PROBLEM 11.

31
The acceleration due to gravity of a particle falling toward the earth is
a = − gR 2 / r 2 , where r is the distance from the center of the earth to the
particle, R is the radius of the earth, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity at the surface of the earth. If R = 6370 km, calculate the escape
velocity, that is, the minimum velocity with which a particle must be
projected upward from the surface of the earth if it is not to return to
earth. (Hint: v = 0 for r = ∞. )

SOLUTION

dv gR 2
The acceleration is given by v =a=− 2
dr r

gR 2dr
Then, v dv = −
r2

Integrating, using the conditions v = 0 at r = ∞, and v = vesc at r = R

0 2 ∞ dr
∫ vesc v dv = − gR ∫ R r 2

0 ∞
1 2  1
v = gR 2  
2 vesc
 r R

1 2  1
0− vesc = gR 2  0 − 
2  R

vesc = 2 gR

Now, R = 6370 km = 6370 × 103 m and g = 9.81 m/s 2.

Then, vesc = ( 2 )(9.81) ( 6370 × 103) vesc = 111.8 × 10 2 m/s �

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36
 PROBLEM 11.32
The acceleration due to gravity at an altitude y above the surface of the
earth can be expressed as
− 32.2
a=
( )
2
1 + y / 20.9 × 106 
 
m/s2and
2
where a and yy are expressed inin m/s
are expressed andfeet,
m, respectively.
respectively. Using
Using this
this
expression, compute the height reached by a projectile fired vertically
upward from the surface of the earth if its initial velocity is
(a) v = 720 m/s, (b) v = 1200 m/s, (c) v = 12,000 m/s.

SOLUTION
− 32.2 − 32.2dy
The acceleration is given by a = 2
, vdv = ady = 2
     
1 +  20.9 × 106   1 +  20.9 × 106  
y y

Integrate, using the conditions v = v0 at y = 0 and v = 0 at y = ymax . Also, use g = 9.81 m/s 2 and
R = 6370 × 103 m.
ymax
2
1 
0
0 ∞ dy ∞ dy 1 2
∫ v dv = − g ∫ = − gR 2 0
∫ v = gR 
 R + y 
( ) ( R + y )2
v0 0 2
1+ y 2 v0
R 0

1 2  1 1 gRymax
0− v0 = gR 2  − =− v02 ( R + ymax ) = 2 gRymax
2  R + y max R  R + ymax

Rv02
Solving for ymax , ymax =
2 gR − v02

6370 × 103 v02 637 × 104 v02

ymax = =
( 2 )(9.81 ) (6370 × 103) − v02
Using the given numerical data,
12498 × 104 − v0
2

(a) v0 = 720 m/s, ymax =

( 637 × 10 )( 720) 4 2

ymax = 26532 m �
(12498 × 10 ) − ( 720 ) 4 2

(b) v0 = 1200 m/s, ymax =

( 637 × 10 )(1200 ) 4 2

ymax = 74250 m �
(12498 × 10 ) − (1200 )4 2

(c) v0 = 12,000 m/s, ymax =

( 637 × 10 )(12,000 )
4 2

= negative
(12498 × 10 ) − (12,000) 4 2

Negative value indicates that v0 is greater than the escape velocity.

ymax = ∞ �

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37
 PROBLEM 11.33
The velocity of a slider is defined by the relation v = v 'sin(ω nt + ϕ ).
Denoting the velocity and the position of the slider at t = 0 by v0 and
x0 , respectively, and knowing that the maximum displacement of the
( )
slider is 2 x0 , show that (a) v ' = v02 + x02ω n2 / 2 x0ω n , (b) the maximum

value of the velocity occurs when x = x0 3 − (v0 / x0 wn ) 2  / 2.

SOLUTION
(a) Given: v = v′ sin (ω nt + ϕ )

v0
At t = 0, v = v0 = v′ sin ϕ or sin ϕ = (1)
v′

Let x be maximum at t = t1 when v = 0.

Then, sin (ω nt1 + ϕ ) = 0 and cos (ω nt1 + ϕ ) = ± 1 (2)

dx
Using =v or dx = v dt
dt

v′
Integrating, x=C− cos (ω nt + ϕ )
ωn

v′ v′
At t = 0, x = x0 = C − cos ϕ or C = x0 + cos ϕ
ωn ωn

v′ v′
Then, x = x0 + cos ϕ − cos (ω nt + ϕ ) (3)
ωn ωn

v′ v′
xmax = x0 + cos ϕ + using cos ω nt1 + ϕ = −1
ωn ω

Solving for cos ϕ , cos ϕ =

( xmax − x0 )ω n
−1
v′
x0ω n
With xmax = 2 x0 , cos ϕ = −1 (4)
v′
2 2
 v0   x0ω n 
Using sin 2 ϕ + cos 2ϕ = 1, or  ′  +  ′ − 1 = 1
v   v 

Solving for v′ gives v′ =

(v
2
0 + x02ω n2 ) (5) t
2 x0ω n

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38
 PROBLEM 11.33 CONTINUED

dv
(b) Acceleration: a= = v′ω n cos (ω nt + ϕ )
dt

Let v be maximum at t = t2 when a = 0.

Then, cos (ω nt2 + ϕ ) = 0

From equation
Equation(3),
(3),the
thecorresponding
correspondingvalue
valueofofx is
x is

v′ v′  x0ω n  v′
x = x0 + cos ϕ = x0 +  ′ − 1 = 2 x0 −
ωn ωn  v  ωn

v02 + x02ω n2 3 1 v02

= 2 x0 − = x0 −
(2 x0ω n )ω n 2 2 x0ω n2


( ) 
2
v0
3 −
t
x0ωn
x0 
2

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39
 PROBLEM 11.34
The velocity of a particle is v = v0 1 − sin (π t / T ) . Knowing that the
particle starts from the origin with an initial velocity v0 , determine (a) its
position and its acceleration at t = 3T , (b) its average velocity during the
interval t = 0 to t = T .

SOLUTION

dx  πt 
(a ) = v = v0 1 − sin 
dt  T 

Integrating, using x = x0 = 0 when t = 0,

x t t   πt
∫ 0 dx = ∫ 0 v dt = ∫ 0 v0 1 − sin T  dt
 

t
x  vT πt 
x =  v0t + 0 cos 
0
 π T  0

v0T π t v0T
x = v0t + cos − (1)
π T π

v0T vT  2
When t = 3T , x = 3v0T + cos (3π ) − 0 =  3 −  v0T
T π  π

x = 2.36v0T t

dv πv πt
a= = − 0 cos
dt T T

t
π v0 π v0
When t = 3T , a=− cos 3π a=
T T

(b) Using equation

Equation(1) witht t==TT,
(1)with ,

v0T vT  2
x1 = v0T + cos π − 0 = v0T 1 − 
π π  π

Average velocity is

vave = 0.363v0 t
∆x x1 − x0  2
vave = = = 1 −  v0
∆t T  π

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40
 PROBLEM 11.35
A minivan is tested for acceleration and braking. In the street-start
acceleration test, elapsed time is 8.2 s for a velocity increase from
10 km/h to 100 km/h. In the braking test, the distance traveled is 44 m
during braking to a stop from 100 km/h. Assuming constant values of
acceleration and deceleration, determine (a) the acceleration during the
street-start test, (b) the deceleration during the braking test.

SOLUTION

10 km/h = 2.7778 m/s,

m/s 100 km/h = 27.7778 m/s

(a) Acceleration during start test.

dv 8.2 27.7778
a=
dt
, ∫ 0 a dt = ∫ 2.7778 v dt

8.2 a = 27.7778 − 2.7778 a = 3.05 m/s 2 t

braking:
(b) Deceleration during braking.

dv
a=v =
dx
44 0
∫ 0 a dx = ∫ 27.7778 v dv =
0
a (x)
44
0
=
1 2
2
v( ) 27.7778

1
44 a = − ( 27.7778)2
2

a = − 8.77 m/s 2 deceleration = − a = 8.77 m/s 2 t

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41
 PROBLEM 11.36
In Prob. 11.35, determine (a) the distance traveled during the street-start
acceleration test, (b) the elapsed time for the braking test.

SOLUTION

10 km/h = 2.7778 m/s,

m/s 100 km/h = 27.7778 m/s
(a) Distance traveled during start test:
test.

dv t v
a= , ∫ 0 a dt = ∫ v0 dv
dt
v − v0
at = v − v0 , a=
t
27.7778 − 2.7778
a= = 3.04878 m/s 2
8.2

v = v0 + at = 2.7778 + 3.04878 t

∫ 0 v dv = ∫ 0 (2.7778 + 3.04878 t ) dt
t 8.2
x=

= ( 2.7778)(8.2 ) + (1.52439 )(8.2 )

2
x = 125.3 m �

(b) Elapsed time for braking test:

test.

dv x v
a=v , ∫ 0 a dx = ∫ v0 v dv
dx

v 2 v0 2
ax = −
2 2

a=
1 2
2x
(
v − v02 = ) 1
( 2 )( 44 )
(
0 − 27.77782 )
= − 8.7682 m/s 2

dv t v
a= , ∫ 0 a dt = ∫ v0 dv
dt
at = v − v0

v − v0 0 − 27.7778
t= = t = 3.17 s �
a − 8.7682

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42
 PROBLEM 11.37
An airplane begins its take-off run at A with zero velocity and a constant
acceleration a. Knowing that it becomes airborne 30 s later at B and that
the distance AB is 823 m, determine (a) the acceleration a, (b) the take-
off velocity vB .

SOLUTION

Constant acceleration:
Constant acceleration. v0 = v A = 0, x0 = x A = 0

v = v0 + at = at (1)

1 2 1 2
x = x0 + v0t + at = at (2)
2 2

At point B, x = xB = 823 m and t = 30 s

2 x ( 2 )( 823 )
(a) Solving (2) for a, a= = a = 1.8 m/s2 t
t2 (30 )2
(b) Then, vB = at = (1.8)(30 ) vB = 54 m/s t

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43
 PROBLEM 11.38
Steep safety ramps are built beside mountain highways to enable vehicles
229-m
with defective brakes to stop safely. A truck enters a 229 m ramp at a
high speed v0 and travels 165 m in 6 s at constant deceleration before its
speed is reduced to v0 / 2. Assuming the same constant deceleration,
determine (a) the additional time required for the truck to stop, (b) the
additional distance traveled by the truck.

SOLUTION

Constant acceleration:
Constant acceleration. x0 = 0

v = v0 + at (1)

1 2
x = x0 + v0t + at (2)
2

v − v0
Solving (1) for a, a= (3)
t

1 v − v0 2 1 1
Then, x = x0 + v0t + t = x0 + (v0 + v ) t = ( v0 + v ) t
2 t 2 2

1
At t = 6 s, v= v0 and x6 = 165 m
2

1 1  165
165 =  v0 + v0  (6 ) = 4.5v0 or v0 = = 36.7 m/s
2 2  4.5
1
v= v0 = 18.3 m/s
2
18.3 − 36.7 18.3 2
Then, from (3), a= =− m/s = − 3.05 m/s2
6 6

Substituting into (1) and (2), v = 36.7 − 3.05t

1
x = 0 + 36.7t − (3.05) t 2
2
At stopping, v = 0 or 36.7 − 3.05 ts = 0,
0 ts = 12 s

1
x = 0 + ( 36.7 )(12 ) − ( 3.05 )(12 )2 = 220.8 m
2
(a) Additional time for stopping = 12 s − 6 s ∆t = 6 s t

(b) Additional distance for stopping = 220.8 m − 165 m ∆d = 55.8 m t

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44
 PROBLEM 11.39
A sprinter in a 400-m race accelerates uniformly for the first 130 m and
then runs with constant velocity. If the sprinter’s time for the first 130 m
is 25 s, determine (a) his acceleration, (b) his final velocity, (c) his time
for the race.

SOLUTION

1 2
(a) During the acceleration phase x = x0 + v0t + at
2

Using x0 = 0, and v0 = 0, and solving for a gives

2x
a=
t2

Noting that x = 130 m when t = 25 s,

a=
( 2 )(130 ) a = 0.416 m/s t
( 25)2
(b) Final velocity is reached at t = 25 s.

v f = v0 + at = 0 + ( 0.416 )( 25 ) v f = 10.40 m/s t

(c) The remaining distance for the constant speed phase is

∆x = 400 − 130 = 270 m

∆x 270
For constant velocity, ∆t = = = 25.96 s
v 10.40

Total time for run: t = 25 + 25.96 t = 51.0 s t

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45
 PROBLEM 11.40
A group of students launches a model rocket in the vertical direction.
Based on tracking data, they determine that the altitude of the rocket was
27.5 m at the end of the powered portion of the flight and that the rocket
landed 16 s later. Knowing that the descent parachute failed to deploy so
that the rocket fell freely to the ground after reaching its maximum
altitude and assuming that g = 9.81 m/s 2 , determine (a) the speed v1 of
the rocket at the end of powered flight, (b) the maximum altitude reached
by the rocket.

SOLUTION

Constant acceleration.
acceleration: Choose t = 0 at end of powered flight.

Then, y1 = 27.5 m a = − g = − 9.81 m/s 2

(a) When y reaches the ground, y f = 0 and t = 16 s.

1 2 1
y f = y1 + v1t + at = y1 + v1t − gt 2
2 2

v1 =
y f − y1 + 1
2
gt 2
=
0 − 27.5 + 1
2 (9.81)(16 )2 = 76.76 m/s
t 16

v1 = 76.8 m/s t

(b) When the rocket reaches its maximum altitude ymax ,

v=0

v 2 = v12 + 2a ( y − y1 ) = v12 − 2 g ( y − y1 )

v 2 − v12
y = y1 −
2g

0 − (76.76 )
ymax = 328 m t
2
ymax = 27.5 −
( 2 )(9.81)

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46
 PROBLEM 11.41
Automobile A starts from O and accelerates at the constant rate of
0.75 m/s22.. A short time later,
later ititis
is passed
passed by
by bus
bus B which is traveling in the
opposite direction at a constant speed of 6 m/s. Knowing that bus B
passes point O 20 s after automobile A started from there, determine
when and where the vehicles passed each other.

SOLUTION

Place origin at 0.
0:

Motion of auto. ( x A )0 = 0, (v A )0 = 0, a A = 0.75 m/s 2

1 1
x A = ( x A )0 + ( v A )0 t + a At 2 = 0 + 0 +   ( 0.75 ) t 2
2 2

x A = 0.375t 2 m

Motion of bus. ( xB )0 = ?, (vB )0 = − 6 m/s, aB = 0

xB = ( xB )0 − (vB )0 t = ( xB )0 − 6t m

At t = 20 s, xB = 0.

0 = ( xB )0 − ( 6 )( 20 ) ( xB )0 = 120 m
Hence, xB = 120 − 6 t

When the vehicles pass each other, xB = x A.

120 − 6t = 0.375 t 2

0.375 t 2 + 6 t − 120 = 0

− 6 ± (6) 2 − ( 4 )(0.375)( −120 )

t=
( 2 )(0.375 )
− 6 ± 14.697
t= = 11.596 s and − 27.6 s
0.75
Reject the negative root. t = 11.60 s t
Corresponding values of xA and xB,.

x A = (0.375 )(11.596 ) = 50.4 m

2

xB = 120 − (6 )(11.596 ) = 50.4 m x = 50.4 m t

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
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47
 PROBLEM 11.42
Automobiles A and B are traveling in adjacent highway lanes and at
t = 0 have the positions and speeds shown. Knowing that automobile A
has a constant acceleration of 0.6 m/s2 and that B has a constant
deceleration of 0.4 m/s2, determine (a) when and where A will overtake
B, (b) the speed of each automobile at that time.

SOLUTION

Place the origin at A when t = 0.

Motion of A: ( x A )0 = 0, (v A )0 = 15 km/h = 4.1667 m/s, a A = 0.6 m/s 2

v A = ( v A )0 + a At = 4.1667 + 0.6t
1
x A = ( x A )0 + ( v A )0 t + a At 2 = 4.1667 t + 0.3t 2
2
Motion of B: ( xB )0 = 25 m, (vB )0 = 23 km/h = 6.3889 m/s, aB = − 0.4 m/s 2
vB = ( vB )0 + aBt = 6.3889 − 0.4t

1
xB = ( xB )0 + ( vB )0 t + aBt 2 = 25 + 6.3889t − 0.2 t 2
2

(a) When and where A overtakes B:

B. x A = xB

4.1667 t + 0.3 t 2 = 25 + 6.3889 t − 0.2 t 2

0.5t 2 − 2.2222t − 25 = 0

2.2222 ± 2.22222 − ( 4 )( 0.5 )( − 25 )

t=
( 2 )(0.5)
t = 2.2222 ± 7.4120 = 9.6343 s and − 5.19 s

Reject the negative root. . t = 9.63 s t

x A = ( 4.1667 )(9.6343) + (0.3)(9.6343) = 68.0 m

2

xB = 25 + (6.3889 )(9.6343) − (0.2 )(9.6343) = 68.0 m

2

A moves 68.0 m t

B moves 43.0 m t
(b) Corresponding speeds:
speeds.
v A = 4.1667 + ( 0.6 )(9.6343) = 9.947 m/s v A = 35.8 km/h t

vB = 6.3889 − (0.4 )(9.6343) = 2.535 m/s vB = 9.13 km/h t

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
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48
 PROBLEM 11.43
In a close harness race, horse 2 passes horse 1 at point A, where the two
velocities are v2 = 6.4 m/s and v1 = 6.2 m/s. Horse 1 later passes horse 2
at point B and goes on to win the race at point C, 366 m from A. The
elapsed times from A to C for horse 1 and horse 2 are t1 = 61.5 s and
t2 = 62.0 s, respectively. Assuming uniform accelerations for both horses
between A and C, determine (a) the distance from A to B, (b) the position
of horse 1 relative to horse 2 when horse 1 reaches the finish line C.

SOLUTION

Constant acceleration ( a1 and a2 ) for horses 1 and 2:

2.
Let x = 0 and t = 0 when the horses are at point A.
1 2
Then, x = v0t + at
2
2 ( x − v0t )
Solving for a, a=
t2
Using x = 366 m and
andthe
theinitial
initialvelocities
velocitiesand
andelapsed
elapsedtimes
timesfor
foreach
eachhorse,
horse,

x − v1t1 2  366 − (6.2 )( 61.5 )

a1 = = = − 8 ×10−–3 m/s 2
t12 (61.5)2
x − v2t2 2 366 − ( 6.4 )( 62.0 )
a2 = = = − 1.6 × 10− 2 m/s 2
t22 ( )
62.0
2

1
Calculating x1 − x2 , x1 − x2 = (v1 − v2 ) t + ( a1 − a2 ) t 2
2

( − 8 ×10−–3 ) − ( − 1.6 × 10− 2 ) t 2

1
x1 − x2 = ( 6.2 − 6.4) t +
2
= − .2 t + .004 t 2

At point B, x1 − x2 = 0 − 0.2 t B + .004 tB2 = 0

0.2
(a) tB = = 50 s
.004
Calculating xB using data for either horse,

( − 8 ×10−–3)( 50)2
1
Horse 1: xB = (6.2)(50) + xB = 340 m�
2

( − 1.6 × 10− 2 )(50)2 = 340 m

1
Horse 2: xB = (6.4)(50) +
2
When horse 1 crosses the finish line at t = 61.5 s,

x1 − x2 = − ( 0.2)(61.5) + (.004)( 61.5)

2
(b) ∆x = 2.8 m �

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
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49
 PROBLEM 11.44
Two rockets are launched at a fireworks performance. Rocket A is
launched with an initial velocity v0 and rocket B is launched 4 s later
with the same initial velocity. The two rockets are timed to explode
simultaneously at a height of 73 m, as A is falling and B is rising.
Assuming
Assuming aa constant acceleration g = 9.81
constant acceleration m/s22, determine
9.81 m/s determine (a)
(a) the
the initial
initial
velocity v0 , (b) the velocity of B relative to A at the time of the
explosion.

SOLUTION

Choose x positive upward. Constant acceleration a = − g

Rocket launch data: Rocket A: x = 0, v = v0 , t = 0

Rocket B: x = 0, v = v0 , t = t B = 4 s

Velocities: Rocket A: v A = v0 − gt

Rocket B: vB = v0 − g (t − t B )

1 2
Positions: Rocket A: x A = v0t − gt
2

1
Rocket B: xB = v0 (t − t B ) − g (t − t B ) ,
2
t ≥ tB
2

For simultaneous explosions at x A = xB = 73 m when t = tEE,,

1 2 1 1 1
gt E = v0 (t E − t B ) − g (t E − t B ) = v0t E − v0t B − gt E2 + gt E t B − gt B2
2
v0t E −
2 2 2 2
gt B
Solving for v0 , v0 = gt E − (1)
2
 gt  1 2xA
Then, when t = t E , x A =  gt E − B  t E − gt E2 , or t E2 − t BtE − =0
 2  2 g

Solving for t E , tE =
t B ± t B2 + ( 4 )(1) ( ) = 4±
2 xA
g ( 4 )2 + (4)(1)(9.81
2 )( 73)

= 6.35 s
2 2

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

50
 PROBLEM 11.44 CONTINUED

(a) From Equation(1),

From equation (1), v0 = (9.81)( 6.35 ) −
(9.81 )(4 ) v0 = 42.67 m/s �
2

At time t E , v A = v0 − gt E , vB = v0 − g (t E − t B )

(b) vB − v A = gt B = (9.81)(4 ) vB/ A = 39.24 m/s �

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

51
 PROBLEM 11.45
In a boat race, boat A is leading boat B by 38 m and both boats are
traveling at a constant speed of 168 km/h. At t = 0 , the boats accelerate
at
at constant rates. Knowing
constant rates. Knowing that
that when
when BB passes A, t t == 88 ss and
passes A, and
v A = 228 km/h, determine (a) the acceleration of A, (b) the acceleration
of B.

SOLUTION

(a) Acceleration of A.
A:

v A = ( v A )0 + a At , (v A )0 = 168 km/h = 46.67 m/s

At t = 8 s, v A = 228 km/h = 63.33 m/s

v A − ( v A )0 63.33 − 46.67
aA = = a A = 2.08 m/s 2 �
t 8

1 1
(b) x A = ( x A )0 + ( v A )0 t + a At 2 xB = ( xB )0 + ( vB )0 t + aB t 2
2 2

1
x A − xB = ( x A )0 − ( xB )0 + ( v A )0 − ( vB )0  t + ( a A − aB ) t 2
2

When t = 0, ( x A )0 − ( xB )0 = 38 m and (vB )0 − (vA )0 = 0

When t = 8 s, x A − xB = 0

1
Hence, 0 = 38 + ( a A − aB )(8)2 , or a A − aB = − 1.1875
2

aB = a A + 1.1875 = 2.08 + 1.1875 aB = 3.27 m/s 2 �

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

52