dY% iemhSu” iEu md¾Yajldr rdcHhlu hq;=lu fõ’
NdIKfha iy iud.fï ksoyi
udkj yssñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkhg wkqj” wêlrKh idudðlhkao wfkl=;a mqrjeishka fukau NdIKfha”
weoySfï” iud.fï iy /iaùfï ksoyia i|yd ysñlï mdkq ,nhs’ flfiafj;;a úêúOdk olajk wkaoug” tlS
whs;sjdislï l%shd;aul lsÍfï§” úksYaphldrjre ks;ru wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh” wmlaImd;SNdjh iy iajlSh
Oqrhkays .re;ajh iqrlaId jk mßoafoka wdpdrYS,Sj yeisrsh hq;=h’
9’ úksYaphldrjreka úiska” Tjqkaf.a wNsud;d¾:hka ksfhdackh lsÍug” Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj m%j¾Okh
lsÍug” Tjqkaf.a wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iqrlaId lsßug úksiqrejkaf.a ix.ï fyda ixúOdkj,g iïnkaOùug
ksoyila mej;sh hq;=h’
iqÿiqlñ f;dard .eksu iy mqyqKqj
10’ wjxlNdjh iy yelshdj iuÕ uqiqjq ukd mqyqKqjla fyda kS;sh ms<sn| iqÿiqlï j,ska fyì iajdëk
mqoa.,hka” wêlrK ks,OdÍka jYfhka f;dard .ekSu isÿl< hq;=h’ fhda.H fkdjk wdldrfha fm<Uùï u;
isÿlrkq ,nk wêlrKuh m;aùï j,g tfrysj” wêlrKhg f;dard .kq ,nk l%ufõohka iqrlaId l< hq;=h’
úksYaphldrjreka f;dard .eksfï§” l=,h” cd;sh" NdIdj jrKh” ,sx.sl;ajh” wd.u” foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a
u;jdohka” cd;sl fyda iudchSh uq,drïNhka foam<” Wm; fyda ;;ajhka u; mokïj mqoa.,hkag tfrysj
fjkiafldg” wêlrK ks,OdÍka i|yd bÈßm;ajk wfmalaIlhka ;uka iïnkaO rfgys cd;Slhka úh hq;=h hk
wjYH;djh u; fjkiafldg ie,lSula isÿfkdúh hq;=h’
fiajh iy fiajd ld,h iïnkaOfhka jk fldkafoaiS
11’ úksYaphldrjrekaf.a Oqrld,h” Tjqkaf.a iajdëk;ajh” wdrlaIdj” m%udKj;a Èß§ukd” fiajd fldkafoais úY%u
jegqm iy úY%du .kq,nk jhi wdÈh wdKavql%u jHjia:d kS;sh uÕska m%udKj;a mßÈ iqrlaIs; úh hq;=h’
12’ m;alrkq ,enq fyda Pkaofhka f;dard m;alr.kq ,enq fyda úksYaphldrjrekaf.a Oqrfha meje;au” úOdkd;aulj
úY%u hk ;=re fyda Tjqkaf.a Oqrld,h ±Íu bl=;aj hk ;=re fyda ;yjqrej mej;sh hq;=h’
13’ mj;akdjq l%ufõohkag wkqj” úksYaphldrjrekaj fiajfhka Wiia lsÍfï§” wfmalaIs; lreKq Tjqkaf.a
úfYaIs; yelshdjka” Tjqkaf.a wjxlNdjh iy Tjqkaf.a w;a±lSï u; mokï úh hq;=h’
36

14’ wêlrKh ;=<” úksYaphldrjreka i;= kvq lghq;= iïnkaOfhka jq mejreï” wêlrKuh mßmd,kfha
wNHka;r lghq;a;ls’
jD;a;Suh ryiNdjh iy úks¾uqla;sh’
15’ m%isoaêfha isÿlrkq ,nk kvq jd¾;d mámdàka j,g jvd” wêlrKh” Tjqka úiska isÿlrkq ,nk idlÉPd”
Tjqkaf.a ld¾hhka úIfhys w;am;a lr.kq ,nk úYajikSh f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka jD;a;Su ryiHNdjfhka
ne§h hq;=h’ tfiaau tlS lrkq iïnkaOfhka idlaIs§ug fm<Uùula isÿfkdl< hq;=h’
16 úkh ld¾hmámdàka úIfhys fyda wNshdpkd whs;sjdislu úIfhys fyda rcfhka jkaÈ,nd .ekSu úIfhys fyda
ndOdjlska f;drj” cd;sl kS;shg wkqj” úksYaphldrejka úiska iajlSh ld¾hhka l%shd;aul lsßfï§ jq fkdukd
l%shd fyda fkdlryeßï iïnkaOfhka jq uq,Huh ydks úIfhys isú,a kvqmejÍfuka mqoa.,slju Tjqka uqla;úh
hq;=hs’
úkh md,kh lsÍu" fiajh w;aysgqùu iy fiajfhka bj;alsßu’
17’ úksYaphldrjrhl=g ^Tyqf.a$ wehf.a wêlrKuh iy jD;a;Suh ;;a;ajfhka isák& tfrysj bÈßm;a jq
fpdaokdjla fyda meñKs,a,la iïnkaOj fhda.H ld¾hmámdàhla hgf;a” WÑ; wkaoug iy idOdrK f,i kS;s
ud¾.fhka lghq;= l< hq;=h’ úksYaphldrjrhdgo idOdrK f,i ijka§fï whs;sjdisl meje;sh hq;=h’
úksYaphldrjrhd úiska b,a,d isákq ,nk wjia:djl§ yereKq fldg” úNd.lrkqq ,nk lreKq tys uq,
wjia:dfõ isgu úYajikSh f,i ;nd .; hq;=h’
18' úksYaphldrejreka Tjqkaf.a fkdyelshdj u; fyda yeisßu u; Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh ksis wdldrfhka
bgqfkdlsÍu hk fya;=fjka u; muKla Tjqkaf.a fiajh w;aysgqùu fyda fiajfhka mylsßu isÿl< hq;=h’
19’ wêlrKfha hymeje;au úIfhys ia:dms; l, m%ñ;Skag wkqj” ishü úkh md,kh lsßï fiajh w;aysgqùu
fyda fiajfhka mylsÍï ms<sn| ld¾HmÜmdàka ksYaph l< hq;=h’
20' úkh md,kh lsÍu fiajh w;aysgqùu” fyda fiajfhka mylsßu iïnkaOfhka .kqq ,nk ;SrK” iajdëk jq
m%;sfYdaOkhlg hg;a úh hq;=h’ fuu uq,O¾uh” by< wêlrKh uÕska fokq ,nk ;SrK iy jHjia:dodhlfha
jq fodaIdNsfhda. l%shdoduhka fyda ta yd iudk ld¾hmámdàka úIfhys wod< úh fkdyel’
37

wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh iy uQ,H wkdjrKh
^fÜ,¾ rej¾Ü" iafldÜ fjd¾âka" f,dard u¾ishka" fï.ka iagqj¾Ü" fâúâ bksia" k;d,s kZfvdkaf.da-
fi" ßla fufihsla" zi*¾ f.dkavd,a" kgd,shd vqÊßfldúla iy laf,daähd ndfrdaks hk whf.a iydh
we;sj iafldÜ fjda¾âka yd ,s.a;a gQñ úiska kS;sfha md,kh m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jk cd;Hka;r
cd,h fjkqfjka fuu taldnoaO m%;p s drh ilia lrk ,§&
miqìu
wêlrKuh wjxlNdjh kS;sfha md,kfha uq,a., fjhs' tfy;a ¥Is; kvq ;Skaÿ ,ndfok
f,ig jk w;suy;a foaYmd,ksl yd uQ,Huh mSvkhlg uqyqK§ug ixl%dka;s rgj,
úksiqrejrekag isÿfõ' wêlrKh ¥Is; ;;ajhg m;ajqjfyd;a hqla;sh ms,sn| fukau fmdÿfõ
md,kh ms,sn|jo ck;djf.a úYajdih ì£ hkq we;' kuq;a m%n, úu¾IK YlH;djhla fyda
mdrøDIH uQ,H moaO;shla fyda fkdue;s rgj, ¥IKh wkdjrkh lsÍu fyda uq,skqmqgd ±óu
38

b;d wiSre fjhs' úksiqrejreka yd wfkl=;a wêlrK ks,OdÍka fj;ska ksrka;r uQ,H
wkdjrkhla ,nd.ekSu ÿIK je,elaùFï m%n, fuj,ula úh yel' tuÕska ¥IK ls%hdjka
y÷kd.ekSug;a tajdg tfrysj kvq mejÍug;a yelshdj ,efnkq we;s w;r Woa.; úhyels
wNsreÖka w;r .egqï uq,skqmqgdoñka wêlrKuh mdrøDIH;djh by, kexùug fya;=jkq we;'
úuiqu
.egqï j,ska miq ke.S isák rgl uQ,H wkdjrK ;ka;%h ls%hdjg kexùfï§ ie,ls,a,g
.;hq;= jeo.;a úp,Hhka w;r úksiqrejrekaf.a uQ,H wkdjrkh i|yd n,h ,ndfok
cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska fyda m%Yia; mßphka fudkjdo @ fulS wjYH;djka ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd
fhdod.; hq;= hdka;%Khka fudkjdo @ hkdÈh fukau wêlrK uQ,Huh wkdjrk kS;s
n,d;aul lsÍfï§ uE;ld,Skj ,o w;a±lSï w;r zbf.k.;a mdvïZ mj;So hkaksÈho fõ'
m%;spdr idrdxYh
whq;= Okj;aùu iy wNsreÖka w;r .egqï f,iska u;=jk ¥IKfhka wêlrKh wdrCId lsÍu
i|yd jk jeo.;a fuj,ula f,i úksiqrejreka úiska uQ,H wkdjrkhka isÿlsÍu ixj¾ê;
rgj,a úiska y÷kd.kq ,nhs' hqoaOfhka ì£f.dia kej; ke.Sisák iudchkays wêlrK
uQ,H wkdjrkfha wdlD;sh yd M,odhS;djh fnfyúkau mokïjkafka th ls%hdfõ fhdojkq
,nk kS;s l%ufha udÈ,sh iy úO.aO;d uÜgu u;h' cd;Hka;r idu fufyhqï isÿjk
ikao¾Nhla ;=, ¥IKhg tfrysj ksj¾;lhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hka
i;=j we;af;a iSudiys; úNj;djhls' thg fya;=j wkdjrkhka ls%hd;aul lsÍug yd
wëCIKh lsÍug M,odhS l%ufõohka tu rgj,a i;= fkdùuhs' nexl= lghq;= ms,sn|
bf,lafg%dksl jd¾;djka fuhg tla WodyrKhls' fuu bf,lafg%dksl nexl= jd¾;djka
fkdue;sj uQ,Huh jd¾;djka mÍCId lr ne,Su w;sYhska ld<h .;jk ls%hdjla fjhs'
wëCIK lghq;= isÿlrkq ,nk foayhkao ¥Is; úhyels w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i ixfõ§
uQ,Huh f;dr;=re ke;sùu muKla fkdj tajdhska idmrdë f,i whq;= m%fhdack ,nd.ekSuo
isÿúh yel' fuu nrm;, wNsfhda.hkag myiq ms,s;=re fkdue;s kuq;a .egqïj,ska wk;=rej
ke.S isák rgj,a úiska id¾:l ;ka;%hka ls%hdjg kexjQ wjia:djka ms,sn| WodyrKhka
lsysmhla mj;S'
ÿIK fpdaokdjka t,a,ù we;s úksiqrejrekag tfysj kvq mejÍug uQ,sl uQ,H wkdjrk
;ka;%hka ;jÿrg;a w;sf¾l fuj,ula f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh yel' tys w;sYh uQ,sl
uÜgfï§ úksiqrejrekag ish foam, ms,sn| m%ldYk bÈßm;a lrk f,ig uQ,H wkdjrk
;ka;%hka úiska kshu lrkq ,eìh yel' hïfyhlska miq wjia:djl tlS m%ldYkhka
wiïmQ¾K fyda wi;H hehs fmkS .shfyd;a Bg iudka;rj úksiqrejrhdg tfrysj isÿlrkq
,nk ls%hdmámdáhla ;=, wmrdOkSh fÉ;kdj Tmamq lsÍu i|yd fuu m%ldYkhka fhdod.kq
,eìh yel' l,ska lsisÿ M,odhS kS;sfha md,kfha fkd;snQ rgj, uQ,Huh ls%hdjka ms,sn|j
jeä úYajdikSh;ajhla we;slÍug uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hka fya;=jkq we;'
j;alï fy,slsÍu úYd, jYfhka m%p,s;j mj;akd ¥IK úfrdaë fuj,uls' wêlrK uQ,H
wkdjrk ;ka;%hla ls%hdjg kexùug wruqKq lsÍfï§ ie,ls,a, fhduqúh hq;= fmdÿ
,CIKhka lsysmhla mj;S' ;sridr iduhla i|yd fjfyijk iudchka ms,sn|j jk
wjjdod;aul ksÍCIKhka lsysmhla u; th ;SrKh fõ'
1' ffk;sl wêldrh

w' nyqmd¾Yaúl WmlrKhka( úksiqrejreka úiska uQ,H wkdjrkhka isÿlsÍu cd;Hka;r
m%ñ;s.; mßphla f,iska u;=ù tkakls' th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wêlrKfha iajdêk;ajh
ms,sn| uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka yd úfYaIs; wka;¾cd;sl yd ;,dmsh ¥IK úfrdaë .súiqï jeks
wêlrKuh wjxlNdjh ms,sn| fmdÿ uQ,O¾uhka f.ka iún, .ekafjhs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
¥IKhg tfrys iïuq;sh ;=, ¥IK je,elaúu i|yd jQ mq¿,a mrdihl me;srekq ls%hdud¾.hka
we;=,;a fõ' wêlrKhg ¥Is;ùug we;s bvm%ia:djka je,elaùu ^11 j.ka;sh&- rcfha
39

ks,OdÍka i|yd uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hka ilia lsÍu yd whq;= Okj;aùu idmrdë jrola
njg m;alsÍu iy tlS jroj,a wkdjrkh lr.ekSug fya;=jk l,ska l,g uQ,H
wkdjrkhla isÿlsÍg kshu lsÍu jeks iïuq;shg w;aika ;nk rgj,a n,d;aul l<hq;=
ks¾foaYhka fï w;r fjhs' rcfha ksw,OdÍka i|yd jk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a p¾hd ix.%yh
jvd;a mq¿,a f,i rcfha fiajlhska úiska ;ukaf.a yd yels;dla ÿrlg ish ld<;%hkaf.a yd
hefmkakkaf.a mqoa.,sl j;alï yd j.lSï m%ldYhg m;alsÍu yd wkdjrkh lsÍfï
wjYH;djka ;Dma; l<hq;= njg olajd isáhs'
¥IKh ms,sn| hqfrdamd wmrdO kS;s uKav, iïuq;sh ^1999&" OECD ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh
^1997& iy ¥IKhg tfrys wka;¾ weußldkq iïuq;sh ^1996& jeks l,dmShj wod, jkakdjQ
iïuq;Ska /ilo rcfha fiajlhska i|yd uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hka ms,sn|j wka;¾.; fõ'
wd' cd;sl kshdukhka( cd;sl uÜgfï§ úksiqrejreka fjkqfjka uQ,H wkdjrk ne£ï
wka;¾.; m%Odk uQ,dY%hka ;=kla fjhs' tkï wdKavql%u jHjia:djka" kS;s ^fyda p¾hd
ix.%yhka& iy ^l,d;=rlska& wêlrK ;Skaÿ yd wêlrK Í;s hk tajdh' fmdÿfõ .;al<
úksiqrejrekaf.a uq,H wkdjrkhka kshdukh lrk kS;s ilia lsÍfï§ úOdhl wx.fhka
iajdëkjQ wêlrK ks,OdÍka f,i Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh fkdjk n,h fn§u
ms,sn|j jk wdKavql%u jHjia:duh fyda fjk;a ffk;sl wjYH;djka flfrys úfYaIs;
wjOdkhla fhduqúh hq;=h' j;alï fy,slsÍfï kS;s iy úúO wêrK n,hka ;=, wkdjrk
isÿlrkq ,nk wdldrhka ms,sn| f;dr;=re my; uQ,dY% fldgfia olajd we;'
we' úYsIaG mßphka( úksiqrejka úiska uQ,H wkdjrkh isÿlsÍu i|yd jk úYaùhj ms,s.;a
m%ñ;Ska29 fkdue;s neúka úksiqrejreka úiska wdodhï yd j;alï wkdjrkh lsÍu iïnkaO
úYsIaG mßphka oyhla IFES úiska y÷kajdfokq ,en we;'
2' wkdjrkfha úIh m:h
w' ljqreka úiska wkdjrkh isÿl< hq;=o @( fuu wjYH;djka iEu úksiqrejrhl=gu wod,
fõo @ fkdtfiakï tajd wod, jkafka tla;rd uÜgul úksiqrejrekag muKlo @ tfia;a
ke;skï tajd kS;S{jreka yd ,smslrejkao we;=¿ iEu wêlrK fiajlhl=gu wod, jkafkao
@ hï w,a,ila fyda fjk;a widOdrK n,mEula fya;=fldgf.k kvqjl m%;sM,h flfrys
n,mEï iy.; úhyels ;k;=re ork ish¿ wêlrK ks,OdÍka úiska uQ,H wkdjrk
isÿl<hq;= nj mrud¾YS ;;ajh fjhs' fuys§ fndfyda kS;s moaO;Ska ;=, kS;S{jreka yd
,smslrejka$ frðiag%d¾jrekao we;=,;a jkqwe;s w;r ta wkqj Tjqka úiskao uQ,H wkdjrkhka
isÿl<hq;= fjhs' flfiafj;;a tfia lrk w;r;=f¾§u tla tla j¾.fha fiajlhska flfrys
kshduk wêldÍ;ajhla ysñ wdKavqfõ wxYh fyda YdLdj flfryso úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq
l<hq;= fõ' fï wkqj isú,a fiajh ms,sn| kS;s j,ska ,smslrejka wdjrkh jk neúka
kS;sfhka kshufldg we;s wêlrK wkdjrkh wêlrKfha ls%hdldÍ;ajhg muKla wod,
l<yels jkq we;' ,smsf.dkq wkdjrkh i|yd jeä fiajl ixLHdjla fhdod.ekSug isÿùu
29
2001 jif¾§ úksiqrejreka i|yd uQ,H wkdjrk wjYH;djka ms,n s | jvd ksYÑ
a ; wdo¾Y ix.%yhla ks¾udKh lsÍug
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI{hska lKavdhula- wêlrK wjxlNdjh Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd jk wêlrK lKavdhu W;aidy
ork ,§' 2001 jif¾§ fuu lKavdhu úiska ix.%yhla flgqïm;a lrk ,o w;r my; ud¾f.damfoaYhka tys wka;¾.; úh'
1'15 Í;sh mjqf,a idudðlhl=f.a Okh iïnkaOfhka yer mS;fldñia Ndrlrejl= f,i lghq;= lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu'
1' 16 Í;sh mqo.
a ,sl fyda mjqf,a wdfhdackhka yer wêlrK iajdëk;ajhg fyda tys m%ldYudkùug ueÈy;a jk uQ,H yd
jHdmdßl .Kqfokq ;ykï lsÍu'
1'20 Í;sh lsih s ï ;Hd.hl m%;s,dNshd úksiqre fyda Tyqf.a mjqf,a iduðlhl= jqjo wêlrKuh w,a,ia§u ;ykï lsÍu
1'21 Í;sh uyck wkdjrk wjYH;djkag hg;aj ;Hd. Yd m%;s,dN i|yd wjir§u
1'22 Í;sh tlS ld¾hhka i|yd úksiqrejrhl= fkdjk whl= yg f.ùïj,g idOdrK yd iudkqmd;sl f.ùula
1'22 wd iSudlsÍï fyda m%;smQrkh
1' 23 kS;sfhka kshufldg we;s uQ,H wkdjrkh yd nÿ f.ùu
fuu ix.%yh uQ,sl jYfhka fmdÿ kS;s miqìula iys; úksiqrejreka úiska ilia lrk ,oaola úh' 2002 jif¾§ th fjk;a
kS;s iïm%odhkag wh;a úksiqrejreka úiska ixfYdaOkh l<miq ^wêlrK p¾hdjka ms,n s | nex.f,da¾ uQ,O¾uhka& fuu
ud¾f.damfoaYhka we;=,;a fkdjqks'
40

fya;=fjka fuys§ mekk.sk wmjeh ms,sn| .eg¿ flfryso wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug isÿfõ'
mßmQ¾K ¥IK úfrdaë mk;a iy rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a me;srekq mrdihla fj; uQ,H wkdjrk
;ka;%hka ls%hdjg kxjk rgj,§ kï wêlrK ks,OdÍka b;d ksYÑ a ;j fjk fjku ldKav
.;fldg y÷kd.kq ,efnkq we;'
wd' l=ula wkdjrkh l<hq;=o @( uQ,H wkdjrk ksfhda.hka fjkia úhyels kuq;a fmdÿfõ
wdodhï nÿ l%ufõohka ;=, wka;¾.; ish¿ uQ,dY%hkaf.ka ,efnk uQ,sl wdodhu" wdfhdack
jeks j;alï ^fldgia" ne÷ïlr wdÈh&" nexl= .sKqï" úY%du jegqma iy pxp, foam," ienE
foam, yd mqoa.,sl foam,j, m%Odk wx.hka hkdÈh thg we;=,;a fjhs' ienúka mj;akd fyda
Woa.; úhyels wNsreÖka w;r .egqï j,ska ñ§ isàu i|yd j;alï wkdjrkhl§ Ndrldr
wdodhï ^WodyrKhla f,i wOHCI uKav, idudðl;ajhka& ms,sn|j wkdjrkh lsÍu b;d
jeo.;a fjhs' wkdjrkhl§ foaYSh fukau cd;Hka;rj mj;akd ysñldr;ajhka yd .Kqfokq
ms,sn|jo ±laúh hq;= w;r wkdjrkfha ljr fyda wx.hl i;Hwi;H nj úuid ne,Su i|yd
tajdfha uqo,a f.ùï isÿjk Èkhka" ia:dkhka yd fjk;a uQ,sl f;dr;=reo wka;¾.;
l<hq;=h' tfukau mj;akd ljr fyda uQ,Huh j.lSï iïnkaOfhkao f;dr;=re wkdjrkhla
;=, wka;¾.; úh hq;=h'
we' mjqf,a idudðlhka( úksiqrejreka ish {d;Skaf.a kñka ish wdodhï yd j;alï jika
lsÍu fyda mjqf,a in|;d yryd jl% f,i w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu je,elaùu i|yd Tjqkaf.a
ld,;%hka fyda nd,jhialdr orejka i;= j;alïo fndfyda wkdjrk ;ka;%hka ;=, wka;¾.;
lrkq ,nhs' j;alï {d;Ska fj; yd Tjqka w;r ksoyfia tyd fuyd jk idudchkays fuh
úfYaIs;ju i;Hhla fõ' flfiakuq;a b;d mq¿,a w¾: ksrEmkhka fya;=fldgf.k
mqoa.,sl;ajh ms,sn| .eg¿ we;sùug fukau wkdjrk hdka;%Kh wkjYH lrorhla njg
m;aùugo fya;=jkq we;'
wE' wkdjrkh l<hq;af;a fldmuK ld<hlg j;djlao @ fiajfha kshq;= úksiqrejrekaf.a

ks, ld<h wkqj iy mj;akd mßmd,kuh iïm;a m%udKh wkqj wkdjrkhla lsÍug isÿjk
jdr .Kk ;SrKh fjhs' fmdÿfõ .;al< /lshdj wdrïN lsÍug fmr" /lshdj wjidkfha§
iy ta wlr ld<h ;=, wju jYfhka iEu jir follg wvq ld< m%dka;rhla we;=,;
wkdjrkhka isÿl< hq;=fjhs' jd¾Isl wkdjrkhka jvd;a i;=gqodhl jkafka tuÕska ¥IK
l,a;shd y÷kd.ekSug yelsjk neúks' tfia jd¾Islj wkdjrkhla ,nd.ekSu úhoï wêl
ls%hdjla úhyels w;r ta ms,sn|jo wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= fõ' úksiqrejrhd by,
wêlrKhlg Wiiaùula ,ndÿka úgl§o wkdjrkhka l<hq;= fjhs'
3' wkdjrkhka fhdod .ekSu

w' fmdÿ fyda mqoa.,sl( ´kEu uQ,H wkdjrk kS;shl ;SrKd;aul fldgi jkafka tys
f;dr;=re f;f;la ÿrlg m%isoaO l<yelsfõo hkakhs' fmdÿfõ .;al< lsishï f;dr;=rla jv
jvd m%isoaO jk ;rug ¥IK yd wNsreÖka w;r .egqï ms,sn| lghq;= lrk whg ûyck;dj
iy ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khka& ta ms,sn|j M,odhS f,i wëCIKh l<yels fjhs' kuq;a fuh
wksjd¾h f,iu rcfha fiajlhskaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, whf.a mqoa.,sl;ajhg we;s whs;sh
W,a,x>kh lsÍula fjhs' idOdrK cd;sl m%ñ;Ska úiska mqoa.,sl;ajhg we;s whs;sh iy
uyckhdf.a hym; msKsi jk mdrøDIHNdjh hk fol w;r ;=,khla we;s lsÍug iu;ajkq
we;' fï wkqj iuyr rdcHhka úiska úksiqrejreka iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re n,h,;a
wëCIK foayhla fj; wkdjrkh lrkq ,nk kuq;a ta iïnkaOfhka jk f;dr;=re
ixCIsma;hla muKla ^jHdmdßl m%;s,dN ,efnk ud¾.hka fudkjdo hkak olajk kuq; a
tajdfha w.hka fkd±laùu& m%isoaO lrkq ,nk oaúia:r l%ufõohla ks¾udKh lr.kq ,en
we;' fï wdldrhg wkdjrkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYùu ;dCIKsl f,i zm%isoaOZ
lrkq ,eìh yels kuq;a tajd fj; m%fõYùug m%dfhda.slj wjia:dj ,efnkafka iSudiys;
wjia:djkays§ iy idOdrK fya;= we;súg muKls'
41

wd' f;dr;=re wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSu( Okj;a ;eke;a;ka w,a,ia ,nd.ekSug fyda lmamï
,nd.ekSug b,lal úhyels rgj, uQ,H f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh iq/lSu w;sYhska jeo.;a
fõ' wkdjrkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re ryiH f,i mj;ajd .ekSfï ´kEu fmdfrdkaÿjla
;lafiare l<hq;af;a uQ,H wëCIKh isÿlrkq ,nk wdh;kfha wjxlNdjh u;h' iuyr
rgj, wkdrCIs; uQ,H wkdjrkhkays olajkq ,en we;s f;dr;=re rch úiska fyda wmrdO
l,a,s úiska úksiqrejreka îy Tjqkaf.a mjq,a& fj; n,mEï t,a, lsÍug fyda
n,y;aldrfhka uqo,a ,nd.ekSu i|yd Tjqka ìhjeoa§fï fuj,ula f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh
yel' uQ,H wkdjrkhka tjeks wh:d ls%hdjkag fhdod.ekSu je,elaúh hq;= w;r wkdjrkh
miqmi we;s wruqK wêlrKfha wjxlNdjh we;slsÍu ñi ;jÿrg;a ÿIKh we;súhyels
l%fudamdhka j¾Okh lsÍu fkdjk njg j.n,d.;hq;=h'
we' úu¾IKd;aul Wmpdrhka( wkdjrkhka iudf,dapkh yd wëCIKh jroldÍ ls%hdjla

ms,sn|j fpdaokd t,a,jQ úg isÿlrkq ,nkakla fkdj kska;rfhka isÿjkakla úh hq;=h'
wNsreÖka w;r .egqula fyda jxpdjla m%ldYudkùu fyda isÿùu je,elaùug fuh fya;=jkq
we;' wkdjrkhl f;dr;=re flf;la ÿrlg wmrdOuh fyda ;oka;r wêlrKuh
ls%hdoduhla j,§ idCIs f,i Ndú;d l<yelsfõo hkak ms,sn|j wkdjrk kS;s ;=, úfYaIs;j
olajd ;sìh hq;=h'
4' wkdjrkhka mßmd,kh iy wëCIKh

uQ,H wkdjrkhka wëCIKh lsÍfï j.lSu ÿIK úfrdaë fldñIka iNdjka" rcfha ksÍCIK
wdh;khka" ú.Kldêm;s wd§ úúO wdh;khka fj; mjrkq ,eìh yel' jeo.;au ldrKh
jkafka tu wdh;kh wdKavqfjka yd wêlrKfhka iajdêk jQ tlla úh hq;=ùuhs' m%isoaêhg
m;alrkq ,nk uQ,H wkdjrk f;dr;=rej, m%udKh ms,sn|j ;SrKhlg t<eôhdhska miqj
uyckhdg tu wdh;kh fj;ska tu f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõohka ^fN!;slj"
ud¾..;j fyda úµq;a ;emE, uÕska& ilia l<hq;=h' wkdjrkh lrkq ,enQ f;dr;=re ;yjqre
lr.ekSu i|yd úu¾IK isÿlsÍfï YlH;dj tu wdh;kh i;= úhhq;=h' uQ,H wkdjrk
kshuhka ms,s fkdmÈk úksiqrejrekag tfrysj iSudjka mekùfï fyda m%YaK.;j we;s kS;s
l%ufha wjYH;djka wkqj ksis iSudlsÍï ms,sn| ksrfoaY bÈßm;a lsÍfï n,h thg ysñh
hq;=h' id¾:l f,i wdh;kfha lghq;= isÿlsÍug kï m%ldYkhka ksisl,g yd iïmQ¾K
f,i isÿfldg we;so hkak ms,sn|j jd¾;d ;nd.ekSu yd wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd l%ufõohla
ilia lsÍu iy mj;ajdf.khdug tu wdh;khg meyeÈ,s úêksfhda.hla" YlH;djla yd
iïm;a mej;sh hq;=h'
5' wkql+,j lghq;= fkdlsÍu i|yd jk o~qjï

wkql+,j lghq;= fkdl,fyd;a nrm;, m%;súmdlhka uqyqK§ug isÿfkdjkafka kï lsisÿ
j;alï wkdjrk ;ka;%hla id¾:l fkdjkq we;' wkdjrk wjYH;djkag wkql+,j lghq;=
fkdlsÍï m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu" wiïmQ¾K fyda wi;H m%ldYkhka bÈßm;a lsÍu"
idOdrK fya;=jlska f;drj ksis l,g m%ldYk bÈßm;a lsÍug wu;aùu hkd§ jYfhka jQ
mrdihl úysosh yel' wkql+,j lghq;= fkdlrkakkag wk;=re weÕùu" oKavk mekùu yd
úksiqrejreka OQrfhka bj;a lsÍu hkd§ o~qjï mekùu isÿl<yel' tu o~qjï tu
;eke;a;dg n,mEula we;slÍug iu;a jk tajd úh hq;=h' wkdjrkhka uÕska
fy,slr.ekSug wfmaCId lrk úIudpdrhka i|yd ,ndfok o~qjï wkql+j lghq;= fkdlsÍu
iïnkaOfhkao ,ndÈh hq;= fjhs' tfukau wkdjrkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re wjNdú;h i|ydo
o~qjï ,ndÈh hq;=fõ'
6' mYapd;a hqO .egqï rgj,a ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= m%dfhda.sl ;;ajhka

w' YlH;djh( hqO .egqï ksuùfuka miq ke.S isák rgl uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hla úiska
ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= jeo.;a úp,Hhka w;r foaYSh uQ,H l%ufha úYajdikSh;ajh" ;SrKd;aul
wdh;khkaf.a j¾Okfha uÜgu iy ¥IKhg tfrysj igka lsÍu msKsi jk foaYmd,ksl
wNs,dIho fjhs' isú,a iudch" udOH iy fmdÿ mßmd,k wdh;khka jeks ;SrKd;aul
wdh;khkaf.a j¾Okfha uÜgu úiska uQ,H wkdjrkh iy ÿIK úfrdaë uq,amsÍï i|yd
42

,ndfokq ,nk iydfha m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq we;' mYapd;a hqO .egqï iudchka ;=, fuu
wdh;khka ÿ¾j, fyda fkdmj;sk ;;ajhl mj;S' fï wkqj m%;sixialrK i|yd iydh
ks¾udKh lsÍu iy wdKavqfõ úYajdikSh;ajh ms,sn|j n,mEï lsÍu i|yd fnfyúkau
jeo.;a jkakdjQ idOl fkdmej;Sug bv we;' wêlrKfha ¥IK ms,sn| .eg¿jg ms,shï
fh§u i|yd jk M,odhS jevigykla wêlrK wdh;khkays iy wod, rcfha foayhkays
YlH;d f.dvkexùu flfrys muKla fkdj iudcfha tjeks jeo.;a wx.hkays YlH;d
f.dvkexùu flfryso wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= fõ'
wd' i;Hdmkh lsÍu( .egqïj,ska ke.S isák rgj, fndfydaúg kùk yd úYajdiodhS uQ,H
l%uhla fkdmj;S' ta fya;=fjka j;alï wkdjrkhka iHdmkh lsÍu w;sYhska wiSre fjhs'
hqoaOfhka ì| jegqkq wd¾Òlhkays fndfyduhla .Kqfokq w;amsg uqo,g isÿjkafkah hkak
uQ,H wkdjrk wjYH;djka úiska ie,ls,a,g .;hq;=h' i;Hdmk ls%hdj,sh i|yd ,efnkafka
mß.Kkl.; fkdjk nexl= moaO;shla yd ú.Kk m%ñ;Ska" foam, ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍï yd rCIK
l%uhka muKla úhyel' fuu .eg¿jg úi÷ula f,i ienE yd pxp, foam,o we;=,;aj
j;alï ms,sn| mQ¾K wkdjrkhla lsÍfï wjYH;djhla mekùu ±laúh yelafla tuÕsk a
i;Hdmkh jvd myiq lrkq ,nk neúks'
we' wêlrK ks,OdÍkag m%udKj;a jegqma f.ùu( .re;ajfhka hq;=j iudcfha Ôj;aúhyels yd
m%udKj;a f,i ish mjq,a fmdAIKh l<yels jegqmla úksiqrejrekag yd wêlrK ks,OdÍkag
fk,efnkafka kï uQ,H wkdjrk kS;sj,g mQ¾K f,i wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍula Tjqka
fj;ska wfmaCId l<fkdyel' we*a.ksia:dkh" ldïfndach" ,hsîßhdj jeks fndfyduhla
rgj, wêlrK ks,OdÍka" ufyaia;%d;ajreka yd úksiqrejkag ysñjkafka b;d wvq jegqmls'
tho m%udoù fyda lsisfia;au fkd,eî hk wjia:djkao mj;S ^úfYaIfhka .%d óh m%foaYj,&' ta
wkqj úksiqrejreka yd fjk;a wêlrK ks,OdÍka wêlrK lghq;= isÿlsÍu fukau ish
/lshdfõ fldgila jk kvq weiSu i|ydo kS;súfrdaë f,i .dia;= whlsÍu jeks wdodhï
n,d.ekSug W;aiql jkq idudkH fohla njg m;aj we;' iuyre újD;ju w,a,ia .ekSug
mjd fm<ö isá;s'
7' wkqmQrl hdka;%Khka

uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hla ls%hdjg kexùfï§ by;ska olajk ,o wju wjYH;djhka flfrys
wjOdkh fhduql< h;=h' flfiafj;;a m%udKj;a uqo,a fjkalsÍu iy wêlrKhg iïm;a
imhd§uo we;=,;a mq¿,a wdh;k m%;sixialrK ls%hdoduhl fldgila f,i uQ,H wkdjrk
kS;s ks¾udKh jkafka kï th jvd;a M,odhl jkq we;' úksiqrejreka mqyqKq lsÍu" mdrøDIH
f,i m;alsÍï iy Wiiaùï ,nd§ï isÿlssÍuo jD;a;Sh yd úYajdikSh wêlrKhla
f.dvkexùug fya;=jkq we;' úksiqrejrekaf.a yd wkdjrk ls%hdj,sfha ksr;j isák whf.a
whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd ryiHNdjh" cd;sl wdrCIdj iy f;dr;=re i|yd jk
m%fõYh ms,sn| kS;s mq¿,a l<hq;= fjhs'
fuu úuiqu" úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a .egqï ikao¾Nh ;=, id¾:l lr.;yels njg Tmamqfldg
we;s uQ,H wkdjrk ;ka;%hka ms,sn| WodyrK iy úúO uÜgïj, wkdjrkhka i|yd
jehjk úhou ms,sn| úialr ms,sn| idudðlhkaf.a m%;spdrhka INPROL i;=áka Ndr.kS'
________________
uQ,dY% ix.%yh(
fuu taldnoaO m%;spdrh my; uQ,dY%hkaf.ka lreKq Wlyd.kq ,en we;' hyperlink iys;j
,ehsia;=.;fldg we;s ish¿ f,aLKhka INPROL äðg,a mqia;ld,h fj; we;=,;a lrkq ,en
we;'
wka;¾cd;sl yd l,dmSh m%ñ;Ska yd m%Yia; mßphka

wêlrKfha ksoyi ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uQ,O¾uhka ^1985&
43

ÿIKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh ^2003&
wêlrKfha yeisÍu ms,sn| nex.f,da¾ uQ,O¾uhka ^2002&
rcfha ks,OdÍka i|yd jk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a p¾hd ix.%yh ^1996&
ÿIKh ms,sn| hqfrdamd wmrdO kS;s uKav, iïuq;sh ^1999&
OECD ÿIK úfrdaë iïuqlsh ^1997&
¥IKhg tfrys wka;¾ weußldkq iïuq;sh ^1996&
44

kS;sh n,d;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn| jq ix.%yh’
fuu ix.%yh 1979 foieïn¾ ui 17 jk Èk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska 34$169
orK fhdackd iïu;h u.ska ms<s.kakd ,È’
1’ jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a jD;a;sh úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk by, uÜgfï j.lSï f,i
wka;¾.;” kS;súfrdaë l%shdjkag tafrysj iEu ;eke;af;l=gu wdrlaId lsÍu iy m%cdj úIfhys fiajh lsÍu
jYfhka - kS;sh uÕska Tjqka úIfhys mjrkq ,enq hq;=lï iEu wjia:djl§u Tjqka úiska bIag l< hq;=h’
úia;r m%ldYh
^w& ¶ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka ¶ hk jpkhg” úfYaIfhkau w;awvx.=jg .ekSu fyda rojd ;nd
.ekSu ms<sn| l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk” fmd,sia n,;, l%shd;aullrkq ,nk” Tjqkaj m;alrkq ,enqj;a fyda
Pkaofhka f;dardm;alr.kq ,enqj;a” ishü kS;s ks,OdÍka we;=<;afõ’
^wd& rdcHhka ;=< fmd,sia n,;,” ikakoaO yuqod n,dêldÍka úiska fyda ks, we÷fuka isák fyda fkdisák rdcH
wdrlaIl ikakoaO yuqod uÕska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs’ ta wkqj kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka hk
w¾:l:kh ;=<g” fulS fiajdjka yS ksr;j isák ks,OdÍkao we;=<;a njg ie,lsh hq;=h’
^we& mqoa.,sl” wd¾Ól iudchSh fyda fjk;a yÈis ;;a;ajhka úIfhys blauka iyh wjYH lrkq ,nk m%cdj ;=<
jq talS idudðlhkag iyhùuo” m%cdjg fiajh lsÍu hkakg úfYaIfhka we;=<;afõ’
^wE& fuu m%;smdokh yryd wjdrKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha” ishü m%pKav l%shd fld,a,lEï iy msvdldÍ
l%shd muKla fkdj oKavkSh jHjia:djka yryd” ishü m%foaYhka mqrd jHma;j mj;sk fujeks ;;ajhka
je<elaùu - jHdma; lsÍug;a wfmalaId flf¾’ tfiau fï yryd mqoa.,hkaf.a yeisÍu” wmrdOuh j.lsulg hg;a
fkdjk ;;ajhla lrd jHdma; lsÍu úIfhysÈ n,dfmdfrd;a;=fõ’
2 jk jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍfï§” ishü ;eke;a;kaf.a
udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍu iy tajd mj;ajdf.k hdu;a udkj .re;ajhg .re lsÍu iy iqrlaId lsÍu;a isÿl<
hq;=h’
45

úia;r m%ldYh
^w& udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh” isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh”
jOysxid iy fjk;a lDDrlï wudkqIsl fyda wjuka iy.;a ie,lSï fyda ovqjï j,g hg;aùfuka ishü
;eke;a;la wdrlaIdùu ms<sn| ìcsx m%ldYkh” ishü wdldrfha jd¾.sl;ajh u; mokïj fjkiafldg ie,lSu
;=rka lsÍu ms<sn|jqq tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%ldYkh” ishü wdldrfha
jd¾.sl;ajhka u; mokïj fjkiafldg ie,lSu ;=rkalsÍu ms<sn|jq wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh” j¾K fNaojdoh u;
mokï jq wmrdO úIfhys ovqjï mekùu iy j¾KfNaojdoh hgm;a lsÍu ms<sn| jq wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh”
j¾.idkkh u; mokï jq wmrdO úIfhys ovqjï mekùu iy j¾. >d;khg je<elaúu ms<sn| jq iïuq;sh”
isrlrejka úIfhys ie,lSu ms<sn| wju m%ñ;ska we;=<;a Í;ska iy ;dkdm;s ion|;d ms<sn| jq úhdkd iïuq;sh
hk udkj ysñlï úIfhys wod< wka;¾cd;sl WmlrK w;r” cd;sl iy cd;HKa;r kS;sh u.ska m%Yak.k jq
udkj ysñlï y÷kdf.k tajd iqrlaId l< hq;=h’
^wd& cd;sl úia;r m%ldYkh Wfoid” fuu m%;smdokh yryd” fuu whs;sjdislï yeÿkd.ksñka wdrlaId lsÍu
úIfhys jq l,dmSh iy cd;sl m%;smdok we;=<;a l< hq;=h’
3 jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska iDcq f,igu wjYH lrkq ,nk úfgl§ iy” Tjqkaf.a rdcldß
lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍu úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk m%udKhg muKla n,h fhÈh yelsh’
úia;r m%ldYh
^w& fuu m%;smdok yryd wjOdrKh lrkqfha kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska wjia:dms; idOl
hgf;a wmrdO je<elaùu fyda ta fya;=fjka ielldr jrolrejkafyda jrolrejkaj ks;Hkql=, f,i w;avx.=jg
.ekSu Wfoid iyh§u Wfoid fyda idOdrK f,i wjYH lrkq ,nk n,hla fh§ug Tjqkg wjir we;’ tfy;a
tls ;;a;ajhka Tíng n,h fhÈh fkdyel’
^wd& iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| uq,O¾uhg wkql=<j idudkHfhka cd;sl ks;sh u.ska kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
ks<Odßka úIfhys n,h fh§u iïnkaOfhka iSud mkjkq ,nhs’ fuysÈ f;areï .; hq;af;a” fuu m%;smdok
w¾:ksremKh lsÍfï§ iudkqmd;slNdjh ms<sn| tlS cd;sl m%;sm;a;s j,g .rel< hq;= njhs’ ks;Hkql=,
wfmalaIdjka <.dlr .ekSu úIfhys wiudkqmd;slj n,h fh§ug wjir fok njg fuu m%;smdokh lsisÿ úfgl
w¾:ksrEmKh fkdl< hq;=h’
^we& .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu ms<snZ| jq m%n, l%ufõohka úIfhys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h’ tys§ <uqkag tfrysj .skswú
Ndú;d lsÍu neyer lsÍu úIfhys iEu W;aiyhlau .; hq;=h’ idudkHfhka ielldr jrolrejka whqO
ikakoaOj igka lrk úfgl§ fyda wka;rdodhl f,i fjk;a ;eke;a;ka iuÕ jdih lrk úfgl§ iy
ielldr jrolrejkag isrNdrhg .eksu úIfhys fyda Tjqkaj uev meje;aùu úIfhys” wju jYfhka m%n,
l%ufõohka Ndú;d lsÍu m%udKj;a fkdjk úfgl§ yereKq fldg .skswú Ndú;d fkdl< hq;=h’ .skswú Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk iEu úfgl§u ta iïnkaOfhka ksis n,dêldÍkag fkdmudj jd¾;d l< hq;=h’
46

4’ jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka ish rdcldß lghq;= l%shd;aul lsßfï§ fyda hqla;sh úIfhys iDcq f,igu
wjYH lrkq ,nk úfgl§ fyda yereKq fldg” ryiHuh iajNdjhla .kq ,nk ldrKd” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq
,nk ks,OdÍka úiska ryisl.; f,i Tjqkaf.a i;a;lfha ;nd.; hq;=h’
úia;r m%ldYh
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= j, iajNdjh f,ig ,nd.kq ,nk
mqoa.,sl Ôú;h ms<sn| fyda wNSu;d¾:hka úIfhys ydks meñKsúh yels iy úfYaIfhka fjk;a ;eke;a;kaf.a
ls¾;sh úIfhys wod< jk f;dr;=re Ndú;d lsÍfï§ iy tajd wdrlaId lsÍu úIfhys lghq;= lsÍfï§ úfYaI
wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= w;r” tlS f;dr;=re wkdjrKh l< hq;af;a Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍu
Wfoid fyda hqla;sh úIfhys m%fhdackj;a jk úfgl muKs’ fjk;a wruqKq Wfoid tlS f;dr;=re ljrdlrfhka
fyda wkdjrKh lsÍu fhda.h fkdfõ’
5 jk jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkag” ydks meñKùula” kmqrlg fm<Uùula” ljrdldrfha ±âjO nkaOk
fyda fjk;a lDDrlï” wudkqIsl fyda wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s fyda ovqjï mekùula fyda l< fkdyel’ ;jo
wjia:dms; idOl f,ig” rdcHhla ;=< hqoaOhla we;s úfgl fyda hqoaOhla i|yd ;¾ckhla we;súg cd;sl
wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckhla we;súg” wNHka;r jYfhka foaYmd,k jYfhka wjia:djrNdjhla mj;sk úfgl fyda
ljrdlrfha uyck;dj úIfhys yÈis ;;a;ajhla mj;sk úfgl” ±äjO nkaOkfyda fjk;a lDDrlï”wudkqIsl
fyda wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s fyda ovqjï mekùu” idOrKslrKh l< yels wjia:djl§ yereKqfldg lsisÿ kS;sh
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßhl=g by< ks,OdÍkaf.a ksfhdackhkag hgy;a f,i fyda tjeks l%shdjla isÿl<
fkdyel’
úia;r m%ldYh
^w& fulS ;ykï lÍu” ±äjvysxid iy fjk;a lDDrlï” wudkqIsl fyda wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s j,g fyda ovqjï
j,g hg;aùfuka ish¨ ;eke;a;ka wdrlaIdùu ms<sn| ìðx m%ldYh ;=<ska mekk.S’ tjf.au fuh” tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska ms<s.kq ,enq w;r” fuhg wkqj”
¶ tjeks wdldrfha l%shdjla udkj .re;ajh úIfhys jq jrola jk w;r” th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sfha wruqKq
m%;slafIam lsÍula jYfhka fukau udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh u.ska m%isoaO fldg lshd isákq ,nk
udkj ysñlï iy uq,sl ksoyi W,a,x>Kh lsÍula jYfhkao wfkl=;a wka;¾cd;sl udkjysñlï ms<sn|
WmlrKhka W,,ax>Kh lsÍula jYfhkao fy<d ±lsh hq;=h’
^wd& m%ldYkh uÕska ±äjOysxid mekùu hkak my; mßoafoka w¾:ksrEmKh lrhs’
47

¶ ±äjOysxid mekùu hkafkka woyia lrkqfha mSvdjla fyda fõokdjla we;slrkq ,nk wkaofï ljr fyda
l%shdjla’ tu msvdj fyda fõokdj Ydßßl jYfhka fyda udkisl jYfhka we;slrkq ,nkakla úh yel’ tfiau
fÑ;kdkaú;j ydks meñKùula fyda hï ;eke;af;l=f.ka fyda ;=kajk md¾Yajhlf.ka f;dr;=re fyd
mdfmÉpdrKhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd hï ;eke;af;l= jrolrejl= ù we;s úg fyda jrolg iellrejl= ù we;s
úfgl tlS ;eke;a;dg ovqjï mekùu fyda tlS ;eke;a;dg fyda fjk;a mqoa.,hkag ;¾ckh lsÍfuka ìh
.ekaùu wd§ fulS wruqKq Wfoid uyck ks<Odßhl= fm<Uùulao ±ä jOysxid mekùu hkakg we;=<;a fõ’
isrlrejkag ie,lSu úIfhys wju m%ñ;Ska olajkq ,nk ß;Ska j, we;=<;aj we;s m%udKhg – ks;Hdkql=, ovqjï
u; iajNdjfhka fyda wjia:dms;j mek k.sk msvdjla fyda fõokdjla” ±â jOysxid mekùu hkakg we;=<;a
fkdfõ’
^we&¶ lDDr wudkqIsl fyda wjukaiy.; f,i ie,lSu fyda ovqjï mekùu¶ hk jpkh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd
uKav,h úiska w¾:ksrEmKh lr ke;s kuq;a” YdÍßl fyda udkisl jYfhka isÿjk wmyrKhkag tfrysj
wdrlaId úh yels mßoafoka” mqz,a jYfhka jHdma; f,i th w¾:l:kh l<hq;=h’
6 jk jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska Tjqkaf.a Ndrfha isák ;eke;a;kaf.a fi!LHh ms<sn| mqz,a
wdrlaIKhla ;yjqre l< hq;= w;ru” úfYaIfhkau Tjqkg ffjoH wdOdr wjYH lrkq n,k úfgl tajd
iemhSug yels blauka mshjr .; hq;=h’
úia;r m%ldYkh
¶ ffjoH wdOdr¶ hkakg ffjoH ;;a;ajfhka miqjk ljr fyda ;eke;af;l= úiska isÿlrkq ,nk fiajd iemhSula
woyia fõ’ ta wkqj fuu ffjoHuh ;;ajfha miqjk ;eke;a;ka hkakg” iy;sl,;a ffjoH jD;a;slhka iy
w;sf¾l jYfhka ffjoH wdOdr iemhSu yd iïnkaO ;eke;a;kao we;=<;a fõ’ tajf.au tu ;eke;a;ka úiska
ffjoH wdOdr wjYH lrkq ,nk úfgl fyda b,a,d isák úfgl tajd ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
^wd& ffjoHuh ;;a;ajfha miqjk ;eke;a;ka kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk l%shdouhka Wfoid iïnkaO ù we;s
w;r;=r kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk l%shdoduhkaf.ka mßNdysr - ffjoHuh ;;a;ajfha miqj ;eke;a;kaf.a
Wmfoia we;sj fyda kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk l%ufõohkag iïnkaOù isák ffjoHuh ;;a;ajfha miq jk
;eke;a;kaf.a ks¾foaYu;” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a Ndrfha isák ;eke;a;ka úIfhys fhda.H
m%;sldr imhñka” tls;eka;a;ka úIfhys ;Skaÿj,g t<öh hq;=h’
^we& fuysÈ jgyd .; hq;= jkqfha kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍu fya;+ lrf.k wk;=rg m;ajqjka úIfhys fyda kSs;sh
W,a,x>kh lsßu u; úkaÈ;hka jq wh úIfhys jq ffjoH wdOdr - kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska
;yjqre l< hq;= njhss’
7 jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska lsisÿ wdldrhl ÿIK lghq;a;la fkdl< hq;=h’ fuls ks,Odß úiska
tjeks wdldrfha ish¨ l%shdj,g ±ä f,i úreoaO úh hq;= w;ru tajd ±äf,i msgq ±lsh hq;=h’
úia;r m%ldYkh
^w& ljrdldrfha ÿIK l%shdjla tjeks wkaoug ljrdlfha fyda n,êldßh whq;= f,i fhoùula” kS;sh l%shd;aul
lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka iïnkaOfhka” wdKavq jYfhka Tjqkaf.a mqrjeishka w;r kS;sh n,.kajkq ,nh fkdyels
48

kï fyda Tjqkaf.au ksfhdað;hkaag tfrysg iy Tjqkaf.au kfhdað;hka w;f¾ kS;sh n,.kajkq ,eîug wlue;S
kï fyda” ta iïnkaOj iïmq¾Kfhkau kS;sh l%shd;aul l< hq;=h’
^wd& ÿIKh hkakg wd¾:l:kh cd;sl kS;shg hg;a úh hq;= w;r” hï rdcldÍ lghq;a;la iïnkaOfhka”
;Hd.h Wfoid m%;spdrh ±laùfuka fmdfrdkaÿ fyda n,fhka ,nd .eksu i|yd jq fm<Uùu fyda ms<s.eksu fyda
tjeks wdldrfha hï l%shdjla lsßu fyda fkdlryeßula ms<sn|j jerÈ iy.; ms<s.eksu fyda hï l%shdjla lsßu
fyda fkdlr yeßï o we;=<;aj fï f;reï .; hq;=hs’
^we& ¶ÿIK l%shd ¶hk woyia by; olajk wkaoug i,ld ne,sfïÈ” ÿIKh Wfoid jq W;aiy ±ßu o thg
w;=<;a jk njg f;reï .; hq;=h’
8 jk jHjia:dj
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska kS;shg iy j¾;udk ix.%yhkag .rel< hq;=h’ tls kS;ska ms<Sn|
ljr ldrfha W,a,x>Kh lsßï j,g ±ä f,i úreoaO ùug iy tjeks W,a,x>Kh lsßï je<elaùug kS;sh
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska Tjqkag yels Wmßu yelshdfjka lghq;= l, hq;=h’
kS;sh ms<Sn| j¾;udk ix.%yh W,a,x>K ù we;s njg úYajdi lsÍug kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßkag
fya;= we;=ˆ úg fyda tjeks W,a,x>Kh lsÍula ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a by< n,dOdÍkag jd¾;d l< hq;= w;r” wjYH
úfgl” fjk;a fhda.H wêldÍka fj; fyda úu¾Yk fyda m%;sl¾u iemhSu ms<sn| n,;, we;s uq,drïNhka fj;
fyda jd¾;d l<hq;=h’
úia;r m%ldYh(
^w& fuu ix.%yh” cd;sl jHjia:d we;=<g fyda mßph ;=<g fyda we;=<;a lrf.k we;s úg fuu ix.%yh
tajdg wkql=<j meje;sh hq;=h’ tjf.au cd;sl jHjia:djka ;=< fyda mßphka ;=<” fuu j¾;udk ix.%hkag
olajkq ,nk m%;smdok j,g jvd m%n, m%;smdok wvx.=j mj;S kï” tu m%n, m%;smdok n,meje;aúh hq;=h’
^wd& fuu jHjia:dj yryd wfmalaId lrkqfha” tla w;lska” uyck wdrlaIdj úYd, jYfhka r|dZ mj;sk
ksfhdað;hkaf.a wNHka;r úkh úIfhys jq wjYH;d” wfkla w;g” uq,sl jYfhka udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh
lsßï úIfhys jq wjYH;d” w;r iunr;djh iqrlaIs; lsßuhs” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska
;ukaf.a n, iSudj ;=< jq W,a,x>Kh lsßï ms<Sn|j jd¾;d l< hq;= w;r M,odhs fjk;a m%;sl¾u fkdue;s
úglÈ muKla ;ukaf.a n, isudfjka Tíng hñka” fjk;a kS;sHdkql=, l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h’ kS;sh l%shd;aul
lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska fuu ix.%yh W,a,x>Kh lsßula isÿù we;snjg fyda tjeks W,a,x>Kh lsßula
ms<sn|j jd¾;d lr we;s ksid Tjqka mßmd,kuh jYfhka fyda fjk;a oKkavkhkag hg;a fkdúh hq;=h’
^we& ¶ fhda.H n,dêldrska fyda úu¾YK fyda m%;sl¾u iemhSfï n,;, ysñ uq,drïNhka¶
hk jpkfhka woyia lrkqfha” fuu ix.%fha n, isudj ;=< jq W,a,x>Kh lsÍfï ms<sn| ÿla.ekú,s iy meñKs,s
bÈßm;aj we;s úg tajd úu¾Ykh lsßu ms<sn| fjk;a n,;, ysñ fyda pdß;%kql=,” jHjia:dms;j” iajdêkj fyda
wNHka;r jYfhka kS;sh n,.kajkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k meje;sh;a” cd;sl kS;shg hg;aj mj;sk
uq,drïNhka fyda ljrdldrfha wêldßhla fõ’
^wE& we;eï rgj,” ckudOH” by; ^we& wkqfPaohfha úia;r lrkq ,nk wdldrfha meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lrkq
,nk ld¾HNdrh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk wh f,i ie,lsh yels’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka” fuu
j¾;udk ix.%yfha 4 jk jHjia:dfõ olajkq ,nk úêúOdk j,g wkql=, iy ;ukaf.a rfgys jq pdß;% iy
kS;skag wkq,j” wjidk jYfhka wOdr iy Wmfoia imhk f,i Tjqka úiska” ckudOH yryd uyck;djf.a
49

woyia ±k .ekSu msKsi” W,a,x>Kh lsßï Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh msKsi /f.k hdyels w;r kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq
,nk ks,Odßka idOdrK úh hq;=h’
^b& kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska” fuu ix.%yfha úêúOdkhkag wkq.;j” tajdg fhda.H jk
mßoafoka lghq;= l< hq;=h’ taajdg .re l< hq;=h’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jD;a;sh jYfhka” kS;sh n,
.kajkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska” m%cdfõ iyh msKSi iïmq¾K iyfhda.h ,nd foñka fiajh l, hq;=h’
50

wNsfpdaolhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh úIfhys jQ ud¾f.damfoaY
1990 ud¾;= ui 27 osk isg" 1990 iema;eïn¾ ui 07 hk osk olajd lshqnd yS" yjdkd ¥m;aj, mej;s"
wmrdO je<elaùu iy jrolrejka úIfhys ie<lSu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wgjk fldx.%ih fulS
ud¾f.damfoAYhka ms<s.kakd ,oS'
flfiafj;;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh u.ska f,daljdiS ck;djg ;rfha lshd isákq ,nkqfha" wfkl=;a
foa w;r" Tjqkaf.a wêIaGdkh úh hq;af;a" l=,h" ,sx.sl;ajh" NIdj fyda wd.u jYfhka lsisÿ
fjkialulska f;drj" udkj ysñlï iy uQ,sl ksoyi m%j¾Okh lsrSu iy osrs.ekaùu i|yd cd;Hka;r
iyfhda.h <Õdlr .ekSu" Tjqkaf.a wruqKqj,ska tla wruqKla f,i m%ldYhg m;alsrSu iy hqla;sh
mj;ajdf.k hd yels ;;ajhka ia:dms; lsrSuhs'
flfiafj;;a" udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh u.ska" kS;sh bosrsfha iudkd;au;djh" ks¾fodaISNdjfha
mQ¾j ks.ukh" idOdrK;ajh mS<sn| jQ whs;sjdislu iy iajdëk iy wmlaImd;S úksYaph iNdjla u.ska
m%isoAêfha ijka oSu ms<Sn| jQ uQ,O¾u ;yjqre fldg we;'
flfiafj;;a" ks;ru" fulS uQ,O¾uhka u.ska wfma;laIs; wruqKq iy ienE ;;ajh w;r mr;rhla
;ju;a mj;S'
flfia kuq;a" iEu rglu hqla;sh miso,Su iy ixúOdk.; lsrSu fulS uQ,O¾uhka u.ska m%fndaOu;a l<
hq;= w;ru" tAjd iïmQ¾Kfhkau h:d¾:hla njg m;a lr .ekSug m%h;ak ork njg fmdfrdkaÿ lrjd
.; hq;h
= '
flfiafj;;a" wNsfpdaolhka úiska hqla;sh mis|,Su úIfhys b;d m%n, ld¾hNdrhla isÿlrk w;r
Tjqkaf.a jeo.;a j.lSï bgqlsrSu úIfhys wod< jk rS;Ska" ^by; olajk ,o uQ,O¾uj,g wkq.;ùu
i|yd fukau Tjqkaf.a .re;ajh i|yd o" ;j ÿrg;a" idOdrK iy hqla;s iy.; jQ wmrdO hqla;sh
úIfhys odhl ùugo" wmrdOj,g tfrysj mqrjeishka úIfhys jvd m%n, jQ wdrlaIdjla i|yd o&
m%j¾Okh l< hq;h
= '
wNsfpdaolhka úIfhys ysñj ;sfnk" Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh iïmQ¾K lsrSu úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk
jD;a;Suh iqÿiqqlï" úfYaIfhkau tAjdfha kj wdlD;Ska iy m%udKhka" ^fiajhg nojd .ekSu ms<sn| jQ
j¾Okh jQ l%ufúo iy ffk;sl iy jD;a;Suh mqyqKqj ;=<ska fukau" wmrdOj,g tfrysj igka lsrSu
51

ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh jvd fhda.H wdldrfhka bgqlsrSu i|yd jQ wjYH lrkq ,nk ish,qu Wmdh
úê iïnkaOfhka jQ úêúOdk ;=<ska o& ;yjqre lsrSu w;HjYH fú'
flfiafj;;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fhaoS" wmrdO je<elaùu iy jrolrejka úIfhys ie<lSu
ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a miajk fldx.%ifha ks¾foAYhka u;" kS;sh n,.kajkq ,nk ks<OdrSka f.a
yeisrSu ms<Sn| jQ ix.%yh" 1979 foie' 12 jeks oske;s" 34$169 orK fhdackd iïu;h u.ska ms<s.kakd
,oS'
flfiafj;;a tlai;a cd;Skfa .a uyd uKav,fhaoS" wmrdO je<elaùu iy jrolrejka úIfhys ie<lSu
ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a yhjeks fldx.%ifha 16 jeks fhdackd iïu;h u.ska" wmrdO je<elaùu iy
md,kh lsrSu ms<sn| lñgqfjka b,a,d isákq ,enQfha" úksYaphlrejkaf.a iajdëk;ajh iy Tjqkaf.a f;dard
.ekSu" jD;a;Suh mqyqKqj iy úksYaphlrejkaf.a iy wNsfpdaolhka ;;a;ajh úIfhys o wod< jk
ud¾f.damfoaYhka Tmakexùu ms<sn|j" tA w;f¾ m%uqL;djh ,nd osh hq;= njhs'
flfia kuq;a" wmrdO je<elaùu iy jrolrejka úIfhys ie<lSu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a y;ajeks
fldx.%ih wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh ms<sn|jQ uQ,sl uQ,O¾u ms<s.kq ,enQ w;r" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd
uKav,h" 1985 fkdjeïn¾ ui 29 osk iïu; l< 40$32 orK fhdackd iïu;h u.ska iy 1985
foieïn¾ ui 13 osk iïu; l< 40$146 orK fhdackd iïu;h u.ska" tA ioyd n,d;aulNdjh ,nd
fok ,oS'
flfia fj;;a" n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu ms<sn| iy wmrdO úkaos;hka ioyd jQ hqla;sh ms<sno uQ,sl uQ,
O¾u we;=<;a m%ldYkh u.ska hqla;shg m%fúY ùu iy idOdrK f,i ie,lSu" h:d;;a;ajhg m;alsrSu"
jkaos iy wmrdO úkaos;hka úIfhys iyhùu m%j¾Okh lsrSu Wfoid .;hq;= l%shdu¾.hka ks¾foaY
lrkq ,nhs'
flfia kuq;a" y;ajeks fldx.%ih tys 7 jk fhdackd iïu;h u.ska lñgqfjka b,a,d isákq ,enQfha"
wfkl=;a foa w;r" f;dard .ekSu" jD;a;Suh mqyqKqj iy wNsfpdaolhkaf.a ;;a;ajh" Tjqkaf.a wfmalaIs;
ÿIalr ld¾hNdrh iy yeisrSu" wmrdO hqla;s moaO;sh b;du ugis,qgq wkaoug l%shd;aul lsrSu úIfhys
Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh iy fmd,Sish iu. Tjqkaf.a iyfhda.h jeâ lsrSu ms<sn| jQ l%fudamdhka" Tjqkaf.a
wNsu;dkqidrS n,;, ms<sn| jmirh" wmrdO kvq úOdk ld¾h mámdàka ys oS Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh iy ta
iïnkaOfhka wkd.; tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldx.%ihkag jd¾;d lsrSu iïnkaOfhka jQ ud¾f.damfoaYhka
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu wjYHh njhs'
tA wkqj my; l%uj;a f,i ix.%y fldg we;s uQ,sl isoaOdka; u.ska" md¾Yjldr rdcHhkag" wmrdO
kvqúOdk ld¾h mámdàka ysoS wNsfpdaolhkaf.aa wmlaImd;S;ajh iy idOdrK;ajh jvd;a M,odhS f,i
iqrlaId lsrSu iy m%j¾Okh lsrSu ms<sn| jQ Tjqkaf.a ÿIalr ld¾hhg iyh fokq ,nk w;r" wdKavq
52

úiska ;u cd;sl jHjia:d rduqj ;=< fukau mrsphka ;=<oSo tajdg .rel< hq;= fiau tajd wod< lr .;
hq;= w;r tajd wysfpdaolhka úIfhys" tfiau úksYaphlrejka" kS;S{hka" úOdhlfha fukau
jHjia:dodhlfha idudcslhka iy uyck;dj jeks wfkl=;a ;eke;a;kaf.a wjOdkh msKsi /f.k hd
hq;h
= ' fuu ud¾f.damfoaYhka" uQ,slju uyck wNsfpdaolhkaf.a uki u; ix.%y fldg we;s kuq;a" tlS
ld¾hhg iqÿiq wNsfpdaolhka m;alr .ekSfï oS Tjqka tAjd jvd idOdrK f,i wod< lr.kq ,nhs'
iqÿiqlï" f;dard .ekSu iy mqyqKqj
1& wNsfpdaolhka jYfhka f;dard .kq ,nk mqoa.,hka" ukd mqyqKqjlska iy iqÿiqlïj,ska fyí"
wjxlNdjfhka iy yelshdfjka hq;= ;ks mqo.
a ,hka úh hq;=hs'
2& ^w& wNsfpdaolhka f;dard .kq ,nk ks¾Kdhlhka ys" l=,h" j¾Kh" ,sx.sl;ajh" NdIdj" wd.u"
foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a u;jdo" cd;sh iudc fyda jd¾.sl uQ,drïNhka" foam<" Wm;" wd¾:sl fyda fjk;a
;;a;ajhka u; mokïj mqoa.,hkag tfrysj wdrlaIKhka wka;¾.; fldg ;sfnk njg rdcHhka
;yjqre l< hq;h
= ' ta yereKq fldg" wNsfpdaol ;k;=r úIfhys bosrsm;ajk wfmalaIlhka" ;uka
iïnkaO rfgys cd;slhl= ùu wjYHùu ;=<" ta u; fjkiafldg ie<lSula fkdl< hq;h
= '
^wd& wNsfpdaolhka úIfhys ukd fhda.H wOHdmkhla iy mqyqKqjla mej;sh hq;= w;ru" cd;sl iy
wka;¾cd;sl kS;s u.ska yÿkd .kq ,enQ iellrejkaf.a iy úkaos;hkaf.a whs;sjdislï iy Tjqkaf.a
udkj ysñlï iy uQ,sl ksoyi iïnkaOfhka jQ wdKavql%u jHjia:duh iy jHjia:dms; wdrlaIKhka
i|yd" Tjqkaf.a ;k;=frys jQ w.hka iy iodpdrd;aul hq;=lï ms<sn|j o ukd oekSula mej;sh hq;h
= '
fiajd ;;a;ajh iy fiajd fldkafoais

3& wNsfpdaolhka hqla;sh miso,Su úIfhys jQ w;HjYH ksfhdacs;hka jYfhka i,lk w;r Tjqka iEu
wjia:djl oSu Tjqkaf.a jD;a;sh wNsudkh iy .re;ajh mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h'
4& wNsfpdaolhkag ;¾ck" ) íh .ekaùï" ndOd lsrSï" w;sYh f,i ysrsyer lsrSï" wfhda.H wdldrfhka
isÿlrkq ,nk ueosy;aùï fyda isú,a" oKavk fyda fjk;a j.lSï úIfhys whqla;s iy.; fm<Uùïj,ska
f;drj ;u jD;a;Sh ld¾hNdrh l%shd;aul l< yels njg rdcHhka ;yjqre l< hq;h
= '
5& wNsfpdaol mlaIfha ld¾hNdrhka bgqlsrSfï m%;M

s ,hla jYfhka Tjqkaf.a mqoa.,sl wdrlaIdj úIfhys
;¾ckhla t,a, ù we;s úfgl wNsfpdaolhka iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,a fN!;sl jYfhka n,dêldrSka úiska
wdrlaId l< hq;h
= '
53

6& kS;sh u.ska fyda m%isoaO l< rS;Ska fyda fr.=,dis u.ska úY%du jegqm iy úY%du .; hq;= jhi
wNsfpdaolhkaf.a ld,h úIfhys wod< jk idOdrK fldkafoais m%udKj;a oSukd wdosh t<soelaúh hq;h
= '
7& wNsfpdaolhkaf.a Wiiaùï úIfhys wod< lr.kq ,nk l%ufúohka ysoS Tjqkaf.a wjxlNdjh iy
w;aoelSï" l=i,;djhka úfYaIs; jQ jD;a;Suh iqÿiqlï hkdoS wfmalaIs; wruqKq u; mokï úh hq;h
= '
tfiau tajd idOdrK iy wmlaImd;S ld¾h mámdàkag wkqj ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
m%ldYkfha iy iud.fï ksoyi

8& wNsfpdaolhkao wfkl=;a mqrjeishka fukau m%ldYkfha" úYajdifha iud.fï iy /iaùfï ksoyi i|yd
ysñlïmdkq ,nhs' úfYaIfhkau Tjqka kS;Hdkql+, f,i lghq;= lsrSu ksid fyda kS;Hdkql+, ix.uhl
idudcsl;ajh oerSu fya;= fldg f.k jD;a;Suh jYfhka wjdis odhl ;;a;ajhlg m;a fkdù kS;sh
ms<sn| jQ ldrKd idlÉPd lrkq ,nk újD; ixjdohkag iyNd.S ùug" udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh lrkq
,nk iy wdrlaId lrkq ,nk hqla;sh mis|,kq ,nk iy tajdfha /iaùïj,g iyNd.Sùug o Tjqkag
whs;sjdislï mej;sh hq;h
= ' tjf.au Tjqka úiska tlS whs;j
s dislï l%shd;aul lsrSu" Tjqkaf.a jD;a;sh
úIfhys yÿkd.kq ,enQ m%ñ;Ska iy wdpdr O¾u iy kS;shg wkql+,j isÿ l< hq;=h'
9& wNsfpdaolhkag Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d ksfhdackh lsrSug" Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajh wdrlaId lsrSug iy Tjqkaf.a
jD;a;sh mqyqKqj m%j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd jD;a;Sh ix.ï fyda fjk;a ixOdkj,g iïnkaOùug tjeks ix.ï
fyda ixúOdk msysgqjd .ekSug ksoyila ysñ úh hq;h
= '
wmrdO kvQúOdk ld¾h mámdàka úIfhys jQ ld¾hNdrh

10& wNsfpdaolhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh meyeos,s jYfhkau wêlrK ld¾hNdrhkaf.ka fjkafldg ;eíh hq;h
= '
11& kS;sh u.ska n,h oS we;s wkaoug fyda foaYSh mrsphka yS wvx.= ù we;s wkaoug wmrdO
mrSlaIKj, tajdfha kS;Hdkql+,Ndjh wëlaIKfha oS iy fmdÿ hym; ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk ;eke;a;kaq
jYfhka fjk;a ld¾hNdrhka ls%hd;aul lsrSfï oS o wNsfpdaokd wdh;k o w;=¿j" wmrdO kvq úOdk
ld¾h mámdàka ysoS wNsfpdaolhka úiska m%n, ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< hq;h
= '
12& wNsfpdaolhka úiska kS;shg wkql+,j" idOdrKj" jvd;a ia:sr f,i iy jvd;a lâkï f,i Tjqkaf.a
ld¾hNdrh bgq l< hq;h
= ' ;jo udkj .re;ajhg .re l< hq;h
= '
udkj .re;ajh iqrlaId l< hq;=h' udkj ysñlï ;yjqre l< hq;h
= ' ;jÿrg;a wmrdO hqla;Ska moaO;sh
;=< jvd ugis,qgq jQ l%shdoduhla ;yjqre lsrSu iy kS;sfha ksis l%shdoduh ;yjqre lsrSu úIfhys odhl
úh hq;h
= '
54

13& wNsfpdaolhka úiska Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh bgq lsrSfï oS"
w& Tjqka úiska Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh wmlaImd;Sj iy foaYmd,k" iudcSh" wd.ñl" jd¾.sl" ixialD;sl"
,sx.sl fyda fjk;a wdldrfhaa lsisÿ fjkialulska f;drj mj;ajdf.k hdhq;h
= '
wd& uyck iqNfi; wdrlaId lsrSug iellrejka úIfhys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iellrejkaf.a iy
úkaos;hkaf.a ;;ajh úIfhys ksis wdldrfhka úIh uQ,slj lghq;= l< hq;h
= '
fjk;a wmrdO ms<sn|j
16& iellrejkag tfrysj wNsfpdaolhka i;=j idlaIs mj;sk úg tu idlaIs wkdjrKh lr f.k we;af;a
iellrejkaf.a udkj ysïlï oeâ f,i W,a,x>Kh lsrSu ;=<ska úfYaIfhka lDDr iy wudkqIsl nkaOk
mekùu u.ska wudkqIsl fyda b;du my;a wkaofï ie,ls<s fyda ovqjï u.ska fyda fjk;a wdldrfha udkj
ysïlï W,a,x>Kh lsrSu ;=<ska jeks kS;súfrdaë úêl%u u.ska njg okakd úg fyda úYajdi lsrSug
idOdrK fya;= mj;sk úfgl tjeks l%ufúOhka Ndú;d lf<a ljqreka Wfoido Tjqka úIfhys muKla
fkdj lsisÿ ;eke;af;l=g tfrysj fhdod .ekSu m%;slafIam l< hq;h
= ' ta wkqj ta ms<sn|j wêlrKhg
oekqïosh hq;= w;r hqla;sh úIfhys tjeks l%ufúOhka /f.khdfï j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ;yjqre lsrSug
ish,qu wjYH lrk mshjr .; hq;h
= '
wNsu;dkqidrS ld¾hhka
17& rgj,aj, wNsfpdaolhkag wNsu;dkqidrSj lghq;= lsrSug ysñlula we;' tjf.au kS;sh fyda m%ldYhg
m;al< rS;Ska fyda fr.=,diSka u.ska wNsfpdaolhkaf.a l%shdoduh úIfhys ;SrK .ekSfï oS idOdrK iy
wkql+, m%fúYhkag wkq.; ùu j¾Okh lsrSug ud¾f.damfoaY ie<eiaúh hq;h
= '
we& Tjqkaf.a ld¾hhka bgqlsrSfïoS fyda hqla;sh úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk úfgloS yereKq fldg
Tjqkaf.a jD;a;sfha jQ ish,qu lreKq úYajikSh f,i ;nd.; hq;=h'
wE& úkaos;hkaf.a mqoa.,sl wfmalaIdjka n,mEulg ,laj we;s úfgloS Tjqkaf.a woyia iy Tjqka
iïnkaOfhaka ie<ls<su;a úhhq;= w;r wmrdO úkaos;hka ioyd jQ hqla;sh iy n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu
ms<sn| uQ,sl uQ,O¾u we;=<;a m%ldYkhg wkql+,j úkaos;hka i;= whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a oekqj;a
nj ;yjqre l< hq;h
= '
14& wmlaImd;S mrSlaIKhla ;=<ska fpdaokdj wkdjrKh ù ke;s nj fmkS hk úfgl
55

wNsfpdaolhka úiska kvq ld¾h mámdàka keje;aùug .;hq;= iEu W;aidyhlau .;hq;= w;r
wNsfpdaolhka ;jÿrg;a meñKs,a, fufyhùug uq,msrSulaa fkdl< hq;=h'
15& uyck ks<OdrSka úiska isÿlrkq ,nk wmrdO ms<sn| jQ meñKs,s úIfhys wNsfpdaolhka wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;h
= ' úfYaIfhka ÿIK" n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu udkj ysïlï oeâ f,i W,a,x>Kh lsrSï
iy cd;Hka;r kS;s u.ska yÿkd.kq ,enQ
fpdaokd bosrsm;a lsrSu ioyd jQ úl,amhka
18& cd;sl kS;shg wkql+,j wNsfpdaolhka úiska fpdaokd f.dkq lsrSu w;ayerSu" fldkafoais rys;j fyda
iys;j ;j ÿrg;a kvqúOdk ld¾h mámdàka mj;ajdf.k fkdhdu fyda úêu;a hqla;s moaO;shlska wmrdO
kvq fjk;a me;slvlg fhduq lsrSfï oS îellrejka iy úkaos;hkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j iïmQ¾K
.re;ajhla iys;j& wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h' fulS wruqKq Wfoid" rdcHhka úiska tlsfklg fjkia
moAO;Ska wod< lr .ekSfï yelshdj muKla fkdj" iyk i<ik jvd n,dêldrS wêlrK l%ufúOhla
wod< lr .ekSfï yelshdj ;j ÿrg;a kvqúNd.hg fmr rojd ;nd .ekSu" fpdaokd f.dkq lsrSu iy
iyk ie<eiaùï" úfúpkhg md;%ùu je<elaùu o tfiau isrNdrhg .ekSfuka úhyels m%n, n,mEu
úIfhyso mq¿,a .fúIKhla isÿ l< hq;h
= '
19& rgj,a ;=< nd,jhialrejkag tfrysj fpdaokd f.dkq lrkq ,nkjdo keoao hk j. ;SrKh lsrSu
wdoS jYfhka" wNsfpdaolhkag wNsu;dkqidrSj lghq;= lsrSug ysñlula mj;sk w;r úfYaIfhkau wod<
jrfoa iajNdjh iy nrm;,Ndjh iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;r" nd,jhialrejkaf.a
fm!reI;ajh iy Tjqkaf.a jgmsgdj fukau" iudcfha wdrlaIdj úIfhys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;h
= '
tfiau ta iïnkaOfhka ;SrK .ekSfïoS wNsfpdaolhka úiska nd,jhialrejkaf.a hqla;sh yd iïnkaO kS;Ska
iy ld¾h mámdàka hgf;a fpdaokd f.dkq lsrSu iïnkaOfhka mj;sk úl,amhka ms<sn|jo úfYaIfhkau
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=hs' wNsfpdaolhka úiska" Rcq f,iu wjYH lrkq ,nk m%udKh u; muKla
nd,jhialrejkag tfrysj fpdaokd f.dkq lsrSu Wfoid l%shdud¾. .ekSug ;ukag yels Wmrsu W;aidyh
oersh hq;=h'
wfkl=;a rdcH ksfhdcs;hka fyda wdh;k iu. we;s in|;d
56

20& wNsfpdaolhka úiska fmd,Sish" wêlrK" kS;S{jD;a;sh" uyck jrolrejka iy fjk;a rdcH
ksfhdacs;hka fyda wdh;k iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsrSu úIfhys uy;a mrsY%uhla oersh hq;= w;r
tu.ska meïKs,s mlaIfha idOdrK;ajh iy jvdáá M,odhS;djh ;yjqre l< hq;=h'
úkh md,kh lsrSfï ld¾hmámdàka
21& wNsfpdaolhkaf.a úkh iïnkaOfhka jQ jroj,a kS;sh fyda ffk;sl fr.=,diSka u; mokï úh hq;=h'
wNsfpdaolhka úiska meyeos,s f,igu Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Shuh m%ï;Skaj,g mrsndysrj hïka lghq;= lr we;s
njg fpdaokd lrïka Tjqkg tfrysj bosrsm;a flfrk meïKs,s iïnkaOfhka jvd fhda.H jq ld¾h
mámdàka hgf;a WÉ; wkaoug iy idOdrK f,i kS;s u.ska lghq;= l< hq;=h' wNsfpdaolhkago
ijkaoSfï whs;sjdislu mej;sh hq;h
= ' tysoS .kq ,nk ;SrK iajdëk m%;sfYdaOkhlg hg;a úh hq;h
= '
22& wNsfpdaolhkag tfrysj úkh md,kh lsrSï ms<sn| jQ ld¾hmámdàka uQ,sl úYaf,aIKhla iy
;SrKhla u.ska iy;sl l< hq;h
= ' tlS ld¾h mámdàka kS;shg wkql+,j jD;a;Suh yeiSrSu ms<sn| jq
ix.%yhg o ia:dms: fjk;a m%ñ;Ska iy wdpdrO¾uhkag fukau fuu uq,O¾uj,g wkql+,jo ;SrKh úh
hq;h
= '
ud¾f.damfoaYhka ms<smeoSu
23& wNsfpdaolhka úiska fuu j;auka ud¾f.damfoaYj,g .rel< hq;h

= s' tAjf.au Tjqka ljrdldrfha fyda
W,a,x>Kh lsrSï je<elaùug" tajdg ls%hdYS,S f,i úreoaOùug yels Wmrsu uÜgñka lghq;= l< hq;h
= '
24& wNsfpdaolhkag fuu j;auka ud¾f.damfoaYhka W,a,x>Kh lsrSula isÿù we;s njg úYajdi lsrSug
fya;= we;s úfgloS fyda tjekakla iïnkaOj" Tjqkaf.a by< n,dêldrSkag iy wjYHlrkq ,nk fjk;a
fhda.H wêldrSkag fyda m%;sfYdaOk n,;, fyda m%;sl¾u iemhSfï n,;, ysñ uQ,hkag tlS lreK
iïnkaOfhka jd¾;d l< hq;=h'
57

kS;sh n,d;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdrSka úiska n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;h ms<snZ|
uq,sl uq,O¾u
1990 wf.dia;= ui 27 jk Èk isg iema;eïn¾ ui 07 olajd

lshqnd yS yjkd ys§ mej;s jrlorejkag ie,lSu iy wmrdO je<elaùu ms<sn|
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wgjk fldx.%ih uÕska ms<s.kakd ,È’
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hhka ys§ m<uq jekak jkqfha iudc fiajhhs’ th jvd;a jeo.;a
jk w;r” fuu ks,OdÍkaf.a ;;a;ajhka iy fiajd fldkafoaiS wjYH jk úfgl j¾Okh lsÍu iy tajd
mj;ajdf.k hduo wjYH fõ’
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a ðú;h iy wdrlaIdj úIfhys jq ;¾ckhla” iuia; iudcfhau
ia:dhSNdjh Wfoid jq ;¾ckhla f,i ±lsh hq;=h’
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh uÕska ;yjqre fldg we;s mßÈ iy wka;¾cd;sl isú,a iy foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sh uÕska ;rfha lshd isákq ,nk- Ôj;aùfï whs;sjdislu” mqoa., ksoyi iy
wdrlaIdj iqrlaId lsÍu úIfhys kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkag m%n, ld¾hNdrhla we;’
isrlrejkag ie,lSu úIfhys wju m%ñ;Ska we;=<;a Í;Ska úêúOdk olajk wkaoug” nkaOkd.dr ks,OdÍkag
wjia:dms; idOl u; Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= iïnkaOfhka n,h fhÈh yel’
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn| jq ix.%yfha o jHjia:dj úêúOdk olajk wkaoug”
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßkag iDcq f,iu wjYH jk úfgl§ iy Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= bgqlsÍu
úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk;dla ÿrlg muKla Tjqkg n,h fhÈh yel’
b;d,sfha úhdkdys§ mej;S” jrolrejka úIfhys ie,lSu iy wmrdO je<elaùu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a y;ajk
fldx.%ifha uq,sl /iaùfï§ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska .ks wú Ndú;d lsßu iy n,fh§u
jevmeje;aúu ms<sn| jeäÿr lghq;= iïnkaOfhka i,ld ne,sh hq;= uq, Od;= iïnkaOfhka tlÕ;djhg
meñKsfhah’
y;ajk fldx.%ih” tys 14 jk fhdackd iïu;h ;=< wjOdrKh lr isákqfha” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
ks,OdÍka udkj ysñlï úIfhys .re lsÍula jYfhka Bg iß,k mßoafoka .skswú Ndú;h iy n,h fh§u
isÿl<hq;= njhs’
1986 ud¾;= 21 Èk” wd¾Ól iy idudchSh ljqkai,h tys 1986$10 fhdackd iïu;h uÕska ix j.ka;sh wdrdê;
md¾Yajldr rdcHhka úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrkq ,enqfha” kS;sh l%shd;ul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska .sks wú
Ndú;d lsÍu iy n,h fh§u ms<sn| ix.%yh l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|jhs’ tu ljqkai,h uÕska ilia lrkq ,nk
ud¾f.damfoaYhka 1986 foieïn¾ ui 04 jk Èk “ 41$149 orK fhdackd iïu;h uÕska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd
uKav,h úiska ta wdldrfhkau ms<s.kakd ,È’
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hNd¾h yd wod< hqla;sh mis|,su” mqoa.,hkaf.a ksoyi wdrlaIdj
iy Ôj;aùfï whs;sjdislu iqrlaId lsÍu” uyck wdrlaIdj iy iudchSh iudh mj;ajdf.k hdfï j.lSuo
úIfhys” Tjqkaf.a iqÿiqlï” mqyqKqj iy yeisÍu fukau Tjqkaf.a mqoa.,sl wdrlaIdj úIfhyso wjOdkhla fhduq
lsÍu jvd fhda.Hfõ’
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a ksis ld¾hNdrh ;yjqre lsÍfï iy m%j¾Okh lsÍfï md¾Yajldr
rdcHhka i;= ÿIalr ld¾hh úIfhys my; l%uhla f,i ix.%y fldg we;s uq,sl uq,O¾u uÕska iyh ,nd fokq
58

,nk w;r” wdKavq úiska ish foaYsh jHjia:d rduqj ;=< fukau mßphka ;=<§o talS uq,O¾u úIfhys .re l<
hq;= w;r fuls uq,O¾u kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßkaf.ao” ;jÿrg úksYaphldrjre” wNsfpdaolhka"
kS;s{jre” úOdhlfha iy jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlhkaf.a o” uyck;dj jeks wfkla ;eke;a;kaf.a o wjOdkh
fhduqlrùu msKsi /f.k hd hq;=h’
fmdÿ úêúOdk
1’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska mqoa.,hkag tfrysj n,h fh§u iy .skswú Ndú;h
iïnkaOfhka jq Í;Ska iy fr.=,diSka wdKavqj iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska ms<sf.k
l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' tlS Í;Ska iy fr.=,diSka j¾Okh lsÍfï§” wdKavq iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk wdh;k
úiska iaÓr f,igu úu¾Ykhlg hg;aj” iodpdrd;aul lrkq” n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu yd
iïnkaOj ;nd.; hq;=h’
2' rch iy kS;sh n,d;aul lrk wdh;k yels Wmrsu yd úúO jQ wdldrj, l%ufõo ixj¾Okh l< hq;=h'
tysoS úúO wdldrfha n,h yd .sks wú Ndú;fha fjkig bv ie,iSu ioyd fjkia wldrfha wúj,ska kS;sh
n,d;aul lrk ks<OdrSka ikakoaO l< hq;=hs" fñysoS mqoa.,hkag urKh fyda ;=jd, isÿ ùu je<elaùu ioyd
iqÿiq wjia:dj, Ndú;d lsrSug urK isÿ fkdlrk iqˆ wú we;=<;a l< hq;=h' tfiau kS;s n,d;aul lrk
ks,OdrSkaf.a iajhx wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSu i|yd m,sy" ysia wdjrK" fjâ fkdjosk weªï iy fjâ fkdjosk
wdldrfha m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h uÕska fjk;a wú Ndú;h wju lsrSuo l< hq;=h'
3’ m%j¾OkldÍ iy úys§ hk iajrEmfhka hq;= udrl wú wdhqO” mqoa.,hka úIfhys wka;rdodhlùu g we;s
wjodku wju jk wdldrhg úYaf,aIKh l< hq;= w;r” tajd mdúõÑ l< hq;af;a b;d m%fúiïldÍ md,khlska
hq;=jh’
4’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska Tjqkaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsßfï§ .sks wú Ndú;d
lsßug iy n,h fh§ug fmr” msvdldÍ fkdjk l%ufõohka jvd fhda.H mßoafoka wod< lr.; hq;=h’ Tjqka
úiska .sks wú Ndú;d lsßu iy n,h fh§u isÿl< yelafla” lsisÿ wdldrhl fmdfrdkaÿùula$ tlÕùulsk a
f;drj” wfmalaIs; m%;Ms , <.dlr .ekSu úIfhys fyda wfkl=;a l%fudamdhka jvd M,odhS fkdjk úfglÈ
muKlah’
5’ kS;sHkql=, f,i n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu j,x.= fõ’ ta wkqj kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
ks,OdÍka úiska”
^w& jrfoa nrm;,Ndjh iy jHjia:dodhlh úiska <.d lr.ekSug wfmalaIs; wruqKqg iudkqmd;sl f,ig tls
n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu isÿl< hq;=h’
^wd& n,h fh§fï§ iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍfï§ mSvdj iy ydksh wju l< hq;= w;r udkj ðú; iqrlaId l<
hq;=h’
^we& ;=jd,,;a fyda n,meug ,lajq ;eke;a;l=g iyh yd ffjoH wdOdr iyfhda.h yels blaukska ,ndfok njg
;yjqre l< hq;=h’
^wE& ;=jd,,;a n,mEug ,lajq ;eke;a;l=g iïnkaOj Tjqkaf.a {;Skag fyda Tjqkaf.a ióm ñ;=rkag yels
blaukska ±kqï fok njg ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
6’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lÍu fya;= fldgf.k
;=jd,úula fyda urKh isÿù we;s úg” 22 jk uq,O¾uhg wkql+,j ta ms<sn|j - wm%udoj - Tjqkakf.a by<
ks,OdÍkag jd¾;d l< hq;=h’
59

7’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska whq;= f,i fyda w;a;fkdau;sl f,i n,h fh§u iy .sks wú
Ndú;d lsÍu” wmrdOuh jrola jYfhka ovqjug hg;a jk nj wdKavq úiska ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
8’ wNHka;ßl jYfhka foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh fyda fjk;a ljrdldrfha uyck yÈis ;;a;ajhka jeks
jH;sf¾Çh wjia:djkays§” fuu uq,sl uq,O¾uhkag msgia;rj f.dia lghq;= lr we;s úfgl tjeks ;;a;ajhka
idOdrKSlrKh lsÍug wjYH fkdfõ’
9’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska wd;audrlaIdj Wfoid fyda wfkla ;eke;a;kaf.a” wdrlaIdjg
tfrysj” ðú;h ms<sn| fyda nrm;< ;=jd, isÿúh yels njg m%n, ;¾ckhla we;súg” ðú;jg nrm;<
;¾ckhla t,a,úh yels nrm;<
10' 09 jk uq,O¾uh hgf;a úêúOdk olajk wjia:dms; idOl wkqj”kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdrSka”
tlS ix{dj jgy .ekSug ;ru m%udKj;a ld,hlao iys;j” Tjqka úiskau Tjqkaf.a ys;g meyeÈ,s ix{djla
,ndÈh hq;=h’ tfia ke;akï” kS;sh l%shd;au lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úIfhys wjodkula fyda fjk;a ;eke;a;kaf.a
ðú;h úIfhys fyda ±ã ydkshla we;sjk njg jq wjodkula ks¾udKh úh yels fyda isÿùfï wjia:djka yd
fya;= fkdjk fyda fhda.H fkdjk wkaofï ;;a;ajhla fyda we;súh yel’
11’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu úIfhysjq Í;Ska iy fr.=,diSka Wfoid
fulS ud¾f.dmfoaYlhkao we;=<;a úh hq;=h’
^w& kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍug /f.khdug wjir ysñjkqfha ljr
wjia:dj,§ o hkak úfYaIfhka ±laúh hq;= w;r” wjir ysñjkqfha ljrdldrfha .skswú iy fjâ WKav Ndú;d
lsÍug o hkak úia;r fldg ±laúh hq;=h’
^wd& .skswú Ndú;d l< hq;af;a fhda.H wjia:djkays§ muKla iy w;HjYH wdldrfha ydkslr ;;a;ajhkaa
ms<sn| jq wjodku wju lsÍu jeks wdldrfha ;;a;ajhka ys§ muKla nj ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
^we& fujeks .sks wú iy fjä WKav Ndú;d lsÍu fya;=fjka wkjir wdldrfha mSvdjla fyda wkjir wdldrfha
wjodkula mj;sk úg” .sks wú iy fjâ WKav Ndú;d lsÍu ;ykï fõ’
^we& kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úIfhys .sks wú iy
fjâ WKav ksl=;a lsÍu úIfhys j.lsu hq;= nj ;yjqre lrKq ,nk ld¾hmámdàka o we;=¨j” .sks wú -
md,kh lsÍu .nvd lr ;eîu iy ksl=;a lsßu úêu;a úh hq;=h’
^b& .sks wú Ndú;d lrk úfgl ^ m;a;= lrk úfgl & fhda.H ;;a;ajhka ys§” ta ms,sn| wk;=re we.ùo ,ndÈh
hq;=h’
^B& kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska ;ukaf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsßfï§ .skswú Ndú;d
lsÍu ms<sn|j jd¾;d lsÍfï moaO;shla mehhs hq;=h’
kS;s úfrdaë /iaùï ms<sn|jq l%shdud¾.

12' udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfha iy isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sfha
we;=,;a uq,O¾uhkag wkql=,j iEu ;eke;af;l=gu” ks;Hkql=, iy iduldó /iaùï j,g iyNd.sùug ysñlï
we;’ tys tk 13 jk iy14 jk uq,O¾u j,g wkql=,j muKla .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu iy n,h fhÈu isÿl<
yels nj”wdKavqj úiska iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska fukau kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq
,nk ks,Odßka úiska ms,s.; hq;=h’
13' kS;súfrdaês /iaùï ydkshla fkdjk mßoafoka úiqrejd yeßh yel’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka
úiska n,h fh§u” wju jYfhka wjYH jk ;dla ÿrlg iSud l< hq;=h' ;e;akï je<elaúh hq;=h’ ^m%fhda.sl
fkdjqk;a &
60

14’ mSvdldß /iaùï úiqrejd yeÍulÈ” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßkag .sks wú Ndú;d l< yelafla”
wju uÜgfï ydkslrodhs l%fudamhka m%fhda.sl fkdjk úfglÈ muKla iy n,h fhÈh - wju uÜgfuka wjYH
jk ;dla ÿrlg muKs’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska tjeks ;;a;ajhka ys§” fuys tk 9 jk
uq,O¾ufha we;=<;a fldkafoais j,g hg;aj” ta yereKq fldg” n,h fhÈula fkdl< hq;=h’
Ndrfha fyda w;awvx.=fõ isák ;eke;a;ka ms<sn| jq l%shdud¾. (-

15' kS;h l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska” mqoa.,sl wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckhla jk wjia:djl§ fyda talS
wdh;k ;=< wdrlaIdj mj;ajdf.k hdu ±äf,i wjYH jk úfgl§ yereKq fldg” kukaf.a Ndrfha fyda
w;awvx.=fõ isák ;eke;a;ka úIfhys n,h fh§ula isÿfkdl< hq;=h’
16' kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska” fuys tk 9 jk uq,O¾ufha i|yka jk mßoafoka” wjOdkï
iy.; f,ig - Ndrfha fyda w;awvx.=fõ isák ;eke;af;l= mekhdu je<elaùug ±äf,igu wjYH jk úfgl§
fyda wfkl=;a ;eke;a;ka úIfhys urKh ms<sn|j fyda nrm;< wdldrfha mSvdjla ms<sn|j fyda yois ;¾ckhlg
tfrysj wdrlaIKhla f,ig fyda w;audrlaIdj úIfhys fyda yereKq fldg ;ukaf.a Ndrfha fyda w;awvx.=fõ
isák ;eke;a;ka úIfhys .sk swú Ndú;d lsÍula isÿfkdl< hq;=h’
17’ fuls ld¾hmámdál uq,O¾u u.ska isrlrejka úIfhys ie,slsu ms<sn| wju m%ñ;Ska olajkq ,nk”
úfYaIfhkau tys tk 33” 34 iy 54 hk ß;ska uÕska úoydmdk wkaoug” nkaOkd.r ks,Odßka úIfhys jq
whs;sjdislï” hq;=lï iy j.lsï Wfoid nOd lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ’
iqÿiqlï” mqyqKq iy WmfoaYkh

18' wdKavq iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka
f;dard .eksu” fhda.H meyeÈ,sj fmfkk ld¾h mámdáhlg wkqj isÿlrk nj ;yjqre l< hq;=h’ ;jo Tjqka
fhda.J pß;hlska fyìnj;a Tjqkaf.a rdcldß lghq;= Wfoid jq M,odhs jHdhdu úIfhys - Tjqka ukd Ydßßl
iy udkisl ;;ajhlska hqla; nj;a” jD;a;suh mqyqKqj fudjqkaf.a rdcldß lghq;= úIfhys wLKav Ydßßl
fi!LHhla meje;sh hq;= w;r th miq úmrulg hg;a úh hq;=h’
19' wdKavq iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;kh úiska kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka
úIfhys mqyqKqjla ,nd fok nj;a Tjqka úiska n,h fh§u” fhda.H jD;a;suh m%ñ;Skag wkql=,j isÿlrk nj
mßlaId lrk njo ;yjqre l< hq;=hs’ fuls kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka” .sks wú /f.khdu wjYH
jqjo” ta ioyd wjir Èh hq;af;a” tajd Ndú;d lsÍu ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a úfYaI mqyqKqj iïmq¾K lr we;akïh’
20’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úIfhys jq mqyqKqfõ§” wdKavq úiska iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska” fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag wod, wdpdr O¾u iy udkj ysñlï” úfYaIfhkau úu¾Yk ld¾h
mÜmdàka” n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍug úl,amhka” .egqï iduldñj ksrjq,a lr .ekSuo we;=zj”
ck.ykfha yeisßu ms<sn|j wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu iy ;dlaIKsl l%fudamdhkaj,g jvd” tlÕlrjd .eksu”
idlÉPd lsßu” iu:h wdÈ l%fudamdhka ms<sn|j” n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsßu iSud lsßu úIfhys wod,
lrKqq ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska Tjqkaf.a
jD;a;suh jevigyka” Tjqkaf.a l%shdkaú; ld¾h mámdáka m%dfhda.sl isoaêka úIfhys wod, lr .ekSu ms<sn|j
úu¾Ykhla isÿ l< hq;=h’
21' wdKavq úiska iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsÍu
ms<sn| isÿùïj,g iïnkaO jk kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úIfhys udkisl wd;;sh ms<sn|j
WmfoaYkhka isÿ l, hq;=h’
61

jd¾;d lsÍfï iy úu¾Yk ld¾h mámdàka (-
22' wdKavq úiska iy kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska” 6 jk iy 11 ^B& uq,O¾ufha i|yka
ishü isÿùï iïnkaOfhka” jvd M,odhs f,i jd¾;d.; lsßfï iy úu¾Ykh lsßfï ld¾h mámdáhla ia:dms;
l< hq;=hs’ fuu uq,O¾u j,g wkqj jd¾;d.; lrkq ,nk isÿùï iïnkaOfhka” jvd M,odhs jq úu¾Yk ld¾h
mámdàhla mj;sk njg;a” fhda.H wjia:djka úIfhys wêlrK md;%;dj l%shd;aul lsÍu Wfoid” iajdëk
mßmd,k fyda awNsfpdaol wêldßhla mj;sk njg;a ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
23' urKh isÿúu” nrm;, ;=jd, fyda fjk;a wdldrfha nrm;, isÿùï ms<sn| úia;rd;aul jd¾;djla”
mßmd,k úu¾Yk iy wêlrK mßmd,kh ms<sn| iy.; n,dêldÍka fj; fkdmudj heúh hq;=h’
24' n,h fh§u ksidfjka iy .ks wú Ndú;d lsÍu ksid fyda kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a ffk;sl
ksfhdackh ksid fyda n,meug ,lajq mqoa.,hka úIfhys” wêldrK ld¾hmámdáhlao we;=z iajdêk ld¾h
mámdhlao úIfhys m%fõYhla mej;sh hq;=h’ fuls ;ekekaf;l=f.a urKh isÿù we;s wjia:djl” fuu m%;smdokh
Tjqkaf.a hefmkakka wkqj wod< úh hq;=h’
25' kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska by< ks,OdÍkaf.a wK u; isák nj okafka kï fyda ±k.;
hq;= kï” Tjqka kS;s úfrdaë f,i n,h fhdohs kï iy .sks wú Ndú;d lrhs kï” tjeks úfgl tls n,h
je<elaùug .;hq;= iEu mshjrlau fkd.kafka kï” tjeks ;;a;ajhla jd¾;d fkdlrhs kï tjekakla hgm;a
lsÍug lghq;= fkdlrkafka kï” tjekakla ms<sn| j.lSu by< ks,OdÍka i;=j mj;sk nj” wdKavq úiska iy
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka úiska ;yjqre l, hq;=h’
26' wdKavq úiska iy kS;h l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ksfhdað; wdh;k úiska kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka
úiska kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn| jq ix.%yh iy fuu uq,O¾uhkag wkq.; fkdùu
u;” n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsßu ms<sn| ksfhda. l%shd;aul lsÍu” m%;slafIam lsÍu” wfkl=;a ks,OdÍka
úiska n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d lsßu jd¾;d lsßu m%;slafIam lsßu u;” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk
ks,OdÍka úIfhys wmrdOuh fyda úkh iïnkaO ovqjï l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk njg ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
26' kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka úiska” n,h fh§u iy .sks wú Ndú;d
lSßu ms<Sn| jq ksfhda.hl m%;sM,hla f,i hï mqoa.,hl=f.a urKh isÿjk nj fyda nrm;, wdldrfha mSvdjla
isÿjk nj okafka kï fukau meyeÈ,s f,igu th kS;sHkql=, fkdjkafka kï iy tjekakla wkq.ukh lsßu
m%;slafIam lsßug idOdrK fya;= mj;S kï tjeks úfgl” by< ks,OdÍkaf.a ksfhdaa. j,g wkq.;ùu
ú;a;sjdplhla fkdúh hq;=h’ tjeks úfgl” kS;sHdkQl=, fkdjk ksfhda. ms<sn| jq j.lSu by< ks,OdÍka
i;=fõ’
27' kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍkaf.a yeisÍu ms<sn|jq ix.%yfha 1 jk jHjia:dfõ olajkq ,nk úsia;r
m%ldYkhg wkqj” ¶ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka ¶ hk mohg ishü kS;s ks,OdÍka we;=<;a fõ'
Tjqkaj f;dardm;a lr.kq ,enqj;a fyda Tjqka Pkaofhka f;dardm;a lr .kq ,enqj;a fmd,sia n,;, l%shd;aul
lrkq ,nk” úfYaIfhkau w;awvx.=jg .ekSfï fyda rojd ;nd .ekSfï n,;, l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,Odßka
we;=<;a fõ’ rgj,aj,” fmd,sia n,;, hqOuh n,dêldßka úiska ^Tjqka ks, we÷fuka isáh;a fyda ke;;a& fyda
rdcH wdrlaIl n,ldhka úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka hk w¾:l:khg”
fulS fiajdjka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ks,OdÍka we;=<;a njg ioyka úh hq;=h’
62

kS;s{jrekaf.a ld¾hNdrh úIfhys jQ uQ,sl uQ,O¾u
1990 wf.daia;= 27 Èk isg 1990 iema;eïn¾ 07 Èk olajd lshqnd yS yjdkd ys§ mej;S” wmrdO je<elaùu iy
jrolrejka úIfhys ie,lSu ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wgjk fldx.%ih ^fuls uq,O¾uhka & ms<s.kakd ,È’
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh uÕska f,daljeiS ck;djg ;rfha lshd isákq ,nkqfha” wfkl=;a foa w;r” Tjqkaf.a
wêIaGdkh úh hq;fa ;a” l=,h” ,sx.sl;ajh NdIdj fyda wd.u jYfhka lsisÿ fjkialulska f;drj” udkj ysñlï
iy uq,sl ksoyi m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy Èß.ekaùu i|yd cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h <.d lr .ekSu” Tjqkaf.a wruqKq
j,ska tla wruqKla f,i m%ldYhg m;alsÍu iy hqla;sh mj;ajdf.k hd yels ;;a;ajhka ia:dms; lsÍuhs’
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh uÕska kS;sh bÈßfha iudkd;au;djh” ks¾fodaISNdjfha mq¾j ks.ukh”
idOd¾K;ajh ms<snZ| jq whs;sjdislï iy iAjdëk iy wmlaImd;s úksYaÉh iNdjla uÕska m%isoaêfha ijka§u iy
oKavkSh jrola i|yd ishü fmdfrdkaÿùï wjYH nj” hk uq,O¾u ;yjqre fldg we;’
ñg wu;rj whq;= m%udohlska f;drj kvq úNd.hla i|yd jq whs;sjdislï o idOdrK;ajh i|yd jq
whs;sjdislu iy kS;sh uÕska ia:dms;” iqÿiq” iajdëk iy wmlaImd;S úksYaphiNdjhla uÕska m%isoaêfha ijka§u”
isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh uÕska m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;’
udkj ysñlï iy ksoyi úIfhys .relsÍu iy iqrlaId lsÍu úYaúh jYfhka m%j¾Okh lsÍug m%{ma;sh hgf;a
md¾Yajldr rdcHhka i;= ne§u” wd¾Ól” iudchSh iy ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sh
uÕska isys.kajkq ,nhs
flfiafj;;a ljrdldrfha jq rojd ;nd .ekSula fyda isrNdrfha ;nd .ekSulg hg;a jq ishü ;eke;a;kaf.a
wdrlaIdj i|yd jq uq,O¾u uÕska úêúOdk olajkqfha" w;awvx.=fõ isák ;eke;af;l= kS;s{jrhl=f.a iNh
,nd .ekSug iy kS;s{jrhl= iuÕ woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug fukau kS;s{hl=f.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug
ysñlï ,eìh hq;= njhs’
isrlrejka úIfhys ie,lsï ms<sn| jq wju m%ñ;Ska we;=<;a ß;Ska uÕska ks¾foaY lrkq ,nkqfha” úfYaIfhkau”
kvqúNd. fkdl< isrlrejkag ffk;sl iydh ,nd .ekSu iy kS;s{jreka iuÕ úYajdikSh f;dr;=re yqjudre
lr .ekSu ;yjqre l< hq;= njhs’
isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl iïuq;sfha 14 jHjia:djg wkqj” urK oËqjï mekúh
yels wmrdOhla iïnkaOfhka iellrejl= jq fyda fpdaokd ,en isák iEu ;eke;af;l=gu tlS kvq ld¾h
mámdáka ys iEu wjia:djloSu m%udKj;a ffk;sl iyh ioZyd jq whs;sjdislu urK ovqjug uqyqKq mEfuka
wdrlaIdùug we;s wdrlaIkhka u.ska ;rfha ;yjqre lr isáh’
n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu ms<sn| iy wmrdO úka§;hka i|yd hqla;sh ms<sn| uq,sl uq,O¾uh we;=<;a m%ldYkh
uÕska” hqla;shg m%fõYùu iy idOdrK f,i ie,lSu” h:d;;ajhg m;alsßu” jkaÈ iy wmrdO úkaÈ;hka
úIfhys iyhùu - m%j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid .; hq;= l%shdud¾.hka ks¾foaY lrkq ,nhs’
iajdëk kS;s jD;a;shla uÕska m%;smdok imhkq ,nk ffk;sl fiajdjka i|yd iEu ;eke;af;l=gu m%n,
m%fõYhla we;s w;r” wd¾Ól” iudchSh iy ixialD;sl fyda isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï o we;=ˆj” udkj
ysñlï iy uq,sl ksoyi i|yd jq m%udKj;a wdrlaIdjla úIfhys iEu ;eke;af;l=u ysñlï .kq ,nhs’
;jÿrg;a hqla;sfha mrud¾: iy uyck iqNfi; úIfhys rdcH iy wfkl=;a wdh;kh iuÕ iyfhda.fhka
lghq;= lsßu iy Tjqkaf.a fiajh wjYH ish¨ fokdgu ffk;sl fiajd iemhSu” ffk;sl whs;sjdislï lvlsÍu”
fhda.H fkdjk wdldrfha iSud mekùï iy jOnkaOk mekùug tfrysj kS;s jD;a;sfha idudðlhka wdrlaId
lsÍu” jD;a;sh m%ñ;Ska iy jD;a;sh wdpdrO¾u ;yjqre lsÍu úIfhys” kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;suh iud.ï j,g
b;d m%n, ld¾HNdrhla isÿlsÍug we;’
63

ta wkqj my; l%uj;a f,i ix.%y fldg we;s kS;s{jrekaf.a ld¾HNdrh ms<sn|jq uq,sl isoaOdka; u.sska”
md¾Yajldr rdcHhkag” kS;s{jrekaf.a ksjerÈ ld¾HNdrh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï iy ;yjqre lsÍfï” Tjqkaf.a ÿIalr
ld¾HNdrhg iyh fokq ,nk w;r” wdKavq úiska ;u cd;sl jHjia:dj rduqj ;=< fukau mßphka ;=<§o tajdg
.rel< hq;= fiau” tajd wod< lr.; hq;= w;r” tajd kS;s{jreka úIfhys” tfiau” úksYaphldrjreka
wNsfpdaolhka” úOdhlfha fukau jHjia:dodhlfha idudðlhka iy uyck;dj jeks wfkl=;a ;eke;a;kaf.a
wjOdkh msKsi /f.k hd hq;=h’ fulS uq,O¾uhka” kS;s{jrekaf.a ks,;;a;ajh Ndú;d lsÍulska f;drj”
kS;s{jrekaf.a ld¾HNd¾h l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk ;ekeka;ka úIfhys fhda.H wdldrfhka wod< úh hq;=h’
kS;s{jreka iy ffk;sl fiajdjka úIfhys m%fõYùsu’
1’ wmrdO kvqúOdk ld¾h mámdàka yS iEu wjia:djl§u Tjqkaj wdrlaId lr .ekSu” Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï
iqrlaId lsÍug iy ia:dms; lsÍu úIfhys Tjqkaf.a leue;a; mßÈ” kS;s{jrhl=f.a iyh b,a,d isàug iEu
;eke;af;l=gu ysñlï we;’
2’ l=,h” j¾Kh” ckjd¾.sl uq,drïNhka ,sx.sl;ajh NdIdj” wd.u” foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a u;su;dka;r”
cd;sl fyda iudchSh uq,drïNhka” foam< Wm;” wd¾Ól fyda fjk;a ;;ajhka u; mokïj fjkiafldg ie,lSu
fyda ljrdldrfha fjkiaflg ±laùulska f;drj” ;u wêlrK md;%;djhg hg;aj iy ;u foaYN+ñh ;=< jq
iEu ;ekf;l=gu” jvd m%n, iy iudk f,i” kS;s{jreka úIfhys m%fõYùu i|yd jvd M,odhS jq
ld¾hmámdàka iy wkql+,;d olajkq ,nk hdka;%Khka imhk njg wdKaavq ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
3’ ÿmam;a iy fjk;a wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhkag m;ajq ;eke;a;ka úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk ffk;sl fiaajdjka
úIfhys jq m%udKj;a wruqo,a iy wfkl=;a uq,dY% i|yd jq m%;smdok wdKavq úiska ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Suh ix.ï” ixúOdk iy fiajdjka i|yd jq m%;smdok” myiqlï iy wfkl=;a uq,dY iuÕ
iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l< hq;=h’
4’ wdKavq iy kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Suh ix.ï úiska” kS;sh hgf;a jq uyc;djf.a whs;s iy hq;=lï iy Tjqkaf.a
uq,sl ksoyi iqrlaId lsÍu úIfhys kS;s{jrekaf.a jeo.;a ld¾HNdrh ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lrkq ,nk
jevigyka m%j¾Okh l< hq;=h’ wmrdO hqla;sh ld¾Hys§ úfYaIs; jq wdrlaIdjla i|yd kS;s{jrekaf.a iyh
wjYHfhka b,a,d isák úg iy ÿmam;a iy fjk;a wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhkag m;a ;eke;a;ka” ta ksidfjkau
Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lrjd.; fkdyels úg” iyh ±laùu msKsi úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;=h’
5’ wmrdOuh jrola úIfhys fpdaokd ,nd we;s úfgl fyda w;awvx.=jg f.k we;súgl fyda rojd ;nd f.k
we;s úfgl fyda Tjqkaf.a leue;a; u; kS;s{jrhl=f.a iyh ,nd .ekSu úIfhys Tjqka i;= whs;sjdislu ms<sn|
iqÿiqlï ,;a n,dêldßhl úiska ishü ;eke;a;ka úIfhys jyd blaukska ±kqj;a lrk njg” wdKavq úiska
;yjqre l< hq;=h’
6’ kS;s{jreka fkeue;s ljr fyda ;ekekaf;l=” hqla;sfha iqNfi; Wfoid wjYH lrkq ,nk ´kEu wjia:djl§”
tlS ffk;sl fiajdjka úIfhys f.ùug m%udKj;a ;rï yelshdjla fkdue;s kï” lsisÿ f.ùulska f;drj”
w;a±lSï,;a” iqÿiq” udkdiß,k kS;s{jrhl= i|yd ysñlï mej;sh hq;=h’ ;jo wod< jrfoa iajNdjh u; jvd
fhda.H ffk;sl fiajdjka iemhSug kshu l< hq;=hs’
7’ wmrdOuh fpdaokdjla we;=j fyda ke;=j w;awvx.=jg .kq ,enq fyda rojd ;nd.kq ,enq iEu ;eke;af;l=gu”
w;a wvx.=jg .kq ,enq fyda r|jd ;nd .kq ,enq fõ,dfõ isg meh 48 la blau hEug fmrd;=j wm%udoj -
kS;s{jrhl= fj; m%fõYùug yelsúh hq;= nj” rdcHhka ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre l<hq;=h’
8’ m%udohlska iy ndOdlsÍulska f;drj” f,aLk lgqhq;= msßlaIdj jvd úYajdiksh;ajhlska hq;=j

kS;s{jrfhl=f.ka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug iy woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug iy kS;s{jreka úiska Tjqkaj
uqK.eiSug - m%udKj;a wjia:d” ld,h iy myiqlï” w;aawvx.=fõ isák” rojdf.k isák fyda isrNdrfha isák
64

ishü ;eke;a;ka úIfhys iemhSh hq;=h’ tlS WmfoaYkhka” kS;sh n,.kajkq ,nk ks,OdÍka bÈßmsg§ kuq;a”
Tjqkag fkdwefik mßoafoka isÿúh yel’
iqÿiqlï iy mqyqKqj
9’ cd;sl iy wka;¾cd;sl kS;s uÕska yeÿkd.kq ,enq” udkj ysñlï iy uq,sl ksoyi ms<sn|j fukau
kS;S{jrhl=f.a mrudo¾YS iy iodpdr;aul hq;=lï ms<sn| ukd ±kSula iy iyfhda.H wOHdmkhla iy
mqyqKqjla kS;s{jreka i;=jk nj” wdKavq” kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ix.ï iy wOHdmkSl wdh;k ;yjqre l<
hq;=h’
10’ l=,h” j¾Kh” ,sx.sl;ajh” jd¾.sl uq,drïNhka wd.u” foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a u;su;dka;r” cd;sl fyda
iudchSh uq,drïNhka” foam<” Wm;” wd¾Ól fyda fj;;a ;;A;ajhka u; mokïj” hï ;eke;a;= kS;s{jD;a;shg
we;=zùfï§ fyda kS;s{jD;a;sh ;=< ;u jD;a;sh lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ fydaa talS ;eke;a;d úIfhys
fjkia fldg ie,lSula fkdmj;sk njo” ta yereKq fldg kS;s{jrhl= ;uka iïnkaO rfgys cd;slhl= úh hq;=
ùu ;=<” ta u; mokïj fjkiafldg fkdie,lsh hq;= nj;a” wdKavq kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ix.ï iy
wOHdmksl wdh;k uÕska ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
11’ rgj,a ;=< isák” ffk;sl fiajdjka úIfhys Tjqkaj wjYH lrk fuf;la uqK fkd.eiqKq” fjkia ixialD;Ska”
iïm%odhka” NdIdjka fyda w;S;fha isÿjq fjkiafldg ie,lSï u; mSvdjg m;ajqjka isák-lKavdhï iudc
tllhka fyda l,dm j, isák whg kS;s{jD;a;shg m%fõYùu i|yd wjia:d iemhSug” wdKavq” kS;s{jrekaf.a
jD;a;sh ix.ï iy wOHdm;sl wdh;k uÕska úfYaI l%fudamdhka .; hq;= w;r” tlS wfmlaIlhskaf.a lKavdhï
úIfhys wjYH lrkq ,nk wdldrfha fhda.H mqyqKqjla Tjqkg ,Efnk njg ;jÿrg;a” wdKavq” ks;s{jrekaf.a
jD;a;sh ix.ï iy wOHdmksl wdh;k ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
hq;=lï iy j.lSï
12’ hqla;sh mis|,Sfï jq w;HjYH ksfhdað;hka jYfhka kS;s{jre” iEu úgoSu” ;u jD;a;sh .re;ajh iy
wNsudkh mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h’
13’ ;u fiajdodhlhka úIfhys” kS;s{jreka i;= hq;=lï i|yd
^w& kS;s{jreka ;ukf.a ffk;sl whs;sjdislï iy ne¢hdjka f,i fiajdodhlhkag Wmfoia iy jeäÿrg;a”
fiajdodhlhkaf.a ffk;sl whs;sjdislï iy ne¢hdjka úIfhys wod< jk mßoafoka kS;smoaO;sh ;=< lghq;=
lsÍu’
^wd& iEu fhda.H wdldrhla ;=<skau fiajdodhlhskag iyh ùu iy Tjqkaf.a wfmalaIdjka iqrlaId lsÍu úIfhys
ffk;sl l%shdud¾. .ekSu’
^we& fhda.H f,ig” wêlrK” m¾Io fyda mßmd,k wêldÍka bÈßfha fiajdodhlhkag iyhùu” we;=<;aúh hq;=h’
14’ hqla;sh úIfhys fya;=jk mßoafoka” kS;s{jreka ish fiajdodhlhskaf.a whs;sjdislï iqrlaId lrñka iy
m%j¾Okh lrñka” wka;¾cd;sl iy foaYSh kS;s uÕska y÷kd.kq ,enq udkjysñlï iy uq,sl ksoyi ms<s.ekSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh hq;= w;r kS;shg wkql=,j iy kS;s{jD;a;sfha ms<s.;a wpd¾O¾u iy m%ñ;Skag wkql=<j”
iEu wjia:djl§u” kS;s{jreka ksoyia iy läirj lghq;= l< hq;=h’
15’ kS;s{jreka iEu wjia:djl§u” ;u fiajdodhlhkaf.a wNsu;d¾: úIfhys mlaI.%dySj .rel< hq;=hs’
65

kS;s{jrekaf.a ld¾HNd¾h úIfhys jq j.lSï
16’ wdKavq úiska
^w& kS;s{jrekag lsisÿ ìh .ekaùula” ndOd lsÍula mSvdlsÍula” fyda fhda.H fkdjk wdldrfha” ueÈy;aùulska
f;drj” ;u jD;a;Sh lghq;= lrf.k hdug yels nj”
^wd& kS;s{jrekag ;u fiajdodhlhkag Wmfoia §ug” ;u rg ;=< fukau úfoaY rglgo tf,i Wmfoia oSug
;u fiajdodhlhska iuÕ .uka lsÍugo yels nj”
^we& ms<s.;a jD;a;Suh hq;=lï” m%ñ;Ska iy wdpdrO¾u j,g wkql=,j ljr fyda .kq ,enq ;SrKhla ksidfjka”
meñKs,s mlaIfhka fyda mßmd,kh u.ska fya wd¾Ól fyda fjk;a ovqjï uÕska kS;s{jre ÿlg m;aùula fyda
;¾ckhg ,laùula isÿ fkdjk njg wdKavq úiska ;yjqre l<hq;=h’
17’ kS;s{jre” ;u ld¾HNd¾h bgqlsÍfï m%;M s ,hla f,i - ;¾ckhlg ,laj we;s úg” Tjqka úIfhys”
n,dêldÍka úiska m%udKj;a wdrlaIdjla iemhsh hq;=h’
18’ kS;s{jreka ;ukaf.a ld¾Hh bgqlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,ig” Tjqka” ;ukaf.a fiajd odhlhka yd iïnkaO njg
fkdie,lsh hq;=h’
19' lsisÿ wêlrKhla uÕska fyda mßmd,k wêldßhla uÕska” kS;s{jrhl= i;= ms<s.;a whs;sjdislula jk ;u
fiajdodhlhd fjkqfjka” wêlrKhla bÈßfha fyda mßmd,k wêldßhla bÈßfha fmkS isàu” tu wêlrKh fyda
mßmd,kh wêldßh bÈßfha ;u fiajdodhlhd fjkqfjka wkqYdikd lsßu” m%;slafIam fkdl< hq;=h’
^kS;s{jrhl=” cd;sl kS;shg wkqj fyda fuls uq,O¾uhg wkqj fyda jD;a;sfha lghq;= lsÍug kqiqÿiq njg m;aj
we;s wjia:djl§ yereKq fldg&
20’ kS;s{jreka” ;u jD;a;Sh uÜgñka” wêlrKhla m¾Iohla fyda fjk;a ffk;sl mßmd,kuh wêldßhla
bÈßfha fmkSisáñka Bg wod<j isÿlrkq ,enq” ,sÅl m%ldYhla fyda jdÑl foaYkhla iïnkaOfhka” isú,a iy
oKavkSh j.lSfuka uqla;úh hq;=h’
21’ kS;s{jrekag ;u fiajdodhlhska úIfhys jvd;a M,odhS jq ffk;sl iyhla iemhSu ksis n,dêldÍka úiska
;u ika;lfha fyda ;u md,kh hgf;a we;s fhda.H f;dr;=re kvq jd¾;dj, msgm;a” f,aLk wdÈh úIfhys
kS;s{jrekag m%fõYùug m%udKj;a ld,hla ,ndfok njg tlS n,dêldÍka úiska ;yjqre l< hq;=h’ ta i|yd
m<uqj fhda.H fõ,dj iemhsh hq;=h’
22’ kS;s{jreka iy kS;s{jrekaf.a fiajdodhlhskaf.a jD;a;Suh in|;d ;=< isg lrkq ,nk ishü woyia
yqjudre lr.ekSï iy WmfoaYkj, ryiHNdjh wdKavq úiska ms<sf.k” tajdg .rel< hq;=h’
NdIKfha iy iud.fï ksoyi’
23’ kS;s{jrekao wfkl=;a mqrjeishka fukau m%ldYkfha” úYajdifha”

iud.fï iy /iaùfï ksoyi i|yd ysñlï mdkq ,nhs’ úfYaIfhkau Tjqka ks;Hkql=, f,i lghq;= lsßu ksid
fyda ks;Hkql=, ix.uhl idudðl;ajh ±Íu fya;=fldgf.k jD;a;Suh jYfhka iSud mekùï ;=<ska mSvdjkakkg
hg;a fkdù kS;sh ms<sn|jq ldrKd idlÉPd lrkq ,nk újD; ixjdohkag iyNd.Sùug” udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh
lrkq ,nk” hq;a;sh mis|,kq ,nk foaYSh” cd;sl fyda cd;Hka;r iajNdjfha ixúOdk j,g iïnkaOùug iy
tajdfha /iaùïj,g iyNd.Sùugo Tjqka whs;sjdislï l%shd;aul lsÍu” kS;shg wkql=<j iy kS;s{ jD;a;sh
úIfhys y÷kd.kq ,enq m%ñ;Ska iy wdpd¾O¾u j,g wkql=<úh hq;=h’
66

kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;sh ix.ï
24’ kS;s{jreka” Tjqka wNsu:d¾:hka ksfhdackh lsÍug” Tjqkaf.a wLKav wOHdmkh iy mqyqKqj m%j¾Okh
lsßug iy Tjqkaf.a jD;a;sh tald.%;djh m%j¾Okh lsßu úIfhys iajhx md,k - jD;a;sh ix.ï j,g
iïnkaOùug”ysñlïmdkq ,nhs’ tla ix.ïj, lD;HdêldÍ uKav,h” tls ix.ï j, idudðlhka úiska Pkaofhka
f;dard m;alr.; hq;= w;r”tys ld¾hNdrh ndysr ueÈy;aùï j,ska f;drj mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h’
25’ kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ix.ï” wdKavq iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l< hq;= w;r iEu ;eke;af;l=gu jvd
M,odhS f,i iy iudk f,ig ffk;sl fiajdjka úIfhla m%fõYhla mj;sk njg iy fhda.H fkdjk wdldrfha
ueÈy;aùulska f;drj” ;S;s{jrekag” kS;shg wkql=, iy ms<s.;a jD;a;Suh m%ñ;Ska iy wdpdrO¾u j,g
wkql=,j” ;u fiajdodhlhka úIfhys Wmfoia §ug iy Tjqkg iyhùug yels nj ;yjqre l< hq;=h’
úkh md,kh lsÍfï ld¾h mámdàka’
26’ kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Suh yeisÍu ms<sn|jq ix.%yh kS;s{jD;a;sfha fhda.H uq,drïNhka fyda jHia:d u.ska”
ms<s.;a pdß;% iy cd;sl kS;shg wkql=<j hñka kS;s{jD;a;Sh úiska ia:dms; l< hq;=h’
27’ kS;s{jrekag Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Suh ;;a;ajhka Tjqkag tfrysj bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk fpdaokd fyda meñKs,s
iïnkaOj fhda.H ld¾hmámdàaka hgf;a” WÑ; wkaoug iy idOdrK f,i kS;s ud¾.fhka lghq;= l< hq;=h’
kS;s{jreka i;=j Tjqkaf.a leue;a; mßÈ kS;s{jrhl=f.a iyh ,nd .ekSug we;s whs;sh o we;=z idOdrK
f,i ijka§fï whs;sjdislu mej;sh hq;=h’
28’ kS;s{jrekag tfrys úkh md,kh lsÍfï kvq ld¾hmámdàka” kS;s{jD;a;sh uÕska ia:dms; wmlaImd;S úkh
md,kh lsÍfï lñgqjla bÈßhg iajdêk jHjia:dms; wêldßhla bÈhg fyda wêrKhla bÈßhg f.k hd hq;=h’
tfiau tlS ld¾HmÜmdàka iajdëk wêlrK m%;sfYdaOkhlg hg;a úh hq;=h’
29’ ishü úkh md,kh lsÍfï kvqld¾h mámdàka kS;s{jrekaf.a jD;a;Suh yeisÍï ms<sn|jq ix.%yhg
wkql=,j”kS;s{jD;a;Sfha fjk;a ms<s.;a m%ñ;Ska iy wdpdrO¾uh j,g wkql=<j iy fuu uq,O¾uhkag wkql=,j
;SrKh úh hq;=hs’
67

m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, fmd,Sish flfia úh hq;=o hkak ms<sn|j
m%cdjka ±kqj;a lsÍu
miqìu
.egqï ksuùfukaa miqj ke.S isák rgj, fmd,Sish uqyqKfok m%Odk .eg,qjla jkafka ish
iqcd;Ndjh f.dvkxjd.ekSuhs' fuu rgj, ks< we|qï ye|.;a fmd,sia ks,Odrshl=
fndfydaúg ie,flkafka wdrCIdj fyda wiajeis,a,la f.kfok whl= f,i fkdj ìh
Wmojk whl= f,isk's fndfydaúg foaYmd,ksl wNsfm%arKhka iys; wmrdOhka ms<sn|j
fmd,Sish ish úu¾IK lghq;= isoq fkdlrhs' fmd,Sish m%lD;su;a lsrSfï Wmdhud¾.hka
m%cdjf.a wdOdrh wkqn,h uÕska ;sridr njg m;alr,sh hq;= fjhs' jákdlï yd m%cd;ka;S%h
md,k ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| wOHdmkh ,ndoSfuka th wdrïN l< yel'
úuiqu
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, fmd,Sisfha md,kh flfia isÿúh hq;=o@ zn,hZ mdúÉÑ lsrSu lrd osYdk;
jQ fmd,sia n,ldhla rdcH fiajh uq,a fldg.;a tlla njg mßj¾;kh lrkafka flfiao@
fmd,Sish j.lSï iy.; yd m%cd;ka;S%h uQ,O¾uhka" kS;sfha md,kh iy udkj ysñlï
ms<s.kq ,nk ;;a;ajhg m;a lr,Su i|yd m%cdjg n,mEï iy.; úhyelafla flfiao@ hkak
ms<sn|j isú,a m%cdj oekqj;a lsrSu i|yd mj;sk M,odhS l%ufõohka fudkjdo@
m%;spdr idrdxYh
zm%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, md,kh ljr wdldrhla .;hq;=oZ hkak ms,sn|j .egqï ksuùfuka miq
keÕS isák rgj, m%cdj oekqj;a lsrSfïoS m%cd;dka;s%l yd m%cd mdol md,khka i|yd
fhdod.kq ,en we;s o¾Ykh yd Wmdhud¾.hka wod, fjhs' m%cd md,kfhaoS my; oelafjk
m%cd;ka;S%h md,k uQ,O¾uhka ms<s.;a mrsphka njg m;alrkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j
W.kajkq ,efí'
• iduldó m%cd;dka;s%l iudchla we;slr,Su i|yd jk lsishï wdldrhl iudc

ms<sfj,la mj;ajd .ekSu ^tkï mqoa.,hska w;r yd lKavdhï w;r jk .egqï ;=,sk a
mek kÕsk wdrjq,aj,g ueosy;aùu&'
68

• mqoa.,hdf.a cSú;hg we;s whs;sh mqoa.,sl wdrCIdj iy foam, N+l;
a s ú|Sfï whs;sh
iqrCIs; lsrSu'
• iudkd;au;djh" idOdrK;ajh" wmCImd;S;ajh iy iajlSh wNsu;h wkqj lghq; =

lsrSug bvie,iSu uÕska hqla;sfha iSudjka ;=, kS;h
s n,d;aul lsrSu isoqjk njg
iy;slùu'
• wdrCIdj wjYH yd th ;ukagu i,id.; fkdyels wh fjkqfjka m%;spdr oelaùu yd

Tjqkg iydhùu' fmd,sia ls%hdldrS;ajfha iy m%cdj flfrys jk j.lSfï we;s
udkqIjdoS yd iudcSh me;slv fuu uQ,O¾uh uÕska y|qkd.kq ,efí'
• uyckhd ;=, kS;sh flfrys .re;ajhla yd Bg Tjqkf.a iyNd.S;ajhla f.dvkexùu

i|yd Tjqka iuÕ iïnkaO;djhla we;slr .ekSu yd tlS iïnkaO;djh
mj;ajdf.khdu' m%cdfjys mqrjeishka f,i Tjqkag we;s j.lSfï fldgila f,i
wmrdO yd iudc wms,sfj, iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsrSfï jvd;a jeo.;a úêl%uh f,i
mqrjeis iyNd.S;ajh fuuÕska ms,s.kq ,nhs'
• mqoa.,hskag fyda foam,j,g ;¾ckhla jk wmrdO je,elaùu yd yeisrSï md,kh

lsrSu iy tuÕska iudch ;=, wdrCIs; yeÕSula we;s lr,Su' fmd,Sisfha meje;au yd
Tjqkaf.a ls%hdjka uÕska wdrCIdj yd iqrCIs; nj ks¾udKh jkafkah hkak fuhska
y|qkd.kq ,nhs'
• uyck;djf.a .re;ajh yd iydh m;d úOdk lsrSfï yelshdj we;sjk mrsos wmrdO
hqla;s moaO;shg wdOdr lsrSu' fmd,Sisfha ls%hdldrlï ksrSCIKh lsrSu iy
uyck;djg idOdrKj yd iudkj ie<lSu osrsu;a lsrSu uÕska fuh bgqlr.; yel'
m%cd md,khla we;s lr,Su i|yd wmrdO uQ,hka" wms<sfj, yd uyck wdrCIdjg we;s
;¾ckhka y|qke.ekSu iy iyfhda.S wdldrhlska tajdg úi÷ï jeäoshqKq lsrSu i|yd m%cdfõ
ish¿ mqrjeishka" fmd,Sish" iudc fiajdjka iy rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk tlaj lghq;= lsrSu
wjYHh h' M,odhS;djh m%Odk uQ,dY%hka folla u; r|d mj;S'
• fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj fjkia lsrSu' wjYH ksrdhqO lsrSï isoqlsrSu yd foaYmd,k wêldrh
flfrys jk mCI.%dyS wdOdr lsrSu fjkqjg m%cd fiajh flfrys uQ,sl;ajh ,ndoSu
fuhg wh;a fõ'
• fmd,Sish yd uyck;dj w;r tlsfkldg Wmldr lr.kakd iïnkaO;djhla ia:dms;

lsrSu'
1' m%cd fiajhg m%uqLia:dkh ,efnk mrsos fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj fjkia lsÍu
yqfola m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, md,kh isÿúh hq;af;a flfiao hkak ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a
lsÍfuka muKla id¾:l;ajhla w;alr.; fkdyel' fmd,Sisfha yeisÍu m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh
uQ,O¾uhka iy;sl lrkakla úh hq;= w;r ta i|yd uQ,fha isgu fjkialï isÿúh hq;=h'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, md,kh iïnkaOfhka ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigykla wdrïN lsÍug fmr
69

cd;Hka;r fmd,sia WmfoaYlhska yd ksÍCIlhska my; lreKq ms<sn| ;lafiarejla isÿl< hq;=
fjhs'
• fmd,Sish yd wNHka;r .egqïj,g iïnkaOj isá m%cdjka w;r iïnkaO;djfha

j¾;udk iajNdjh fln÷o@ fmd,Sish foaYmd,kSlrKh ù ;sfío@ iy .egqug
iïnkaO lsishï md¾Yajhlg tfrysj fmd,Sish rcfha m%pKav;aj u¾Ol WmlrKhla
f,iska fhdod.kq ,en ;sfío@ kj fmd,sia n,ldfha idudkH Nghska ;=, fuu
lKavdhï w;r jk wiu.sh ksrEmkh fõo@ l,ska .egqug iïnkaOj isá md¾Yajhka
fj;ska fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu i|yd bosrsm;a jk b,a,Sï iïnkaOfhka fmd,Sish ljr
wdldrhlska lghq;= lrkafkao@ ixialD;sl ixfõaoS;djh iy wka;¾ lKavdhï
iyfhda.S;djh m%j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd fmd,Sish bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh l=ulao@
• m%cd;ka;S%h md,khg iy kS;sfha md,khg m%;súreoaO kS;s úfrdaë n, jHqyhka

ks¾udKh lrk md,l foaYmd,k m%N+kag iïnkaOlï we;s wmrdO cd,hkays
n,mEug fmd,Sish ,laj ;sfío@
• iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isú,a iudchla mj;So@ ljr ;eke;a;ka" ixúOdk
iy lKavdhï fmd,Sish i|yd m%cd;ka;S%h N+ñldjla ms<sn|j úYajdih f.dvkexùu
yd m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajkafkao@
• fmd,Sisfha úIudpdrhka iïnkaOfhka mj;akd j¾;udk j.lsjhq;=Ndjh ms<sn|

jHqyhka fudkjdo@ tajd ls%hd;aulj mj;So@ tajd ms<sn|j uyck;dj fyd¢ka ±k
isákafkao@ tajd mdroDIH fõo@ ta ms<sn| uyck úYajdihla mj;So@
• m%cd;ka;S%h yd m%cd md,kh ms<sn|j fmd,sia n,ldh ;=, mj;akd j¾;udk wdl,amh
l=ulao@ fmd,Sish yd m%cdj w;r úYajdih f.dvkexùu i|yd fhdod.kq ,eìh yels
mßphka j¾;udkfha mj;So@ mj;Skï ta fudkjdo@
.egqï wjikaj we;s ;;ajhla ;=, isÿ flfrk fujeks ;lafiarejl§ fmd,Sish
ñ,sgßlrKh ùu" foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu fyda wmrdOlrKh ùu hk fya;= tlla fyda ta
;=ku fya;=fldgf.k mj;sk fmd,sia n,ldh m%cd;ka;S%h md,khg tÈßjd§ foaYmd,k
iakao¾Nhla ;=, ls%hd;aul jk njg fy<sorõ ùug fndfyda ÿrg bv we;' isú,a iudch
ÿ¾j, fyda tjekakla fkdmej;Sug we;s bv úYd, jk w;r rdcH n,h wh:d f,i
fhdod.ekSu ms<sn|j mÍCIdldÍ jkakla f,i lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj rys; fjhs' fïjd
fmd,Sish m%;sixialrKhg ,lalsÍug ys;lr jd;djrKhla fkdjk kuq;a fuu ;;ajhka
fjkia lsÍu Ndr .ekSu i|yd jk jrula cd;Hka;r fmd,sia WmfoaYlhska yd
ksÍCIlhska i;=j mj;S' fuu ;;ajhka fjkia lsÍu Ndr.ekSu i|yd ksfhda. l<hq;=
fjhs' ta wkqj cd;Hka;r fmd,Sishg fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj wdhqOyrKh" foaYmd,kyrKh
iy$fyda wmrdOkSyrKh lsÍfï§ m%uqL N+ñldjla fkdtfiakï wju jYfhka iydhl
N+ñldjla bgq lsÍug wjir ,ndÈh hq;=h' wdrCIl uqrfmd,j,a bj;a l<hq;= jk w;r
n,m;% i|yd b,a¨ï lsÍfï .dia;= jeks uQ,sl fiajdjka i|yd whlrkq ,nk .dia;=o
bj;a l<hq;=j we;' hïfyhlska cd;Hka;r fmd,Sish¦ fmd,Sish m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï§
id¾:l m%;sM, w;alr.ekSug wiu;a jqjfyd;a m%cd;ka;S%h md,kh ms<sn|j ck;dj
±kqj;a lsÍu fya;=fldgf.k tlS m%;sxialrK b,a,d isàu i|yd isú,a iudch
fhduqjkafka kï id¾:l;ajhla w;alr.; yelsjkq we;' kuq;a tjeks fjkialula
isÿlsÍu i|yd Tjqka ;ukaj iún,.kajd .ekSug we;s bv fnfyúka iSñ; fjhs'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, fmd,Sisfha md,kh ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd we;s jvd;a
M,odhS l%uh jkafka M,odhS" uOHia: iy wdpdrOd¾ñl ls%hdldÍ;ajhhs' fmd,Sisfha
ls%hdldÍ;ajh uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jHdmdrh iuÕ ;rÕldÍ fkdjk njg iy;sl
70

fldg.eksu i|yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj ms<sn|j ck;dj ±kqj;a
lsÍfï§ iy kS;shla fkdue;s md,kh M,odhS f,i kS;sfha md,khla njg fjkia
lsÍfï§ my; i|yka mshjrhka wkq.ukh lrkq ,eìh yel'
• fmd,sia fiajhg whÿï lsÍug iqÿiaika f;aÍug" Tjqkaf.a m%ñ;sh ms<sn|

ks¾Kdhl bÈßm;a lsÍug iy Tjqkag mqyqKqj ,ndfok wdldrh ms,sn| Wmfoia
§ug m%cd WmfoaYk uKav, msysgqùu ;=,ska m%dfoaYSh m%cdjg tlS lghq;=j,g
ilS%hj odhl úhyels N+ñldjla ysñlr§u' ia:dms;fldg we;s m%cd wmrdO úuiqu
iy mqrjeis fmd,sia m¾Yohka m%dfoaYSh yjq,aldÍ;ajhla iy m%cdj ;=, kj
kdhl;ajhla j¾Okh lr.ekSu'
• ó<Õ mßÉfþofha§ úia;r lrkq ,nk m%cd l¾;jHhka wdrïNl ,CIh f,i
ks¾foaY lrkq ,efí' ukdj ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ iïnkaO;djhka úiska iudc
taldnoaO;djhg iy kS;sfha md,kh ksis mßÈ ls%hd;aulùu i|yd iydh jk
j.lSï iy.; njlg uÕmdokq we;' mqrjeis md,k hdka;%Khkays jdis fukau
wjdiso we;' tajd úhoï wêl yd ;sridr fkdúhyel' tys úhoï úiska mqyqKqj
iy ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd fukau iuia:hla f,i kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï
ks,OdÍkaf.a hym; yd jD;a;ShuhNdjh iïnkaOfhka wdOdrl ùu yd th
m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ie,iqï lrk ,o mQ¾j wk;=re weÕùfï moaO;shla iys;
ksis ld¾huKav,hlska iukaú; uekúka ixúOdkh lrk ,o wNHka;r lghq; =
ms<sn| ld¾hd,hla ia:dms; lsÍug fhoúh yels uQ,HdOdr bka neyer lrjkq we;'
iajNdjfhkau tajd ksjdrl jkjd fjkqjg m%;spdrd;aul úhyels w;r m%cdj fj;
fyd| foaYmd,ksl yeÕSulao f.kÈh yelsh' kuq;a iuia:hla f,i tuÕska kS;sh
n,d;aul lsÍu iuÕ we;s iïnkaOh fjkia fkdlrkq we;'
• udkj ysñlï ixúOdk ^cd;Hka;r yd foaYSh& ms<sn|j fidhd n,d m%cd fiajh
iy mqrjeisNdjh flfrys jk j.lSu flfrys ÈYdk;jQ m%cd;dka;S%h md,kh
ms<sn| WmfoaYkhg Tjqka Èßu;a lsÍu' WmfoaYkd;aul yd j.lSïiy.; úhhq;=
jHqyhka ;=, Tjqkag lghq;=lsÍu i|yd moku ilikqjia fmd,Sisfha kdhl;ajh
iuÕ újD; ixjdohla f.dvke.Su i|yd Tjqka yd tlaj lghq;= lsÍu'
hïfyhlska foaYSh udkj ysñlï ixúOdk fkdmj;S kï tajd j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd úfoaYSh udkj ysñlï ixúOdk yd tlaj lghq;= lsÍu'
• fmd,Sish m%cdfõ fldgila úhhq;=h iy m%cdjg j.slsjhq;=h hk mKsjqvhka

m%ldYhg m;ajk mßÈ cd;Hka;r wdOdrldr yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
md¾Yajlrejka iuÕ lghq;= lsÍu' kj m%cd;ka;%jd§ fmd,sia n,ldfha N+ñldj
ms,sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd fmd,Sish iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrk
wOHdmksluh" ixj¾Okuh yd udkqIjd§ jHdmD;Ska y÷kd.ekSu'
• n,h mdúÉÑ lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shg by<ska fmd,Sisfha m%cd fiajh mj;skafkah hk

mKsúvh bÈßm;a lsÍug mqj;am;a iuÕ tlaj lghq;= lsÍu' wud;HdxY uÜgfï§
yd rgmqrd we;s m%Odk udOH fj<|fmd<j,§ udOH iïnkaO;d iïnkaOfhka
lghq;= lsÍu i|yd m<mqreÿ uyck iïnkaO;d ms<sn| jD;a;slhska fhdojd .ekSu'
ks;r mqj;am;a idlÉPd meje;aùu iy jeo.;a isÿùï isÿjk úg ;;ajhka idlaÉPd
lsÍug;a" fmd,Sisfha kj N+ñldj biau;= lsÍug;a ;;ald¾h ieisjdrhka meje;aùu'
• wOHdmk moaO;sh yryd ;reKhskaj uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï jHdmdrhka i|yd

fhdojd .ekSu' mdie,a iuÕ iïnkaO;d mj;ajd.ekSu" fmd,sia mßphka meyeÈ,s
lr§u" Tjqkaf.a m%fhdackh iy YsIHhkag wdrCIdj ms<sn|j mej;sh yels
71

m%Yakj,g úi÷ï iemhSu iajlSh j.lSu jQ zmdie,a iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍkaZ mqyqKq
lsÍu' fmd,sia ld¾hd,hka ne,Sug mdie,a isik
q a legqj hdu'
2' fmd,Sish yd uyck;dj w;r iyfhda.S iyiïnkaO;djhla ia:dms; lsrSu'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=, md,kh flfia úhhq;=o hkak ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍfï
jvd;a M,odhS l%ufõoh jkafka m%cd;dka;s%l uQ,O¾uhkag .relrk fmd,Sishg
ksrdjrKh lsÍu iy ta iuÕ wfkHdakH jYfhka lghq;= lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd§uhs' m%cd
md,kh ie,iqïfldg we;af;a my; mßphka ;=,ska tlsfkld w;r Wmldr lr.kakd
iïnkaO;djhla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|ydh'
• m%dfoaYSh uyck m¾hdh iy mqoa., wdrCIdj ms<sn| jk ldrKhka y÷kd.ekSu"

iduQyslj tajdg úi÷ï fidhd.ekSu" úl,am ls%hdjg kexùu yd m%;sM, ;lafiare
lsÍu i|yd jk m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k kdhlhska" m%cdfõ jeäysáhka" jHdmdr
ysñlrejka" mdie,a ks,OdÍka" YsIH ksfhdað;hska iy iudc fiajlhskaf.ka
iukaú; lñgq f.dvkexùu'
• uqr ixpdr meje;aùfï j.lSu iy ck;dj iuÕ l=¿m.ùu yd Tjqkaf.a

wjYH;djhkag m%;spdr ±laùu i|yd tla tla jgmsgdjkag" .ïj,g yd k.rj,g
m%cd fmd,sia úfYaI{hska m;alsÍu'
• fmd,sia ia:dkh msysá m%foaYfhau mÈxÑj isáñka m%cdjf.a fldgialrejka njg

m;aùu' uyck;djg fmd,Sishg l:d lsÍug yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hhka ksÍCIKh
lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd§u i|yd fmd,sia ia:dkh fj; neye±lSfï .uka ixúOdkh
lsÍu'
• yels iEu wjia:djl§u mhska fyda nhsisl,hlska uqr ixpdr isÿlsÍu'
• ck;dj yd fmd,Sish w;r úYajdikSh ne£ula we;slr .ekSug yd j¾Okh

lr.ekSug ck;djf.a ksjdi yd jevlrk ia:dk fj; f.dia Tjqka yuqùu'
úkaÈ;hka yd wmrdO úkaÈ;hkaùfï úNj;djhla we;s whg" úfYaIfhka iq¿;r
lKavdhï idudðlhkag yd jeäysáhkag iydhùu' Tjqka yuqùug hdu ;=, Tnf.a
meñKSu yd wjOdkh Tjqka fj; fhduqj mej;Su úiska hï uÜgul wdrCIdj
ms<sn| yeÕSula Tjqka ;=, iy;sl jkq we;'
• mdie,a fj; f.dia YsIHhska yd .=rejreka wu;ñka m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh iy

wNHka;r .egqfï m%;sM,hla f,i tlsfkldf.ka yqfol,dj isák wkkH;d
lKavdhï w;r iduldó iïnkaO;djka we;slr.ekSu we;=¿ m%dfoaYSh
wjYH;djkag tys we;s jeo.;alu m%ldY lsÍu' ta ms<sn| Tjqkaf.ka
m%;sfmdaIKhla ,nd.ekSu'
• Tng lS%vd jeks úfYAIs; yelshdjla mj;Skï fmd,Sish iïnkaO lrf.k

iafõÉPdfjka mqyqKq lsÍug fyda m%cd W;aij ^Wod( mdmkaÿ ;rÕ& ixúOdkh lsÍu"
m%dfoaYSh m%cdjg wdOdrl jkakdjQ W;aij i|yd wkq.%yh ,nd§u ^Wod( lS%vd
W;aij" mqKH lghq;=" mßirh wdrCId lsÍu&
72

• fmd,Sish fj; meñKs,s lsÍu ms<sn| ck;djf.a úYajdih ms<sn|j ióCIK
isÿlsÍu iy meñKs,s b;d leue;af;ka Ndrf.k ksis ls%hdud¾.hka .kq
,nkafkao hkak ms<sn| úuid ne,Sug fmd,sia meñKs,s hdka;%Kh ms<sn|
wkq.%dyl mÍCIK meje;aùu'
Tn bj;aj .sh miqjo ;sridr njg m;al<yels uq,msÍï muKla wdrïN lrkak'
ck;dj iuÕ úYajdikSh ne¢ula iy jevlsÍfï iïnkaO;djhla f.dvkexùu i|yd
jk úria:dhS lemùula we;s lrùug cd;Hka;r WmfoaYlhskag yd ksÍCIlhskag
fmd,sia n,ldfha ks,OdÍka yd idudkH fmd,sia Nghska myqKq lsÍug isÿjkq we;'
3' fmd,Sish j.ùfuka mj;ajd.kaafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍu
m%cdjg fmd,Sish j.lSïiy.; njg m;alr.ekSu ms<sn| w;a±lSï fkdue;s kï yd Tjqka

mdroDIHNdjhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka fyda N+ls;aú¢kafka fkdue;s kï fmd,Sisfha
wh:d ls%hdldÍ;ajh i|yd ls%hdldÍ j.ùï iy.; l%ufõohla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd by;
úia;r l< mshjrhka fol ;SrKd;aul f,i jeo.;a jkq we;' fmd,Sish j.ùï iy.;
ùug ork wlue;a; fjkqjg uyckdhd ±kqj;a lsÍu wdfoaY l< fkdyel' uyck;dj
±kqj;a lsÍfï§ wjfndaO lr.;hq;= ixl,amhka w;r m%cd;dka;s%l uQ,O¾uhka" kS;sfha
md,kh iy udkj ysñlï wdrCId lr.ekSu fmd,Sish j.lSï iy.; njg m;alrkafka
flfiao hkak ms<sn|j jk my; ixl,amhkao fjhs'
• uyck fiajh hkq l=ulao @ ud uyck fiajdjla ,nd.kafka flfiao @
• mqrjeishl= f,i udf.a whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï fudkjdo iy fmd,sia

ks,OdÍkaf.a" wêlrKhkays yd nkaOkd.drhkays N+ñldjka yd lghq;= fudkjdo
@
• fmd,Sish ish wêldÍ;ajh wh:d f,i Ndú;d lrk nj fyda uyck fiajfha
uQ,O¾uhka lv lrk nj ±k.kafka flfiao@ udf.a whs;j s dislï uúiska
m%ldYfldg isáh hq;af;a ljr wjia:djkays§ o@
• fmd,Sisfha wh:d ls%hdjla iunkaOfhka meñKs,s lrkafka flfiao@ ^fmd,Sishg

mqoa.,slju fkdf.dia ks¾Kdñlj meñKs,s l<yels úhhq;= w;r úu¾IKhkays
m%;sM, uyckhdg m%isoaO l<hq;= fjhs&
• fmd,Sisfha tlgtl lsÍulg ud ,lajqjfyd;a ug hd yelafla ljqreka fj;o@
wkql+, uQ,dY% (
fuu taldnoaO m%;spdrh md,k kshqla;slhska i|yd jk m%fhdackj;a wdfY%ah

WmlrKhkaf.ka iukaú; jkakdjQ my; uQ,dY%hkaf.ka lreKq Wlyd.kq ,en we;'
hyperlink iys;j ,ehsia;=.;fldg we;s ish¿ f,aLKhka INPROL äðg,a mqia;ld,h fj;
we;=,;a lrkq ,en we;'
§ Toolbox for Implementing Restorative Justice and Advancing Community Policing,tlai;a

ckmo wêlrK fomd¾;fïka;=j, m%cd uQ,sl md,k ld¾hd,h (1999)
§ Police Reform White Paper: Building Communities, Beating Crime - A Better Police Service
for the 21st Century, tlai;a rdcOdksfha iajfoaY ld¾hd,h (2004)
73

§ Capacity Building Training for Citizen Advisory Groups, hqfrdamfha wdrCIdj yd iyfhda.S;djh
i|yd jk ixúOdkh (OSCE), POLIS (2005)
§ Community Based Policing, wd¾Ü fl%diaì, RCMP, (1995)
§ fâúâ fí,s, Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad, (ksõfhda¾la: Tlai*
a ¾â
úYaj úµd,jhSh uqøKd,h, 2006)
fjk;a uQ,dY%
§ US DOJ OJJDP Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence

http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/gun_violence/contents.html
§ Everyday Democracy, http://www.everyday-democracy.org/en/Issue.8.aspx
§ Good Practices in Building Police-Public Partnerships (OSCE),
http://www.osce.org/item/31851.html
§ Community-based Policing Approaches,
http://www.ottawapolice.ca/en/serving_ottawa/community_centres/App5_Succ...
§ Common Community Policing Strategies,
http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/txt/e05060064.txt
§ The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces,
http://www.dcaf.ch/activities/programmes.cfm
§ Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP, http://www.cpc-cpp.gc.ca/
§ “Safeguarding a Viable Peace: Institutionalizing the Rule of Law,” by Halvor A.
Hartz and Laura Mercean, in The Quest for Viable Peace: International
Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation, Jock Covey, aMichael Dziedzic and
Leonard Hawley (eds.) (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press and the
Association of the United States Army, 2005), pp. 157-204.
igyk ( fuu taldnoaO m%;spdrfha wka;¾.; ish¿ woyia mqoa.,sl ;;ajfhka

m%ldYl< tajd jk w;r lsishï ixúOdkhl u;hla ksrEmkh fkdlrhs' INPROL
ksYaÑ; m%;sm;a;shla iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia §ula isÿlrkq fkd,efí'
ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, fmd,sia fiajd ms<sn| yeÈkaùula’

fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï wrïNl;ajh úisks’
ol+Kq wdishdfõ fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,g ksoyia m%;s,dN w;alr .ekSug;a Yla;su;a m%cd;%ka;jd§ wdh;k
moaO;shla f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd;a l,dmfha fmd,sia fiajdjkays fjkila isÿùu wjYHh’ ir,j lshkafka kï
m%cd;ka;%jdÈ cd;Skag m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajd wjYHh’
Lhsn¾ lfmd,af,a isg nqreu foaY isudj olajd;a ysud,fha isg fmrÈ. uq;= wegh olajd;a ol=Kq wdishdkq fmdÿ
rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, fmd,sia fiajd mj;skafka b;du;a krl ;;a;ajhl’ ro, n,fõ.# m%cd;ka;%jdÈ cd;Ska$
ol=Kq wdishdkq fmdÿrdcH uKav,sh rgj, fmd,sia fiajd jd¾;dj fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï
wdrïNl;ajh îs’tÉ’wd¾’ whs& u.ska jir 2007 w.È m,lrkq ,eîh’ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajdjl ms<sn|
ksHdh;a th l,dmhg .ef,fmk wlD;shla jkafka ula ksido hk ld¾Kh;a tu jd¾;dj u.ska .eUqßka idlÉPd
lrkq ,eîh’ ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, fmd,sia fiajd ms<Sn| tu wOHhkhkaf.ka fy<sorõ jqfha tajd lsis fia;a
kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajfha mj;sk nj iy tajd flfrys uyck úYajdihla ke;s njhs’ fmd,sisfha foaYmd,kSlrKh wvq
lsßug” j.lSï iy.; nj jeä lsßug” iy l<uKdlrkh ÈhqKq lsßug ÿ¾j, W;aiyhka ord we;;a tajd
l%shd;aul ùu ÿ¾j,h’ thg fya;=j w;sYhskau w;HjYH m%;sixialrK iïmq¾Kfhka yd blaukska lsÍug wdKavq
olaajk wlue;a;hs’
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï wdrïNl;ajfha m%ldYhg m;a l< r|, n,fõ.” m%cd;ka;%jd§ cd;Ska
,shú,a, we;=z wOHkhka u.ska fmd,sia fiajd iïnkaO m%Yak meyeÈ,s fldg fydÈka f,aLk .; fldg we;’ fuu
jd¾;dfõka W;aidy orkafka ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, fmd,sia fiajd j, ÿ¾j,;d bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdfõ’ tafjkqjg
74

fuhska W;aidy orkafka nx.a,dfoaYh” bkaÈhdj” mdlsia:dkh yd Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sia fiajd m%;sixialrKhg f.k
we;s mshjrj, wo ;;aa;ajh iy fõ.h ms<sn|j;a l,dmfha fmd,sia fiajd yuqodjl ;;a;ajfhka fiajhl
;;a;ajhg m;a lsrsug .;yels ksYaÑ; mshjr ms<sn|j;a jvd;a úia;r iys;j bÈßm;a lsÍugh’
1’1 hg;a úð;jdÈ Wreuh
ol=Kq wdishdkq hg;aúð;j, jvd fydo md,khla yd n,meula we;s lr .ekSu ì%;dkH wdêrdcHh úiska wdrïN
lrkq ,enq wjia:dfõ Ujqka fhdod .;af;a ,kavka k.rfha mej;s mqrjeis wdldrfha fmd,sia l%uh fkdj
wh¾,ka;fha ;snq jvd;a yuqoduh wdldrfha fmd,sia l%uhhs’ thska woyia lf<a ;ukag úreoaO;ajh olajk
w;súYd, iajfoaYSl ckhd idfmalaI jYfhka l=vd yuqodjla u.ska hgm;a lsÍuhs tf,i ì%;dHkhka l%shdjg ke.=
fmd,sia n,ldfha ,laIK jqfha’
‹ n,fha issák md,lhdg yd tys ks,Odß ;ka;%hg ñi ck;djg j. fkdlSu’
‹ m%cdjg wdrlaIdj iemhSug jvd uyckhd md,kh lsßfï j.lSu mejÍ ;sìu’
‹ wdêm;H’’’’ tla lKavdhul wjYH;d /lÈug lemùu’
‹ jHqyh jYfhka ±äf,i ÷rdj,s.;j ;sìu iy kS;fs ha md,khg hg;aùu fjkqjg kdhl;ajhg;a
wdh;khg;a
hg;aùu’
ì%;dkH md,kfhka ksoyi ,eîfuka miqjo ol=Kq wdishdkq wdKavq fuu hg;aúð;jdÈ fmd,sia jHqyh fndfydÿrg
mj;ajdf.k .sfhah’ bkaÈhdfõ uOHu rdcH 1861 fmd,sia mk; È.gu mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r m%dka; wdKavq
lf<a ;ukaf.a wK mk;a tu wlD;sh wkqju ilia lr .ekSuhs’ Y%S ,xldj 1865 fmd,sia wd{dmk; È.gu
mj;ajdf.k .sfhah’ mlsia:dkfha 2002 jif¾ fmd,sia kS;shla we;e;a th úYd, jYfhka fkd;ld yßkq ,eìh’
ud,Èjhsk muKla Tjqkaf.a cd;sl wdrlaIl fiajdjg fjkiaj fmd,sia fiajdjla 2004 jif¾È we;s lrkq ,eìh’
´kEu iqúfYaIs wêlrK n, m%foaYhl mj;sk mqoa.,hkag iqúfYaI jq m%jk;d ie,ls,a,g fkdf.k ol=Kq
wdishdkq fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,a ish,af,ysu mj;skafka ks,OdÍka iy idudkH fmd,sia Nghka w;r ±äf,i
Oqrdj,s .;jq ;;ajhls ks;ru mdfya ks,OdÍka fydo wOHmkhla ,enq wh jk w;r Tjqkag idfmlaI jYfhka
fydo jegqmla ,efnhs’ idudkH Nghka msvdúÈkafka w;sYhska krl fiajd ;;a;ajhkaf.kS’
1’2 foaYmd,k ksoyi iy tys wfmalaId ì|jeàu
hg;aúð; jdÈ msvkfha w;a±lsï ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdokhg ;Èkau n,mEfõh’ tys
m%;Ms ,hla f,i nx.a,dfoaYh” bkaÈhdj” mlsia:dkh” iy Y%s,xldj hk iEu rglu mqoa.,hkaf.a iajdëm;Hh
iqrlaIs; lrk whs;sjdislï ms<sno mk;la ilia l< w;r kS;sfha wdêm;H ms<s.eksu;a” isú,a yd foaYmd,k
wdhs;sjdislï ioyd meyeÈ,s wdrlaIKhla iemhSu;a” iudc iy wd¾Òl wdhs;sjdislï ie,ls,a,g .eksu;a isÿù
;sfí flfia fj;;a jir 60 f.ú .sh miqj;a tu jákd m%ldY mjid ;sìhÈ fya;= rys;j w;awvx.=jg
.eksfuka yd rojd ;nd.ekSfuka ksoyia úfï whs;s jeks uq,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsßug mjd fmd,ssia
fiajdjg yelsù ke;’ jOysxikhg ,la fkdúug we;s ksrfmlaI iy wysñl, fkdyels whs;sh mjd ol=Kq
wdishdkq fmd,sis úiska wysñ lrkq ,nhs’ ksoyia ,eìfuka miq ld,fha ilia jqKq mqrjeis rdcH
iïnkaO;djfhka mßj¾:k l,dmfha fmd,sia fiajd u.ska ms<sìUq jkafka ke;’
fmd,sia Nghd hkq uyckhdg ks;sHdkql=, fiajhla imhk ks, weÿï wÈk mqrjeisfhlah hk woyi fuu rgj,
wdKavq iy fmd,sia fiajdjka f;areï .kafka b;d ld,;=rlsks mqrjeishkaf.a jHjia:dkql=, whs;ska widOdrK f,i
W,a,x>kh lsÍu fjkqjg Yla;su;a f,i wdrlaId lsÍu iy;sl lsÍug ro, hg;aúð; wdlD;shla ms<sìUq lrk
fmd,sia fiajhg jHqyd;aul jYfhka fkdyelsùfï ;;a;ajh È.gu mj;s’
1’3 Z¶m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajdjla hkq l=ulao@¶
ksoyfia wfmalaId bgq lr .ekSug;a” Yla;sula m%cd;ka;%jdÈ wdh;kh f.dvk.d .eksug;a ol=Kq wishdkq fmdÿ
rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, fmd,sia fiajd fjkila w;HjYh’ ir,j lshkafka kï m%cd;%ka;jdÈ fmd,sia fiajdjla
wjYH’ m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| ks¾jpk j,g wNsfhda. l< yels nj f;areï.kakd w;r b;du;au iqÿiq t<Uqu
jkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh fmd,sishg udkj ysñlï mqyqKqjla ,ndÈug fhdod .kakd w;a fmdf;a we;s
t<Uquhs’ udkj ysñlï ms<Sn| úYaj m%ldYkh iy isú,a iy foaYmd,k whs;Ska ms<sn| m%{ma;sfha rduqj ;=,
l%shd;aul jk m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| ks¾pkhg my; ioyka lreKq we;=<;ah
‹ wdKavqlrKh yjq,aúfï yelshdj
‹ rdcH fiajdjdkag iudk wjia:d j¾Okh lsßu’
‹ wdKavqlrKfha moku uyck leue;a; nj iy;sl lsßu’
‹ tu leue;a; ue;sj¾Kh u.ska m%ldYhg m;aùu iy;sl lsßu i;=h’
‹ kS;sfha md,kh iy whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lsßu mj;ajdf.k hduhs’
m%cd;ka;%jd§ fmd,siafiajd hk fhÿu miq.sh oYlfha§ Ndú;dhg meñKSfha m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;=< fmd,sia fiajd
.;s ,laIk úia;r lsÍsug i|ydh’
75

tysÈ fmd,sish md,lhkag fkdj uyckhdg fiajh lrkafkls’ tlai;a cd;skaf.a cd;Hka;r fmd,sia ld¾HidOl
yuqodj ^1996& fláfhka idrdxY.; fldg we;s wdldrhg m%cd;%ka;jdohla ;=< fmd,sia fiajdjla my; ioyka
wdldrfhka úh hq;=h’
¶m%cd;ka;%jdÈ iudchlÈ fmd,sia fiaajdjla l%shd;aul úh hq;af;a ksoyi isud lsßug fkdj th wdrlaId lsßugh’
fmd,sia fiajdjl m%Odk ld¾H úh hq;af;a fuu ksoyi Ndú;d l< yels iqrlaIs; úëu;a mßirhla iemhsuhs’
uyck úYajdihka iy iïnkaO;d .ek” Tjqkaf.a .uka ìuka .ek fyda rdcHfha u; jdohg wkq.; ùu .ek
m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia n,ldhla ie,ls,a, olajkafka ke;’ ks,OdßjdÈ md,lhkaf.a fr.=,dis l%shd;aul lsßu
.ek uq,sl wjOdkhla fhduq lsßuo tys ld¾Hhla fkdfõ’ t fjkqjg m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;=< fmd,ssia yuqodjl
wjOdkh fhduq jkafka iqrlaIs; m%cdjla mj;ajdf.k hdu iy ìfhka fyda mlaI.%dys Ndjfhka f;drj ishü
ckhdg wmrdO kS;sh tlf,i l%shdjg ke.suhs’¶
tla wêlrK n, m%foaYhl fmd,sia fiajhl moaO;sh yd Wmhd ud¾. ;j;a tllg jvd ;rula fjkia úh yels
jqjo m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;=< fmd,sish;a ioyd m%udrys; rduqjla m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajd u.ska imhehs’ isú,a
iudchg” m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkag wdOdr ,ndfokakkag iy fmd,sishg ie,ls,a, .; yels fmdÿ rduqjla tu.ska
imhkq ,nhs’ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajdj my; ioyka wx.,laIK j,ska iukaú;hs’
rchg fjkqjg ck iudchg fiajh lsÍug fhduqúu” iïmq¾K ixúOdkh mqrd .uka lrk úksúoNdjh iy
j.lsï iy.; nj” rfÜ ckjd¾.sl ixhq;sh ms<sìUq lrk msßia n,h” wkjYH foaYmd,k we.s,s .eisïj,ska
fmd,sish wdrlaId lsßu ;ukaf.a ld¾HNd¾h ld¾HlaIuj yd M,odhs f,i l%shdjg ke.sug wjYH l=i,;djh tys
iudðlhka i;=j ;sìu iy ixúOdkh mqrd jD;a;sh Ndjh meje;suhs’ fuu jákdlï fjkial, fkdyels f,i
i,lk w;r th ish,a,u fkdue;sj tfia;ake;akï tajd w;alr .eksu ioyd fmd,sish fhduq lrkakd jq
l%shdj,shla fkdue;sj” fmd,sisfha jHqyfhka yd ixialD;sfhka iy l%shdldß;ajfhka m%cd;ka;%jdÈ hehs ie,lsh
fkdyelsh’
m%cdka;%jdÈ fmd,sia fiajdjla hkq ir, f,i kS;sh NdIduh mj;ajdf.khdug fnfyúka jdis fohl th wfkHkH
f.!rjh iy wjfndaOh u; mokïj iudch iu. fmdÿ iïnkaO;djhla f.dvke.Su iy fmdaIKh lsßulS’
flfia fj;;a fuu ;;a;ajh we;s lsßu ioyd ol=Kq wdishdfõ fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh rgj,a ish,af,ysu kS;s
l%shd;aul lrk wh;k j, Ñka;kfha fjkila isÿúu wjYHh’ tysÈ wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= lreKq jkafka
kS;sh l%shd;aul lsßu ioyd n,h mdúÉÑ lsßu fjkqjg kS;sh mj;ajdf.k hdu fiajh iemhSu hkakhs’
m%cdjkaf.a ksoyi iy tl.%;djh /l.eksug fiajh iemhSu fjkqjg fmd,sishg ks;ru mdfya fpdaokd t,a,
jkafka muK blaujd n,h mdúÉÑ lsßu” jOÈu” w;=reoyka lsßu” kS;shg msáka lrk ñksia >d;k” kshñ;
l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh fkdlsßu”widOdrK yeisßu iy ÿIKh iïnkaOfhks’ tys m%;s M,hla jYfhka bkaÈhdkq Wm
uyoaëmfha fmd,sia ixúOdkh ¶ yuqodj¶ ;;a;ajfha isg ¶fiajdjl¶ ;;a;ajhg mßj¾:kh lsßfï yelshdj we;s
lr .eksug fmr fndfydfoa l, hq;=j we;’
1’4 ol=Kq wdishdfõ fmd,sia fiajd ms<sn| m%Yak
mSvdldÍ” widOdrK iy b;du;a wld¾hCIu f,i fmksheu ksid ol+Kq wdishdfõ fmd,sia fiajd uyck úYajdih
Èkd ke;’ tys m%;súmdl f,i fmd,sish Tjqka fiajh lrk m%cdjf.ka ÿria úu isÿù we;s w;r tu ksidu
id¾:l f,i wmrdO” uyckke.Sáï iy wka;%jdÈ m%pkavl%shd je,elaùug tajdg we;af;a wvq wjia:djls’fld;rï
w;HjYH jqjo fmd,sia ia:dkhlg hEu i,lkafka fjk;a l%shdud¾. wjikajq úg muKla l<hq;a;la jYfhks’
^wjYH;djh we;s wh ia;%shla fyda ,sx.sl iqz;rhlg wh;akï fuu ;;a;ajh úfYaIfhka j,x.=h& l,dmh
mqrdu fmd,sia fiajdjkag wys;lr f,i n,mdk fmdÿ m%ldYk rdYshla we;’
m,uq ldrKh kï fmd,sish úiska lrkq ,±hs fpdaokd t,a, jk jerÈ l%shd iïnkaOfhka ovqjï ,nd fkdÈfïaa
ixialD;shla meje;suhs’ n,h whq;= f,i fhdod .ekSu” mdlaImd;sNdjh” ÿIKh” kS;súfrdaë l%u iy muK blaujd
n,h mdúÉÑ lsßu wdÈh iïnkaOfhka fydÈka lrkq /iafldg we;s úg mdjd tajd ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd w;r
ovqjï Èula isÿfkdfõ’ ks;ru isÿjk jerÈkï ks;shg msg;ska flfrk >d;k ^ fjk;a wdldrhlska lshkafka ¶
.egqï j,È urK¶ jYfhks& mßlaIKfha m%Odk l%uhla f,i jOÈu mq¿,a f,i fhdod .ekSu” whqla;s iy.;
w;awvx.=jg .ekSu’ m,uqj f;dr;=re jd¾;d f,aLk .; lsßu m%;slafYam lsßu kS;sHdkql=,j bv§ ;sfnk
ld,hg jvd jeä l,la rodjd ;nd.eksï” meñKs,sNdr.eksug fyda tajd úNd.lsßug wlue;a; ±laùu” iy
fndre idlaIs Èu’
fojk ldrKh kï fmd,sisfha l%shdud¾. ms<sno wêlrKh fyda úu¾Yk w;sYhskau M<odhs fkdjk ;;a;ajh
mej;Suhs’ jerÈlr ksoyia úfï ;;a;ajh iu. iïnkaOjk neúka funÿ hdka;%Khla ;sfnkafka kï fmd,sish
jvd;a kS;s.rel f,i yeisßfï bvlv úYd, f,i mqz,aúh yelsh’ tfia fj;;a ol=Kq wdishdkq fmdÿrdcH
ukav,Sh rgj,a tllj;a cd;Hkaa;r jYfhka ms<S.;a hym;a Ndú;hka yd ieifok wdldrh úksúo Ndjh hq;=
l%shd;aul jk ndysr ^fyda wNHKa;r & fyda j.lsï iy.; nj /lsfï hdka;%Khla hehs lsj yels lsisjla ke;’
Bg wu;r md¾,sfïka;= úu¾Ykh l,dmh ;=, m%fhda.sl jYfhka l%shd;aul fkdfõ’ fmd,sisfha M,odhs;djh
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jHjia:dodhl úiska ksrka;rfhka wêlaIKh l<hq;= jqjo we;a; jYfhkau isÿjkafka fmd,sisfha l%shdldß;ajh
úu¾Ykhg b;du iq¨ld,hla fhoúuhs’ ieu ol=Kq wdishdkq rglu hï hï wjia:dj, m;alrk mßlaIK
fldñIka iNd cd;sl udkj ysñlï wdh;k we;;a fmd,sish jerÈ lsßu je,elaúug fyda tajdfha l%ufõo
fjkialsßug tu wdh;kj,g yelshdj ,eì ke;’
;=kajk ldrKh f,i fmd,sish mdßmd,kfha ishü wxY iïnkaOfhka kS;sHdkql=, fkdjk f,i foaYmd,k
n,meïlsßu l,dmh mqrd olakg ,eìuhs’ ia:dk udre Wiiaùï iy ks,ld,h ms<sn| m%Yak idOdrK;ajh yd
iqÿiqlï u; fkdj fjk;a idOdl wkqj ;SrKh úu ks;r olakg fkd,fnk ;;ajhla fkdfõ’ tys m%;súmdlh
jkafka kS;sh yd iduh ms<Sn| m%Yak ms<sn| lghq;= lsßsula wmrdO úu¾Ykh blauka lsßu;a fuu m%Yak wkqj
ks;r mdfya fjkia ùuhs foaYmd,k n,mEï ol=Kq wdishdj mqrdu fmd,sia fiajfha jD;a;sh Ndjh msßsysug ,la
lrk me;=reKq iy j¾Okh jk m%Yakhls’
fuu ;;a;ajh ksis lemùfuka hq;= wjxl ks,Odßkag ;u iqis,smkak Ndjh /l.eksug ;u fiajfha by,hg
heu .ek n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìug w;sYhska ÿIalr ;;a;ajhla we;sfldg ;sfí’
i;rjk ldrKh kï fmd,sish i;= iïm;a w;sYhskau m%udKj;a fkdúuhs’
whjefhka fjkalsßï jeä l<o kS;sh l%shd;aul lsßug ;sfnk uq,H iïm;a fhdod.eksu iy l<uKdlrkh
w;sYhskau ÿ¾j,h tys m%;M s , ú we;af;a fmd,sia ia:djk j, isák ks,OdÍkag ;ukaf.a /lshdj l=uk fyda
.=Kd;aul uÜgulska lsßug wjYH uq,sl wjYH;d fkd,eìhduhs’ WodyrKhla f,i lvodis ys.jk ksid
uyckhdf.a meñKs,s ,shd.eksug fkdyelsùu isÿjk w;r Ndú;hg jdykhla we;akï thg wjYH bkaOk ke;
Bg;a jvd h:djÈ fkdjk f,i lrk iemhqï u.ska we;sù ;sfnkafka úldr rems ;;a;ajhls’ tkï wjYH Ndkav
^mß.Kl” cx.u ÿrl:k” .=jkaúÿ,s mksúv yqjudre hka;% iy wmrdO mßlaIK WmlrK& imhd we;;a
w;HjYH Wmdx.” kv;a;= .súiqï” fyda tajd mdúÉÑ lsßug mqyqKj q ,nd Èu isÿùke;’
miajk ldrKh jkafka my, uÜgfï ks,OdÍkaf.a ;;a;ajhka iy ;;a;ajhka ilialsßfï l%shdj,sh mj;skafka
ms<s.; fkdyels ;rñ my;auÜulh’ fiajhg nodj.eksfï È w,a,ig yd n,meïj,g hgùfï ;;a;ajhg
wu;r jYfhkS wjidkfha nojd.kakd msßia u.ska fmd,siafiajdj ,nd fok m%cdfõ ck ixhq;sh ms<sòUqjkafkao
ke;’ tfukau ck.ykhg wkqj fmd,sia fiajfha isáh hq;= m%udKh cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.;a uÜgug jvd
b;d my,ska mj;skafka ms<s.;a ;k;=rej, mqrmamdvq mqrjd ke;s ;;a;ajhla hgf;ah’ fmd,sia Nghkag ;snq
úfõlhlska f;drj meh 24 fiajfha fhÈug isÿúu fukau wju myiqlï iys; ne/lal j, ðj;aúug isÿúuo
wiudkHh ;;a;ajhla fkdfõ’ my,u uÜgfï fmd,sia Nghkag ,nd È we;s m%udKj;a fkdjk fuu ;;a;ajhkaf.a
n,meu ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jkafka mßlaIK lsßfï ;dlaIK iy wmrdO isÿjk ia:dkhla mßlaIdjg ,la lsßu
ms<snoj mqyqKq jev igyka fkd;sìu fyda b;d úr, mßu; fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a fmd,sish iaÓrjYfhkau
l<lsßfïka iy Èßu;aúfuka f;drj meje;Su .ek mqÿu úh hq;= ke;’ tys m%;M s ,hla f,i uyckhdf.ka ÿria
úu u.ska fmd,sish ;jÿrg;a yqol,d jk w;r tlsfkld flfrys wúYajdih f.dvke.sfï úIupl%h È.ska
È.gu hñka f.jk ieu j¾Ihla mdidu ;;a;a;ajh ;j;j;a krl w;g yef¾hs’
1’5 ol=Kq wdishdfõ fmd,sia fiajd wiïmq¾Kjkafka wehs’@

fuu rgj, wdKavqlrk moaO;sh úYd, f,i wl%shj mj;sk fyahska ol=Kq wdishdfõ fmd,sia fiajfha ÿ¾j,
l%shdldß;ajh jHqjyd;aul jYfhka fkdje,elaúh yelsh’ l,dmfha mj;sk foaYmd,k”wd¾Ól iy idudc;;a;ajh
u.ska fmd,siafiajfha ÿ¾j,;djh ;yjqre lrk w;r th m%;sixialrKh i|yd jk W;aiydhkag ndOdlrhs’
fuhska m,uqjk ldrKh iïnkaOfhka .;aúg ol=Kq wdishdkq fmdÿ rdcHhsuKav,Sh rgj, foaYmd,k ixialD;sh
l,dmfha fmd,sia fiajd jD;a;sh fkdjk iy iel lghq;= uÜgul meje;sug m%Odk fya;=jhs’ iuyr rgj, yuqod
md,k iy m%cd;ka;%jdÈ md,k w;r jßka jr jr isÿjk fod,khúfukau wdKavql%u jHjia:dj kej; ilia
lsßu fyda ixfYdaOkh lsßuo wdKavqlrKfha È.gu isÿjk fjkiaúïo ksis fmd,sia fiajd m%;sxialrKh flfrys
l,amj;akd fhduqúulg bv lv fkdi,ihs’
;jÿrg;a fmks hkafka nx.a,dfoaYh” bkaÈhdj” mdlsia:dk” Y%s,xldj hk ieu rglu ÿIKh .eUqßka mj;akd
njhs’ fuu Èrdm;a lrjk Ndú;h u.ska fmd,sia fiajfha wjxlNdjhg ydks lrkjd muKla fkdj” foaYmd,k
mx;sh wêlrKh iy rdcH mdßmd,kh fiajh u; tys n,mEï f;areu kï ta tla tla fCIa;%h iu. fmd,sisfha
iïnkaO;djh o fkdje,elaúh yels f,iu ls,sgq jk njhs’ tu ksid fmd,sia fiajd wNHka;r ÿIS; nj
iïmq¾Kfhka kej;sug hï Èkl mqÿuldr f,i ;SrKh l,o tu W;aiyh wi¾:l jkafka thg ;ju;a
m%;sxialrKh fkdjq úYd, moaO;shla ;=, l%shd lsßug isÿúu ksidh’
wd¾Ól fya;= ksido fmd,sia fiajd ÿ¾j, úu isÿfõ’ ol=Kq wdishdfõ mj;sk oreKq ÿ.SNdjfha f;areukï
tlsfkld yd ;r. lrk wjYH;d rdYShla ioyd fhÈug we;s uqqo,a m%udKh isudiys; njhs’ tys m%;Ms ,h jkafka
l,dmh mqrd fmd,sia yuqodjkag M,odhs fiajhla iemhSug wjYH jk uq,sl wjYH;d yeuúg fkd,eìuhs’ we;eï
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úg wiïmq¾K;djhg fya;=jkafka uqo,a ke;s lu fkdj ;sfnk uqo,a ksis f,i l<uKdlrkh fkdlsßuhs’
flfiafj;;a nx.a,dfoaYfha tla mqoa., fmd,sia fiajd úhou we’u’fvd’1’40 la jk w;r weußld tlai;a
ckmofha th fvd’ 215 ls’thska fmks hkafka fmd,sia fiajdjkag wjYH ;rï uqo,a m%;smdok fkdue;súug tlu
fya;=j whjeh ksis f,i l,uKdlrkh fkdlsßu fkdjk njhs’ iSñ; iïm;a u.ska we;s lrk ndOdlsßï
ch.eksu fmd,siafiajd jeâÈhqKq lsßfïÈ u;= jk ksrka;r wNsfhda.ls’
l,dmfha mj;sk iudc;;ajho fmd,sia fiajd iy tajd m%;sixialrKfha yelshdj u; we;s lrkafka b;du;a
wys;lr n,meuls’ ol=Kq wdishdkq iudcj,g wdfõksl mj;sk mx;suh iy ro, jHqyh u.ska fmd,sishg we;s
uyck ie,ls,a, iy wdl,amh ilialrkq ,nhs’ Wodyrkhla f,i Okj;a iy n,j;a Woúh ;ukaf.a
wd;aud¾:ldñ fya;= ioyd fmd,sish Ndú;d lsßu yd fhdod .eksu isÿjqjo th wuq;= fohla fyda kqiqÿiq fohla
f,i ie,flkafka l,d;=rlsks’ Bg wu;rj wOHdmk fiajd m%udKj;a fkdúu f;areukï idudkH mqrjeishka
Tyqf.a$ wef.a whs;sjdislï .ek fukau ;ukag l=uk wdldrfha fmd,sia fiajhla ,eìug whs;shla we;ao ’’’’’’ .ek
m%udKj;a ±kqula fkdue;sj isáuhs’ tneúka ;ukag wjYH fmd,sia fiajh ms<sn| uyckhdf.ka tlsfklg
fjkia ix{d ksl=;aúu f;areï.; yelsh’
wmrdOhlg f.dÿrejq úg Tjqkg wjYH jkafka ld¾hCIu yd wdl%uKldÍ fmd,sia n,ldhls’ tfia jqjo
fmd,Sisfha blauúfï l%shdjlg f.dÿrejq úg Tjqka m%ldY lrkafka ¶idOdrK iy myiqfjka m%;spdr olajk¶
fmd,sia fiajhl wjYH;dj ms<sn| wNs,dYhhs fuh yßhdldr úiÈh yelafla fmd,sia fiajh ms<sn| wOHdmkh
iy th iu. ino;d j¾Okh lsßfuka’
1’6 bÈßu.
fuu ld¾kfhaÈ fft;sydisl jYfhka j¾Okhg ndOdjla meje;s foaYmd,k wd¾Ól iy iudc;;ajhkaf.ka
fmd,sish fjkia lsßug ;srkd;aul mshjr lsysmhla .; hq;=j we;’ m<uqfjkau wjYH jkafka m%cd;ka;%jdohlÈ
;sìh hq;af;a l=uk wdldrfha fmd,sishla o hkak .ek wjfndaOhla we;s lr .eksuhs’ ol=Kq wdishdfõ fmd,sia
fiajd jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd foaYdmd,k úOdhlh iy fmd,sish w;r iïnkaO;djh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu;a
fmd,sisfha l<uKdldß;ajh iy kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lsßu;a” tys ishü fldgia lrejkaf.a wdld,am fjkia
lsßu;a uqo,a ,nd Èu jeä lsßu;a th ish,a,gu jvd Ndysr úu¾Yk iy j.lsfï b;d fydo l%uhl=;a wjYHh’
fuu lrKq uq,Èu ie,ls,a,g .ksñka m%;sixialrk ms,sn| ´kEu idlÉPdjlÈ bÈßfhkau ;nd .; hq;=h’
fojeks lreKq f,i úOdhlh iy fmd,sish w;r iïnkaO;djh isududhsï ksßKh lr .eksu b;d jeo.;ah’
´keu m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;=,È uyck wdrlaIdj iy /ljrKh iïnkaO wjika j.lsu we;af;a uyck
ksfhdað;hkagh’ fmd,sish th l%shd;aul lrk wdh;khehs’ tneúka wmrdOje,elaúu yd úu¾Ykh lsßfuka”
kS;sh yd iduh mj;ajdf.k hdfuka” ðú;” foafmd,”ksoyi” wdrlaId lrk w;HjYH fiajd uyckhd i|yd
fydÈka mj;ajdf.k hdu iy;sl lsßfu;a” mqrjeishkag tkï úfYaIfhkau jvd;a wk;=re ,laúh yels ia;%ska”
<uhska” iqt;rhka” jhia.;jqjka” iy wndê;hka jeks whg jHjia:dkql=,j iy;sl l, whs;ska iïmq¾Kfhka
N=la;súÈug wjia:dj ie,isfu;a fmdÿ m%h;akhlska fmd,sish iy foaYmd,k úOdhl hk fol tlg neÈ isá’
fmd,sia fiajdjla ld¾hCIu f,i iy wmlaImd;sj l%shd;aulúu i|yd thg iïnkaO ish¨ wxYj, n,h iy
j.lsu b;d fydÈka w¾:olajd ;sìh hq;=hs’ foaYmd,k úOdhlh úiska fmd,sis .ek lrk ks;sHdkql=<
wêlaIKh iy ks;sHdkql=, fkdjk ueÈy;aúu yd n,mEï mßiï iy.; f,i md,kh l, hq;=hs’ thg
m%;súreoaOf,i kS;shl%shd;aulsßfïÈ iy ks;shg wkqj ;u rdcldßh bgq lsßfïÈ fmd,sish ieu úgu f;aßm;ajq
foaYmd,{hkag j.lsfuka neÈ isáh hq;=h’ fuu ;=,kh fydÈka mj;ajd.; fyd;a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia
fiajdjla we;súu fkdje,elaúh yelsh’ fmd,sisfha lghq;= wêlaIKh hkafkka ieneúkau f;areï .; hq;af;a
l=ulao hkak mßiaifuka yÿd.eksu;a” úOdhlfha n,h isud lrk w;r fmd,sishg ;u jev lghq;= ’’’’ heúug
bv ,eìu iy;sl lrk wdldrhg ksis n, fCIa;%fjkalsßu;a w;sYhskau jeo.;a jkafka ta ksidh’
;=kajeks lrkq jkafka uqo,a” há;,myiqlï” iy WmlrK ,nd Èu yd l,uKdlrkh Wiia;;ajfha fiajdjdla
iemhsug iqÿiq iy m%udKj;a úuhs’ kS;sh l%shd;aul lsßug ;j;a uqo,a fjka lsßug fkdyels ;;a;ajhlÈ jqjo
;sfnk uqo,a úhoï lsßu m%uqL;d kej; yÿkd .; hq;=h w;r m%Yia: f,i Ndú;h iy;sl lsßug iene úhoï
mdßlaIdjg ,lal< hq;=h’ ±ka isÿjkafka th fkdfú’
y;rjk lrkq jkafka kS;sfha md,kh iy m%cd;ka;%jdÈ ms<s.eksï ms<sn|j úYd, f.!rjhla fmd,sish ;=,
fkdue;skï m%;sixialrKh id¾:lfkdjk njhs’ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj jákdlïfkdms<s.kakd l¾hlaIu yd
fydÈka uqo,a ,ndÿka fmd,sish;a wog;a jvd krl wdh;khla úh yelsh’ fmd,sia m%;sixialrK l,amj;akd
;;a;ajhg m;alsßug kï fmd,sishg iudc ;;a;ajhkaf.a we;s isud lsßï ms<sn| m%Yakhg úiªZï,nd Èh hq;=h’
Wodyrkhla f,i bka§h Wm uyoaúmfha fmd,sis l%shd;aul jk nyq ixialD;sl iy nyq jd¾.sl ck.ykh
fmd,sia fiajdj;=, ms,òs Uq jkafka b;dld,d;=rlska Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia fiajh iïmq¾Kfhau mdfya isxy,hdf.ka
ieÿï,;a tlla jk w;r th ckjd¾.sl;ajh mlaI.;jk nj jeä jeäfhka fmks hk ;;a;ajhl mj;s’ Bg
wu;rj yÿkd.;a l=,$ yÿkd.;a f.d;% iy uqia,sï ckhd bka§h fmd,sisfha by, ks,Odß uÜgfï ksfhdackh
78

jkafka b;du;a wvqfjks’ ol=Kq wdishdkq fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,a tlllaj;a fmd,sia fiajdjkag wjYH ;rï
ia;%ska nodjdf.k ke;’ iqt;r m%cdjkaf.ka yd fldka lrkq ,enq lKavdhï j,ska fmd,sia fiajhg jvd jeäfhka
nojd .eksu jeo.;a mshjrla úh yels’
b;du iqÿiq jkafka wmrdO hqla;s úksYaph lsßfï moaO;sfha iy mqz,a rdcH md,kh m%;sixialrK iu.
fmd,sisfha m%;sixialrKh .ek muKla iïmq¾K wjOdkh fhduq lrñka fjk;a ;srKd;aul wxY fkd;ld yeßh
fyd;a yeu fmruqKlÈu wid¾:l ùu taldka;h’ tfukau ish¨ foa tlg úiÈug n,disáu tl m%Yakhla j;a
fkdúiÈuls’ fuu tla fCIa;%hlg wjOdkh fhduq fldg th ksjerÈ lsßug W;aidy ork úg úYd, f,i
ia:djrj iy ro, l%ufhka wd;;Ska we;s ùu je,elaúh fkdyelsh’ fmd,sisfha m%;sixialrK uÕska fn,ysk
moaO;sh l%shd;aul ;;a;ajh f.k hd yels jk w;r tu.ska l,dmhg ysßyerlrk ksYal%uh Ndj ch.;yelsh’
mqrjeishkaf.a wdrlaIdj” iqrlaIs;;djh iy /lj¾Kh iy iduh iy hqla;sh Ndrh isák /lj¨ka jk ksid
fmd,sish flfrys úfYaI iy blauka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h’ wêlrKh” ks,Odß;ka;%h iy foaYmd,k mka;sh
iu. iy iïnkaOhg jvd uyckhd iy fmd,sish w;r iïnkaO;d f.dvke.su idudkHfhka jvd blaukska
.eUqre iy ks;r ks;r l< hq;a;lafõhs’ tneúka m%;sixialdrKh fkdlr iy mßlaIdjg ,la fkdlr ;enqjfyd;a
fmd,sia fiajfhka wdrlaIdj iemfhkjdg jvd th wysñ lsßu isÿúh yelsh’
fuu m%Yakh .ek lghq;= fkdlsßfï m%;súmdl ie,lsh hq;= ;rïh’2008 j¾Ifha mdlsia:dkfha isÿjq urdf.k
uefrk m%ydr 67 lska 973 fokl= ñh .sh w;r 2318 ;=jd, ,enqy’ nx.a,dfoaYh m%isoaêhg m;aj we;af;a
.sksfldk È. wdishdfõ isg hqfrdmh olajd fyfrdhska m%jdykh lsßfï m%Odk uOHia:dkhla jYfhks’ klaid,ays
n,mEug ,lajq m%foaYj,g m%pKavl%shd md,kh lsßug bkaÈhd j wfmdfydi;a ú we;s w;r 2008 j¾IfhÈ ta
rgg m%n, ugÜfï ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr .kkdjlg uqyqKq Èug isÿúh’ tfukau Y%s ,xldfõ oyia.kka ckhd
w;reoyka jk w;r tajdg j.lsjhq;a;ka w,a,d .; yels jkq we;ehs hkak .ek mj;skafka uo úYajdihls’m%n,
uÜgfï ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr ksid fyda taÈfkod fmd,sia fiajfhka krl ;;a;ajh ksid fyda uyckhdf.a wdrlaIdj
wysñúu u.ska fmd,sish iy uyckhd w;r ÿria:Ndjh ;j;a jeäfjñka mj;s’
ieu rglu fmd,siafiajd jeä ÈhqKq lsßug .; yels ksYaÑ; mshjr fuu m%ldYkh u.ska bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí’
is’tï’ wd¾’ whs’ ixúOdkfha ±ä úYajdih jkafka iïm%odhsl jYfhka l%shd;aul jk rgdj fjkialsÍu ioyd
wjYHjk foaYmd,k jqjukdj we;slsÍug ±kqïj;a uyck u;h l%shdl, úg muKla ienE m%;sixialrKhla
isÿúh yels njhs’ funÿ m%ldYk u.ska fukau m%.;sh ms<sn|j È.ska È.gu lrk yËke.Sïj, wruqKq jkafka
fuu w;HjYH m%;sixialrK i|yd f;dr;=re iemhsu iy W;afm%arfha lsßu’
fmd,sisfha m%;sixialrK fkd;ld yeßug neß;rï b;d jeo.;a jk w;r m%udo lsßug neß ;rï b;d yÈish’
Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sia m%;sixialrK ilia lf<a’

fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï fufyhùu’
1’ miqìu
bka§hdjg” mlsia:dkhg” nx.,dfoaYhg jvd fo.=Khlg;a jeä tl mqoa., o, foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hlg ysñlï
lshk iy rg fn§ulska fyda isú,a hqoaOhlska f;drj ksoyi Èkd.;a Y%S ,xldjg ;u wi,ajeis rgj,g jvd
ia:djr foaYmd,k iy wd¾Ól l%uhla ysñj ;sfí’ mlsia:dkfha iy nx.,dfoaYfha isÿjqjdfuka ue;sjrK pl%h
w;r yuqod l=uka;%K isÿùkï wk;=rla fkdue;s jqjo Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk isú,a hqoaO ;;a;ajh l%shd;aul iudc
79

.súiqula we;slr .ekSfï yelshdj ÿ¾j, lrk idOlhls’ fou< le/,a, 1983 wdrïN jq wjia:dfõ mgka Y%S
,xld rcfha wjOdkh fhduq ù ;snqfka fou< B,dï úuqla;s fldá ixúOdkfhka t,a, jk ;%ia;jdÈ ;¾ckh
wjika fldg ±ñuhs’ fuu isú,a hqoaOh miq.sh jir 25 la mqrd Y%s ,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha wdêm;Hodß ;;a;ajfha
meje;sk’ thska úYd, bÈß .ukla f,i fomd¾Yjh w;r igka úrdu .súiqulg t<òu 2002 fmnrjdß
udifha§ isÿúh’ fkda¾úÔhdkqjka úiska ksÍlaIKh lrkq ,enq th mqz,a f,i fmkS.sfha fndfydafokdf.a ðú;j,g
idudkH ;;a;ajh njg m;aj ;snq ñksia >d;k iy úkdYh id¾:l f,i iSud lrkakla jYfhks’
igkaúrdu .súiqu;a iu. 2002 ud¾;= udifha fmkS .sfha t,a’ à’ à’ B’h iy Y%S ,xld wdKavqj hk
fomd¾Yjhu fomd¾Yjhgu ms<s.; yels foaYmd,k úisÿulg t<ôug Wkkaÿjla olajk njg jq
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs’ .egqï ,sys,aúu jvd;a fydÈka fmks .sfha fmd,sia fiajd iemhSfï fhduqfõ fjkia ùfuks’
fmd,Sishg w;s úYd, f,i n,;, ,ndÈ ;snq ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùfï mk; jeks Nhdkl kS;s w;aysgqjkq ,eîh’
tfukau t,a’ à’ à’ B’ fha ;%ia;jdÈ l%shdjkag m%;spdr ±laùfuka b;du wmyiq ;;a;ajhlg .egqï meje;s ld,fha
uqyqK È isá fmd,sishg .egqï iu:lrKfha kj wjêhlg m%;spdr olajñka kj wdrïNl;ajhg fhduq úug
isÿjqfha mqrjeis fmd,Ssishl iïm%odhsl ;;a;ajhg h<s wj;SrKh ùfuka muKla fkdj th lsßfïÈ
nyqjd¾.sl;ajh” nyq;ajjdoh iy úúO;a;jhg .re lsßu wdÈ wNsfhda.hkag ixfõ§ ùugo isÿjk ;;a;ajhla
hgf;ah’
flfiafj;;a t,a’ à’ à’ B’ h 2005 ue;sjrKh j¾ckh lsßu u.ska uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d Y%s ,xldfõ
ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;ajq nj fmks .sfhah’ ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k m%pdrl jHdmdrfhaÈ Y%s ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha
kdhlhd m%ldY lf<a ;uka t,a’ à’ à’ B’h iïnkaOfhka jvd;a wdl%uKldÍ ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lrk njhs’
kj rch n,hg m;ajq miqj t,a’ à’ à’ B’h iy Y%S ,xld wdKavqj w;r .egqï W;aikak úh’ woyia m%ldYlsÍfï
iy .uka ìuka hdfï ksoyi we;=z uyck ksoyi iSud lrk yÈis kS;s l%shd;aul lrkq ,enq w;r kS;shg msáka
lrk ñksia >d;k iy w;=reoyka ùï by< .sfhah’ tfukau idfmalaI jYfhka flá ld, isudjla ;=, jerÈ
fldg ksoyia úfï ixialD;shla f.dvke.=Kq w;r th isú,a iudcfha iy cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.a ie,lsh hq;= f,i
wjOdkhla fhduq ùug fya;= ùh’
2’ jerÈ fldg ksoyi ,eîfï ixialD;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH wdh;k u.ska lrk ,±hs lshk udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khkaf.a m%udKh yd n,j;a nj ms<sn|
f;dr;=re fydÈka tla /iafldg we;’ n,y;aldr fyda iajleue;af;ka fkdjk w;=reoyka ùï ms<sn| l%shdldß
lKavdhu fufia lshhs’¶ meyeÈ,s fkdl< w;=reoykaùu ms<sn| ,ehsia;=fõ fojk ia:dkh ysñj ;sfnkafka Y%S
,xldjghs¶’ 1988 - 1989 ld,fha isÿjq w;=reoyka ùï .ek fidhd ne,sug Y%S ,xld wdKavqj m;al< fldñIka
iNd y;r jd¾;d lf<a tu ld,fha w;=reoyka jq ixLHdj ^wdikak jYfhka & 27”200 la njhs’ Y%s ,xld wdKavqj
iy t,a’ à’à’ B’h w;r wz;ska we;s jq .egqqï ksid w;=reoyka úï ms<sn| fpdaokd h,s;a jeä ù ;sfí’ Y%S ,xld
udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj jd¾;d lrkafka Y%S ,xld wdKavqj úiska fyda thg iïnkaO w;=re yuqod úiska fyda
t,a’ à’ à’B’ h úiska foaYmd,k jqjukdjka u; lrkq ,enq w;=reoyka lsÍï ixLHdj 2006 jif¾È 345 la njhs’
2007 ud¾;= udifha Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,siam;sjrhd w;=reoykaùï iïnkaOfhka fmd,sisfha yd yuqodfõ iïnkaOh
ks,jYfhka ms<s.ksñka m%ldY lf<a ñksiqka meyerf.khdfï fpdaokd u; 2006 iema;eïn¾ udifhka miq
ld,fha§ ysgmq yuqod nghka” fiajfha isák yuqod nghka” fmd,sia ks,Odßka” md;d, lKavdhï iy fjk;a
ixúOdkd;aul lKavdhïj, 400 fofkl= muK w;awvx.=jg .kq ,enq njhs’
;uka l< udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khg j.lsu tlal, wdh;khg fkdmejeÍu ms<sn|j úfYaI ld¾H idOl
n,ldh fyd| WodyrKhls’ 1983 § msysgqjk ,o úfYaI ld¾H idOl n,ldh ;%ia;jdo úfrdaê iy ler,s úfrdaê
fufyhqï iïnkaOfhka úfYaI{;djh ysñlr .;a w;=re yuqodjls’ uq,sl jYfhka t,a’ à’ à’ B’h iuÕ igka
jeÿKq úfYaI ld¾H idOl n,ldh ^ tia’à’ t*a”& w;=reoyka lsÍï iy kS;shg msáka ñksia >;kh lsßï we;=z
udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khka iïnkaOfhka wmls¾;shg m;ajqjls’ W;=re kef.kysr m,d;aj, iajleue;f;ka
f;drj /f.khdu iy w;=reoyka lsßu iïnkaOfhkaa Y%s ,xld rch m;al< mÍCIK fldñIu 1997 jd¾;djg
wkqj 1988 iy 1996 w;r W;=rekef.kysr uvl,mqj Èia;%slalfha isÿjq¶ w;=reoykaùï¶ 1219 lska 5]loS
w;awvx.=jg .;a wdh;kh úfYaI ld¾H idOl n,ldhhs’ Y%S ,xldfõ fld<UÈ tia’ à’ t*a’ w;awvx.=fõ§ ñh
.sh nj lshk ;eke;a;ka ms<sn|j kS;shg msáka” ÿqvq fyda ys;=jlaldr ñksia >d;k iïnkaO tlai;a cd;skaf.a
úfYaI ksfhdað;hdo jd¾;d fldg ;sfí’ fuf,i udkj ysñlï W,a,x>k fpdaokd ms<sn| fkdo;a lreKq f.dkq lr
80

we;;a ;ukaf.a l%shdjkays j.lSsfuka ksoyiaj isáug tia’ à’ t*a idudðlhkag yels ù we;s w;r ;u l%shdjkag
jrolr ksoyia ùfï ;;a;ajh N+la;sùÈñka È.gu l%shd;aul fõ’
fmd,Sish lrk udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsßï ms<sn| kS;S{hka fyda udkj ysñlï ixúOdk úiska meñSKS,s lrk
,o úg mjd ta úNd. lrkafka W,a,x>kh lsÍï isÿjqkq m%foaYfhau fiajh lrk by< ks,Odßka úisks’ Tjqkaf.a
mßlaIK idudkHfhka È.=l,la ;siafia we§ hk w;r túg W,a,x>khkag f.dÿrejQqjkag yd Tjqkg wdOdr lrk
wh ìh jeoa§ug tajd l, whg wjia:dj ,efnhs’ tfukau tn÷ mßlaIK j,ska ms<s.; yels m%;Ms , ,efnkafka
ke;’ fuu ks,Odßka lrkafka iudodkhlg meñKsu ioyd meñKs,s lrejka fm<Uúu fyda ìh jeoaÈuhs’
widudkH isÿùulÈ isoaêh Widúh bÈßhg f.k .sho ks;rumdfya isÿjkafka jerÈ l, whg j.lSu mejÍug
fkdyels ùuhs’ Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;s ix.%yh ;=, ¶ n,y;aldr w;=reoyka lsÍu¶ hk wmrdOh wvx.= fkdjk
ksid kvq mejeßfïÈ idudkHfhka fpdaokd t,a, lrkafka meyerf.k hdu fyda wkqn, Èu ms<sn|jh’
flfiafj;;a .egqï mj;sk ld,hl fun÷ fpdaokdjla Tmamq lsßu widudkH f,i wmyiqh’ tys m%;sM,h jkafka
whs;shla W,a,x>kh lsßulÈ kvq úNd.hlg heu úr, jk w;r jerÈ fldg ksoyi ,eìfï ixialD;sh by<
uÜgñka rclSßuhs’
wka;jdÈ ;;a;ajhka ;=, wka;jdÈ m%;spdr wjYH jk wdrlaIl wxYj, Wl=iaika ks;ru ;¾l l<o f,dalh
mqrd w;a±lsï j,ska fmkshkafka jro fldg ksoyiaùfï ixialD;sfhka wdrlaIl ;;a;ajhka ÈhqKq fkdjk njhs’
ta fjkqjg isÿjkafka foaYmd,k iy idudcuh wd;;Ska j¾Okh úu jk w;r tu.ska wdrlaIl w¾nqoh ;j;a
nrm;, ùug bv we;’ we;af;kau tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h 1674^2006& fhdackdfõÈ hqo .egqï
mj;sk wjia:dj, mqrjeishka wdrlaId lsßu .ek i|yka jkafka fï wdldrfhks’ ¶ hqo.egqfï n,meug ,lajq
idudkH ckhdg trysj isÿjq udkj ysñlï W,,ax >khka .ek lghq;= lsßu i|yd fukau wkd.;fhaÈ tn÷q
W,a,x>kh ùï j,ld.eksu i|yd .egqï mj;sk iudchlg fyda .egqulska miq h:d;;a;ajhg m;ajk iudchl
jerÈlr ksoyia úfï ;;a;ajh wjika lsßu w;HjYHh’¶
3’ igkaúrdu .súiqfï wjidkh

2006 jir jk úg igkaúrdu .súiqfï fldkafois we;a; jYfhkau fkd;ld yer ;snqKs’ 2008 ckjdß 02 od
Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqj igkaúrdu .súiqfuka bj;ajk nj ks,jYfhka m%ldYhg m;afldg bka miqj t,a’ à’à’ B
ixúOdkhg tfrysj m%n, yuqod m%ydrhla wdrïN lf<ah’ fï È.a.eiaiqKq yuqod fufyhqï iuÕ Y%S ,xldfõ
udkj ysñlï m%Yakh ms<sn| nrm;, ixjdohla we;s úh’;%ia;jdoh wjika lsßfï fuu l%shdud¾.h ;=< Y%S
,xld wdKavqj t,a’ à’ á’ Bh mrdch lsßu i|yd kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg úYd, ld,hla iy Y%uhla
fhoùh’ tfy;a th iuÕu isÿjqfha kS;sfha md,khg iy udkj ysñlug .re fkdlsßfï ;;a;ajhls’ WodyrKhla
f,i yÈis kS;s fr.=,dis wxl 23 ûq,ska iïu; lf,a 2005 §h &’ 2006 § ixfYdaOkh l< w;r ta wkqj wod<
ks<Odßhd b,a,d isá úg iEu .Dy uq,slfhlau ;u ksjfia isák ish¨ fokdf.a kï bÈßm;a l< hq;af;dah’
1’ ishü fmd,Sis j, ia:dkdêm;sjreka ;ukaf.a fmd,sia n, m%foaYfha mÈxÑ ishü .Duq,slhkag ;ukaf.a
ksfjiaj, mÈxÑj isák ishü fokd ms<Sn| ,ehsia;=jla ,nd fok f,i kshu l< hq;=h’ tysÈ mjqf,a
idudðlhka iy fjk;a wh fjkiaj ±laúh hq;= w;r Tjqka ;djld,slj mÈxÑj isákafkao ke;fyd;a iaÒr
mÈxÑlrejkao ke;fyd;a fiajhlhkao wdÈ ish¨ f;dr;=re ,nd fok f,i ±kaúh hq;=h’ tfukau tf,i
f;dr;=re ,nd Èug flfkl=g by; lS wdldrfhka fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl= kshu l< úg Tyqf.a ksjfia mÈxÉ
whf.a jeäúula wvqùula fyda fjkila fyda isÿjqfhakï jßka jr ta nj ±kqï Èh hq;=h’
2’ by; ^1& j.ka;sh hgf;a ±kqï§ula ,o lsisÿ .Dyuq,slfhla wod< fmd,sia ia:dkdëm;s jrhdg ±kqï §fuka
f;drj lsisÿ wuq;af;l=g ;u ksjfia kjd;eka fkdÈh hq;=h’
3’ by; ^1& iy ^2& j.ka;s hgf;a f;dr;=re ±kaùug ksfhda.hla ,o iy t wkqj lghq;= lsßug fkdyels jq
iEu .Dyuq,slfhl=u jrolg jrolre jkafkah’
;dlaIKsl jYfhka fuu ksfhda. ishzu Y%s ,dxlslhkag j,x.= jqjo meyeÈ,sj fmfkk jqjukdj jkafka fld<U
ðj;ajk fou< ckhd i|yd l%shd;aul lrùuhs’ fï jk úg fld<U§ fmd,Sish l< w;awvx.=jg .eksï
nyq;rhla isÿfldg ;sfíkafka fuu úfYaIs; úêúOdk Ndú;hg .ekSu uÕskah’ ks;ru mdfya fmd,Sish lrkafka
,ndÈug kshñ; f;dr;=re j,g jeä f;dr;=re b,a,d isáuhs’ wdodhu ms<sn| f;dr;=re” nexl= .sKï q iy
81

fjk;a b;du;a ixfõÈ f;dr;=reo Tjqyq b,a,d isá;s’ fuu b,a,d isáï 23 jk j.ka;sfha flaI;%hg wdo,
fkdjkafka ke;s nj b;d meyeÈ,sh’ flfiafj;;a idudkH ckhd fï ms<sn|j t;rï .Kka fkd.kafka 23 jk
j.ka;sh hgf;aa msrúu ioyd ms<s.;a wdlD;sm;% ilia fldg we;s neúks’ flfia fj;;a fmd,Sish tu ms<s.;a
wdlD;sm;% Ndú;d fkdlrhs’ Tjqka fhdod .kafka Tjqkag wjYH w;sf¾l f;dr;=re ,nd .eksug wjYH wdlD;s
m;%hs’
yrialvla .;a úg fmkakqï lrkafka 23 jk j.ka;sfha jeks kS;s ß;s u.ska fou< ckhdg wys;lr ;;a;ajhla
f.dvk.d we;s njhs’ WodyrKhla f,i 2007 cqks 07 Èk fmd,sia yd yuqod ks,OdÍka úiska fld<U kjd;eka
fmd< j, isá fou< ckhd 376 n,y;aldrfhka bj;a lf<ah’ Tjqkg lSfõ meh Nd.hla we;=,; ;ukag wh;a
ish¨ foa /f.k niar:j,g f.dvfjk f,ihs’ fuu isÿùug fya;=jqfha tjlg isá fmd,siam;sjrhd ms<s.; yels
fya;=jla fkdue;sj fou< ckhdg fld<U /§isáug bv Èh fkdyels nj m%ldY lsßuhs’
fld<U§ yd Èjhsfka fjk;a m%foaYj,§ fmd,Sish l%shd;aul l< wdl%uKldß Wml%u u.ska ks;r mdfya fmkS.sfha
23 jk j.ka;sh mq¨,alr fhdod .eksu fyda we;eïúg th jerÈ f,i fhdod.;a njhs’ tys m%;M s ,hla f,i Y%s
,xldfõ fmd,sish iïnkaOfhka uyck ms<s.ekSu b;d wvqúh’1970 ;rï we; ld,fha Y%s ,xld fmd,Sisfha me;sß
mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d iajdëk fldïIka iNdjla u.ska y÷kd.kq ,en we;’
fmd,Sishg uyckhdf.a fyd| ms,s.ekSula ,eì ke;’ fmd,Sish iïnkaOfhka ;sìh hq;= uyck m%;srEmh fldfy;au
ke;’ fmd,Sisfhka wvkaf;aÜgka isÿfj;ehs ìh ieu mqrjeishl= ;=,u we;’ jO§u ms<sn| isÿùï .Kkdjla
Widúfha§ fy,sorjq ù ;Sfí’ tneúka uyckhdf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .eksu i|yd wjYH uyck úYajdih Èkd
.eksug fmd,sish È.= l,la ;siafia fydo yeisßula mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=h’ uyckhd ms<sn|j mj;sk ±ksu yd
wdl,amh fjkia úh hq;=h’ fmd,sia ia:dkj, mj;sk .+Kdx. jk reÿre nj iy yuqoduh wld,amh fjkqjg
;sìh hq;af;a ldreKdjka; wjOdkh iy YsIaG njhs’ lsisu kS;shla u.ska fuu fjki we;s l, fkdyelsh’
fmd,Sish uyck;djg myrÈßfï isÿùï .kkdjla uyck wjOdkhg ,laùfuka miqjo fmd,Sisfha m%pKav l%shd
.ek mqj;am;a jd¾;d m,fjhs’ wm is;k wdldrhg fmd,Sisfha wdl,amh fufia meje;sug fya;= ù ;sfnkafka
uyckhd fmd,Sishg tfrysj lrk meñKs,s úNd. lsßug ±ka ;sfnk hdka;%Kh i;=gqodhl fkdúu iy thg
uyck úYajdih Èkd .ekSug fkdyels úuhs’
1970 ,shk ,o fuu joka wogo i;H fõ’ ol=Kq wdishd fjk;a rgj, fukau Y%s,xldfõo fmd,sisfha mj;sk
ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajh mßlaId lsßug jd¾;d iy wOHk rdYShla isÿfldg ;sfí’ tfukau fjk;a rgj,È fukau Y%s
,xldfõ§o fuu jd¾;d foaYmd,k{hka úiska fkd;ld yßkq ,eîuhs’
Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia m%;sixialrKj, b;sydih
Y%s ,xldj 1865 wxl 16 orK fmd,sia wd{d mk; m%Odk fmd,sia kS;sh f,i mj;ajdf.k hhs’ tys 56 jk
fldgfiys wvx.= rdcldß wog;a j,.= jk kuq;a îshü wmrdO” jerÈ” uyck mSvd je,elaùug W;aidy ±Íu“
iduh wdrlaId lsÍu” md,kh l< fkdyels fyda ieglghq;= wh w;a wvx.=jg .eksu” jerÈ lrejka yÿkdf.k
wêlrKh bÈßhg meñKúu” uyck iduhg n,mdk lreKq ms<Sn| nqoaê jd¾;d tl;=fldg ikaksfõokh lsßu”
´kEu n,h,;a wdh;khlska ;ukag kS;sHdkql=,j ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ishü ksfhda. yd jfrka;=j,g jydu
wjk;ùu yd l%shd;aul lsßu & j.lSu ms<sn| m%Yakh .ek wd{d mk; ksyËhs’
Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sia m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| m<uqfjkau .eUqre mßlaIKhla lf,a 1946 fid¾áia fldñika
jd¾;dfjy’s ^flduidßia úksiqre m%ekaiska fÊ fid¾Üia f.a kñka th yªkajkq ,eìh’& tu jd¾;dfõ ud;Dldj
jqfha Y%S ,xld fmd,sia fiajh - tys l¾HCIu;djh iy M,odhSnj j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fhdackd .ekh fmd,sia
n,ldfha ixhq;sh” fiajdfõ ;;a;ajhka iy Wiiaùï iy ia:dkudre i|yd ks,OdÍka f;dard.ekSu fmd,sishg
tfrysj uyckhd bÈßm;a jk meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lrk l%ufõoh” fmd,sisfha n,h iy rdcldßh” iy fldñifï
ksßfoaY l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd fmd,sia wd{d mk; ixfYdaOkh lsßu wdÈhhs’
;j;a fldñika iNd jd¾;djla 1970 Tlaf;daïn¾ udifha wdKavqfõ m%ldYK ld¾hxYfhka m%ldYhg m;a lrk
w;r th yªkajk ,oafoa niakdhl fldñIu jYfhks’ tu fldñiug mejß ;snqfka fmd,sisfha l%shdldß;ajfha
iajNdjh iy úIh m:h” kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k j,ska Wmßu ld¾hCIu;djhla ,nd .eksug .; hq;=
mshjr” fmd,sish m%;sixúOdkh lsßu ioyd .; hq;= mshjr” n|jd.eksfï mámdáh” mqoa.,hka mqyqKq lsßu”
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Wiiaúï iy ia:dk udre ioyd ks,Odßka f;drd .eksu we;=zj fmd,sia n,ldfha jHqyh iy ixhq;sh” fmd,sia
fiajfha idudðlhkag úreoaOj uyckhd bÈßm;a lrk meñKs,s úNd.lsßu ioyd l%shd;aul l< hq;= l%ufõoh
wdÈhhs’ fmd,sish uqyqKq fok m%Yak ú.%y lsßfïÈ fndfydaÿr .sh niakdhl fldñIka iNdj fndfyda wvqmdvqj,g
úiÿï fiúug oeka mj;sk 1865 kS;sh w¨;ska ilia lsÍug fhdackd lf,ah’ flfia fj;;a wjidkfha fuu
W;aidyfhka lsisÿ m%;sM,hla ,enqfka ke;’
;j;a fldñIka iNd jd¾;djla 1995 § m%ldYhg m;aúh’ th idudkHfhka yÿkajk ,oafoa úksiqre ã’ Ô’ ch,;a
fldñIka iNdj jYfhks’ tu fldñIug mejeß ;snqfka” fmd,sia n,ldfha jHqyh iy ixhq;sh” msßia n|jd.eksfï
iy mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u fõoh Wiiaúï iy ia:dk udre i|yd mqoa.,hka f;drd .eksu fmd,sisfha l%shdldß;ajfha
iajNdjh iy úIh m:h’
kS;sh iy iduh mj;ajd f.k hdfï§ Wmßu ld¾hCIu;djhla iy;sl lsßu ioyd .;hq;= mshjr’ idudkH
ckhd iuÕ jvd fyd| iïnkaO;djhla we;s lr .eksu Èßu;a lsßug .; hq;= mshjr” fmd,sia fiajhg n|jd
.ekSu” Wiiaùï iy tys úkh mj;ajd.eksu’ mdßmd,kh i|yd ia:djr fmd,sia fldñIka iNdjla m;alsßu
wdÈhhs’ niakdhl fldñIfuka bÈßm;a l< woyia iy ks¾foaY ch,;a fldñgqj h<s ;yjqre lf<ah’ flfia
fj;;a fmd,sish l%shdldß;ajfhaÈ whq;= iy.; foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï wju lsßug fuu jd¾;dfjka miqjo
lsisjla isÿjqfha ke;’
4’ m%;sixialrKfha W;aidyhla # 17 jk ixfYdaOkh

Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih mqrd fmd,sisfha m%;sixialrKh i|yd t;rï lemúula ke;s W;aidyhla ±rejo lgql
;;a;ajh 2001 jif¾È ;SrKd;aul ia:dkhlg meñKsfhah’ ks,Odß ;ka;%fha iy fjk;a wdh;kj, tlsfklg
fjkia wxY .Kkdjla wdKavqfõ lghq;= foaYmd,KSlrkhùfï È.=ld,sk m%Yakh úi§ug Y%s ,xldj ;=, ienE
wNs,dIhla f.dvke.S ;snqKs’ Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kh O%eùlrKh jeäúu ksid rcfha m;aùï ish,a,u mdfya
mdCIsl ld¾hla njg m;aj ;snqKq’ tys m%;Ms ,h jqfha fuu m%Yakh úi|su i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj
ixfYdaOkhlg md¾,sfïka;=fõ tAlu;sl iyfhda.h ,eîuhs’ Y%s ,xldfõ wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk
ixfYdaOkh u.ska foaYmd,kuh fkdjk idudcslhka 10 fofkl=f.a jHjia:d iNdjla ks¾udKh flreks’ tu
jHjia:d iNdfõ iudðlhka jkafka w.ue;s” úmlaIkdhl” l:dkdhl ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,nk
wfhla” w.ue;s iy úmlaIkdhl hk fofokdf.a kdu fhdackd wkqj ckdêm;s úiska m;alrkq ,nk miafofkla
iy iqz;r mlaIj,ska fhdackd lrk wfhls” fuu wdh;kfha ld¾hh jkafka m%Odk wdh;kj,g m;alsßfï jk
ksid tys ixhq;sh ish¨ mlaIj,ska iukaú; ùu yd t ksidu mCI.%dys fkdúu jeo.;ah’
4”1 cd;sl fmd,sia fldñIu ^tka’mS’ iS&

fmd,sish wh:d foaYmd,k ueÈy;a ùï j,g nyq,j f.dÿrejk wdh;khla jk ksid 17 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiula ks¾udKh lsÍug wjia:dj ie,isKs’ jHjia:d iNdfõ ks¾foaY wkqj ckdêm;s úiska
f;dArd.kq ,nk mqrjeishka 7 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; jk cd;sl fmd,sia fldñIfï ld¾hNd¾h jkaafka fmd,sish
foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùïj,ska ksoyiaj mj;ajd.ekSu iy fmd,sishg tfrys uyckhd bÈßm;a lrk meñKs,s úNd.
lsÍuhs’ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï fuu úfYaIs; ld¾hh fl;rï jeo.;a o hkak 155 t*a ^1& j.ka;sfhka
meyeÈ,sh’ tys fufia ioykafjhs’
;ukaf.a kS;shdkql=, rdcldßhg wkqj yer fldñIfï fyda fldñáfha ;srKhlg l=uk wdldrfha fyda n,meï
lsßug W;aiy ±ßug fyda ueoy;aùug ke;fyd;a fldñIfï fyda fldñáfha iudðlfhl=g n,meï lsßug
;ukaúiska u fyda fjk;a wfhl= u.ska fyda iDcqj fyda jl%j fyda lghq;= lrk ´kEu ;eke;af;l= jrolg
jrolrejk w;r kvqúNd.hl§ remsh,a ,laIhlg fkdjeä ovhlg fyda jir 7 la fkdhslaujk isrovqjulg
fyda tu ovh iy isrovqju hk folgu hg;al< yelaflah’
c;sl fmd,sia fldñiug m;a lrkq ,nkafka jir 3 l ld,hlg jk w;r tys idudðlfhla foaYmd,k
;k;=rla ±ßug ;srKh l< fyd;a fldñIfuka b,a,d wiaúh hq;af;ah’ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñIfï n,;, 155 Ô
j.ka;sfha fïfia we;=,;ah’
‹ fmd,siam;s jrhd yer wfkl=;a fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a m;aúï” Wiiaùï” ia:dkudre úkh md,kh iy fiajfhka
bj;alsßu’^fuu n,;, l%shd;aul lsßu fmd,siam;sjrhd iu. idlÉPd fldg isÿl, yelsh’&
83

‹ fmd,sia ks,Odßfhl=g fyda fmd,sia fiajhg tfrysj msvdjg m;a ;eke;af;l= bÈßm;a lrk ´kEu uyck
meñKs,a,la úNd.lsßu l%ufhao ia:dms;lsßu iy
‹ nojd.eksfï” mqyqKqlsßfï” ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lsßu iy fmd,sia fiajfha iajdêk;ajh i|yd l%u
ilialsÍu’
2002 § foaYmd,k jqjukdj u; ks,OdÍka yeg fofkl= udrelsßfï ksfhda.h m%;slafIam lsßug ;rï cd;sl
fmd,sia fldñiu fl,ska ls%hl<o th úfõpkhg ,lajqfha ia:dkudre iïnkaOfhka ;ukag ;sfnk n,fhka
fldgila h<s;a fmd,siam;sjrdhg mejeÍfï ;SrKh ksidhs’ Tyqg tu n,h ;j;a whg mejeÍfï n,h we;’
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu msysgqùkï wruqKq jqfha fmd,sisfha foaYmd,k n,mEfuka wdrlaId lsÍu neúka ;u
n,fhka fldgila fmd,siam;sg ^Tyqj ;ju;a m;alrkafka foaYmd,k úOdlhhs& mejßfuka tu wruqKq bgq
fkdjk njg ;¾l bÈßm;a úh’ fmd,sia ixúOdkfha iïmq¾Kfhka mßmd,kh lsßug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug
yelshdjla ke;snj ms<s.kakd w;ru úpdrlhka ;¾l lf,a fmd,siam;sg n,h mejeßug we;s wêldß n,h
mdúÉÑlrkjd fjkqjg fldñifï lñgqjlg tu n,h mejeßh yelsj ;snq njhs’ ^fldñifï idudclhka fyda
ieÿï,;a tlla fkdjk lñgqjla&
2004 § cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ;uka úfõpkh l< whg lka foñka n,h mejßu fjkia lf<ah’ Wm fmd,sia
mßCIl fY%aKsfhka my< fY%aKsj, ks,OdÍkaf.a m;alsÍï” Wiialsßï iy ia:dk udre ^úkh md,kh we;=,;a ke;&
ms<sn| n,h fldñiu úiska m;alrk ,o ;sfokl=f.a lñgqjlg mjrk ,o w;r tys kdhl;ajh ±refõ ysgmq
uydêlrK úksiqrejrfhls’ tfia jqjo fuu fY%aKsj,g ks,OdÍkaf.a ia:dkudre läkï fiajd wjYH;d iy úkh
mshjr .eksfï jYfhka isÿlsßug úfYaIs; fY%aKsj, by, ks,Odßkag ;ju;a bv ,ndos we;’ tfukau fmd,sia
mßCIljrekaf.ka my; ks,Odßkaf.a úkh md,kh iïnkaOhg n,h kej; jrla fÊHIaG ks,Odßkag ,ndfokq
,eìh’ fmd,sia mß®CIljrekaf.a isg by< ks,OdÍkaf.a m;a lsßï Wiialsßï” úkh md,kh iy ia:dkudre
iïnkaOfhka n,;, cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu i;=j ;nd.kq ,eîh’ 2004 § isÿl, fjkialï iuÕ fmkS.sfha
fmd,sia fiajd mj;ajdf.khdfï§ foaYmd,k n,mEï md,kh lsÍug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ;rula ÿrg id¾:l
jq njhs’ flfia fj;;aa” tys m<uq idudðlhkaf.a ks,ld,h bl=;aùfuka miqj kj idudcSlhka ckdêm;sjrhd
foaYmd,k jYfhka m;a lsÍu;a iuÕ ;;a;ajh b;du;a krl ;;a;ajhg m;aùh’
4’2 jHjia:dodhl iNdj iy cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu Èhlr yeßu

jHjia:d iNdfõ m<uq idudðlhkaf.a ks,ld,h 2005 ud¾;=j,§ wjika úh’ w.ue;sjrhd iy úmlaI
kdhljrhd tlaj ;ukaf.a kdufhdackd ckdêm;sjrhd fj; bÈßm;a lrkq ,enqjo iqz;r mlaIj,g ;u
ksfhdað;hd m;alr .eksu .ek tlÕ;ajhla we;s lr .eksug yelsjqfha ke;’iqz;r mlaI ;u ksfhdað;hd m;a
lr .eksug È.ska È.gu wfmfydi;a fj;a§ ±kgu;a kdu fhdackd fldg we;s ksfhdað;hka jHjia:d iNdjg
m;alrkjd fjkqjg uyskao rdcmlaI ckdêm;s;=ud lghq;= flf<a fmd,sia fldñiu we;=z fldñIka iNd
m;alsßuhs’ tfia m;alrkq ,enqjka ckdêm;sjrf.a foaYmd,k wdOdrlrejkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ñ;=rka hk fpdAokdj
t,a,úula iu. fldñIka iNdj, ms<s.ekSu ke;sù .sfhah’
17 jk ixfYdaOkhg lemùu fmkakqï lrk f,i úmCIfhka yd isú,a iudcfhka n,mEï t,a, fj;a§ ckdêm;s
rdcmCI uy;d md¾,sfïka;= f;aßï ldrl iNdjla m;a lsßug ksfhda. lf<a ixfYdaOkh .ek kej; i,ld n,d
th l%shd;aul l< yels wldrh fidh ne,Sugh’ flfia fj;;a lïgqj 17 jk ixfYdaOkh .ek idlÉPd lroaÈ
ckdêm;sjrhd m%ldY lf,a jHjia:d.; ixfYdaOkh l%shd;aul fkdlrk njhs’ fuh fndfyda fofkl=g fmkS.sfha
wuq;= ;¾lhla jYfhks’ th yßhgu iudkjkafka ¶ñksueßu¶ .ek ks¾jpkh h,s i,ld ne,sug ;srKh fldg
we;s ksid tf;la ñksuereï kvq úNd. fkdlsßfï ;srKhlg nj lshejqKs h,s i,ld ne,su lrf.k hk w;r
17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh l%shdjg ke.su kej;Sug wdKavqjg fjk;a lsius fya;=jla ke;s w;r tlu fya;=j
foaYmd,k ueoy;aùu wju lsÍug Wkkaÿjla fkd±laùuhs’
m<uqjk cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï ks, ld,h 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 24 Èk wjika jq miqj w¨;ska m;alsßug fyda
ia:dkudre iy Wiiaùï iïnkaO n,h mej;=fka ckdêm;sf.a ifydaorhd jk fYdaGdNh rdcmlaI uy;dgh’
^wdrlaIl f,alï jrhd fuu ld,h ;=, ia:dk udre úYd, m%udKhla isÿjq w;r wmrdO uev,Sfï lghq;=
id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul l< fÊHIG ks,Odßkaf.a uderùïo thg we;=<;ah’ we;eï jd¾;dj,ska lshkafka fuu
we;eï udrelsrSïj,g fya;=j kS;sh ksisf,i l%shd;aul lsÍu u.ska n,.;= ;eke;kaf.a is; ßoùu njhs’
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bka ál ldf,lg miq ckdêm;s rdcmlaI uy;d fldñIka iNdj,g tl md¾Yúlj m;alsßu wdrïN lf<ah’
2006 wfma%,a 10 od fkú,a msheÈ.u uy;d cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï iNdm;sjrhd f,i m;alrkq ,eìh’
ckdëm;sjrhd iu. mshÈ.u uyd;df.a lsÜgq iïnkaO;djh ksid fuh u;fNao;aul m;a lsßuls’ iNdm;sjrhd
f,i mshÈ.u uy;df.a jd¾;dj f;areï.; fkdyelsh’ uyck meñKS,s i|yd l%ufõoh Tyqf.a ld,fhaÈ
.eiÜlrkq ,enqjo ^mk; n,kak & 17 jk ixfYdaOkfha cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug ,nd§ ;sfnk n,;, Ndú;d
fkdlrk nj mq¨,a f,i fmks .sfhah’ WodyrKhla f,i fmd,sia n,ldfha úkh md,kh iïnkaOfhka fmd,sia
fldñIka iNdjg ±kg jvd úYd, ld¾HNdrhla l< yelsh’
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï m<uqjk yd fojk ks,ld,iSud fofla§u tys l%shdldß;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,mE
lrKq jkafka uq,H iïm;a ys.h” úu¾Yk n,;, m%udKj;a fkdúu iy fmd,sia foamd¾;fïka;=fõ iyfhda.h
fkd,eìuhs’ l%ufha mj;sk fuu ÿ¾j,;d yerekqúg meyerf.k hdï iy ¶w;=reoykaùï¶ iïnkaOfhka fmd,sisfha
iïnkaOh .ek fpdaokd úNd. lsßug j;auka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï leue;a;o m%Yak lsßug ,lafõ’ yshquka
rhsÜ fjdÉ ixúOdkh úuiqug ms<s;=re jYfhka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu m%ldYlf<a ¶ meyerf.k hdï iy
w;=reoyka ùu iïnkaOj meñKs,s .kKdjla ;ukag ,eì we;;a fuu meyer.ekhEu iy w;=reoyka jeâ
m%udKhlg fpdaokd t,a, jkafka w¾O yuqod ixúOdk” lreKd lKavdhï” yuqodj fyda yÿkd fkd.;a msßia wdÈh
jk w;r tfia ke;akï lsisjla fkdokak w;=reoyka úula hkqfjks’ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu lshkafka fuu
wmrdOj,g fmd,sish iïnkaOnjg ksYÑ a ; fpdaokd lsisjla ke;snjhs’ tfukau cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu jev
ÿrg;a m%ldY lrkafka tnÿ isÿúï ms<sn| fmd,sish mshjr fkd.eksu iïnkaOfhka ;ukag jd¾;d ,enqkq úg
tnÿ isoaë.ek fÊHIaG ks,Odßkaf.a wjodkh fhduq lsßu u.ska mßlaIK läkï lsßug mshjr .kakd w;r ta
ms<sno m%.;sh ksßlaIkh lrk njhs’ flfiafj;;a funÿ isÿúï ms<sno ixLHdf,aLK fyda jeâÿr úia;r cd;sl
fmd,sia fldñiu yshquka rhsÜ fpdaÉ fj; ,nd§ ke;’
uyck whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug cd;sl fmd,sia fldñifï yelshdj ms<sn|j iel lrkafka uyckhd muKla
fkdfõ’ fmd,sia Ngfhdao cd;sl fmd,sia fiajfha l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|j l,lsßug m;aj isá;s’ g%dkaiafmrkais
bkag¾keIk,a Y%s ,xld wdh;kh u.ska l%shd;aul lrk ,o u; úuiqulg wkqj fmd,sia fldia;dm,ajreka yd
idckajreka w;ßka ishhg 66’8 msßila cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ms<sn|j l<lsßug m;aj isá;s’ ta.ek meyeÈu
m%ldY lf,a 18’7 ] l msßils’ fuh m%Yakhla jkafka by, ks,Odßkaf.a ÿIs; ksfhda. l%shd;aul lsßug iqÿjkafka
my, ks,Odßkag úu;a ta ksidu Tjqkg cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu jeks wdh;khl iyh wjYH úu;a ksidh’
4’3 fmd,sia meñKs,s úu¾Yk wxYh ^ms’ is’ ä’ ä’& wdKqvql%u jHjia:dfõ 17 jk ixfYdaOk u.ska cd;sl fmd,sia
fldñifï uyck meñKs,s hka;%hla yÿkajdfokq ,eìh’ fmd,sisfha msßiaj,g iy fmd,sia fiajdjg tfrys ,efnk
meñKsj,s Ndr.eksfï” úNd. lsßfï iy úiÈfï l%ufõohla cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu u.ska ia:dms; lsßu 155 ð
^2& j.ka;sh hgf;a wjYHh’ flfia fj;;a uq,È M,odhs uyck meñKs,s hdka;%Khla l%shdjg ke.=fka ke;’
úfYaIfhka fuh isÿjqfha cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ;ukag ,efnk meñKs,s fmd,siam;sjrhdg fhduq lsßu;a Tyq tajd
úfYaI úu¾Yk tllhg fhduqlsßu;a ksidh’
flfiafj;;a m,uq ks, ld,fhaÈ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu meñssKs,s.ek lghq;= lsßug Èia;%sla iïnkaëldrl
jreka ^ fnfydaúg ysgmq fmd,sia ks,Odßka& m;alf,ah’ tu jir ;=, cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug ,enqkq meñKs,s
ixLHdj 1078ls jerÈ l, fmd,sia ks,Odßkag tfrysj .;a úkh mshjr hgf;a 13 fofkl=g fpdaokd m;% Ndrÿka
w;r tla wfhlaf.a jev ;ykï lrkq ,eìh’
2007 j¾Ih uq,È fmd,sia meñKs,s úu¾Yk wxYh i|yd jk kS;s cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu .eiÜ u.ska m%ldYhg
m;a lf,ah’ flfia fj;;a tu kS;s n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq ;rï m%.;sYs,s tajd jqfha ke;’ tys 17 jk ks;Sfhka
lshkafka mßlaIK j,È jerÈlrejka nj Tmamqjk ks,Odßka ±ä kS;suh ;yxÑj,g ,lalsßu fjkqjg iqÿiq
fomd¾;fïka;= l%shdud¾.hla .eksu ioyd fhduq lrk njhs tf,i tu lreKq h,s;a fmd,siam;sjrhdg mjrd È
we;’
wjYH kS;s ilia l< miqj 2007 jif¾ ckjdß isg cqks olajd ld,fha§ fmd,sia ks,Odßkag tfrysj
uyckhdf.ka cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug ,enqkq meñKs,s ixLHdj 1216 lS’ flfiafj;;a iellrejkag úOsu;a f,i
fpdaokd bÈßm;a lf<a isÿùï 4lÈ muKls’ iqÿúï 7 l § fmd,sia ks,OdÍyg wjjdo lrkq ,enqy’ wdh;kh
85

msy
s sgqjd wjYH ks;s iïmdokh lr we;;a cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu bÈßhg tk isÿúï iïnkaOfhka nrm;,
f,i lghq;= lsßug foaYmd,k jqjukdjla ke;s nj fmks hhs’
1’fmd,siam;sjrhd bj;alsßfï l%uh
17 jk ixfYdaOkfhka n,dfmdfrdka;= jq mßÈ iajdêk wdh;khla f,i jHia:d iNdj ;jÿrg;a fkdmj;sk ksid
41 iS j.ka;sh hgf;a fmd,siam;sjrhd m;a lssßfï ckm;s n,h ±ka foaYmd,ksl fkdjk mßlaIdjlg ,la
jkafka ke;’ flfia fj;;a” b;d wudre l%ufõohla jqj;a 2002 wxl 5 ork ks,Odßka bj;a lsßfï ^l%ufõo&
mkf;a 3 jk fldgi wkqj fmd,siam;sjrhd ks,fhka bj;a lsßug yelafla Tyq fyda weh
^w& nxfldf,d;a jqjl= f,i ksis n,h ,;a wêlrKhlska ;SrKh l, fyd;a
^wd& whym;a fi!LH ;;a;ajh fyda Ydßßl fyda udkisl kqiqÿiq;djh ksid ;jÿrg;a ;k;=re ±ßu
fkdyelshdfjka fm,Ssfï fya;=fjka
^we& iodpdr úfrdaèl%shdjla” rdcH fødAysùu fyda w,a,ia .eksu jeks jrolg ovqjï ,enqjfyd;a
^wE& wh:d l%shd fyda ÿIKhlg jerÈlre nj Tmamq jqjfyd;a
^b& ;u ks,fha n,;, ÿIs; f,i Ndú;d l< nj Tmamq jqjfyd;a
^B& rdcldßh meyeryeßfï jrog jrolrejqjfyd;a
^W& ks,fha§ mlaI.%dys f,i l%shdlr weoa±hs Tmamq jqjfyd;a yd
^W!& Y%S ,xldfõ mqrejeis Ndjh wysñjqjfyd;ah ’
^wd& ^we& iy ^W!& wjia:dj, fmd,siam;s jrhd bj;a lsßfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd i;=h’
flfiafj;;a ^we& ^B&iy ^W!& wjia:dj,È mßlIK lñgqjla ^fYa%IGdêlrKfha úksiqrejrfhla cd;sl fmd,sia
fldñifï iNdm;s iy l:dkdhl” w.ue;s iy úmlaI kdhl tlÕ jk ms<s.;a kS;s{hl=$ rdcH
mdßmd,lhl=f.ka iukaú;& u.ska m%Yakh mßlaId fldg tys m%;Ms , md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d l< hq;=h’
md¾,sfïka;=fõ tldka; ndyq;rhla fmd,siam;s jrhd bj;a lsßu ioyd Pkaoh mdúÉl< fyd;a taiu.u fmd,sia
m;s jrhd ;k;=frka bj;a lsßu isÿfõhs’
5’m%;sixialrKfha ;j;a W;aidyhla # iaúvkh iy Y%s ,xldj

by; ioyka l< m%;sixialrK l%shdj,skag wu;rj Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha l%shdldß;ajh yd l%shd úê ÈhqKq lsßug
wdOdr lsßï W;aidyhla iaúvka rch úiska o l%shdjg k.kq ,eìh’ Y%s ,xldfõ mqrjeis fmd,sia fiajd yelshd
j¾Okh f,i kï l, fuu taldnoaO W;aidyh wdrïN jqfha Y%s ,xld wdKavqj iy t,a’à’à’ B’ h w;r
igkaúrdu .súiqu ta jk úg;a l%shd;aulj ;snq 2005 j¾Ifha§h’ tys wruqKq jqfha ^1& wmrdO isÿjq ia:dk
mßlaIKh we;=zj wmrdO úu¾YKh jeäÈhqKq lsßu’ ^2& Y%s ,xld fmd,sish ;=, ckjd¾.sl tldnoaO;djhg iy
udkj ysñlïj,g .relsßu iy j¾Okh lsßu Yla;su;a lsßu iy ^3& Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha l<uKdlrk yelshdj
jeäÈhqKq lsßuhs’
flfiafj;;a Y%s ,xld wdKavqj iy t,a’ à’ à’B’ h w;r .egqï W;aikak ùu ksid fï jev ms<sfj, lrf.k hd
fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a úh’ Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha uq,sl m%;sixialrKh lrñka tys fhduqj cd;sl wdrlaIdfõ isg
mqrjeis fmd,sishla olajd fjkia lsßug jqjukdj hqoaOh wdrïN ùu;a iu. ìojegqkq nj fmkS .sfhah’ wdKavqj
fjkiaùu fukau Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha by, l<uKdlrKho m%;sixialrK jqjukdj wvq lsßug odhl úh’
iaúäka rchg fmkS.sfha’ Y%S ,xld fmd,sish idu ,eÈ yd udkjysïlï .relrk wdh;khla njg m;alsßfï
jqjukdj iy foaYmd,k wNs,dIh isú,a hqoaO ikao¾Nh ;=, ;Èka u isud ù we;s njhs’ tfukau m%;sixialrKh
ioyd jqjukd we;shs is;k wh mjd udkj ysñlï m%Yak iy fmd,sia m%;sixialrK iïnkaOfhka olajkafka iSñ;
Wkkaÿjla nj fmkS .sfhah’ tys m%;M s ,hla f,i úia;rd;aul iudf,dapkhlska miqj iaúâka rch ;srKh lf,a
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flá ld,sk jYfhka hqo .egqï jeä jk njhs ta wkqj Y%s ,xldfjS jHmD;sfhka bj;aùug;a Y%s ,xldj fjkqjg
wm%sldfõ rdcH md,kh yd ixj¾Okh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug;a iaúvkh ;SrKh lf,ah’
Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia fiajh jvd hym;a ;;a;ajhg m;a lsßfï W;aidyh w;yer oukq ,eìh’
17 jk ixfYdaOkh iy iaúäkfha W;aidyh jeks Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sish m%;sixialrKh lsßfï W;aidyh
ì|jeáug fya;=jqfha W;=f¾ t,a’ à’à’ B’h iuÕ igkg úYd, f,i wjOdkh fhduq úu ksidh’ úfYaIfhka
fmd,sia fiajfh;a wksl=;a ishü fiajdj,;a wdKavqj u.ska ;SrK.kq ,nkafka W;=f¾ lrf.k hk hqoaOfha
wjYH;d uq,alr f.kh’ WodyrKhla jYfhka hqouh Wmdhud¾. hï W,a,x>kh lsßula .ek mßlaIK w;r
.egqula we;s jq úg ir,ju lsfjd;a mßlaIKhg bv fkdÈuhs’ t whqßkau idudkH fmd,sia fiajd lghq;= lsßu
ioyd yuqod jeä jeäfhka fhdÈ .eksu u.ska wdrlaIl yuqod iy fmd,sish w;r fjkialr y÷kd.; fkdyels
;;a;ajhla we;s ùu u.ska b;d fydÈka f;dr;=re /ial, w;=reoyka ùu iy meyer.eksï iïnkaOfhka jro
mgkajkafka ldgo hkak fkdmeyeÈ,s jk ;rug wdrlaIl wxYj, ;;a;ajh krlaù ;sfí’ fuhska fmks hkafka Y%s
,xld wdKavqj iy t,a á’ à’ à’Bh w;r isú,a hqoaOh iukh jk f;la lsishï yrj;a wlD;shlska fmd,sia
m%;sixialrKh bÈßhg f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìu ÿIalr njhs’
6 cd;Hka;r n,meïj,ska jevlafõo’@

b;d úYd, iy n,mEï lsßfï yelshdj we;s w;súYd, fou< úfoaY.; m%cdjla f,dalh mqrd úisß isák ksid
we;eï wjia:dj,È f,dal m%cdj ;ukaf.a udkj ysïlï jd¾;dj .ek olajk wdl,amh ms<sn|j Y%s ,xldj
;rula ixfõÈ njla fmkakqï lf<ah’ WodyrKhla f,i 2005” 2006 ld,fha nrm;, m%ydr .Kkdjla isÿjq
;;a;ajh ;=, tu isoaêka ms<sn|j mßlaIK mj;ajk f,i cd;Hka;r m%cdjf.ka Y%s ,xldjg úYd, n,meula
we;súh’ tys m%;M
s ,hla jYfhka fpdaokd ,enq nrm;, udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh isÿùï 16la ms<sn|j jvd
fydÈka mßlaId lsßu i|yd mßlaIK fldñIka iNdjla Y%s ,xld wdKavqj úiska m;alrkq ,eìssh’ thg wdrlaIl
yuqod iïnkaO isÿùïo we;=,;aaj ;snqks’ tu mßlaIK j,g jvd jeä hqla;s iy.;njla ,nd Èu ioyd
cd;Hka;r iajdêk ms,s.;a mqoa., lKavdhula m;alrK ,oafoa fldñiug iyh fjïka tu mßlaIK úksúo
Ndjfhka hq;=j mj;ajdf.k hdu;a tnÿ mßlaIk iy úu¾Yk lsßfï cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms,s.;a m%ñ;Skag iy
ms<s.eksïj,g wkqj tu lghq;= isÿlsßu iy;sl lsßu;a isÿjk we;ehs wfmalaIdfjks’
flfia fj;;a mÍlaIK fldñiu úksúo Ndjfha iy M,odhs f,i lghq;= l< hq;= njg mej;s cd;Hkaa;r
n,mEu l=ula jqjo fuu l%shdud¾.fha hqla;s iy.; nj uq, isgu m%Yak lsßug ,laúh’ 2007 cqks 15 od
cd;Hka;r iajdêk ms<s.;a mqoa., lKavdhu ksfõokhla ksl=;a lrñka m%ldY lf,a fldñiu yuqfõ idlaIs
fufyh ùu kS;sm;s jrhd u.ska lsßu ;uka wkqu; fkdlrkq njhs’ fuh fmkajd fok ,oafoa ,eÈshdjkaf.a
nrm;, .egqula jYfhks’ Tjqka lsfõ fldñIka iNdj iajêk;ajh” wmlaImd;S nj iy yelsh iïnkaOfhka
cd;Hka;r ms<s .eksï iy m%ñ;Ska yd .ef,mk f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug iy tu úNd.fha úksúo Ndjh iy;sl
lsßug m%udKj;a ksjerÈ lsßfï l%shdud¾. .ekSug wiu;a ù w;s njhs’ Y%s ,xld wdKavqj ;u l%shdud¾.
j¾Okh lsßug lghq;= fkdl< ksid ;uka mßlaIK fldñifï jev lghq;= j,ska bj;a jk nj 2008 ud¾;=
06od cd;Hkaa;r lKavdhu ksfõokh lf<ah’ Tjqka m%Yak lf,a ;%sl=Kdu,fha isÿúï iïnkaOfhka uq,a fmd,sia
mßlaIK fodaIiy.; iy ksishdldrfhka isÿ fkdjq nj fukau m,uq mßCIKfha fodaI yÿkd fkdf.k” fkd;ld
yer iy we;eïúg w;yeroud j.lsjhq;= wdKavqfõ wdh;k lghq;= lrkafka wehs ±hs Tjqyq m%Yak l<y’
fj<odï udkj ysulï ;;a;ajh iuÕ iïnkaOlrñka Y%S ,xldjg n,meñ lsßugo cd;Hkaa;r m%cdj W;aidyhla
±ßh’ WodyrKhla f,i Y%s ,xld mßirhg” lïlrejka” iy udkj ysïlï m%ñ;Skag iïnkaO cd;Hkaa;r m%{ma;s
27la ms<sf.k l%shd;aul l< fyd;a Y%s ,xldjg úfYaI fj<o jrm%ido ^f;dArd.;a ;j;a rgj,a lsysmhla iuÕ&
,ndÈug ð’tia ms’ ma,aia fyj;a idudkH jrKssh fj<o ;;a;ajh ,nd È we;’ fuu l%uh hgf;a NdKav 7000
muK fj<odu wdjrKh fjhs’ tys f;areu kï Y%s ,xldfõ frÈms<s l¾udka;fha iDcq/lshd wjia:d 3’00000
iy jl% /lshd wjia:d 7”00000ls fj<o .súiqfuka Y%s,xldjg ,efnk ,dNh weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shklg
jeässh’ flfiafj;;a ue; ld,fhaÈ m%pKav l%shd jeä jq ;;a;ajhla hgf;a;a 2008 Tlaf;dïn¾ udifha hqfrdamd
ix.uh ksfõokh lf<a ð’tia ms’ ma,aia iykh ;jld,slj ;j;a jir 3 la i|yd ,nd fok nj iy jirlÈ
lrk iudf,dapkhlska miqj Ys% ,xldj hqfrdaamd ix.ufha udkj ysñlï wjYH;d imqrd we;a±hs h,s i,ld n,k
njhs’
Y%s ,xldfõ udkysñlï l%shdldßkag úYd, ch.%yKhla w;alr foñka jOÈug iy fjk;a l=ßre wudkqIsl iy
my;a fldg ie,lsu iy ovqjï Èu iïnkaO iïuq;shg ms<s.eksug Y%s ,xldj l%shdlf,a 1994 §h’ bkamiqj t
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ioyd 1994 § wxl 22 ork mk; iïu; lf,ah’ jOÈu iïnkaO isÿúï j,È ld¾hCIu f,i l%shdlsßu ioyd
ks;sm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j ;=, jOÈu wmrdO lsßu iïnkaO tllhla ^ mS’ á’ mS’ tllhla& msysgqúug wdKavqj
lghq;= lf<ah’ flfiafj;;a fuu tallh lvodishg isud ú we;s w;r thg iaÓr ld¾huKav,hla fkdue;’
mS’ á’ mS’ tallhla wêldßhg hg;ajk wdldrfha jOÈï iïnkaOfhkaO lghq;= lrkafka fjk;a wmrdO isÿússï
ms<snojo lghq;= lrk kS;s{hka 5 fofkls’
udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khka iïnkaOfhka úu¾Ykhg iy kvq mejeßug b;d fydo W;aidyhla ±ßu fjkqjg
Y%s,xldfõ wdKavq Ès=.ska È.gu lr ;sfnkafka cd;Hka;r n,mEug m%;spdr ±laúu ioy úúO hdka;%K we;s
lrñka udkjysñlï W,a,x>kh;a úiÈug lghq;= lrk nj fmkaúu muKlah hkak meyeÈ,s lreKls’
fuu hdka;%Khla we;s lsßu u.ska ;uka fï .ek l%shdud¾. .kakd nj lsug wdKavqjg wjia:dj ie,iSu’
flfiafj;;a wo olajd h:d¾;h ú ;sfnkafka ¶w;=reoykaúfï¶ ms<sn| w¾nqoh úi§ug fï lsisfjl=g
fkdyelsùuhs’ udkjysñlï m%Yakj,sÈ l%shd;aul fkdúu ksid fojk jr ljqkai,hg m;aúfï Y%s ,xldjg ,nd
fkdÈug udkj ysñlï ljqkai,h ;srKh lf,ah’ cd;ka;r m%cdjf.a ±ä ia:djrh ta wdldrfhka u ;nd
.kafkao hkak;a tfia l,fyd;a Y%s ,xldfõ yeisßu fjkia lsßug th bjy,a fõo hkak;a bÈßfhaÈ ±l n,
.kakg ;sfnk ldrKd fjhs’
7 ksßfoaY
Y%s ,xldfõ wdKavqjg
1’ j¾;udk .egqug foaYmd,k úiÿula fidhkak .egqï mj;sk wjia:djl m%;sixialrK l%shdjg ke.Su
w;sYhskau ÿIalrh’ tneúka fmd,sish m%cd;ka;s%hlrkh id¾:l lsßu i|yd hqo .egqï wju lrñka È.=ld,sk
foaYmd,k úiÿula l%shd;aul lsßu;a tu.ska m,d;a i|yd n,h fnÈssu;a l%shd;aul lsßu;a wjYH fõ’
2 17 jk ixfYdaOkhg .re lrkak rdcH wdh;k ks¾foaYmd,kslrkh i|yd 2001 § ;enq md¾Yúl fkdjk
mshjr ksjerÈ ÈYdjg ;enq mshjrls’ 17 jk ixfYdaOkhg ne¢ fkdisáug rdcmlaI md,kh ;srKh lsßu
fmd,sish;a fjk;a rdch wdh;k;a m%cd;ka;%jdÈ lsßfï W;aidyhg nrm;, f,i ydkslrh’ 17 jk jHjia:d
ixfYdaOh ksis f,i l%ashd;aul lsßu iN;sl lsßu i|yd m;al< md¾,sfïka;= f;ßïldrl iNdfõ ;srKh
;ju;a ,eìug we;s kuq;a Y%s ,xld wdKavqj 17 jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka kshula we;s wdldrhg jHjia:d
iNdj m;al, hq;af;ah’
3 Y%s ,xldjg msvdjla ù we;s jerÈ lr ksoyia úfï ixialD;sh wjika lsßu wjYHh’ úksúoNdjfhka hq;=j iy
j.lsulsula hq;= fmd,sia fiajhla iy;sl lsßu ioyd Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha ks, weÿu we|f.k lrk udkjysñlï
W,a,x>kh lsßï kS;sh bÈßhg f.k taug Y%s ,xld wdKavqj ;u lemùu fmkakqïl, hq;=h’ WodyrKhla
jYfhka nrm;, udkj ysulï W,a,x>Khka ms<sn| fpdaokd úNd. lsßu iy mßCId lsßfï fldñifï idlaIs
fufyhúu kSs;sm;sjrhd úiska isÿl< hq;a; fkdfõ’ jerÈ l%shd iïnkaOfhka wmlaImd; mßlaIK meje;aùug
foaYmd,k jqjukdjla ke;skï Y%s ,xldfõ fmd,sia m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul l%sßfï yelshdjla fkdue;’
4’ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu Yla;su;a lrkak’ 17 jk ixfYdaOkh l%shd;aul l<;a ke;;a ñ,Õ cd;sl fmd,sia
fldñiu ^2009 m;aúug kshñ; & iNdm;s;ajhg ckdêm;sjrhdf.a iy lrefjl= f,i fydÈka okakd
mqoa.,fhl= fkdjk iajdëk mqoa.,hl= m;a lsßfï lemùu Y%S ,xld wdKavqj fmkakqï l< hq;af;ah’
Y%s ,xlld fmd,sish’

5 widOdrK yd kS;shdkql=, fkdjk ia:dkudre iy Wiiaùï isud lrkak’ ia:dkudre iy Wiiaùï i|yd f;dArd
.eksu isÿjkafka iqÿiqlï i,ld fkdùu Y%s ,xldj mqrd fmd,sia ks,Odßkaf.a ffO¾hHh nrm;, f,i my;
88

fy,sug fya;=jls’ fuu kS;shdkql=, fkdjk Ndú;h idudkH ;;a;ajh fkdù th jH;sf¾Lhla fkdúu Y%s ,xld
fmd,sisfha jD;a;sh Ndjh úYd, f,i by, kexúug fya;=fõ
6’ fmd,sia l%shdldß;ajfhaÈ wKÈfï j.lsu ms<sno woyia úêu;a f,i l%shdjg k.kak" tneúka udkj ysñlï
W,a,x>kh lsßug my, ks,Odßhl= jerÈlrejqjfyd;a Tyqf.a by, ks,Odßhdo my; ioyka ;;a;ajha
;yjqrejqfyd;a ovqjï ,eìh hq;=fõhs’
^w& tysÈ by, my, ks,Odßss in|;dj mej;sfha kï
^wd& wmrdOhla isÿjq nj fyda isÿjkaakg bv we;snj fyda by, ks,Odßhd ±k isá nj fyda ±k isákakg bv
we;s nj’
^we& wmrdOh je,elaùug fyda wmrdOfhka miqj thg ovqjï lsßug fyda m%udKj;a mshjr .eksug by<
ks,Odßhd l%shd fldg ke;akï hg;a ks,Odßkaf.a whq;= l%shd by, ks,Odßkaf.a leue;a;g iïnkaOlsßu ksiel
f,iu wNHka;r j.lsfï l%shdud¾.j, uÜgu by< kkajkq we;’
7’wNHka;r úkh lghq;= tla tallhlg udOH .; lrkak’ wNHka;r úkh md,kfha úúO wxY úfYaI úu¾Yk
tallh” w;=reoykaúï úu¾Yk tallh iy kS;sm;s hgf;a we;s jO§ï tallh wdÈ úúO ia:dkj,g inkaO
;sìu j.lsï iy;sl lsßfï l%shdud¾. fnod fjka lsßug fya;=fõ’ tu tallh ms<s.eksu by< kexúu i|yd
iajdêk idudðlhkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;=j wNHka;r úkh lghq;= tla tallhg uOH .; lsßu mj;sk l%uh
jvd fya;=jdÈ lsßfï l%shdud¾.hls’
8’ Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha udkjysulï wxYh Yla;su;a lrkak’

Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha tllhla jk udkj ysñlï wxYh iDcqju fmd,siam;sjrhdf.a wêlaIKh hgf;a mj;ajd
.ksñka fmd,sisfha msßia udkj ysulï wdrlaId lsßfï wjYH;djh .ek ±kqj;a lsßfï ld¾hhg fhduq lsßu
u.ska iy thg ;j;a iïm;a iy iyh ,ndÿkfyd;a tau.ska M,odhs fmd,sia fiajhla yd whs;sjdislï .relsßu
tlsfkldg mriamr fkdjk njg jk jegysu ixúOdkh ;=, ;yjqrefjhs’ fuu wjfndaOh ;yjqre lsßu ioyd
;j;a l< hq;a;la kï udkj ysñlï wxYfhka ,nd fok wOHhkh ;=, udkj ysñlï wdrlaIlhkaf.a
ld¾hNdrhùu úfYaI wjOdkhla ,nd foñka Tjqka M,odhs fmd,sia fiajdjl úreoaOjdÈka fkdj ñ;=rka f,i
ie,lSug fmd,sish mqreÿ mqyqKq lsßuhs’
9 Y%S ,xld fmd,sish tald.%lsßfï W;aidyh j¾Okh lrkak’ Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha wvqfjka ksfhdackh jk fou<
ckhd jeä jYfhka nojd.ksñka isxy, iy fou< fmd,sia fiajdjla ,nd foñka ^úfYaIfhkau nyq;r fou< l:d
lrk ckhd isák m%foaYj,& tfukau isxyf,a w;s nyq;rla ù isák Y%S ,xld fmd,sish iy fou< ckhd w;r
jvd lsÜgq iïnkaO;djhla f.dvke.su’
10’ jO§u kS;shdkql=, úu¾Yk Wml%uhla f,i ie,lsfï ;;a;ajh wjxl f,iu m%;sfCIam lrk u. fmkaùu
ilialrkak’ Y%s ,xldj mqrdu fmd,sisj,È ks;r ks;r isÿjk jOÈï u.ska fmkshkafka idlaIslrjkaf.a yd
iellrejkaf.ka ryis.; f;dr;=re ,nd .eksfï M,odhs l%uhla jYfhka jO§u .ek Y%s,xld fmd,sish ;=,
;sfnk úYajdihehs’ kSs;sfhka ;ykï lsßfuka muKla jOÈu kj;d ±ñh fkdyelsh’ funÿ l%u u.ska ,nd
.kakd w;sYhskau úYajdi l< fkdyels jk ksid jO Èfï m%fhdackhla ke;s njg f;areï.eksu;a yd ms,s.eksula
fmd,sish me;af;aka isÿúh hq;af;ah’
11 úu¾YK ;dlaIKh lrk mqyqKqj j¾Okh lrkak wmrdO úoHdj iy wmrdO isÿjq ia:dk mßlaIdfõaa
l%ufõo ms<sno jeä wjfndaOhla ,eìu Y%s ,xld fmd,sisfha jD;a;sh Ndjh by, kexúug fya;=jls’
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu’ ^ tka’ ms’ is’&

12 uyck meñKs,s úu¾Yk wxYh Yla;su;a lrk fï i|yd ±kg mj;sk kS;s b;du;au ÿ¾j,h uyck
meñssKs,s úu¾Yk wxYfha kS;sfha 17 jk j.ka;sh wkqj jerÈlrk kS,Odßkaf.a brKu iïnkaO j.lsu
;jÿrg;a fmd,siam;sjrhdg NdrÈ ;sìu iy thg ±kg mj;sk wdh;ksl kS;s wkqj l%shdlsßu u.ska ±kg wl%sh
ù we;s l%ufha fjkila isÿjkafka iqzjYfhks’ ta fjkqjg ms’ is’ths’ is’h l<hq;=j ;sfnkafka17 jk ixfYdaOkfha
155 ð ^2& j.ka;sfha olajd ;sfnk wdldrhg meñKS,slrjkag idOdrKh bgqjk l%uhla l%shdjg k.k wdldrh
fidhdne,suhs’
89

13’ msßia n,fha mqrmamdvq mqrjkak’ cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug meñKs,s rdYshla ,efnk kuq;a tys ld¾h uKav,h
m%udkj;a ke;’ mqrmamdvq msrùu u.ska jO§u yd fmd,sisfha wh:d ls%hd ms<sn| mßlaCIK fydÈka lsßug yelshdj
j¾Okh fjhs’
14foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï isudlsßug ;j;j;afoa lrkak fïjk úg ia:dk udrej yd Wiiaùï foaYmd,kslrkh
ùfï jHdêhg ms<shï fh§ug yelshdj fyda Wjukdj cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiug we;ehs úYajdihla fmd,sia
ks,Odßka ;=< ke;’
isú,a idudc ixúOdk j,g’
15 m%cd fmd,sia fiajd Èßu;a lsßfï W;aidyhla orkak’ m%foaYh ;=, .egqï iukh lr .eksfï l%shdud¾. j,g
myiqlï iemhSu u.ska úêu;a fmd,sia ueÈy;a úïj, wjYH;djh wvqfjhs’ fï iïnkaOfhka isú,a iudc
ixúOdk iy cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu tlaj lrk l%shdjla u.ska fmd,sish iy uyckhd w;r ±kg mej;sk
wúYajdih fndfydaÿrg wvql< yelsfjhs’ ;u m%foaY jvd;a wdrlaId ldß lr .eksug m%cdj iyNd.slr .kakd
wdldrh .ek r;akmqr Èia;%slalfha mqrjeis lñgq msysgqùu fydo WoyrKhls’
16’ fmd,sia m%;sixialrKj, wjYH;djh .ek m%pdrl iy wOHdmk lghq;= lrk udOH nrm;, isud lsßï
mej;su;a udkj ysñlï m%Yakj,g ,ndfok bvlv idudkH wvq úu;a ksid Y%s,xldfõ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ fmd,sia
fiajdjla we;s lsßfï jeo.;alï m%isoaêfha l%shd mEu udkj ysñlï ixúOdkj,g jvd;a ;srKd;aulh’ lsisÿ
idlÉPdjla fkdue;s ;ek ks¾udKd;aul lsisjla id¾:l lr .; fkdyelsh’
17’fmd,sishg úfYaI jq f;dr;=re /ialsßfï uOHia:dk ixj¾Okh lrkak’ fmd,sish jD;a;shuh lsßfï
M,odhs;djh Tmamq lrkak’ Y%s ,xld fmd,sishg tfrysj tk meñsKs,s iy joÈï isÿúï wdÈh ms<sn|j fydo
ksjerÈ jd¾;d f.dkqlr ;nd.eksfuka fmd,sia m%;sixialrK i|yd yvke.sug iy wOHdmkh Èug fydomokula
imhk wdldrfha ,smsf,aLk tl;=jla f.dvk.d .; yelsfjhs’
90

fkd;ld yeßh fkdyels ;rï jeo.;a
m%udo l< fkdyels ;rï w;HdjYH
fmd,Sisfha j.lSïiy.;Ndjh
^fuu f,aLkh fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, udkj ysñlï m%dfhda.slj h:djla njg m;alsÍu i|yd lemjQ
cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla jk fmdÿrdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï wdh;kh úiska ilia lrk ,oaols&
cd;Skaf.a iudc iqj;djh yev.eiaùfuys,d ;SrKd;aul f,i n,mEyels fmd,Sisfha

ls%hdldÍ;ajh md,kfha ;;ajh ms<sn|j jk jeo.;a ñkqï WmlrKhls' m%cd;dka;s%l md,k
;ka;%hla ;=,§ fukau taldêm;s md,k ;ka;%hla ;=,§o fmd,Sish úiska isÿlrkq ,nkafka
fndfydaÿrlg iudk ld¾hhls' fyd| md,khla krl md,khlska fjkafldg y÷kd.;
yelsjkafka ;eke;a;kaf.a isú,a yd foaYmd,k ksoyi wdrCId lsÍu fukau wd¾Ól" iudÔh
yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislïo Wmßu f,i ,ndfok jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍug odhlùu
u;h'
m%;sixialrKhg ,lafkdflrekq j.lSï iy.; fkdjk md,khla fjkqfjka

m%cd;ka;%jdohg f.ùug isÿjk ñ, by<h' iuia:hla f,i udkj fukau cd;sl wdrCIdjo
iduldó f,i mj;ajdf.k hd hq;=j we;af;a ler,sldÍ;ajhla mej;sho fkdmej;sho
m%pKav;ajh lrd keUqrejQ f.da,Sh jgmsgdjla ;=,h' ±kgu;a fndfydafofkl=f.ka ÿriafldg
we;s hqla;sh i|yd jk m%fõYh ;jÿrg;a ck;djf.ka wE;afjñka mj;S' fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,h ;=, ldka;djka" <uhska" iq¿;rhka" irKd.;hka iy w;suy;a ÿ.S ck;dj hk
wk;=reg Ndckh úhyels whf.a whs;sjdislï fkdi<ldyefrkq we;' ¥IKh" m%pKav;ajh
yd ;e;s.ekau jeä fjñka we;s w;r ish,a,kaf.a tÈfkod Ôú;fha moku úhhq;= oDIH
Wml,amkh jk kS;sfha md,kh ;jÿrg;a m%d¾:kdjla muKlaj we;'
m%;sixialKhka ms<sn| uQ,djhjhka fndfyduhla we;s w;r j.lsï iy.;Ndjh

w;alr.kafka flfiao hkak ms<sn| WodyrKhka /ilau mj;S' flfiafj;;a zwdêm;HfhaZ
isg zm%cd;ka;%jd§Z md,khla olajd .uka lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ±ä wlue;a;la mj;S'
m%;sixialrKhkag uq, msÍug iy j.lSï iy.;Ndjh we;slsÍug olajk wlue;a;
mekk.skafka th idCId;a lr.kafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j jk ±kqu fj; fmd,Sishg yd
foaYmd,k n,j;=kag m%fõYhla fkdue;sùu ;=,sks' fmd,sia m%;sixialrKhka i|yd jk
n,j;a m%n, mßY%uhka i|yd jk Wmfoia iemhSu ;=,ska j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ms<sn| hym;a
91

mßphka fmkajd§u fuu jd¾;dfõ wruqK fjhs' m%;sixialrKhka isÿl<hq;af;a flfiao
hkak iy M,odhSj th isÿlsÍu i|yd fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h fj; tajd bÈßm;a l<hq;af;a
ljr jákdlï u; msysgdo hkak ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl fhdackdjka fuys§ bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd ixj¾Okh idCId;a lr.ekSug kï fmd,sia m%;sixialrK yd j.lSï

iy.;Ndjh w;sYhska ;SrKd;aul jk nj fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h úiska m%ldYs;ju ms<s.;
hq;=fjhs' tfukau th idudðl rgj, hym;a mßphkag iydh §ug;a md,kh ms<sn| úYsIaG
m%ñ;Ska iy;sl lrkqjia n,h wh:d f,i fhdod.ekSu yd ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd ±óu i|yd kS;s
m%;sixialrKh yd wdh;ksl ixúOdkhka f.dvkexùu;a jk fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh md,kh
ms<sn| uQ,O¾uhka j¾Okh lsÍug;a lemúh hq;=h'
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h ;=, md,kh

fmdÿ rdcH uKaav,h ;=, f,dalfha fyd|u md,khka fukau krlu tajdo ±l.; yelsfjhs'
kuq;a iuia:hla f,i ì,shk 1'8 l ck;djg ;ukag .e,fmk md,khla ysñj fkdue;'
tneúka th m%;sixialrKhg ,lalsÍu fkd;ld yeßh ;rï jeo.;a tfukau m%udo l<
fkdyels ;rï w;HdjYH ldrKhla njg m;aj we;' fndfyduhla rgj, wdKavq ish
ck;djg kS;sfha md,kh iqrCIs; lrk yd wdrCIdj yd iqrCIs;Ndjh iys; mßirhla
we;slÍug jeo.;ajk wjxl" ldrHCIu" M,odhS fmd,sia fiajhla ie,iSfï ish uQ,sl j.lSu
bgq lsÍug wiu;aj we;' tlu kS;Hqkql+, md,kh jkafka ìfhka f;dr jgdmsgdjla
ks¾udKh lsÍu iy ck;djf.a udkj ysñlï úfYaIfhkau m%cd;ka;%jdofha ,CIKhla f,i
ie<lshyels ndOdjkaf.ka f;dr foaYmd,ksl ls%hdldrlï m%j¾Okh lrk whf.a
whs;sjdislï idCId;a lr.ekSug Wmia:ïNl jk md,khhs' mj;sk idCIs foi ne,SSfï§
lshyelafla fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h mqrd fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj ;ks l¿ j¾Khlska i<l=Kq
l<yels njhs' flfiafj;;a tfia lsÍu imqrd idOdrK jkakla fkdfõ' iuyr rgj,
fmd,Sish úYajdijka; yd .re;ajhla iys; uyck fiajhla fjhs' tfukau Tjqyq wiSre
;;ajhka uOHfha fjfyilr yd lshd ksul< fkdyels ;rfï m%Yxikd;aul ld¾Ndrhla bgq
lr;s' flfiafj;;a fuu .relghq;= jH;sf¾Ç WodyrKhka lsysmh yerekqúg fndfyduhla
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, wo olajdu mj;sk n,j;a" j.lSïúrys;" u¾OkldÍ" w.;s.dó yd
¥Is; fmd,sia fiajh úYajdikSh iajdêm;Hhlg jvd h,amskQ hg;aúðjdoS .e;sNdjh ms<sn|
i,l=Kla fjhs'
fmd,Sish frda.S ùug fya;= fudkjdo @

fmd,Sisfha jroldÍ ls%hdjka ms<sn| fpdaokdjka ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hskaf.a krl yeisÍfï isg
ish¿ idudðlhka iqrCIs; lsÍug ne£ isák fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh yrdf¾ m%ldYkfha uQ,sl
uQ,O¾uhka jkid ouk wdh;k.; wmrdOldÍ;ajh olajd me;sr mej;sh yel' wdfl%dYldÍ
md,k l%ufõohka m%cd;ka;%hjdohg ydks muqKqjd kS;sfha md,kh ÿ¾j, fldg udkj
ysñlï W,a,x>kh lsÍug uÕmdohs' fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha ljr ia:dkhl fyda mj;akd
jeäjk wmrdO" ksr;=rej mj;akd wk;=rg ,laùfï yeÕSu iy f.dÿre njg m;aùfï ìh
úiska b,a,d isákafka md,kfha jeäÈhqKqjls' fmrkqÿgqúrE wdrCIdj ms <sn|j jk
92

wia:djr;ajh úiska wkHhka fm<k md,k l%ufõohka fukau ±ä wNHka;ßl wdrCIl
;ka;%hkao ks¾udKh fldg we;' fï fya;=fjka fmd,Sih
s yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaO;djhg kj
.eg¿ ks¾udKhfldg we;s w;r md,kh" m%cd;dka;s%l jákdlï yd udkj ysñlï hk
w;=reuqyqK; brdoud we;'
ks;sm;d isÿjk ld¾h mámdál kS;shg wkq.; fkdùu wdfl%dIldÍ md,kfha ,CIKhls'
idOdrK fya;=jlska f;drj ;eke;a;ka /|jd .ekSu iy$fyda ksis wêldrhla bÈßhg
meñKùulska f;drj kshñ; ld,hg jvd jeä ld,hla r|jd ;nd.ekSu" j.úNd.hla ke;sj
isÿlrkq ,nk w;awvx.=jg .ekSï fukau m%Yak lsÍug wjYH ;eke;a;kaj f.kajd .ekSu
i|yd Tjqkaf.a wysxil mjqf,a idudðlhkag wemhg ;nd.ekSu mjd fï w;r fjhs'
fndfyduhla fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, ¥IKho fmd,sia ls%hdldß;ajfha wkS;sl ld¾hhkag
fya;= ldrl fõ' wmrdOhla iïnkaOfhka meñKs,a,la Ndr.ekSug fukau ta iïnkaOfhka
lghq;= fkdlr isàugo w,a,ia ,nd.kq ,nhs' tfukau úu¾Ik lghq;= isÿlsÍugo w,a,ia
,nd§ug isÿj we;' fï yd iudkju kS;Hdkql+, foaYmd,k ls%hdldÍ;ajh uevmj;aajkq
,eîuo fnfyúka lK.dgqodhlh' fndfyda wjia:djkays§ fmd,Sish md,l m%N+ mka;sfha
ksfhdað;hska f,i lghq;= lrñka foaYmd,ksl úreoaOjd§kaj wdka;sl lrñka wdKavq fmr<d
±óug fukau ;j;a ia:dkhkays§ md,kfha /£ isàugo wdOdr lrhs' ckjd¾.sl" wd.ñl fyda
NdIduh iq¿;rhkag tfrysj mCImd;S f,i lghq;= lsÍu ;=,ska uQ,sl udkj ysñlï
md.d±óu wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= ;j;a m%Odk lreKls' fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,
ldka;djkag tfrys wmrdOhka nyq, jk w;r ta iïnkaOfhka m%;spdr ±laùu fnfyúka
my< uÜgul mj;S' mq¾j ks¾ñ; ldka;d N+ñld iy Tjqkag tfrys mqreIdêm;s wdl,amhka
fmd,Sish w.;s.dó f,i meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍug n,md we;'
Zflá úi÷ïZ f,iska fmd,Sish wêlrK úksYaph blaujd laIKsl >d;khka fj;g fhduqjQ
isÿùï ms<sn| ìhlre jd¾;djka ks;r wikakg ,efí' wmrdO fyda iq¿ .egqï md,kh
iïnkaOfhka ish wldrHCIu;djh iïnkaOfhka ke.Stk ck;djf.a wiykldÍ;ajhg
uqyqKfok fmd,Sish wdrCIdj ms<sn| ÿrg úyso.sh wNsfhda.hka ffk;sl ls%hdj,sfha zlrorhZ
lska f;drj .eg¿j wjidklr ±ófï ir< wdldrhla f,i Tjqyq fuh ols;s' fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,h mqrdjg olakg ,efnk jvd;au wk;=reodhl ;;ajh jkafka w;awvx.=fõ isáh§
jOysxidjg ,lalrkq ,eîu b;d mq¿,aj me;srekla jk njhs' ck;djf.a úfrdaOh yd
l,lsÍu jvd;au t,a,jkafka o~qjñka wdrCIdj ,nd§fï j.lSu ork wêldÍka yd
wëCIlhska úiska tjeks ls%hdjkag ÿ¾úmdl ,ndfkd§ isàu flfrysh' wdrCIdj ie<iSu yd
kS;sfha md,kh iïnkaOfhka jk ÿ¾j, ls%hdldÍ;ajh wiSudka;slj ord isàu fuhg wh;a
fõ' fmd,Sish foaYmd,k úOdhlh úiska úYd, jYfhka md,kh jkakla jk neúka
fmd,Sisfha fndfyda ls%hdldÍ;ajhka tys Rcq n,mEug ,lajk w;r fuu ÿ¾úmdl ,ndfkd§
isàu wyïnfhka isÿjkakla fkdj ie<iqï iy.;j isÿjkakls' nrm;, f,i kS;sh yd
j.lSï W,a,x>kh wkq.%dyl iïnkaO;djka úiska ks¾udKh lrkakls' flfiafj;;a
m%udKj;a úOdhl WmfoaYh yd fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd m%udKj;a fkdjk foaYmd,ksl
n,mEu w;r fjkialu fndfydaúg wjfndaO fldg f.k we;af;a kS;sfha md,kh ydkslr
wdldrfhks'
md,kh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

m%cd;ka;%jd§ rgj,g m%cd;dka;s%l md,khla wjYH fjhs' fuuÕska m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd
hymd,kh ms<sn| fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha m%;s{dj w¾:hla ,ndfok w;r Okj;a-ÿmam;a"
úYd,-l=vd" úúO-iucd;Sh hkd§ ljr ikao¾Nhl§jqj th wod< l<yels fõ' fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,Sh rgj,a cd;Hka;r kS;s iy m%ñ;Ska fndfyda .Kklg w;aika ;nd we;' fï wkqj
fuu cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska jHjia:dms; kS;sh ;=, ksrEmkhùu fukau zksoyig ndOd lrkakla
93

f,i fkdj th wdrCId lsÍug lghq;= lrkZ fmd,sia fiajdjla ia:dms; lsÍuo wjYH fjhs'
fmd,Sisfha ld¾hh jkafka fuu ksoyi ls%hdfõ fhoúh yels wdrCIs; idudkH jgmsgdjla
ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' m%cd;dka;s%l fmd,sia fiajdjla ck;djf.a úYajdihka ms<sn|j wjOdkhla
fkdolajkjd fukau Tjqkaf.a ixp,khka fyda rdcHfha oDIaÀjdohg wkql+,jQjlao fkdúh
hq;=h. wju jYfhka kshdukhka yd ks<Odßjd§ ;ka;%hka ms<sn|j mjd tjekakla wjOdkh
fhduq lrkafka ke;' ta fjkqjg m%cd;ka;%jd§ fmd,sia n,ldhla wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka
wdrCIs; m%cdjka iqrCIs; lsÍu iy ish¿ fokdg tlf,i wmrdO kS;sh wod< lsÍu
flfrysh' fndfydaúg mj;skakdjQ fjkialï i|yd mj;akd ±ä úfrdaOhla ;sìh§jqj
m%;sixialrKhka ms<sn|j Èß.kajkiq¿ kso¾Ykhka fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h i;=j mj;S' W;=re
wh¾,ka;fha .egqï wjidkùfuka miqj úúO yd fnÿkq m%cdjlf.a úYajdih Èkd.;yels
f,i fmd,Sish m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd wjldYhla Wodúh' ol=Kq wms%ldj" ishrd,sfhdka"
*Sð iy khsÔßhdj hk rgj,ao taldëm;sjdofha isg m%cd;ka;%jdoh olajd mßj¾;khùfï§
wkq.ukh lrk ,o ls%hdud¾.hka fmd,sia m%;sixialrKhka ms<sn| uq,a mdvï f,iska
fmkajd Èhyel'
wod, ikao¾Nhka wkqj jHjia:dms; kS;s iudf,dap a kh fukau fmd,Sisfha N+ñldj kej;
w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍu fuu m%;sixialrKhka ;=, isÿj we;' tfukau wdh;khla f,i
fmd,Sish wju f,i ñ,sgßlrKh iy OQrdj,s.; lsÍu;a jvd;a oCI;d u; mokïjQjla
lsÍug;a W;aidy orkq ,en we;' wdpdrO¾u yd úkh jeks wNHka;r Wm ixialD;sh ;=,
mj;akd ldrKdjka fjkia lsÍug;a fmd,Sisfha n,fldgqjla ;=, isrjQ udkisl;ajh fjkqjg
msg;ska foa we;=,;alr.kakd yd wkql+,jkakdjQ iajNdjhlska hq;a udkisl;ajhla ks¾udKh
lsÍug fuu m%;sixialrK ;=,§ W;aidy ord we;' n|jd.ekSï jvd;a ksfhdackd;aul
wdldrfhka isÿflfrk f,i jeäÈhqKqfldg we;' mqyqKqj" yuqod wdpdr fm<md,s yd
negkafmd¨ ikao¾Ykhkaf.ka Tíngf.dia udkj ysñlï ms<sn| ±kqu" kj l=i,;djkag
.re lsÍu iy jD;a;Suh úfYaI{;djhka ks¾udKh lsÍu flfrys fhduqù we;' Wiia
ks<OdÍkaf.a fukau my< ks<hkayso fiajd ;;ajhka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys
m%;sixialrKhkays§ wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s w;r wkq.%yh u; mokïj fkdj hym;a
oCI;djka u; mokïj jD;a;Sh Wiiaùï ,nd§u flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduqj kùk
;dCIKfhka ikakoaOùu" mj;akd uQ,Huh yd udkj iïm;a h<s ixúOdkh lsÍu" uQ,Huh
úYajdikSh;ajh iy;sl lrkqjia ±ä wëCIK l%ufõohka ia:dms; lrñka iSñ; iïm;aj,ska
Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd Wmdhud¾.hka ilia lsÍuo isÿj we;' kj l%ufõohka
iïnkaOfhka jvd;a ;SrKd;aul jkfka kS;súfrdaë ndysr ueÈy;aùïj,ska fmd,Sish
fjkafldg ;eîug;a" iuia:hla f,i jvd fyd| fiajdjla iemhSu i|yd l<ukdlrK
j.lSu yd ne÷kq iajdëk ls%hdldÍ;ajhla i|yd fmd,sia ks<OdÍkag wjldY ie,iSug;a tajdg
yelshdj ;sìh hq;= ùuh' fï i|yd foaYmd,k wêldßh iy wdrCIl ksfhdað;dh;khka
w;r N+ñldjkaf.a m%fõYï iy.; f,i iSudjka ,l=Kq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh
m%;sixialrK wjYH jkafka zwêm;sOdÍZ md,khl isg zm%cd;ka;%jd§Z md,khla olajd
ú;ekaùu msKsih' fï i|yd idOdrK;ajh yd iudkd;au;djh" j.lSï iy.;Ndjh"
mdroDIHNdjh" iyNd.S;ajh" úúO;ajhg .re lsÍu" úiïuq;shg bv§u" mqoa., yd lKavdhï
whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu iy udkj úNj;djhka Èßu;a lsÍu hk uQ,O¾uhka u; mokïjQ
m%fõYhla fï i|yd jeo.;a fõ' zm%cd;ka;%jd§Z fmd,sia ixúOdkhla hkq(
☻ j.lshk wdh;khls' m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khla i|yd fmd,Sish foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r

kS;suh iSudjka ;=, lghq;= l<hq;=fõ' fmd,Sisfha ls%hdjka yeuúgu wêlrKfha
ishqï ksÍCIKhg ,lajk w;r kS;sh lvlrkakkag tfrysj wNHhka;r úkh
mámdàka uÕska fukau wmrdO kS;sh hgf;ao m%;súmdl ú£ug isÿjkq we;'
94

☻ m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k jHqyhka iy m%cdjg j.lshk wdh;khls' n,h hk ;ks idOlh
úiska muK blaujd fmd,Sish md,kh lrkq fkd,nk nj iy ta iuÕ wkkH
fkdjk nj iy;sl lr.ekSu i|yd m%cd;ka;%jd§ fmd,Sishla md,kfha YdLdjka ;=k
jk úOdhlh" md¾,sfïka;=j yd wêlrKhg fukau m%cdjgo fjk fjku j.lsj
hq;=h'
☻ mdroDIHNdjhlska hq;=j ish ls%hdldrlï isÿlrk wdh;khls' fmd,Sisfha
ls%hdldrlïj,ska fndfyduhla ndysr foayhkaf.a ishqï mÍCIdjg újD; úhhq;= w;r
ks;r tajdg jd¾;d l<hq;= úh hq;=h' mqoa.,hskaf.a p¾hdj fukau ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ms<sn| f;dr;=reo uyck úIh m:h ;=, mej;sh hq;=h'
☻ ;eke;a;kaf.a yd lKavdhïj, wdrCIdj yd whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lsÍug ish
fufyhqï m%uqL;ajh ,ndfok wdh;khls' fmd,Sish ;ek;a;kaf.a fukau
lKavdhïj,o úfYAIfhkau mSvdjg m;ajk yd wdka;sl lrk ,o whf.a yd
lKavdhïj, jqjukdjkag wkql+, úhhq;=h' úúO jQ fnoSï iys; iudchka ;=, tu
iudÔh fn§ïj,g fmd,Sish wkql+,ùu yd .relsÍu l<hq;= w;r yeuúgu
mCImd;S;ajhlska f;drj kS;sh bgql< hq;=h'
☻ udkj ysñlï iqrlsk wdh;khla f,i fmd,Sish iEu wfhl=f.au Ôú;aùfï whs;sh
yd .re;ajh wdrCId l<hq;=h' úfYaIfhkau m%cd;dka;s%l ysñlïjk l:dlsÍfï"
iud.ufha" /iaùfï" hdfï Bfï" ys;=jlaldÍ w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka" r|jd ;nd.kq
,eîfuka yd msgqjy,a lsÍfuka je<lS isàfï ksoyi fuys§ úfYAI fõ'
☻ iudchg jD;a;Suh fiajd imhk wdh;khla f,i uyckhd úYajdih ;nk w;súYd,
n,hla iys; ixúOdkhla f,i fmd,Sish Yla;su;a wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla yd
jD;a;Suh p¾hdjla iys; úh hq;= w;r .=Kd;aul Ndjfhka by< fiajdjla iemhSfï
j.lSu ±ßh hq;=h'
☻ ;ukaf.a fiajh ,ndfok m%cdjka th úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,nhs' fmd,Sish ;uka
fiajh ,ndfok ck;dj ksfhdackh lrk w;r Tjqkaf.a úYajdih iy iyfhda.h
ysñlr.kq we;' tfukau fmd,Sisfha wdrCIdj jvd;a wjYH jk wk;=rg ,laúhyels
lKavdhï iy wdka;sl msßiaj, úYajdiho Èkd.ekSugo th iu;aúh hq;=h'
m%cd;ka;S%h md,kh hk m%cd;ka;s%h wdh;k wdrCId lsÍu iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd wjYH

jkakdjQ ls%hdldrlï M,±Íu i|yd wjYH jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍu muKla fkdfõ' th
ish wdh;ksl jHqyhka yd ls%hdj,Ska ;=, m%c;dka;s%l jákdlï wdo¾Ykh lsÍuo isÿ l< hq;=
fjhs'
j.lSïiy.;Ndjfha hdka;%Khka
m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k moaO;Ska yev.iajkq ,nk ixjrk yd ;=,k oyu wkqj hñka n,j;=k a
iq¿ msßilf.a jqjukdjka fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk mSvdldÍ WmlrKhl isg ieug fiajh
i<ik wdh;khla olajd fmd,sia ixúOdkhka fjkia lrk j.lSï iy.;Ndjfha ia:rhka
.Kkdjla ks¾udKh l<hq;=j we;' wNHka;ßlj fuh úkh" wdpdr O¾u yd oCI;djka u;
r\ mj;S' ndysßka fuu mßj¾;kh i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j" wêlrKh" úOdhlh iy m%cdj
olajd úysfok w;r kj uyck ksÍCIK hdka;%Khka ûdkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj iy
Tïnqâiaukao we;=¿j& olajd mq¿,a úh hq;=h'
wfkHdakH iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu uÕska fï hdka;%Khka foflau Yla;h s yd
wmCImd;S;ajh ks¾udKh lrkq we;s w;r fmd,isfha YlH;djhkao by< kxjkq we;'
w Hd a kH y da. ka l ghq; = lsÍu uwwwfor Police Accountability: 3 + 1
rdcHfha l=¿Kq ;=k fj; j.lSïiy.;ùu
95

udkj wdrCIdj iy;sl lsÍu rdcHfha by<u j.lSu jk w;r wjxl" M,odhS iy ld¾hCIu
fmd,sia fiajhla ,nd§u i|yd iEu rglau ne£ isáhs' hym;a md,khla ks¾udKh lsÍfï§
úOdhlh" md¾,sfïka;=j yd wêlrKh hk rdcHfha l=¿Kq ;=k i;=j tajdg fjkajQ
ld¾hNdrhka mj;S' m%;sm;a;suh uÕfmkaùu rch úiska isÿ l<hq;= w;r m%ñ;Ska fyda oCI;d
ks¾Kh lsÍfï o¾Ylhka kshu lrñka Yla;su;a j.lSï iy.; hdka;%Khla ilia l<hq;=h'
flfiafj;;a kS;sh" m%;sm;a;sh iy mßph hk ;=fka§u ±lshyelafla rch úiska fmd,Sishg
ksis foaYmd,ksl uÕfmkaùu fjkqjg fmd,Sisfha fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd wksis f,i
foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï lrkq ,nk wdldrhhs' fmd,Sish yd úOdhlh w;r ish N+ñldjka"
j.lSï iy iïnkaO;djhka ms<sn| meyeÈ,s iSud udhsï kS;sh uÕska ,l=Kq lsÍu j.lSï
ksYÑa ;j mejÍu i|yd jeo.;a fjhs'
tuÕska fmd,Sisfha lghq;= i|yd ndOd lrñka ueÈy;aùfï iy tys ls%hdldÍ;ajhg n,mEï
lsÍfï yelshdj wju fõ' fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h mqrd rgj,a kS;súfrdaë foaYmd,ksl
ueÈy;aùï je,elaùu i|yd jk úúO wdh;k.; wdlD;Ska w;ayodn,d we;' fiajd fldñiï"
úkh yd l<uKdlrKh ms<sn| ldrKdjka ms<sn|j wëCIKh lrkq ,nk iajdëk rcfha
wdh;khka jk fiajd fldñiï f;aÍu" Wiiaùï ,nd§u" udrelsÍï iy fmd,sia ks,OdÍka
bj;a lsÍu i|yd wksis foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùï iSud lsÍu i\yd msysgqjd we;s wdh;khka fõ'
flfiafj;;a Ndú;dj ;=,§ fndfyduhla leÍìhka ¥m;a yd l=vd meismsla id.r ¥m;a jeks
l=vd rgj, rdcHfha wêm;s kdhl;ajh fldñiï idudðlhska m;a lsÍu i|yd ish n,h
fhdod.kq ,nk w;r tuÕska wksjd¾hhla f,iska isÿúh yelafla tu wdh;k foaYmd,kslj
wdOdkq.%dyS ;;ajhg m;aùuh' fiajd fldñiïj, jvd kùk wdlD;Ska i|yd w;s uy;a n,hla
,nd§ we;' WodyrKhla f,i khsÔßhdfõ fmd,sia fiajd fldñiu f,dalfha kj fldñiï
w;=ßka jvd;au n,j;a tlla fjhs' 2001 jif¾§ msysgjkq ,enQ tys idudðl;ajhg udkj
ysñlï WmfoaYlhska" ldka;djka" jHdmdßlhska iy udOHlrejka muKla fkdj by<u
wêlrKfha úY%du.sh w.úksiqrejrhdo wh;a fjhs' iajdëk jHjia:dms; wdh;khla f,i
meñKs,s úu¾IKh lsÍfï fomd¾;fïka;=jla ia:dms; lsÍfï jHjia:dms; ne£u th i;=h'
tfukau fldñiug m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍug fukau tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍugo n,h we;'
2003 uydue;sjrKfha§ fldñiu kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï uOHia:dkh iuÕ iyfhda.fhka
lghq;= lrk ,§'
;j;a rgj,a lsysmhlau md,kh yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha§ úOdhlfha n,mEu wju lsÍu
i|yd fmd,sia uKav, iy wêldÍka ia:dms;fldg we;' §¾> .egqïldÍ b;sysydihg m%;spdr
±laùula f,iska ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ W;=re wh¾,ka; fmd,sia uKav,h fï j¾.fha
wdh;khka w;=ßka jvd;a n,iïmkak wdh;kh fõ' yqfola ld¾hCIu fmd,sia fiajhla
iemhSfï j.lSu muKla fkdj 1998 udkj ysñlï mk;ska mejÍ we;s jHjia:dms; ne£ï
bgqlsÍu i|yd fmd,Sishg Wmldr lsÍfï n,ho thg mejÍ we;' uKav,hg m%Odk
fldia;dm,ajrhdf.a wjirhlska f;drj mjd thg fmd,Sisfha ´kEu me;slvla iïnkaOfhka
úu¾Yk isÿlsÍfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r fï fya;=fldgf.k fjk;a uKav, fndfydauhlg
jvd óg úYd, wëCIK N+ñldjlao mejÍ we;' nrm;, kS;s yd j.lSï lvlsÍï ks¾udKh
jkafka wksis wdOdkq.%dyS iïnkaO;djka" iy fmd,sia m%OdkSka m;alsÍu yd bj;a lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka úIh uQ,sl ld¾h mámdàka fkdùu iy m%udKj;a wëCIK ls%hdj,shla
fkdue;sùu hkdÈh ;=,sks' WodyrKhla f,i m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh ls%hd;aul lrk rgj,
m;alsÍï ld¾h mámdáh jvd iyfhda.S tlla jk w;r tys§ ck;d wëCIK foayhkaf.a
woyia ,nd.ekSuo isÿfõ' íafÜ%,shdfõ laùkaia,ka; m%dka;fha flduidßiajrhd m;alrkq
,nkafka fmd,Sish iïnkaO wud;Hjrhf.a wkque;shg hg;aj zwmrdO yd úIudpdr ms<sn|
fldñifï iNdm;srhdf.a ks¾foaYh u;Z wdKavqldrjrhd úisk's
wêlrKhkao úOdhlfha ls%hdjka iy md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk kS; s

cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï m%ñ;Skag wkql+, jk nj iy;sl lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'4 udkj
96

ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrkakka kS;sh yuqjg f.k tau iy f.dÿre njg m;ajQjkag m%udKj;a
iykhla ,ndoSu ;=,ska wdKavqj yd tys ksfhdað;hka úiska n,h blaujd lghq;= lsÍuo th
úiska j,ld,kq ,nhs' md,kfha j.lSï iy.;Ndjh we;slsÍu i|yd ms<s.;yels p¾hdjka"
tajd lvlsÍu i|yd jk o~qjï meyeÈ,sj ±laùu iy ta ms<sn| m%ñ;Ska ks¾Kh lsÍu wjYH
fjhs' m%udKj;a fya;=jla fkdue;sj fyda jfrka;=jla fkdue;sj w;awvx.=jg .ekSu"
mdfmdÉpdrKh ,nd.ekSug n,h fhdod.ekSu" kS;s úfrdaë fidaÈis lsÍï iy whq;= f,i
NdKav fidhd.kq ,eîu jeks ld¾h mámdál jerÈ fya;=fldgf.k kvq bj;,Eu iy o~qjï
§u uÕska úksiqrejre fmd,sia lghq;=j, by< m%ñ;shla mj;ajd.ekSug Wmldr lr;s'
wLKavj mj;akd wjls%hdjka mj;akdúg ksis ls%hdoduh iqrCIs; lsÍu i|yd úksYapldrjreka
úiska fmd,Sish fj; ud¾f.damfoaYhka yd ld¾h mámdàka kshu lrkq ,eìh yel'
md¾,sfïka;=j i;=jo fmd,Sisfha wkS;sl ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka ls%hdlsÍfï n,h we;' kj

kS;s iïmdokh uÕska jerÈ ksjerÈ lsÍu" fmd,Sisfha ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn|j fidhdne,Su iy
wLKavj fmd,sia ls%hdldÍ;ajh wëCIKhg ,lalsÍu md¾,sfïka;=j úiska isÿlrkq ,eìh
yel' m%Yak lsÍï" újdo" mqoa.,sl uka;S% fhdackdjka ^fïjd fndfydaúg mrdchg m;ajkq
,efí&" iNdj l,a;eîfï fhdackd hkdÈh yryd fuu wëCIKh lsÍï isÿfõ' úfYaI
wjOdkhla fhduqjQ ldrKdjka iïnkaOfhka mSvkhla t,a, lsÍu i|yd úfYaI úu¾Yk
fldñiï m;alsÍuo lrkq ,eìh yel' fmd,sia lghq;= ms<sn| úúO wjia:djkays§ isÿlrkq
,nk fuu wjOdkh fhduq lsÍï yereKqúg fomd¾;fïka;= uÜgfï úu¾Ykhka" whjeh
ieisjdrhka iy .sKqï ú.Kkhka jeks ksrka;rfhka isÿlrkq ,nk ls%hdldrlï ;=,sk a
fmd,sia ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| mÍCIKhg ,lalrkq ,nk w;r lñgq uÜgñka isÿjk
iúia;rd;aul úu¾Ykhka jvd fyd| fiajdjla ie<iSu i|yd n,mEï lsÍug fya;=fjhs'
m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh i|yd b;d jeo.;a jdylhla f,i lñgqj, jeo.;alu ol=Kq wms%ldj
úiska ukdj ms<s.kq ,en we;' fuu lñgqj,g ´kEu whl= Èjqreïmsg idCIs§u fyda f,aLk
bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd ;uka bÈßhg le|ùug" Wkkaÿjla olajk ´kEu md¾Yajhlf.a fm;aiï
fyda ie<lsÍï Ndr.ekSug iy uyck úNd.hka meje;aùug n,h we;'
wNHka;ßl j.lSï iy.;Ndjh

fmd,Sish j.lSï iy.; jk njg j.n,d.ekSu wdKavqfõ j.lSuls' tfukau wNHka;ßlj
úkh" ls%hdldÍ;ajh yd iuia;hla f,i hym;a fmd,sia fiajdjla iemhSu iïnkaOfhka
fmd,Sisho j.lsjhq;= fõ' wNHka;ßl j.lSï iy.;Ndjh kss¾Kh lrk hdka;%kKhka
folla mj;S'
m<uqjekak wdh;kh ;=, mj;akd wh:d ls%hdjka md,kh lsÍu i|yd mj;akd úêu;a
fuj,ï iy wdh;kh ;=, fkdks< uÜgñka ls%hd;aul wdh;k ixialD;shhs' fojk
l%ufõoh ls%hdldÍ;ajh l<ukdlrKh i|yd mj;akd jvd;a kQ;k Ys,aml%uhla jk w;r
tys§ b,lal ,ndÈu ;=,ska fmd,sia ls%hdldÍ;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu isÿfõ'
iajlSh wdlD;sfha isgu wNHka;ßl úkh l%ufõohka jHqyh iy úIh m:h w;ska
i¾jjHdmSjQjla fjhs' kS;sfha olajd we;s wdldrhg iy iajNdú; hqla;s uQ,O¾uhkag wkql+,j
tajd ls%hdjg kxjkq ,enqjfyd;a .eg¿ we;sùu wju lr.; yelsjkq we;' flfiafj;;a
fndfyduhla rgj, wNHka;ßl j.lSï iy.; hdka;%Khka idudkH ck;djf.a úYajdih
Èkd.ekSug iu;aj ke;' krl yeisÍu iy ÿ¾j, ls%hdldß;ajh úiska fmkajdfokq ,nkafka
fuu hdka;%Khka ;=, mj;akd m%ñ;Ska b;d ÿ¾j, wdldrfhka ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en ;sîu fyda
jqjukdfjkau fkdi,ld yer ;sîuhs'
mdroDIHNdjh me;srúu ;=,ska úYajdijka;Ndjh ks¾udKh l<yels fõ' fndfyduhla fmdÿ

rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag tfrysj t,a,jk fpdaokd ixLHdjka yd Bg .kq
,enQ mshjr ms<sn| jd¾;d m%ldYhg m;alrkq ,efí' ixLHd f,aLKhkf.ka Tíng hñka
97

ls%hdjka miqmi we;s l;dka;rhka fy<sorõ lsÍu uÕska kdhl;ajh fuu wksis yeisÍï
ms<sfkd.kakd nj iy tajdg iïnkaO ks,OdÍka wdrCId fkdlrk njg u;hla ks¾udKh
l<yel' È¾>ld,Skj wNHka;ßl hdka;%Khka ms<sn|j i;H fy,sorõ lsÍu úiska
uyck;dj ;=< fukau fmd,Sish we;=,;o úYajdihla f.dvkexùug iu;ajkq we;' wNHka;r
j.lSï iy.; hdka;%Khkays jeo.;alu biau;= jkafka wksis ls%hdjla isÿùfuka wk;=rejh'
fmd,sia ixúOdkh ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh mqrjeishd tkï mdßfNda.slhd rcq f,i i,lñka
n,fha isg fiajdjla olajd fjkia lsÍu i|yd taa ta wjia:djkays yqfol,d isoaëkag wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍug jvd iuia: hdka;%Kh fj;u wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu w;HdjYH fõ'
kQ;k md,k l%ufõohka i|yd kQ;k l<ukdlrK jHqyhka wjYH fõ' fyd|
l<ukdlrKhla mqoa., uÜgfï fukau ixúOdkuh uÜgfï hymd,kh yd j.lSï
iy.;Ndjh hk uQ,O¾uhka fol u; /£ mj;S' kQ;k j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ms<sn|j jk
l%ufõohka úIhdkqnoaO Wmudkhka u; mokï jk neúka tajd uÕska jdis fukau
jD;a;ShuhNdjho m%odkh lrkq ,nhs' tys§ ksrka;rfhka ls%hdldß;ajhka wëCIKh lsÍu
yd ÿ¾j,;djkag ms<shï fh§u isÿflfrk neúka wh:d ls%hdjka i|yd bv fkd,efnk
;rïh' zYlH;d l<ukdlrKZ fha§ fmd,Sish úiska ,ndfok m%;sM, ms<sn| ixLHdf,aLKhka
Ndú;hg .kq ,nhs' fndfydaúg m%;sM, uekSfï§ wjOdkh fhduqflfrkafka fmd,Sisfha
M,odhS;djh úfYaIfhkau wmrdOldÍ;ajh uevmeje;aùu iy uyckhdg wdrCIs; jgmsgdjla
f.dvkexùu i|yd fmd,Sisfha odhl;ajh ms<sn| ldrKh flfrysh'
o¾YSh ñkqïo~q w;r wmrdO ms<sn| ixLHdf,aLK fyda fmd,Sish ms<sn| uyck;djf.a
úYajdijka;dNdjh iïnkaOfhka jk ióCIK o;a;hka fjhs' fuu o;a; wruqKq folla
i|yd fhdod.kq ,efí' tkï wNHka;ßlj zl<ukdlrK f;dr;=reZ f,i fmd,sia m%OdkSkag
ls%hdldÍ;ajfha ÿn,;d we;s l,dmhka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd iy ndysr jYfhka fmd,Sisfha
ls%hdldÍ;ajh uyck;djg meyeÈ,s lr§u i|ydh' fï folu j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ms<sn|
n,j;a WmlrKhka fjhs' m<uqjekak ixúOdkh ;=, mj;akd .eg¿ wkdjrKh lrk
^mqoa.,hska fyda tall ikaikaokh lsÍu iy fmd,Sishg tfrysj bÈßm;ajk meñKs,sj,
±lafjk lreKq u; kj m%jk;djka y÷kd.ekSu& w;r fojekak úIhdkqnoaO wruqKq
idCId;a lr.ekSfuys,d fmd,Sish olajk iu¾:Ndjh ms<sn| m%ldYjk wdldrhla f,i
i,lñka ;jÿrg;a jeäÈhqKq lsÍï isÿl< yelafla flfiao hkak ms<sn|j jk ixjdohkays
moku f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìh yel'
j..Sï iy.; Ndjh ms,sn| iajdëk uyck ksfhdað;dh;k

m%cd;dka;%sl md,kfha o¾Ykh ;=,g wdKavqj jeä jeäfhka m%fõY fjoa§ md,kh jvd;a
mdroDIH" msgia;r wh iyNd.S lr.kakd" uyck úYajdih f.dvkxjk" mCImd;S Ndjh
ms<sn| Nsh Wmojd .;hq;= fkdjk" úu¾IKhkays wmCImd;SNdjh iy;sl lrk" jvd
myiqfjka meñKs,s NdrÈhyels" n,h wh:d f,i Ndú;d lsÍu yd úIudpdrhka wju lrk"
wNHka;ßl ixialD;sh fjkia lrk iy jv jvd;a hym;a wkd.;hla iy;sl lrk tlla
njg m;alr .ekSu i|yd W;aidyhka orkq ,efí' fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h mqrd rgj,a wdKavqj
iy wNHka;ßl fyda rgjeis j.lSï iy.; fmd,sia fkdjk wëCIK hdka;%Khka m%j¾Okh
lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrkq ,n;s' fuu l%ufõohka mj;akd wëCIK hdka;%Khka W!KmQrkh
lsÍu iy tajd iuÕ tlaj j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ms<sn| cd,hla ks¾udKh lsÍug wdOdrl jkq
we;' tuÕska jerÈ iy.; ls%hdjka isÿfldg tys M,úmdlhkaf.ka ñ§ isàu w;sYhska
wiSrejkq we;'
úúO kïj,ska yd úúO iajrEmhkaf.ka hqla;j msysgjkq ,nk fuu wdh;khka m%Odk
ldKavhka follg j¾. l<yel' tkï fmd,Sish iïnkaO meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka úu¾IK"
iudf,dapk yd wëCIK meje;aùu i|ydu fjkajQ wdh;k iy jvd mq¿,a úê ksfhda.hka
98

iys; Tïnqâiauka" udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj jeks wdh;k jYfhks' fmd,Sisfha j.lSï
iy.;Ndjh i|yd odhl jkakdjQ nyqúO wëCIK wdh;khka úiska wdh;k w;r
iïnkaëlrKhla we;s lrñka tajdfha wêlrKn,hka iumd;ùu j<ld,Su" tlu ldrKh
iïnkaOfhka wdh;k .Kkdjla úiska lghq;= lrkq ,eîu iy mriamr ks¾foaYhka isÿlsÍu
j<ld,kq ,nhs' udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdjla iy iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s
ksfhdað;dh;khla mj;sk ol=Kq wms%ldfõ fmd,Sish iïnkaOfhka fldñIka iNdj fj;
,efnk meñKs,s th úiska fmd,sia meñKs,s ksfhdað;dh;kh fj; fhduq lrkq ,nhs'
Tïnqâiauka" udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj ish ld¾hhka fl;rï M,odhS f,i isÿlrkaafkao
hkak tajd i;H jYfhkau flf;la ÿrlg fmd,Sish yd úOdhlfha n,mEïj,ska úhqla;
jkafkao hkak iy rfÜ ffk;sl ieliau ;=, flf;la ÿrlg tajdfha ;;ajh ia:dms; lrkq
,en ;sfío hkak u;h' tfukau tajdfha úêksfhda.fha jmißh yd meyeÈ,sNdjh" tajdfha
úu¾Ik n,;,hkays úIh m:h" tajdfha kdhl;ajfha yd ld¾h uKav,fha ixhq;sh yd
yelshdjka yd uQ,H iïmdokh lr.ekSfï uQ,dY%hka u; tajdfha M,odhS;djh r\ mj;S'
b;du;a ;SrKd;aul idOl jkafka ish ks¾foaYhkag .re lrk f,ig n,lsÍu;a rch yd
fmd,Sish úiska Tjqkaf.a jd¾;djkag yd fidhd.ekSïj,g ukd wjOdkhla fhduq lrkq
,eìu;ah' fuu wju wjYH;djka cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.kq ,en we;s w;r cd;sl udkj
ysñlï fldñIka iNdjka i|yd jk meßia uQ,O¾uhkays wka;¾.; lrkq ,en we;' kuq;a
tu uQ,O¾uhka fjk;a ´kEu wëCIK wdh;khla i|ydu wod, fjhs' udkj ysñlï
fldñIka iNdjkays úYsIag mßphka ms<sn| ud¾f.damfoaYhka fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h úiskao
ms<s.kq ,en we;' kuq;a wjdikdjlg fuka fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha iEu rglu wëCIK
ksfhdað;dh;khka fuu uQ,sl ud¾f.damfoaYhka ms<smeÈug mjd ne£ fkdisá;s'
wju jYfhka tla ndysr iajdëk uyck ksfhdað;dh;khla fyda mej;Su úiska fmd,Sisfha
j.lSï iy.;Ndjh mÍCIDjg ,laflfrk njg jk m%ldYkhla nj fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh
rgj,a i,l;s'
fmd,Sihg tfrys meñKs,s iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu i|yd mQ¾K jYfhkau fjkajQ uyck
ksfhdað;dh;khka fmd,Sisfha j.lSï iy.;Ndjh iïnkaOfhka jvd;a id¾:l;ajhla
w;alrf.k we;' ;ks wruqKla i|yd flakaø.;jQ ksfhdað;dh;k úfYaI{Ndjhla" úu¾Ik
Ys,aml%uhka yd fmd,Sisfha yeisÍï rgdjka úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï YlH;djh iy ls%hdldÍ;ajh
;lafiare lsÍu j¾Okh lr.ekSug iu;a fj;s' fl;rï iajdëk wëCIKhka jHqy.;j
mej;sho foaYmd,k wNs,dIh" fmd,Sish yd iajdêk wdh;khkays Yla;su;a kdhl;ajh
fkdue;s kï ienúkau j.lSï iy.; md,k l%ufõohla f.dvk.d.ekSu id¾:l lr.;
fkdyels jkq we;'
m%cdj fj; jk j.lSï iy.;Ndjh

wjidk jYfhka m%cd;dka;s%l md,khla ;uka fiajh lrk m%cdjg j.lSï iy.; úhhq;=
fjhs' fjk;a wdldrhlska mjikafka kï ;uka úiska md,kh lrkq ,nk ck;djf.a
wkque;sh yd iyfhda.h thg wjYH h' tlS ióm iïnkaO;djh uÕska md,kh jvd;a M,odhS
lrjkq we;' ;ukag fmd,Sish úYajdi l<yels njg;a" fmd,Sish ;ukaf.a ld¾hhkag
uQ,sl;ajh ,ndfok nj;a" ;ukag tfrysj n,h wksis f,i fhdod.eksu fyda ÿIs; f,i
lghq;= fkdlrkq we;s njg;a ck;djg yeÕS hd hq;=h' jvd jeä j.lSï iy.;Ndjhla
w;alr.ekSu i|yd iuyr isú,a ixúOdk ksfhdað;fhda tajd iuÕ iyfhda.fhka lghq;=
lsÍuo" ;j;a iuyre wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK§uo" ;j;a iuyreka fï ls%hdud¾. folu
wkq.ukh lsÍuo f;dard .ks;s' th ;SrKh jkafka mj;akd ;;ajhka u;h' w;a±lSï úiska
fmkajd fokq ,en we;af;a n,fha isák ;eke;a;ka fj; ;yjqre fkdl, ixLHdf,aLK yd
myiqfjka bj;,sh yels WmdLHdkhka bÈßm;a lrkq fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a md,kfha mj;akd
.eg¿ ms<sn| nrm;, idCIs bÈßm;a lsÍu wksjd¾hfhkau isÿl< hq;= njhs' idïm%odhslju
isú,a iudc ixúOdk fmd,Sisfha wh:d yeisÍï rgdjka f,aLk.; lsÍfuka j.lSï iy.;
99

jk f,ig n,mEï lr;s' tfukau cd;Hka;r uKavmhkays§ ta ms<sn| lreKq ±laùu yd
wmyiq;djhg ,lalsÍu yryd foaYShj ÿIalr;djhkag ,lalsÍuo Tjqyq jeä jeäfhka
fhdod.ekSug fm<eö isá;s'
m%;sixialrK yd j.lSï iy.;Ndjh i|yd ;sridr iydhla ks¾udKh jkafka mq¿,a foaYSh
Pkao odhlhska m%;spdrd;aul yd j.lSï iy.; md,kh ms<sn| ixl,amh wjfndaO lr.kakd
iy Bg iydh olajk ;;ajhla mj;Skï muKls' fï fya;=fjka fndfyduhla lKaavdhï
fmd,Sish ixfõ§lD; njg meñKùu" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka iqrCIs;fldg we;s ksoyia"
w;awvx.=jg .ekSul§ ysñjk whs;sjdislï" mdrïmßl ckhd" wdndê;hska" iu,sx.slhsk a
whs;sjdislï" fmd,Sish ish n,h blaujd lghq;= lsÍfï§ .;yels mshjr
ms<sn| uyckhd ;=, ffk;sl oekqj;aNdjh we;slrùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr;s' f.dÿre
njg m;ajQjkaf.a lKavdhï j.lSï iy.; md,kh ms<sn| ldrKhg udkqIsl uqyqKqjrla
,ndfok w;r uyck u;h we;slrùfuys,d W;af;aclhla f,i lghq;= lr;s' uyck u;h
we;slrùfuys,d uOH i;= w;suy;a n,h fya;=fldgf.k fndfyduhla lKavdhï md,kfha
ÿIalr;djka ms<sn|j udOHlrejka ±kqj;a lsÍug fhduqù we;' md,kfha j.lSï iy.;Ndjh
we;sl< yelafla flfiao hkak ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhlska f;drj ±kqj;a m%.;sYS,S ixjdohla yd
WmfoaYkhla uyck;dj ;=, ks¾udKh l< fkdyel'
foaYmd,ksl wNsm%dh f.dvkexùu i|yd wLKav ksr;ùula wjYH fõ' ld,h ;SrKh lsÍu
w;sYh jeo.;afõ' m%;sixialrKhka ue;sjrK m%ldYhka ;=,g we;=,;a lsÍu" ch.%dylhska
ish fmdfrdkaÿ bgq lrk njg j.n,d.ekSu" md¾,sfïka;= lñgq fj; fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu"
iEu uÜgulu kS;s iïmdolhska iuÕ idlÉPd lsÍu yd fmd,sia ls%hdldß;ajhka ms<sn|
ixjdohla ks¾udKh jk wjia:djkays§ tlS ls%hdj,sh ishqï mÍCIdjg ,lalsÍu wd§ jYfhkajQ
wjia:djka nyq,j mj;S' tfukau iïuq;Ska wmrdkqu; lsÍu" wëCIK jHqyhka ks¾udKh
lsÍu" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh" k<d ye~ùfï iqrCIs;h iy ¥IK úfrdaOh jeks j.lSï
iy.;Ndjh iy mdroDIHNdjh j¾Okh lrk kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu hkdÈh flfryso
wjOdkh fhduqj we;'
wdrCIdj yd iqrCIs;;djh ms<sn|j jk wjOdkhka fya;=fldgf.k foaYSh m%cdjka ;=,

md,kh jvd;a Yla;su;a f,i m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug rchka flfrys n,mEï we;sfldg we;'
jeä jeäfhka rgj,a zm%cd md,khZ w;ayodne,Sug fhduqù isá;s' ol=Kq wms%ldj" tlai ;a
rdcOdksh" lekvdj jeks rgj,a th kS;sh uÕska fyda Ndú;dj ;=, ls%hd;aul fldg we;s
w;r fndfyduhla rgj,a ;ju;a tys fh§u ms<sn|j w;ayod n,ñka isá;s' m%cd md,kh uQ,sl
jYfhka zm%cdjf.a .eg¿ y÷kdf.k tajdg úi÷ï fiùu i|yd jk fmd,Sisfha yd m%cdjf.a
iyfhda.S;djhZ7 ls' tys id¾:l;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhla mj;S' idïm%odhslj
uOH.; wdldrhlska ixúOdkhjQ fmd,Sish ;SrK .ekSfuka yd j.lSï my<g mejÍfuka
neyerj bÈß fm< ks,OdÍka úiska kj m%cd md,k m%fõYh ls%hdjg kexúh hq;= nj wjfndaO
lr.; hq;=h' n, iïnkaO;djhka w;sYhskau wiudk jkakdjQ iudchkays wêm;sOdÍ
lKavdhï úiska m%cd md,kh ish n,h hg;g .ekSu j<lajd úúO;ajh flfrys ±ä
wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;=h' tfia ke;skï ±kgu;a wdka;slj isák lKavdhï fmd,Sish yd
m%dfoaYSh jrm%ido N+l;
a s ú¢kakkaf.a iyfhda.h ;=, ;j ;j;a mSvdjg m;aùug bvlv mj;S'
fmd,sia m%;sixialrKhka iïnkaOfhka fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h ;=, ñY% woyia mej;sho tys,d
Y=NodhS wfmaCIdjla mj;S' wmrdO yd wdrCIdj ms< sn|j j¾Okh fjñka mj;akd f.da,Sh
wjOdkh fmd,sia ls%hdldß;ajh yd tys j.lsjhq;= Ndjh i|yd ire ìula njg m;aj we;'
jeä jeäfhka ck;djg wkdrCIs; nj ±fkk úg Tjqyq Ôú; yd foam, wdrCId lsÍu i|yd
jk rcfha yd fmd,Sisfha ie<iqï ms<sn|j wjOdkhla ±laùug mgka .ks;s' tfukau rch"
fmd,Sish yd m%cdj w;r iyfhda.hl wjYH;dj jeä jeäfhka ±fkkakg .kS'
wjidkd;aul ks¾foaYhka
100

fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh udkj ysñlï wdh;kh úúO b,lal lKavdhï i|yd jk m%uqL;d
ks¾foaYhka ud,djla bÈßm;a lr isáhs'
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj, rdcH kdhlhska(
ish CHOGM m%ldYkh:
j.lSï iy.;Ndjh" mdroDIH;djh" iyNd.S;ajh" kS;sfha md,kh ms<sme§u" úúO;ajh yd

fmd,sia ixúOdkhkao we;=,;aj wdrCIdj yd hqla;sh hk wxYhka i|yd m%cd;dka;s%l
ls%hdldß;ajh wod, lsÍu
☻ m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd ixj¾Okh idCId;a lr.ekSu i|yd m%cd;dka;%sl md,kh w;sYh

jeo.;a nj m%ldYs;ju ms<s.ekSu
☻ flakaøSh uQ,O¾uhka yd cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Skaf.ka Wlyd.kq ,nk md,kh ms<sn|
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh uQ,O¾uhka j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h lemùu
☻ fuu uQ,O¾uhka iajlSh rgj,a md,kfha§ wod, lr.ekSu
;jÿrg;a jvd fyd| md,khla i|yd fmdÿ rdcHuKav,Sh f,alï ld¾hd,hg

n,h ,nd§u" fï hgf;a
☻ idudðl rgj,g kS;s ixfYdaOkhkag" kj wdh;ksl ieliqï ks¾udKh lr.ekSug

iy wh:d ls%hdjka ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd oeóu iy jvd by< j.lSï iy.;njla iy;sl
lsÍu i|yd ;dCIKsl iyfhda.h ,nd§u
☻ fmd,sia ixúOdkhka" udkj ysñlï m%ñ;Ska ms<smeÈu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
i|yd udkj ysñlï tallh fj; m%udKj;a iïm;a ,nd§u
☻ m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh ms<sn| hym;a mßphka me;srùu i|yd wud;Hjreka" fmd,sia
ks,OdÍka" úfYaI{hska yd isú,a iudch Èß.ekaùu b,lalfldg.;a fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,Sh mq¿,a yqjudre jevigyka ud,djla ixúOdkh lsÍu
☻ wfkHdakH jYfhka iydh úhyels yd woyia fnodyod.; yels fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh
fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.a iïfï,khla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd W;af;ackh iemhSu
óg wu;rj wdKavq m%OdkSka úiska(

ksYaÑ; ld, rduqjla ;=,§ cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï .súiqï wmrdkqu; lsÍu iy w;S; ne£ï
ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en we;s wdldrhg wëCIKh lsÍu i|yd hdka;%Khla ieliSug úêu;a
wdldrhlska tlÕùu
wka;¾cd;sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| mk;" kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfï ks,OdÍka i|yd jk tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a p¾hd ix.%yh iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a n,h yd .skswú Ndú;h ms<sn| uQ,sl uQ,O¾u
jeks md,k m%ñ;Ska wkqj lghq;= lsÍug iy;slùu
idudðl rgj,a úiska(
101

fmd,sia ixúOdkh ld¾hCIu" M,odhS yd kS;sfha md,kh ms<smÈk wdrCIdj yd iqrCIs;Ndjh
i|yd ck;djf.a whs;sjdislu iy;sl lsÍu rdcHfha uQ,sl j.lSu f,iska ms<s.ekSu'
1948 udkj ysñlï úYaj m%ldYkh kS;s.; lsÍu iy m%cd;dka;s%l md,k uQ,O¾uhka
;jÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍu' ÿ¾úmdl ,nd fkd§ isàfï yelshdj we;s wNHka;ß wdrCIl kS; s
kej; úu¾Ikhg ,lafldg tu ;;ajhka wju lsÍu iy kvq mejÍu fyda wmrdO
úkaÈ;hskag jkaÈ ,nd§u yd fmd,Sisfha jerÈ ls%hdjka i|yd isú,a kvq mejÍu iïnkaOfhka
mj;akd ndOlhka bj;a lsÍu'
jHjia:dodhlh iy iydhl l%ufõohka uÕska k,d msôkakkag ydks lsÍfuka yd úm;g m;a
lsÍfuka wdrCId lsÍu'
fmd,Sish iïnkaOfhka jk idïm%odhsl úOdhl" jHjia:dodhl yd wêlrK wëCIKhka

Yla;su;a lsÍu iy Tïnqâiauka" udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNdj" ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;k fyda
fmd,sia meñKs,s i|yd fjkajQ wdh;k jeks w;sf¾l iajdëk nyqúO uyck wëCIK
hdka;%Khkag iydhùu'
Yla;su;a iajdhla; fmd,sia fiajd uKav," fldñiï yd wêldÍka jeks wdh;ksl ieliqï
;=,ska úOdhlfha wëCIKh fmd,Sisfha ls%hdldß;ajfha iajdëk;ajhg kS;súfrdaë f,i
ueÈy;a fkdjk njg iy;slùu'
jd¾Isl ls%hdldÍ b,lalhka iy udkj ysñlï ms<sme§u" uqof,a jákdlu" ls%hdldÍ;ajh iy

m%cd ;Dma;su;aNdjh m%isoaêfha ;SrKh l<yels we.hqï ks¾Kdhlhka m%ldYhg m;alsÍu'
fmd,Sishg hym;a fiajd ;;ajhka iy;sl lsÍu iy ieugu wod, jkakdjq idOdrK j.lSï
iy.; ld¾h mámdàka iy;sl lsÍu' fmd,sia ixúOdk" isú,a iudc lKavdhï yd m%cdj
iyNd.S lrjd.ekSu i|yd ieliqkq hdka;%Khka w;r iyfhda.S;djhla ks¾udKh lsÍu'
iuia:hla f,i m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh" m%uqL;djka ;SrKh lsÍu" b,lal kshu lsÍu yd
lsh
% dldÍ;ajh we.hSu i|yd fuu iyfhda.S;djh jeo.;a fõ'
fmd,sia ixúOdkhkaf.a iydh we;sj mqyqKq wka;¾.;h" l%ufõoh iy udkj ysñlï ms<sn|
±kqj;a lsÍu isÿflfrk jdr .Kk kej; mÍCIdjg ,lalsÍu'
fmd,sia kdhlhska yd fmd,sia ixúOdkhka úiska(

kS;sfha md,kh ia:djr lsÍu iy udkj ysñlï yd m%cd;dka;s%l jákdlï tys ±lau" m%;sm;a;s
yd ld¾h mámdàka" mqyqKqj yd tys jevj,§ ksrEmkh jkakdjQ m%cd;dka;s%l jákdlï
wdrCId lsÍu iy;sl lsÍu
my, jD;a;Suh m%ñ;Ska iys; wdh;khla f,i fmd,Sish ukdj lghq;= lrk" újD; iy
m%fõY úhyels tlla ñi n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.kq ,nk" ¥Is;" j.lSï bgqlrk kS;sh
jrog fmd<Ujd,k fyda whq;= ls%hdjkag tfukau jerÈ ls%hdjka wdrCId lrk wdh;khla
fkdjk njg m%n, ix{djla ixúOdkh we;=<; yd msg; ish,a,kagu ,nd§u'
wNHka;ßl j.lSïiy.; hdka;%Khkag ukd f,i iïm;a ,ndfok njg yd tajd

uyck;djf.a fukau fmd,sia ks,OdÍkaf.ao iydh yd úYajdih Èkd.;a idOdrK yd ia:djr
jk njg;a iy;slùu'
102

fmd,sia ixúOdkh ;uka fiajh i,ik ck;dj ksfhdackh lrkakla njg iy;slùu'
fuys§ iq¿;r lKavdhï yd ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdackh" fiajfha /£ isàu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu iy
jevlsÍfï mßirh Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djkag iqÿiq yd ieug iudk jD;a;Sh wjia:djka ysñjk
njg iy;slùu'
fmd,Sish ms<sn| uyck úYajdih f.dvkexúu iy fmd,Sish yd m%cdj w;r iïnkaO;djh

ms<sn| úYajdihla we;s lsÍu i|yd Wmßu mdroDIH;djhla mj;ajdf.k hdu'
isú,a iudch úiska(

fmd,sia m%;sixialrK iy j.lSï iy.;Ndjh ms<sn|j y~ ke.Su i|yd isú,a iudcfha"
rcfha yd wëCIK foayhkays fmd,Sish" tys mßirh" wod, kS;s" tys iïm;a" tys j.lSï
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska iQodkï lsÍu'
cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska wkqj fmd,sia ls%hdldß;ajh ;lafiare lsÍu iy wkjr;

wNsfhda.hka iy fmd,Sisfha jerÈ ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduqlrùu'
m%cd;ka;S%h l;sldjla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd md,kh ms<sn| f;dr;=re b,a,d isàu yd
m;=rejd yeÍu" ks, we÷ï ye|.;a msßi úiska muKla idlÉPdjg n÷ka l<hq;= ;dCIKsl
ldrKdjla f,iska md,kh ms<sn|j we;s yeÕSug wNsfhda. lsÍu i|yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hdj,Skays
yd m%;sm;a;suh .eg¿ iïnkaOfhka ilS%hj iyNd.Sùu'
m%cd iyNd.S;ajh we;s lsÍu iy m%cd iqrCIs;;dj jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fmd,Sish iuÕ
iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu'
wdOdrlrejka úiska
wdOdr fokq ,nk ish¿ fmd,sia m%;sixialrK jevigyka ;=,g j.lSï iy.;Ndjh yd
udkj ysñlï ms<sn| ldrKdjka we;=,;a lsÍu'
isú,a ksoyi iSud lsÍu fmd,Sish fhdod.kakd iy ksrka;rfhka cd;Hka;r udkj ysñlï
m%ñ;Ska yd mßphka ms<sme§ug wfmdfydi;a jk wdKavq iïnkaOfhka ±ä mshjr .ekSu'
miqigyka
1' fuu fldgi fí,s ã' ^2001& Democratising the Police Abroad: What to Do and How to Do It, National Institute of
Justice, tlai;a ckmo wêlrK fomd¾;fïka;=j" fjdIskagka" ms' 11-15 weiqßka ilia lrk ,oaols' írEia ä' iy fka,â a wd¾'
^2004& The police that we want: a handbook for oversight of police in South Africa, Center for Study of Violence
and Reconciliation, fcdyekian¾.a" újD; iudc hqla;s m%fõYh" ksõfhda¾la¦ iy iafgdaaka iS' B' iy fjdaâ tÉ' tÉ'" ^2000&"
Democratic policing: a framework for action, Policing and Society, 10 fj¿u" 1 l,dmh" ms' 36'
103

2' pqlajqud whs'" ^2005& "The Future of Police Reform in Nigeria", Justice Initiatives, OSJI, ksõfhda¾la" 2005 fmnrjdß 1"
ms 12" 2005 uehs 25 h p: //w
ww. jus t icei ni tiat ive. or g/ db/ resour ce2?res_i d=102523 ys ±lajqkq wdldrhg'
3' 4'2 ^1& j.ka;sh" 1990 fmd,sia fiajd mßmd,k mk; ^laùkaia,ka;h íafÜ%,shdj&'
4' ziSáhqka fÊ'" ^2004&" International Principles on The Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and
Prosecutors: A Practitioner's Guide, cd;Hka;r kS;sfõ§kaf.a fldñiu" ms' 1'
5' iajdëk fmd,sia meñKs,s fldñiu tx.,ka;h yd fõ,aih ^tlai;a rdcOdksh&" fmd,sia wjxlNdjh ms,n s | fldñiu ksõ
ijq;a fõ,aia ^íafÜ%,shdj&" cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu ^YS% ,xldj&" iajdëk meñKs,s wOHCI ukav,h ol=Kq wmsl
% dj" W;=re
wh¾,ka; fmd,sia Tïnqâiauka" udkj ysñlï yd mßmd,k hqla;sh ms,n s | fldñiu >dkdj iy udkj ysñlï yd ksoyi
ms,n
s | cd;sl fldñiu leurEka hk tajd fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h ;=, mj;akd uyck wëCIK hdka;%Khka fõ'
6' n,kak tlai;a cd;Ska iy wkqnoaO wdh;k" ^1993&" udkj ysñlï wdrCId lsÍu yd m%j¾Okh i|yd jk cd;sl
wdh;khkaf.a ;;ajh iy lsh
% dldÍ;ajh ms,n
s | uQ,O¾u ^meßia uQ,O¾u&"
h p: //w
ww. ohc hr . or g/ engl ish/ about /publ icat ions / docs/ fs19. ht m
# annex. wdh;k iajdêk úh hq;= nj;a" tlS
iajdëk;ajh mk;la fyda wdKavql%u jHJia:dj uÕska iy;slfldg ;sìh hq;= nj;a" th rcfhka iajdëk jQjla úhhq;= nj;a"
idudðl;ajho we;=¿j nyqúO yd úúO úh hq;= nj;a" úYaùh udkj ysñlï m%ñ;Ska u; mokïjQ mq¿,a úêksfhda.hla thg
;sìh hq;= nj;a" úu¾IK i|yd m%udKj;a n,;, thg ysñúh hq;= nj;a" ish lghq;= isÿlrf.k hdu i|yd m%udKj;a
iïm;a thg ;sìh hq;= nj;a uQ,O¾uhkays ±lafõ'
7 hqla;s iyfhda.S;d ìhqfrdaj" ^1994&" Understanding Community Policing: A framework for action, 2005 ckjdß 5 jk Èk
h p: //w
ww. commu ni typol ici ng. or g/ el ecl ib/pdffi
les/ commp . pdf ys m<jQ mßÈ'
777777
S d ìhqfrda fast rule about the form that good police accountability must
Hqla;s iyfhda.;
hqoaOh ksuùfuka miq ke.S isák rgj, idCIslrejkaf.a /ljrkh
104

kS;sfha md,kh ms,sn| cd;Hka;r cd,h fjkqfjka wekac,d lDD.¾" ls%iaákd iafgdaï" fÊ T kS,a" Ô mejqf,dõ"
laf,daähd ndfrdaks" *ekaisia ì%ïika" b,ia pd¾Üia" fu,skavd f,daâ" úúhka ´ fldak¾" pd,aia ì%*,a" fâúâ
lSrï" ud¾la ,ef,dkaâ iy uhsl,a ydÜukaf.a iydh we;sj ,s.a gQñ úiska ilia lrk ,§'
miqìu
id¾:lj kvqjla f.khdu i|yd wmrdO úkaÈ;hd iy idCIslre w;r iyfhda.hla mej;Su
w;HdjYHh h' kuq;a mYapd;a .egqï ;;ajhka ;=, fndfydaúg pls;h fya;f = ldgf.k ;eke;a;ka
iyfhda.h ±laùug bÈßm;a fkdfj;s' fï fya;=fjka idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu kS;sh
n,d;aul lsÍug w;HdjYH jkjd muKla fkdj th uQ,sl ffk;sl ne£ulao fjhs' fuh
foaYmd,ksluh yd ckjd¾.sluh fm<Uùï iys; wmrdOhka isÿl< wmrdOlrejka kS;h s wNsuqjg
muqKqjd o~qjï ,nd§u M,odhS f,i isÿ lrkq ,en fkdue;s .egqï wjikaùfuka miq ke.S isák rj,a
uqyqKfok úYd, wNsfhda.hls' .egqug iïnkaO lsishï md¾Yajhla mCImd;S;j a hla olajk fyda
wmrdO-foaYmd,ksl n, jHqyhkag iïnkaOj isá wmrdO mÍCIlhska iy mñKs,s fufyhjkakka
úiskao idCIslrejkaf.a /ljrkh wk;=frys fy,kq ,eìh yel' nrm;, wmrdO ms,sn|j mÍCIK
meje;aùfï yd kvq mejÍfï wjYH;djh uq,a wjia:dfõ§u mek ke.sh yelsjqjo idCIslrejkag
/ljrkh ie,iSfï M,odhS hdka;k % hka ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd jk kS;s n,d;aul lsÍug jir
.Kkdjla .;jkq we;' YlH;d f.dvkexùu fukau fuu hdka;%Khka ls%hdjg kxjkakkaf.a
wjxlNdjh iy;sl lsÍuo fuhg we;=,;a fõ'
úuiqu
wmrdO kvq úNd.hkays idCIslrjkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd §> ld,Sk jHjia:dms; úi÷ïj,g
úl,amhla fyda wkqmQrlhla f,i .kq ,eìhyels fláld,Sk Wmdhud¾.hka iy CIKsl mshjrhka
fudkjdo @ idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd ls%hdfõ fhoúh yels fjk;a §> ld,Sk
mshjrhka fudkjdo @
m%;spdr idrdxYh
.egqïj,ska miq ke.S isák fndfyduhla rgj, nrm;, wmrdO ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka jk kvq
lghq;=j,g we;sjk nrm;,u wjysrh jkafka kvq úNd.hkays§ idCIslrejka idCIs§ug ue,slula
±laùuhs' thg n,md we;af;a Tjqkag iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,g wmrdOlrejka yd Tjqka fjkqfjka
lghq;= lrk whf.a ;¾ckhka t,a, ùuhs' fuys§ m%ldYs; wk;=rla fkd;sìh§jqj idCIslrejka úiska
;uka fj;u jdrKhla mkjd .kq ,nkafka ish Ôú;" Ôúldjka iy iudc ms,s.ekSu wk;=f¾ fy,d
.ekSug mj;sk wlue;a; fya;=fjks' ;jo n,y;aldrhg wu;rj fpdaokdjg ,lajQ wmrdOlrejka
úisaka idCIslrejka fj; m%ldYs;j fyda jHx.fhka uqo,a §ukdjkaf.a isg wkd.; ;k;=re" Wiaiaùï
olajdjQ mrdihl úúO wkq.%yhka ,ndfokq ,eìh yel' bÈßhg meñK idCIs§u i|yd idCIslrejka
Èßu;alsÍu fmd,sia mÍCIKhkays isg úksiqrejrhd fyda mÍCIljrhd úiska isÿlrkq ,nk isú,a kS;s
úu¾IKhkays isg kvq úNd.h olajdu jk iEu wÈhrlu mj;S'
idCIslrejkag mQ¾K /ljrkhla yd Èß§ula mej;sh§ jqjo fmd,Sisfha meñKs,a, fufyhjkakkaf.a

iy wêlrKuh ls%hdldÍ;ajfha YlH;d f.dvkexùu" wjxlNdjh" uyck úYajdih iuÕ
mqrjeishkag ta fj; m%fõYùfï yelshdj iy ú;a;sh i|yd ls%hdldÍ kS;s iydhlao meú;sh hq;=fjhs'
.egqïj,ska wk;=rej ke.S isák fndfyduhla rgj,g ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO iy ;%ia;jdoh
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍug óg iudka;rj hk m%n, ¥IK úfrdaë Wmdh ud¾.hkao wjYHfjhs'
fláfhka lshkafka kï idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu jeo.;a wx.hla jQ ixúê; wêlrK wxY
Wmdud¾.hla mej;sh hq;=fjhs'
cd;Hka;r iïuq;Skayso idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï jeo.;alu jv jvd;a ms,s.ekSug ,laj

we;s wdldrh my; idlÉPd flfrhs' flfiafj;;a idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï jevigyka
ls%hdjg kexùu msKsi iïm;a yd wdh;ksl YlH;djka m%udKj;a jkafka hehs fuys§ Wml,amkh
lrkq ,efí' tkuq;a Nhxlr wNHka;ßl .egqulska .e,ùug W;aidy lrk iudchl tfiaùug we;s
bvlv wvqh'
idCIslrejkaf.a /ljrkh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrkq ,eìhyels mshjrhka(
105

Wmfoia§u¦
úu¾IKhkays§ wmCImd;Sj lghq;= lsÍug iydhùu iy tfia lghq;= lsÍu m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
fmd,Sish" kvq fufyhjkakka yd úksYaphldrjreka wëCIKh iy úYajdikSh njg m;alr,Su ¦
wmrdOhkag kvq mejÍu iy úksYaph ,nd§u¦
idCIslrejka pQÈ;hkaf.ka fjkalr ;eîu i|yd fmd,sia ia:dk" nkaOkd.dr iy wêlrK
Yd,djka kej; bÈlsÍu iy
jHjia:d iïmdokh" fr.=,dis ud¾f.damfoaYhka$ fm%dfgdaflda,hka uÕska ksis wdrCIK mshjr
n,d;aul lsÍu i|yd jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl YlH;djka Yla;su;a lsÍu
idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd jk fláld,Sk mshjrhka
/ljrkh wjYH idCIslrejka ms,sn|j wmrdO mÍCIlhska fukau kvq fufyhjkakkao b;d
mfriaiñka i,ldne,sh hq;=h' kvq úNd.h w;r;=r§ fukau thska miqjo Tjqka uqyqK fokakdjQ
wka;rdhkays uÜgu u; th ;SrKh fjhs'
^w& /ljrkh ie,ish hq;af;a ljqrekago( nrm;, wmrdOhkays idCIslrejka w;r wmrdO úkaÈ;hka"
wmrdOh isÿjQ ia:dkfha isá whj¨ka fukau Tjqkaf.a idCIs§u fjkqfjka kvq mejÍfuka uqojkq ,enQ
fyda o~qjï ,sys,a lrkq ,enQ fmd,Sish yd iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrk wmrdO ls%hdjg iyNd.SjQjkao
isáhyel' fuu ish¿ wdldrfha idCIslrejkag /ljrkh wejeis úhyel' wkkH;djh fy,sùu
je,elaùu i|yd jk jHjia:dms; yd fr.=,disuh mshjrhka fukau ;djld,Sl fyda iaÓr wdrCIs;
ksjiakhka Tjqkag iemhSu i|yd jk wdOdr ,nk jevigykao fuhg we;=,;a úhyel' tfukau
Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudðlhkago /ljrkh wjYH úhyel'
^wd& ljr wjia:djl§ /ljrkh ie,ish hq;=o( fmd,Sish i;= iïm;a iSud iys; jk Tjqkag l<yels
jkafka ìh.ekaùfï fyda wk;=rg ,lalsÍfï nrm;, wka;rdhla iys; idCIslrejkag muKla
/ljrkh ie,iSu muKls' fï iEu wjia:djl§u idCIslrejkag ,ndfok /ljrkh M,odhS f,i
wka;rdh l<uKdlrKh lsÍug iu;a jkafkao hkak ms,sn|j ;SrKhg t<eöu wmrdO
mÍCIlhskaf.a yd kvq fufyhjkakka úiska isÿlrkq ,nk jD;a;Suh ;Skaÿj ms,sn| ldrkhla fjhs'
tys§ my; ldrKdjka Tjqkaf.a ie,ls,a,g ,lafjhs'
fpdaokd lrkq ,nk wmrdOfha iajNdjh ^/ljrkh iemhSug th m%udKj;a jkafkao @&
;¾ckfha iajNdjh ^wmrdO úkaÈ;hdg tfrysj ±kgu;a m%lg yd úYajdi lghq;= ;¾ckhla
t,a,ù we;so @&
fpdaokd t,a,ù we;s wmrdOlre iy idCIslre w;r we;s in|;djh îdCIslre fj; pQÈ;
wmrdOlreg m%fõYùug wjia:dj i,ik in|;djhla mj;So @ ish iyprhska fyda ;ju;a
w;awvx.=jg m;aj fkdue;s fjk;a iellrejka yryd pQÈ; wmrdOlreg idCIslre fj;
m%fõYùfï uÕ;a ;sfío @&
pQÈ; wmrdOlref.a j¾;udk ;;ajh ^pQÈ; wmrdOlre wem u; ksoyiaj isào @&
pQÈ; wmrdOlref.a wmrdO jd¾;djka ^Tyq fyda wehg m%pKavls%hd fyda kejk kej; jerÈ lsÍfï
b;sydihla ;sfío @&
idCIslre úiska ,nd§ug kshñ; idCIsfha jeo.;alu ^tuÕska lsishï ;eke;a;l= fyda
ixúOdkd;aul lKavdhula jrog yiqfõo @ kvq úNd.fha iuia: id¾:l;ajh i|yd tu iDCIsh
fl;rï jeo.;a fõo @ tu idCIsh úYajdikSh jkafkao @ fjk;a ud¾.hlska fyda fjk;a
idCIslrejl=f.ka Bg iudk idCIshla ,nd.; yelsfõo @ kvq úNd.fha§ idCIs§ug idCIslre
,sÅ;j tlÕù ;sfío @&
idCIslref.a udkisl uÜgu ^n,mEï lsÍu uÕska Tyq$ weh idCIs§fïka je,elaúh yelsfõo @
u;aøjH Ndú;h" îu;aalu" udkisl wjfrdaOkhka fyda /ljrkh wjYHnj f;areï .ekSu
iïnkaOfhka .eg¿ we;af;lao @ idCIslre wmrdOhg iïnkaOjQjl= yd m,dhdfï wk;=rla
we;af;lao @&
106

idCIslreg wka;rdh t,a,j mj;sk ld< mßÉfþoh ^kvq úNd.h wjikaj flf;la l<la
hk;=re wka;rdh mj;So @&
^we& /ljrkh ie,ish hq;af;a flfiao( idCIslref.a /ljrkh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh
lr<yels fõ.j;a mshjr lsysmhla fjhs'
md,k Wmdhud¾.hka úu¾IK wÈhf¾§ idCIslrejkag n,mEï we;sùug we;s bv wjulsÍu i|yd
mQ¾j Wmdhud¾.hka wkq.ukh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sia ks,OdÍkag mqyqKqjla ,nd§u' fuhg
my; foa we;=,;a fjhs'
î& idCIslrejkaùfï úNj;djhla we;s whf.a wkkH;djh wdrCIdlrk m%ñ;s.; úu¾IK

ls%hdoduhka' úu¾IKhla i|yd ks,OdÍka fhoùfï§ fmd,sia f¾äfhda mKsjqv uÕska
idCIslrejkaf.a f;dr;=re úldYh fkdlsÍfï m%;sm;a;h
s la fuhg we;=,;a fõ' w;HdjYH
wjia:djkays§ yerekqúg wmrdOh isÿjQ ia:dkfha§ iïuqL idlÉPdjkag ,lafkdfldg
idCIslrejkaùfï úNj;djhla iys; whg úu¾IK ks,Odßhd iïnkaOlr.;yels f;dr;=re
wvx.= Tyqf.a ldâm;la ,nd§u'
îi& tla tla ckjd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g wh;ajk fmd,sia ks,OdÍka tlS m%cdjkag fiajh lsÍu
i|yd fhoùu iy m%cdjg n,mEï iy.; jk kdhlhska iuÕ iïnkaO;d ;rfldg .ekSu'
îii& idCIslrejkag ;¾ckh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk jd¾;djka ms,sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lsÍu' fuh fmd,Sish ms,sn|j úYajdih j¾Okhùug;a" fjk;a wmrdO ms,sn|j jd¾;d lsÍu
Èß.ekaùug;a fya;=jkq we;'
ióm /ljrkh wka;rdhla mj;sk idCIslrejl= y÷kd.ekSfuka wk;=rej Tyqg$ wehg ióm
/ljrkhla ,ndÈh hq;=h' fuys§ idCIslre iy Tyqf.a$wehf.a mjqf,a whg meh úisy;r mqrd
fmd,Sish fyda yuqod tallhla úiska fN!;sl /ljrkh i,ikq ,eìh yel' idCIslrejka
wdrCIs; ksjiakhl fyda fjk;a ia:dkhl /|ùu fyda kvq úNd.h meje;afjk ld<h ;=, isÿúh
yels n,mEï wju lsÍu i|yd idCIslrej fjk;a m%foaYhla lrd f.khduo fuhg we;=,;a
úhyel'
mj;akd ;¾ckfha uÜgu u; ióm /ljrkh i,ikq ,nk lKavdhfï ixhq;sh iy mqyqKq uÜgu
;SrKh fjhs' wêlrK Yd,djka" fkajdisl ia:dk jeks ia:djr ia:dkhka i|yd wdrCIdj iemhSfï
iy jdyk" fjk;a há;, myiqlï i|yd wdrCIdj ie,iSu i|yd wdrCIdj iemhSfï hkd§ j.lSï
ork idudðlhska fuu lKavdhug we;=,;a úhyel' wod, fufyhqï m%foaYfha úfYaIs; ;;ajhkag
.e,fmk wdldrfhka lKavdhï wod, wjia:dkql+,j ks¾udKh l<hq;= fjhs' WodyrKhla f,i
fldfidafjda jeks idfmaCIj kd.ßl m%foaYhla i|yd fmd,Sish jvd WÑ; jkq we;s w;r
we*a.ksia:dkfha .ïno m%foaYhkays lghq;= lsÍu i|yd yuqod w;a±lsï iys; ;eke;a;ka jvd WÑ;
jkq we;' lKavdhï idudðlhka wdOdr fokq ,nk rgj,a úiska wkqu; lrkq ,eìhhq;= w;r
lKavdhu fufyhqïj, fh§ isák cd;Hka;r yuqodjkaf.ka fyda mqoa.,sl wdrCIl iud.ïj,ska
,nd.;a whj¨kaf.ka iukaú; úhyel'
ióm /ljrkhla i|yd idudkHfhka jHJIA:dms; m%;i s xialrKhka wjYH fkdjk kuq;a fmd,sia
fyda yuqod tallhg CIKslj wka;rdfõ uÜgu ks¾Kh lrñka /ljrk ls%hdkaú;h iïnkaëlrKh
lsÍu i|yd m%ñ;s.; ls%hd;aul ld¾hmámdáhla wjYH úhyel' iuyr úfgl idCIslrejka úYd,
m%udKhla wka;rdhlr ;;ajhl miqjkafka kï fmd,sia n,ldh úiska fjkuu idCIslrejkag
/ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd jk tallhla ia:dms; lrkq ,eìh yel' 2001 jif¾§ fldifjdays tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ¥; lKavdhfï fmd,sia wKfok m%Odkshdfha m%Odk;ajfhka hq;=j idCIslrejkag
/ljrkh ±,iSu i|yd jk tallhla ia:dms; lrkq ,eìks'
há;, myiqlï fjkia lsÍu há;, myiqlïj, idfmaCIj iq¿ fjkialï isÿlsÍu uÕska
idCIslrejka i|yd jvd fyd| /ljrkhla ie,iSu i|yd wdOdrlrejkaf.a iyfhda.h ,nd.;
107

yel' WodyrKhla f,i ilia lrk ,o lkafÜk¾ fmd,sia ia:dk yd wêlrK Yd,djka f,i
fhdod.kq ,eìh yel' fuys§ r|jd ;nd.ekSfï yd iïuqL idlÉPd isÿlsÍfï lghq;= i|yd fjk
fjku ia:dk fhdod.; yelsjk neúka kvq úNd.hg fmr yd kvq úNd.h w;r;=r§ pQÈ;
wmrdOlreg idCIslrejka yuqùug we;s bvm%ia:djka wju l<yels jkq we;' f.dvke.s,sj,g
fjk fjku m%fõY fodrgq ks¾udKh lsÍu fyda fjk fjku ia:dk bÈlsÍu jeks ixlS¾K
há;, myiqlï fjkialsÍïo isÿl<yels kuq;a fï h:d¾:hla njg m;alr.; yels jkafka §>
ld<Skjh'
kvq úNd. ksÍCIKh idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï ;j;a l%ufõohla jkafka iajdëk
ksÍCIlhska fhdod.ksñka kvq úNd.hka ksÍCIKh lsÍuh' fuh ie,lsh yelafla iSudiys;
/ljrkhla f,isks' thg fya;=j fuys§ ksÍCIlhdg l<yels jkafka yqfola foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r
n,OdÍkag iy ckudOH fj; kvq úNd.h mj;ajk ,o wdldrh iy fjk;a n,mEï lsÍï
ms,sn|j jd¾;d bÈßm;a lsÍu muKla ùuhs' fuys§ idCIslrejkaf.a /ljrkh iïnkaOfhka
fN!;slj ueÈy;aùula isÿl< fkdyel' úksYapldrjrhd ish kvqúNd.h kSÍCIKhg ,lajkafkah
hkak ms,sn|j ±k isák úg Tyq$ weh úiska wkjYH m%udohka isÿlsÍfuka je,lSu fyda
idCIslrejkag kej; kej; wêlrKhg meñfKk f,ig ksfhda. lsÍu jeks ls%hdldrlïj,ska
je,lS isàug lghq;= lsÍu fuys§ wfmaCId lrkq ,nhs' flfiafj;;a kvq úNd. kSÍCIKh iEu
kvq úNd.hla i|ydu fkd.e,fma' kvq úNd.h i|yd úYd, wjOdkhla fhduqùu ;=,ska
idCIslrejka fj; t,a,j mj;sk wka;rdhka ;j;a W.%fõo hkak ms,sn|jo fuysÈ i,ld ne,sh
hq;=fjhs'
idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd .kq ,eìhyels §> ld,Sk mshjr
^w& ld¾h mámdál /ljrkh( wmrdO kvq úOdk kS;Ska i|yd jHia:dms; ixfYdaOkka isÿlsÍu uÕska
idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï ld¾h mámdál mshjrhka ls%hdjg kxjkq ,eìh yel' ld¾h
mámdál /ljrkh i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nkafka ljqrekao hkak ±laùu i|yd;a" tjeks /ljrkhla
,nd.ekSug meñKs,a, fyda ú;a;h s whÿï l<h;af;a flfiao hkak;a" tjeks b,a,Sï úNd. lsßug
úksYaphldrjrhl= ;SrKh l<hq;af;a ljr ;;ajhka hgf;ao hkak;a" tys§ ,ndÈh yels /ljrkfha
iajNdjh l=ulao hkak;a ±lajñka jHjia:dms; m%;smdokhka ilia l<hq;= fjhs' hïfyhlska ld¾h
mámdál /ljrkh ú;a;shg w.;s.dó jkafka kï ^Wod ú;a;h s g idCIslrejka uK.eiSug we;s
whs;sh m%;slafIam lsÍu& tajd wdkafoda,khg ;=vqÈh yel' tneúka ld¾h mámdál /ljrkhka ie,ish
hq;af;a w;HdjYH wjia:djka i|yd muKls' wêlrKhla ;SrKhlg t<eöug fmr ld¾h mámdál
/ljrkhka wjYH fkdjkafka hehs lshd isákafka kï ta ljr fya;= ksid±hs lshdmEufï
whs;sjdislu ú;a;h s g ,ndÈh hq;=h'
ld¾hmámdál /ljrkhla ;=, wêlrKhg my; n,;, ,ndfok m%;smdokhka we;=,;a úhyel
fpdaokdjkag ,laj isák wmrdOlre kvq úNd.hg fmr r|jd ;nd.ekSug fyda w;awvx.=fõ
;nd.ekSug bv§u
pQÈ; wmrdOlre wmrdO úkaÈ;hka fyda idCIslrejka yuqùu j,ld,k m%;snkaOk ksfhda.hla
mekùu
kvq úNd.hg fmr idOdrK ld<hla olajd idCIslreõ y÷kd.; yelsjk wdldrfha lsisÿ
f,aLKhla pQÈ; iy Tyqf.a$wehf.a kS;S{jrhdg fy,slsÍfuka j,lsk f,ig ksfhda.hla lsÍu'
idCIslreg jHdc kduhla Ndú;d lsÍug wjir §u fuhg we;=,;a úhyel'
/ljrkh wjYH jk idCIslref.a idCIs yels;dla kvqúNd.fha uq,skau ,nd.ekSu
kvq úNd.h ;=,§ idCIslre fkdfmkajd ;eîu ^Wod kvq úNd.hg fmr idCIs ùäfhda má.;
lsÍu" kvq úNd.fha§ idCIslre ;srhla msgqmi ;eîu" lgy~ fjkia lsÍfï ;dCIKh
fhdod.ekSu" úksYaphldrjrhdf.a ks, ueÈßfha§ fyda wNHka;r rEmjdyskS moaO;shla
fhdod.ksñka idCIslrejkaf.ka m%YAK lsÍu&
kvq úNd.h w;r;=r§ idCIslrejkag ;¾ckh lsÍu fyda ysßyer lsÍu je,elaùu i|yd Tjqkaf.ka
m%YAK weiSu md,kh lsÍu' wk;=re yeÕùu" ovhla fyda /|jqï ksfhda.hla lsÍu uÕsk a
;¾ckd;aulj yeisÍu jdrkh lsÍug úksiqrejrhdg n,h ,ndfokq ,eìh yel'
hï hï idCIs ,nd.ekSfï§ ú;a;slrej ;djld,slj wêlrK Yd,dfjka msg; ;eîu
m%isoaO kvq úNd. meje;aùfuka je,lSu
108

ixfõ§ f;dr;=re wêlrK f,aLKhkaf.ka bj;a lsÍu
idCIslrejkaf.a wkkH;djh uyck;djg fy,s fkdlrk f,ig yd idCIslrejka y÷kd.ekSug
bjy,ajk f;dr;=re m%isoaO jd¾;djkaf.ka bj;a lrk f,ig ksfhda. lsÍu
fldifjdays 2001$20 UNMIK fr.=,dis iy fndiakshd yd i¾if.dúkdfõ ;¾ckhg ,laj isák yd

wk;=reodhl ;;ajhg f.dÿre úhyels idCIslrejkaf.a /ljrkh ms,sn| kS;h s ld¾h mámdál
/ljrkhkag WodyrKhka fõ'
fjk;a mßmd,kuh yd jHjia:dms; mshjrhkao wjYH úhyel' WodyrKhla f,i uqød;enQ wêlrK
jd¾;d .nvdfldg ;nd.ekSu i|yd jk mßmd,kuh ld¾h mámdáhla ilia l<hq;= úhyel' ld¾h
mámdál /ljrk mshjrhka wkq.ukh lsÍug wiu;aùu i|yd ov kshu lrñka w;sf¾l wmrdO
kS;s n,d;aul lsÍugo isÿúh yel' wmrdOlrejkaf.a isr o~qjï ld<h ksuùfuka miq Tjqka ksoyia
lsÍu ms,sn|j wmrdO úkaÈ;hkag iy idCIslrejkag nkaOkd.dr ks,OdÍka iy kS;h s ls%hd;aul
lrk wdh;k úiska ±kaúh hq;= njg jk kS;s iïmdokh lsÍuo /ljrkh ,nd§ula fjhs'
idCIslrejkag ld¾h mámdál /ljrkh ie,iSu ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd wjYH jkakdjQ iïm;a"
úfYaIfhkau kj ;dCIKh wjYHjkakdjQ wjia:djkays§ ta iïnkaOfhkao wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;=
fjhs' fmd,Sish" kvq fufyhjkakka" úksYaphldrjreka iy kS;s{jrekag idCIslrejkag /ljrkh
ie,iSfï yrhd;aul" ld¾h mámdáuh iy ls%hdldÍ me;slv ms,sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndÈh hq;h = '
.egqïj,ska miq ke.S isák rgj,a fï i|yd jeh ±Íug leue;a;la fkdolajkq we;s w;r
wdOdrlrejkaf.a iyfhda.hla fkdue;sj tjekakla id¾:l lr.; fkdyels jkq we;'
^wd& idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï úêu;a jevigyka idudkHfhka idCIslrejkag /ljrkh

ie,iSfï jevigyka ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nkafka fmd,Sish úisks' idCIslrejka fjk;a k.rhl /|ùu"
kj wkkH;djhla ,nd§u iy kvq úNd.fhka wk;=rej fjk;a iydhka ^kj ksjila yd /lshdjla&
,nd§u fuhg wh;a úhyel' úêu;a idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSula i|yd idCIslrejkaùug
iqÿiaika ljqrekao" Tjqkag we;s wjodkï ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd jk ld¾h mámdáhla iy idCIslre
jevigyk i|yd iyNd.Sùfï§ fN!;sl yd f;dr;=reuh iqrCIs;;djhla Tyqg ,nd§u hkdÈh i|yd
kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu wjYH fjhs' 2000 jif¾§ u;aøjH md,kh iy wmrdO ksjdrkh i|yd jk
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld¾hd,h úiska idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu ms,sn|j jk wdo¾Y flgqïm;la
iïmdokh lrkq ,enq w;r th my; uQ,dY%hla f,i olajd ;sfí' fldifjda jeks iuyr
wjia:djkays§ idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ,nd§u foaYiSudjkaf.ka msg; Tjqkaj ia:dk.; lsÍu olajd
.ukafldg we;' Bg jehjk úhou" thg iyNd.Sjkakkag bka we;sjk n,mEu iy rdcHhka w;r ta
i|yd iyfhda.hla mej;sh hq;ù = u jeks ldrKdjka fya;=fldgf.k idudkHfhka cd;Hka;r kej;
ia:dk.; lsÍï isÿlsÍu isÿjkafka b;d nrm;, ;;ajhkays§ muKls' tys§ idCIslrejka fjk;a rgl
mÈxÑ lrùu iy$ fyda m%;s.%dyl rfÜ úêu;a /ljrkh ie,iSfï jevigykla ;=, ia:dk.; lrùu
isofjhs' tlai;a cd;skaf.a mdrcd;sl ixúOdkd;aul wmrdO ms,sn| m%{ma;sfha 24^3& j.ka;h s iy
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IKhg tfrys m%{ma;f s ha 32^3& j.ka;shg wkqj wod, m%{ma;Ska uÕska wdjrkh
jkakdjQ jerÈ iïnkaOfhka idCIs fokq ,nk idCIslrejka iajlSh foaYiSudjkaf.ka msg; kej;
ia:dk.; lsÍu i|yd rdcHhka w;r .súiqï we;slr .ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'30 cd;Hka;r kej;
ia:dk.; lsÍu idudkHfhka mokï jkafka idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd jk l,dmSh
30
1 u;aøjH yd wmrdO ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld¾hd,h (UNODC) ld¾h mámdál idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu yd
idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï ryiH tall ia:dms; lsÍu wdjrkh lrñka idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu ms,n s |
w;afmd;la ^zixúOdkd;aul wmrdO iïnkaO wmrdO ld¾h mámdáh ;=, idCIslrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSu i|yd jk hym;a
mßphkaZ& iliafldg we;' cd;Hka;r kej; ia:dk.; lsÍfï iyfhda.S;djfha fmdÿ kshuhka îdCIslrejka iïnkaO
f;dr;=re wkdjrkh lsÍu" mriamr;djhka iy ixl%uKsl yd /ljrk ie,iSfï kS;s iuÕ wkql+,ùu&o we;=,;aj
foaYiSudjkaf.ka msg; kej; ia:dk.; lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fuu w;afmd; úia;rd;aulj lreKq olajhs' úúO N+f.da,Sh
l,dmhkays iy wêlrK moaO;Ska ;=, kej; ia:dk.; lsÍï ms,n s | w;a±lSïo fuys úia;r flfrk neúka fuu w;afmd;
jeo.;a uQ,dY%hla fjhs' my; uQ,DY%hka ±lafjk fldgfia th olajd we;',;ska weußldj i|yd wdo¾Y idCIslrejkag
/ljrkh ie,iSfï kS;shla iy idCISlrejkag /ljrkh ie,iSfï§ cd;Hka;r iyfha.h hk lafIa;%h ms,n s | wdo¾Y
iïuq;shla u;aøjH yd wmrdO ms,ns | tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld¾hd,h úiska ilia lrñka mj;S' 2008 jif¾§ wdo¾Y kS;sh iy
wdo¾Y .súiqu úYaùh tlla njg m;alr,Su ms,n s |j jk úfYaI{ lKavdhï /iaùï mj;ajkq ,eìk'
109

fyda oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqï fyda wod, rgj, fmd,Sis fyda fjk;a kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍfï wdh;khka
w;r t<eU we;s Rcq wjfndaO;d .súiqï u;h'
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uÕska wdjrkh lrkq ,nk jerÈ ûqo,a wh:d mßyrkh" ¥IKh" l=Ügkh" ixl%uKslhka cdjdru
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jk rdcHhka úiska ksis mshjr wkq.ukh l<hq;= fõ ^24 j.ka;sh&'
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110

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uQ,O¾uhka ms,sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%ldYkh ^1985&
§ kS;s úfrdaë u;aøjH iy udkisl j¾;k wuqøjH .Kqfokqj,g tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;h s
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§ mdrcd;sl ixúOdkd;aul wmrdOj,g tfrys tlai ;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sh ^2000&

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§ isfhdrd ,sfhdka i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wmrdO úksYaph iNdfõ jHjia:dj ^2002&
§ ¥IKhg tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;h s ^2003&
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wkqmQrlh ^2003&
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ixúOdkd;aul wmrdOhkag tfys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iïuq;sfha wkqmQrlh ^2004&
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i|yd jQ kS;sh ^2004&
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§ merKs hqf.daia,dúhdj i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wmrdO úksYaph iNdfõ jHjia:dj ^2007&
§ rejkavdj i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wmrdO úksYaph iNdfõ jHjia:dj ^2007&
112

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kS;sfha md,khg we;s whs;sh

Right to Rule of Law

Discussion Materials compiled by NDI for the

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1. Rule of law research paper

11. Basic principles on the role of lawyers

13. Introduction on the policing in South Asian Countries

14. Police reform in Sri Lanka

challenges in post conﬂict and recons truc t ion

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Deﬁni tion of the Rul e of La w

The rule of law is “a principle of governance in which all persons,

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óg wu;rj ;eke;a;kaf.a ksoyi yd whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jk iqrCIs;hka

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