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B.

Pathophysiology
Precipitating Factors:
 Cigarette smoking (YEARS?
 Environmental pollution
 Occupational exposure to irritants Predisposing Factors:
(DRIVER  Age
 Alcohol drinking  Gender

Increase pressure to remove


mucus
Irritation of the airways
Destruction of alveolar walls

Metaplasia of cells

Loss of elastic fibers Respiratory membranes’


Inflammation
surface area decreases
WBC:
Destruction of elastic Shortnes
18,100/m Swelling of the airways
recoil Decrease gas exchange
m3 s of
breath
Neutrophil Penetration of the lung tissue Over distention of alveoli X-ray:
s: 90% by leukocytes Hyperinflation
Malaise
Airflow limitation
Persistent Hyper secretion of mucus
cough Barrel chest
SPUTUM CO2 retention
Bronchial narrowing
Crackles
upon CHRONIC BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA COPD
auscultation

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