Power Swing

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Brief Introduction for Power Swing

Detection Methods & Testing
Kamin Dave
Application Engineer (Protective Relaying)
DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY
Doble Conference - 2007
Basic definitions:
¾ Power Swing: A variation in three phase power flow which occurs when
the generator rotor angles are advancing or retarding relative to each other
in response to changes in load magnitude and direction, line switching,
loss of generation, faults, and other system disturbances.
¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of generators,

terminal voltage angles (or phases) go past 180 degrees with respect to
the rest of the connected power system.
¾ Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators

do not slip poles and the system reaches a new state of equilibrium, i.e. an
acceptable operating condition.
¾ Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a

generator or group of generators experiencing pole slipping for
which some corrective action must be taken.
for Energy Delivery
Power swing due to;
¾ Power system faults (System more affected on 3-ph
fault, so power gain is very less)
¾ Sudden changes to electrical power due to rejection of
load or generators
¾ These type of disturbances causes oscillation in
machine rotor angles (Load Angle = 900 or 1200) & can
result in sever power flow swings. Power swings are
variations in power flow that occur when the internal
voltages of generators at different network locations of
the power system slip relative to each other.
for Energy Delivery
Vector diagram: two machines
Two Machine Problem
E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ΙL ⋅ ZS1 Ι L ⋅ ZL ΙL ⋅ ZS2
ZS2
E1 E2 = E'2
UA UB UA UB
U'B
U'A
E'1
ϑ' ϑ
Ι 'L ΙL
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
Knowledge Is Power
SM
Figure:-1
for Energy Delivery
Power diagram:
Power Diagram
300
250
Pmax = {(E1*E2)/X}*SIN(theta)
200
Critical Angle
Power
150
Stability region
100
Stability limit
50
0
0 50 100 150 200
Rotor Angle
Angle in Degree
If the Load angle becomes too large, the system stability can be lost
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management Figure:-1A
for Energy Delivery
Power swing detection methods:
¾ Conventional “Rate of Change of Impedance”
(Dz/Dt) Methods:
¾ Concentric characteristic schemes.
¾ Continuous Impedance calculation schemes.
¾ Blinder Schemes:
1) Single Blinder
2) Double Blinder
for Energy Delivery
Conventional PSB detection methods:
¾ It measures the Positive sequence impedance
¾ During a system swing, the measured impedance
moves slowly on the impedance plane, and the rate of
impedance change is determined by the slip frequency
of an equivalent two-source system
¾ Travel Time (Delta-t) from one point to next point is to
differentiate between fault & swing.
¾ Travel time is more than set value then, distance relay
sense as swing.
¾ Travel time less than set value then, it sense as fault
for Energy Delivery
¾ Concentric circle characteristic schemes:
¾ It is simplest method to detect “rate of change of
impedance”
¾ Two impedance zones. Inner zone & outer zone
¾ Figure-3 shows, Relay indicates PSB when transition
time of impedance from outer zone to inner zone is
more than set value (impedance locus move slowly).
¾ PSB: Blocks the zones when swing is stable (Figure:-3)
¾ OST: Trip zones when swing is un stable (Figure-4)
¾ Major drawback of this characteristic is load
encroachment.
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: MHO Circle
∆t
Set “Zin” & “Zout” on line angle Swing Locus
Stable Swing
∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management Figure:-3
for Energy Delivery
∆t Un stable Swing
for Energy Delivery
∆t •R & X reach are

Set “Zin” & “Zout” on line angle
dependent on Z value
•Difficult to set on
Load Encroachment
Load
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Lens
Avoid mal operation during

load encroachment
Load
for Energy Delivery
¾ Concentric characteristic schemes:
¾ Polygon Characteristic concept is much more better
than concentric circle characteristic.
¾ Rset & Xset for out zone can able to set independently.
¾ Rset of outer zone can not reach in to Load region
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Polygon
Characteristic in relay type REL511
Polygon Characteristic for Power swing detection: Set R & X reach independently
Set “X” reach X

ZS1
Dz2/Dt2 Dz1/Dt1
Dz4/Dt4 2 1
ZL
2 4
3
6 5
Dz3/Dt3
ϑ0
0
ZS1 R
Zload
Inner boundary = Zin Outer boundary = Zout Set “R” reach

for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
Polygon Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment
Angle = 45o
Load Angle = 120o or 90o
∆Z
R reach reduce for

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone Load encroachment
for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type 7SA610
E1 > E2 X
ZS2
E1 = E2 B
ZL
ϑ' ϑ load point
A R
E1 < E2 ZLoad
ZS1
for Energy Delivery
Concentric characteristic scheme: Quadrilateral
Quadrilateral Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment
Line Angle
Load
for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type RELZ 100
Quad + Polygon Stable Swing

Z4(t4)
Z3(t3)
Z1(t1)
Z2(t2)
Unstable Swing
Zone 3 limit
Zout boundary
• Timer unit count to starts travel time when Power swing locus crosses Zout boundary
• Travel time (Delta T) more than set time, relay detect as a Power swing
Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-11

for Energy Delivery
Characteristic in relay type P442
Line Angle

for Energy Delivery
Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB
detection methods:
¾ Scheme determine Power swing condition based on a
continuous impedance calculation. i.e for each 2ms or 5ms
step an impedance calculation is performed & compared with
the impedance calculation of previous 2ms or 5ms.
¾ This step value is depend on sampling freq. rate.
¾ The next impedance that should be calculated 2ms or 5ms
later is predicted based on impedance difference of the
previous measured impedances.
¾ Not required any delta impedance settings
¾ Require delta time settings
¾ Drawback is; if prediction is correct, then only distance prot.
consider as a traveling impedance & a power swing condition
is detected.
¾ For security reason additional predictive calculation is
required
for Energy Delivery
Continuous Impedance calculation for PSB
detection methods:
for Energy Delivery
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection
methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
X
Stable Swing
Setting Parameters:
•Rset
Zpos(t) •Xset
•Line Angle
Unstable Swing
-R R
-X Detect as Fault: Detect as Swing:

Zpos(t1) = 0 ms Zpos(t1) = 0 ms
Zpos(t2) < 40 ms Zpos(t2) > 40 ms

for Energy Delivery
Continuous Power calculation for PSB detection
methods: Polygon characteristic in relay type P437
¾ Relay measures the rate of change of Positive sequence

Apparent Power:
¾ Delta-SPOS = (SPOS2 – SPOS1) / (SPOS2)
Let,
SPOS1 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1)
SPOS2 = Positive sequence Apparent Power at time (t1 + 40 ms)
for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REM54
• Scheme is applicable for Out of Step tripping of Generator

• Pole slip detection = OMHO characteristic + Counter
• Counter count number of operation
• Reset time required to set properly other wise it will detect loss of field function
• Normally counter setting is 3 or 4
-R X R
X’d / 2
1
Counter Reset
2
XS Counter
Offset mho
characteristic
-X
Operating Region

for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316
Pole-Slip Characteristic
TripÎ When Load angle is
7 More than Trip Angle
Tripping Angle
3
ZA
Warning Angle
1
X in Ohm
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7
-1
ZC
-3
-5
ZB
-7
R in Ohm
for Energy Delivery
Pole slip detection method: Relay type REG 316
¾ System Load angle is more than set value with calculated slip
freq., relay will detect pole slip (Power swing)
¾ Relay calculating Freq slip based on T-Slip time (say 55 ms)
¾ Tripping Angle setting should be based on critical angle of
machine
¾ Without system study, recommended angle setting is 120o
for Energy Delivery
Blinder Schemes: Single Blinder
¾ Blinder schemes:
¾ Single Blinder (one pair) scheme (Figure:-17):
¾ One sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
¾ It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
for Energy Delivery
¾ DR/DT schemes:
¾ Single Blinder scheme (Figure:-17):
¾ One sets of blinders:
¾ It can be used to restrict tripping of the distance relay for loads
outside of the blinders.
¾ If travel time is more than set time & it crosses blinder-1, a
power swing situation is detected further it crosses blinder-2
then it gives a tripping.
¾ Scheme is more suitable for out of step protection for
generators.
¾ Correct settings of blinder-2 & RRR are very difficult to set,
again it’s require high skilled expert to do grid analysis &
effect on machines.
for Energy Delivery
¾ DR/DT scheme:
¾ How to set timer?
¾ T = {(Critical load angle – Rotor angle)*Fn}/{(360)*(slip frequency)}
Where;
Critical load angle = 150 degree
Rotor angle = 90 degree
Fn = 50Hz
slip freq. = 4Hz
T = {(150 – 90)*(50)} / {(360)*(4)}
= 2.0833 Cycles
T = 2.0833 * 20 = 41.66ms
for Energy Delivery
Single Blinder Relay Type: ZTO 11
OST-REGION
Un stable swing
Stable swing
RRR
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
RRR = Reverse Resistive Reach in Ohms

OST = Out of Step trip
for Energy Delivery
Single Blinder Rset is not adjustable in forward
direction
Un stable swing
Stable swing
MHO supervising unit

Blinder-2 Blinder-1
Mho supervising unit will restrict mal-operation of relay

for Energy Delivery
CEB + CEH Relays
Swing Locus
Blinder 1
XT+XS
Line Angle
Load Angle = 90o or 120o
X’d MHO supervising control
Swing Centre = {X’d + (XT + XS)} / 2

for Energy Delivery
Blinder Schemes: Double Blinder
¾ Blinder schemes:
¾ Double Blinder (Two Pair) scheme (Figure:-20):
¾ Two sets of blinders: Resistive reach inner (RRI) & Resistive
reach outer (RRO)
¾ Time Counter starts when the impedance vector crosses outer
limit (RRO) & stops when it crosses inner limit (RRI)
¾ If travel time is more than set time, power swing situation is
detected
¾ Scheme is applicable for independent of the distance zones
¾ Correct setting for Blinders are very difficult & it requires
good expert who can able to do power grid analysis.
for Energy Delivery
Blinder Schemes: Double Blinder
Double Blinders
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
Blinder-2 Blinder-1
for Energy Delivery
Testing methods with F6150:
¾Asynchronous method by using Doble

advance transient creator
¾Dz/Dt simulation by using State simulation
module
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing Testing: Asynchronous method
¾ Asynchronous method by using doble advance

transient creator
¾ Two machines
for Energy Delivery
Select “Swing”
for Energy Delivery
Slip freq. = 2Hz
Source-1 parameters Line parameters

Source-2 parameters
for Energy Delivery
Save datc file
for Energy Delivery
Asynchronous method: Power swing Waveform
for Energy Delivery
Save comtrade file for test
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing Testing: Dz/Dt Method
¾ Dz/Dt simulation by using State simulation
module
¾ Total 25 nos. of states
¾ Each state having independent magnitude,
phase angle & frequency controlled
¾ Individual time setting for each state
¾ Each state having option to enter individual
value for “L/R” constant
¾ Phasor diagram for each state to show
voltage & current vectors
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing Blocking Testing: REL100
¾ Figure: 11 shows relay characteristic
¾ Module Type: State Simulation
¾ Test Sequence:
Load condition: State 1
Apply 3-phase Fault in PSB locus(Z1): State 2
Apply 3-phase Fault in Zone 3: State 3
Travelling time between State 2 & State 3
should be more than time out setting of relay
(Say: 70 ms if relay setting = 50ms)
Remove fault: State 4
for Energy Delivery
State Simulation
Travel Time
Z1 Z2 Z3
Phasor
State: 2 State: 3 State: 4
for Energy Delivery
Excel Spread sheet Control:
¾ Micro Soft Excel Spread sheet for Custom

Application
¾ Easy to use
¾ State Simulation up to 20 states
¾ Easy to simulate any Power System Events
¾ More flexibility to calculate numerical functions
¾ Interface with F6150 via serial communication
¾ Engineers’ choice
for Energy Delivery
REL100: PSB Testing
¾REL100:
¾Relay settings:
¾ZONE-3:
¾Rin = 7.97 Ohms, Xin = 43.97 Ohms
¾PSB settings (Polygon char.):
¾Rout = 7.97*1.2 = 9.56 Ohms
¾Xout = 43.97*1.2 = 52.76 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
Power Swing Testing: REL100
PSB settings
for Energy Delivery
State: 1/2/3/4/5
for Energy Delivery
PSB Polygon
Plot “Dz/Dt” locus
for Energy Delivery
Assign Trigger
Auxiliary DC Run Test
Select Com Port
for Energy Delivery
REL521: PSB Testing
¾Dz/Dt simulation by using State simulation

module
¾ REL521:
¾ PSB settings:
¾ Inner zone settings (Polygon char.):
¾ RIN = 3.0 Ohms, XIN = 3.0 Ohms
¾ Outer zone settings:
¾ KR = 125%, KX = 125%
¾ RIN = 3*1.25 = 3.75 Ohms
¾ XIN = 3.*1.25 = 3.75 Ohms
for Energy Delivery
REL521: PSB Testing
PSB settings
for Energy Delivery
Enter values in states
Enter travel time in states Knowledge Is Power SM

for Energy Delivery
REL521: PSB Testing
Dz/Dt locus
Zin
Zout
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slip Relay Testing with F6150 &
Excel Spread sheet control
for Energy Delivery
Basic definitions: Pole Slip
¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of

generators, terminal voltage angles (or phases) go past
180 degrees with respect to the rest of the connected
power system.
¾ High level Transient torque develop in machine shaft
can break the shaft
¾ High Stator Iron flux can over heat generator stator core
¾ Protection is also known as a out of step Protection of
machine
¾ Protection is applicable for synchronous machines
for Energy Delivery
Basic definitions: Pole Slip
Theta = Line Angle
G Xs
XT + Xs = 18%
X’d XT
Theta Rotor Angle
90o
90o
Electrical Centre
X’d = 25%
for Energy Delivery
Relay Details:
¾ MAKE : GEC ALSTHOM
¾ MODEL : ZTO 11
¾Relay Settings:
K1 = 1
K2 = 1
K3 = 8
R = K1*K2*k3 = 8 Ohms
Blinder 1 = 65 Degree
Blinder 2 = 65 Degree
Time = 55ms
for Energy Delivery
Relay Characteristic: Blinder Scheme
B
A
2
ZTO 11 X
1
der
der
Power swing Locus
Blin
Blin
ion
Reg
ng 65o 65o
-R R R
rati
Ope
Traveling Time (Dt) should

be more than 55 ms from
one point to next point
-X
B’’ A’’
for Energy Delivery
Relay Characteristic: Blinder Scheme
B
A
2
Optional Scheme: X
1
der
der
Power swing Locus
Blin
ZTO 11 + YTGM15
Blin
65o 65o
-R R R
Traveling Time (Dt) should

be more than 55 ms from
one point to next point
-X
B’’ A’’
Mho Characteristic to reduce the mal operation of relay
for Energy Delivery
Pole Slip Protection: ZTO11
¾Four Elements
Over current starter
Blinder 1 Unit (A-Unit)
Timer Unit (T-Unit)
Blinder 2 Unit (B-Unit)
¾ Alarm: Operation of A & T units with O/C starter
¾ Fault condition: Operation of A & B units with O/C
starter
¾ Pole Slip condition: Operation of A, T & B units in
sequence with O/C starter
for Energy Delivery
ZTO11: Stable Swing
Swing
Enter Time out Locus
Time more than
Set value
for Energy Delivery
ZTO11: Pole Slip Condition
VTest & ITest values set for Test
Swing
Time more than
Set value
for Energy Delivery
ZTO11: Fault Condition
VTest & ITest values set for Test
Swing
Time less than
set value
for Energy Delivery
ZTO11: Reverse Resistive Reach Test
Swing
Time less than
set value
for Energy Delivery
DOBLE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD
305-SAKAR, OLD PADRA ROAD,
VADODARA-390 015, INDIA.
Cell: +91 94267 47545
PH: (+91)(265) 655 77 15 & Fax: (+91)(265) 235 62 85
E-MAIL: kdave@doble.com
Website: www.doble.com
for Energy Delivery

Power Swing

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Power Swing

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Brief Introduction for Power Swing

¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of generators,

¾ Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators

¾ Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

∆t •R & X reach are

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

Avoid mal operation during

Set “X” reach X

Inner boundary = Zin Outer boundary = Zout Set “R” reach

Load Angle = 120o or 90o

R reach reduce for

Quadrilateral Characteristic: Set “R” reach according to Load Encroachment

∆t = time for transition of Z from outer to inner zone

Quad + Polygon Stable Swing

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-11

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-12

-X Detect as Fault: Detect as Swing:

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-14

¾ Relay measures the rate of change of Positive sequence

¾ Delta-SPOS = (SPOS2 – SPOS1) / (SPOS2)

• Scheme is applicable for Out of Step tripping of Generator

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-15

RRR = Reverse Resistive Reach in Ohms

MHO supervising unit

Mho supervising unit will restrict mal-operation of relay

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-18

Load Angle = 90o or 120o

X’d MHO supervising control

Swing Centre = {X’d + (XT + XS)} / 2

Knowledge Is Power SM Figure:-19

¾Asynchronous method by using Doble

¾ Asynchronous method by using doble advance

Slip freq. = 2Hz

Source-1 parameters Line parameters

Save datc file

Save comtrade file for test

State: 2 State: 3 State: 4

¾ Micro Soft Excel Spread sheet for Custom

Plot “Dz/Dt” locus

Auxiliary DC Run Test

Select Com Port

¾Dz/Dt simulation by using State simulation

Enter travel time in states Knowledge Is Power SM

¾ Pole Slip: A condition whereby a generator, or group of

Theta Rotor Angle

Traveling Time (Dt) should

Traveling Time (Dt) should

VTest & ITest values set for Test

VTest & ITest values set for Test

S-ar putea să vă placă și