Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Architectural conservation
•Ar.Suvarna Lele.
•2.Ar.Jamshedji Bhivandiwala.
•3Ar.Tania Shah.
•4.Ar.Dhiraj Salhotra.
•5.Ar.Chakor Mehta.
SEM XII
• Heritage
• Conservation
Objectives Goals Ethics
Integrated Conservation & process.
Humayun’s Tomb
Conservation Management
Heritage regulation in MUMBAI
• Restoration
ArchItectural conservatIon
HERITAGE
HERITAGE Not only about built heritage
but includes certain distinctive open
areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
CONSERVATION history and traditions
CONSERVATION
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
PRECINCTS event.
Architectural conservation
Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
HERITAGE floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
PRECINTS
A neighbourhood or an area which has
CONSERVATION buildings of more or less similar
character, Style or Features, etc. and
which collectively have a group value of
special features. These provide a unique
and distinctive character to such
neighbourhood or area as a whole and
need to be preserved.
PRECINCTS Examples are- Old village
settlements like khotachi Wadi,
matharpakadi, Old Bandra village etc.
Architectural conservation
Heritage Literally is defined as
Which is inherited or
transmitted by our ancestors or
by past ages.
As per Heritage Regulations it
is defined as –
Buildings/ Artifacts/
Structures/ Areas and Precincts
of Historic and or Aesthetic
and/ or Architectural and/ or
Cultural value.
Heritage regulations include not
only structures and buildings
but also open spaces such as
Azad, Cross and Oval maidans,
Vistas such as Apollo Bunder
and Horniman Circle, The
seafront promenade etc.
Architectural conservation
Heritage
In pre-independence phase
Mansara
Philosophy and technical details of
ancient practices were well
documented in ancient texts.
1862, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
estab. under Sir Alexander Cunningham.
1904, The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act
Sir John Marshall became its first
Director General-(instilled a strong
professional culture in the institution and
compiled the Manual for Conservation to
guide its practice).
(Empowered the ASI to protect
monuments of national importance).
Architectural conservation
Heritage
In post-independence phase
1958, The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological
Sites and Remains Act was passed to
replace the Colonial Act.
These Acts consolidated the idea
that architectural heritage consisted only of
exemplary buildings and that its protection
was primarily the responsibility of the
government.
1984, The Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage (INTACH) was founded.
2004, INTACH adopted Charter for the
conservation of unprotected architectural
heritage and sites in India.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Heritage
ROLE OF
INTACH
Institutionalized the practice of
conservation.
Spread awareness of the need to
conserve.
Initiated to train conservation
professionals
Began documenting the diverse
manifestation of architectural heritage.
Undertook a variety of conservation
works of unprotected architectural
heritage outside the purview of the ASI
or SDA.
ArchItectural conservatIon
CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
THE NEED
The majority of India’s architectural heritage and
sites are unprotected. They constitute a unique
civilization legacy.
This unprotected heritage embodies values of
enduring relevance to contemporary Indian
society.
Conserving the ‘living’ heritage, therefore, offers
the potential ways of conserving a building.
Conserving the unprotected architectural heritage
and sites ensures the survival of the country’s
sense of place and its very character in a
globalizing environment.
This ‘living’ heritage also has symbiotic
relationships with the natural environments within
which it originally evolved.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
THE NEED
Awareness in common citizen
External funding
Knowledge resource
Cost
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
OBJECTIVE The objective of conservation is to maintain the
significance of the architectural heritage or site.
Significance is constituted in both the tangible and
intangible forms.
The tangible heritage includes historic buildings of all
periods, their setting in the historic precincts of
cities and their Relationship to the natural
environment.
Conservation of architectural heritage and sites must
retain meaning for the society in which it exists.
Where the evidence of the tangible or intangible
architectural heritage exists in fragments, it is
necessary to conserve it, even in part, as
representative of a historic past.
The overarching objective for undertaking unprotected
architectural heritage and sites is to establish the
efficacy of conservation as a development goal.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
BUILT HERITAGE
Built heritage means those buildings,
artifacts, structures, areas and precincts
that are of historic, aesthetic, architectural
significance and include natural features
within such areas or precincts of
environmental significance or scenic beauty
such as sacred groves,hills,hillocks,open
areas, wooded areas etc.The cultural
landscape around heritage site is critical
for the interpretation of the site and its
built heritage and thus is very much its
integral part.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
OBJECTIVE OF CONSERVING BUILT HERITAGE
The conservation of built
heritage is generally perceived
to be in long term interest of
society. This can be better
understood if categorized under
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
GOALS Retain visual identity.
Adaptive re-use.
Restoration/ Replication/
Rebuilding.
Employment generation.
Integrated conservation.
Sustainability.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
Authenticity
ETHICS
Conjecture
Integrity
Patina
Reversibility
Legibility
Demolish/ Rebuild
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation
INTEGRATED PROCERURE
Setting financial and other incentives
Historic integrity
Historic context
Methodology
Background research
Field work
ArchItectural conservatIon
Conservation process
GRADING
Charter recommends that buildings and sites be classified as Grade I, IIA ,II
Band III in descending order of importance.
Objectives:
ArchItectural conservatIon
Management in Conservation
Role of INTACH
•To facilitate & coordinate with Govt. and other interested groups
ArchItectural conservatIon
Role of Local Chapters
•Promote culture of conservation
•Make inventory of architectural heritage
•Compile an annual State of the Architectural
Heritage Report.
ArchItectural conservatIon
THE REVITALISATION OF THE
GARDENS OF EMPEROR HUMAYUN’S TOMB,
DELHI, INDIA
ArchItectural conservatIon
INTRODUCTION
Objective
ArchItectural conservatIon
HISTORY
The tomb is one of the 23 World Heritage Sites in India.
The chahâr-bâgh, or four-part paradise garden, is the earliest existing
example.
tomb was built over nearly a decade beginning around 1565 (AH
973).
Influenced by Persian architecture.
The architect, Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, was a Persian from Herat, in current-
day Afghanistan.
It is the earliest example of the use of red sandstone and white marble
in such great quantities.
IMPLEMENTATION
ArchItectural conservatIon
Features of implementation
Removal of truckloads of earth (12,000 cubic metres),
Planting of 12 hectares of lawn,
Re-setting and alignment of over 3,500 kilometres of path
kerbstones,
Preparation by some 60 stonecutters of 3,000 metres of hand-
dressed red sandstone slabs (to edge the channels),
Creation of 128 ground-water recharge pits and the de-silting and
creation of other wells.
Creation of a site exhibition,
Planning and installation of a new water-circulation system for the
walkway channels,
Planting of 2,500 trees and plants according to Mughal texts,
Repair of fountains, wells and rainwater-harvesting systems,
Provision of wheelchair access to a significant part of the site.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Illumination
Documentation
Wells
Earth Removal
Pathway Repair
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
SUMMARY
The rehabilitation project included the following main elements:
· Reinstating the walkways and conserving the edging stones,
· Repair, extension and reactivation of the irrigation system,
· Establishing water sources for the water channels and irrigation
system, including a pump station for a water-recycling system,
· Conserving, repairing and rebuilding the water channel system,
· Re-leveling the planted zones and revitalizing them with species
and arrangements that conform to the customs and patterns of
Mughal sources.
· Support for research.
ArchItectural conservatIon
A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Excavations
Archival Research
Benches
Craftsmanship
stone carving
preparation of lime mortar for masonry.
Material
Lime
Sandstone
Minor Structures
Octagonal Platform (used as ceremonial royal tent)
Wall Mosque
Grave Platform.
Wheel chair Access
Children’ s Workshop
To introduce the children to the significance of their heritage.
To make each child understand the need and benefits of conservation.
To make the study of history and architecture interesting.
ArchItectural conservatIon
MUMBAI
ArchItectural conservatIon
Mumbai’s heritage regulation no 67 formulated in the
year 1995 Under
Maharshtra regional and town planning Act in the
purview of the urban development department
KHOTACHIWADI
SEM XII
Khotachiwadi
A cocooned in the interiors of a
commercially active hub of Girgaum
area, is a quiet and placid settlement
of Khotachiwadi.
A unique settlement of low-lying,
Mangalore tiled sloping roof houses
with narrow pedestrian lanes, multitude
of crosses and shrines and elegant
detailing.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
The area is demarcated as
the central core area,
transitional buffer area and
outer peripheral area
according to the
concentration of heritage
buildings there.
It is observed that the
peripheral area has Periphery area
undergone greater physical
transformation, perhaps as Buffer Area
the result of the Core Area
commercial area around.
Extended precinct Boundary
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
The planning elements that lend a
characteristic ambience to Khotachiwadi
are:
Roofs cape
A typical sloping roof of Mangalore
tiles, with a timber-eaves fascia
and bargeboard is mostly seen
here.
Street edge
With houses directly abutting the
street and with no visible front
setback,
setback forms a very strong element
in planning.
Even when the house is slightly set back
from the street, a low compound wall with
gates takes the place.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
Front porch/verandah
The front porch, with a sloping roof and
timber or cast iron balustrade, form a
social connection between the house and
street.
The sitting system of timber benches or
“otla” of concrete or stone are also
common.
External timber staircase
A timber staircase leading from the
front verandah to the upper floors
with ornate balustrade and handrails
are also seen.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
The core area is conceived as the most valuable section of the precinct. This
area has undergone minimum transformations and has survived the urban
demand.
The conservation guidelines for development are as mentioned:
a) Development plan
The boundaries of Khotachiwadi should be extended.
b) Amalgamation of plots
Clubbing of existing property shall not be permitted as this would lead to
high-rise construction.
c) Demolition of buildings
No building in the area shall be allowed to demolish and if demolition is
absolutely necessary then the original status should be retained.
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
d) Road widening
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
j) Sign, signage and street furniture
ArchItectural conservatIon
Khotachiwadi
(m) Change of activity and user
INVESTIGATION Investigation
Investigators
ArchItectural conservatIon
Restoration
ARCHITECTURAL Masonry work
INVESTIGATION
& REPAIRS Plaster work
Wood work.
Structural repairs
ArchItectural conservatIon
Restoration
ARCHITECTURAL INVESTIGATION
1.Determining the Purpose of Investigation
ArchItectural conservatIon
Architectural Investigation
ArchItectural conservatIon
Maintenance and rebuilding of old masonry
Historical Context Mortar for Brick and Stone Jointing Styles in Brick and Stone
Rebuilding
Repainting
Poor example
ArchItectural conservatIon
Excellent example
Conservation of iron and steel
Reconstruction and rebuilding
ArchItectural conservatIon
Repairing woodwork
ArchItectural conservatIon
Structural restoration and repairs
Paint analysis
expert Bob
Furhoff working
in the Campbell
Parlor, 1998.
© Campbell House
Foundation 2004
A representative example
is the
Philadelphia National
Bank building,
for which we replaced
ver 100,000
SF of brick veneer
and brick trusses,
furnishing new
anchorage throughout.
Artist drawing for restoring
the Parlor ceiling.
© Campbell House
Foundation 2004 Artist drawing for restoring
the Parlor ceiling.
ArchItectural
© Campbell House Foundation 2004
conservatIon
The Hereford Screen.
The cresting shows
the intricate
polychromy. 250
paint samples were
analysed under a
microscope to
establish the paint
layer sequence
ArchItectural conservatIon
The Hereford Screen.
The wrought iron
scrolls,
foliage and roundels
were carefully
dismantled
and cleaned locally to
remove any traces of
rust.
Surviving areas of
original paint were
isolated with an acrylic
consolidant before
repainting
ArchItectural conservatIon
THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS
6.The appointment of
1. Poor non-specialists
3. Cement-rich
maintenance
pointing
4. Inappropriate cleaning
M
7. Unsympathetic alterations and repairs
a
s
o
n
r
y
r
e
p
a
i
r
s
ArchItectural
b
y conservatIon
S
REPAIRING OF PLASTER WORK
Typical elements of
plaster decorations on facades
ArchItectural conservatIon
REPAIRING OF PLASTER WORK
Architectural conservation
PRESERVING HISTORIC CERAMIC TILES
Preservation and Maintenance
Ceramic Floor Tile Types
1 Cleaning
Unglazed and Glazed Tiles 2 Protective Coatings Repair and Replacement
Encaustic tiles Historic Ceramic Floor Tile: 1.Mortar Joint Repair
Damage and Deterioration Tile Repair
Problems Tile replacement
1.Loss of Tile Surface and
Pattern.
geometric tiles
Ceramic mosaic tiles
Tile Glaze Failure.
Tile Breakage
Selective Replacement
Moisture Damage to Tile
of Individual Tiles
Loose, Cracked, Broken or Sectional Replacement
Unbonded Tile due to Mortar Failure. of Tiles
Architectural conservation
PRESERVING HISTORIC CONCRETE
Architectural conservation
Repointing Mortar Joints in
Historic Masonry Buildings
5Problem Before Repointing 1 5.Properties of Mortar
1.Identifying the
2.Use of Consultants
3.Finding an Appropriate Mortar Match
7.Components of Mortar
4.Mortar Analysis
8.Contractor Selection
9.Matching Color and Texture
Other Factors to consider of the Repointing Mortar
Color. Masonry Units
Pointing Style
Architectural conservation
Preserving
Historic Ornamental Plaster
Methods of Production
Immediate Action
Decorative Plaster Forms
Personnel, Materials, and Processes
--Cornices, Medallions, Coffers.
Molding Rubber
Molding Plaster
Sheet Metal Templates
Models.
Molds.
Casting the Molds
Causes of Ornamental Plaster Damage Repairing Historic Ornamental Plaster
Ornamental Plaster Substrate Cornice
Signs of Failure Ceiling Medallion
Architectural conservation
Preservation of Roofing for Historic Buildings
Historic Roofing Materials Locating the Problem
Clay Tile Failures of Surface Materials
Wood Slate
Metal Tile
Repair or Replace
Architectural conservation
The Maintenance,
RepairHistoric Cast Stone
History of Use and Manufacture Maintenance of Cast Stone Installations
Early Patented Systems Cleaning
Mechanisms and Modes of Deterioration Repointing
Separation of the facing and core layers Methods of Repair
Deterioration of the aggregate Re-securing Separated Surface Facing
Deterioration or erosion of Repairing Reinforcement Spalls
the cementing matrix and Mechanical Damage
Deterioration of the iron
or steel reinforcement Surface Refinishing
Deterioration of cramps and anchors Replacement of Historic Cast
Deterioration of the Aggregate Stone Installations
Deterioration or Erosion of the Air bubbles ,
Cementing Matrix Surface cracking or checking ,
Deterioration or Erosion of the Mold lines
Cementing Matrix Aggregate segregation
Deterioration of Cramps and Anchors Surface rippling or irregularity
Architectural conservation
The Repair of Historic Wooden windows
windows should be considered significant to a building if they:
1) are original,
2) reflect the original design intent for the building,
3) reflect period or regional styles or building practices,
4) reflect changes to the building resulting from major periods or events, or
5) are examples of exceptional craftsmanship or design
Repair Class I: Routine Maintenance
Physical Evaluation
1) window location Repair Class II: Stabilization
Repair Class III: Splices and
2) condition of the paint Parts Replacement
The Repair of Window Replacement
3) condition of the frame and sill
5) glazing problems
6) hardware,
Architectural conservation
Protecting Cultural Landscapes
Definations
Treatment for cultural
Historic Designed Landscape
landscapes
Historic Vernacular Landscape Preservation
Historic Site Preservation
Ethnographic Landscape Restoration
Reconstruction
Developing a Strategy and Seeking Assistance
Cultural landscape reports Developing a Preservation Maintenance
Plan and Implementation Strategy
Historical Research
Recording Treatment Work and
Preparing Period Plans Future Research Recommendations
Inventorying and Documenting Developing preservation and
Existing Conditions maintainance guide
Preparing Existing Condition Plans
Architectural conservation
Restoration
ARCHITECTURAL INVESTIGATION
1.Determining the Purpose of Investigation
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
5
C . S . NO 39 C . S . N O 38
C . S . N O 40
C . S . N O 41
3
I
C
01 MAIN
STRUCTURE
Well 3
2 02 REAR
STRUCTURE
WIDE
C . S . NO 35
03 TOILET
M
BLOCK
9.0
ROAD
04 MAIN
1 ENTRANCE
05 ADJOINING
Well 2
PLOTS
Well 1
G Y M K H A N A R O A D 9 .0 M W ID E
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon
C . S . NO 39
ISSUES
C . S . NO 40
C . S . NO 41
I
C
Well 3
ArchItectural conservatIon
ISSUES
ArchItectural conservatIon
ISSUES
01 BROKEN FLOOR
02 RISING DAMP
03 DAMAGED PLASTER
ArchItectural conservatIon
ISSUES
BROKEN FLOOR
RISING DAMP
DAMAGED PLASTER
ArchItectural conservatIon
ISSUES
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
C . S . NO 39 C . S . NO 38
C . S . NO 40
C . S . NO 41
WIDE
C . S . NO 35
M
9.0
ROAD
ArchItectural conservatIon
GYMKHANA ROAD 9.0 M WIDE
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
01 02 02
01 PANTRY
02 TOILET
03 GIFT SHOP
03
04 CAFETERIA / COFFEE SHOP
ArchItectural conservatIon
TOILET BLOCKS
PROPOSAL
PANTRY
CAFETERIA
GIFT SHOP
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
C . S . NO 39 C . S . NO 38
C . S . NO 40
C . S . NO 41
WIDE
C . S . NO 35
M
9.0
ROAD
GYMKHANA ROAD 9.0 M WIDE
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
PROPOSAL
C . S . NO 39 C . S . NO 38
C . S . NO 40
C . S . NO 41
05 03
01 EXHIBITION
AREA 02
02 EXHIBITION 05
06
AREA
WIDE
03 TOILET
C . S . NO 35
BLOCK, SHOP
M
01
9.0
AND
CAFETERIA
ROAD
04 MAIN
ENTRANCE
05
CONNECTORS 04
06 OUTSIDE
AREA
ArchItectural conservatIon
GYMKHANA ROAD 9.0 M WIDE
PROPOSAL
ArchItectural conservatIon
ArchItectural conservatIon