TTD 102

Introduction To
Textile Fibres

1 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar 10/6/10

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 Fibre Filament
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 Cotton Wool

4 Dr. Parul Bhatnagar Silk 10/6/10

 Man-made Fibres Filaments
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 Introduction
Textile fibres are hair-like
substances with a high
degree of fineness,
outstanding flexibility,
reasonable strength, a
minimum level of length and
cohesiveness.
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 Staple fibres Filaments
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 Classification of Fibres

Based on their origin, the fibres

may be classified as:

• Natural and
• Man-made.

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 Natural fibres can be further
classified according to their
origin into the following three
groups:

 Vegetable Fibres
 Animal Fibres
 Mineral Fibres

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 Vegetable Fibres

Cotton Linen

Jute
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Flax 10/6/10
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 Ramie Coir

Sisal Hemp
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 Animal Fibres

Silk

Wool
Protein Fibre
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 Mineral Fibres

Asbestos
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 Man-made Fibres are
sometimes called artificial
fibres or manufactured fibres .

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 They may also be divided into
the following three categories:
 Derived from natural
feedstock
 Derived from manufactured
feedstock
 Miscellaneous fibres
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 Derived from natural feedstock

Viscose
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Rayon
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 The cellulose fibres are
made directly from a solution
of cellulose —these are
available under the trade
names Lyocell and Tencel.
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 Rubber Latex
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 Derived from manufactured
feedstock

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 Polyamide Polyester

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Acrylic
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Polypropylene 10/6/10
 Spandex

Lycra
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 Miscellaneous fibres

Glass Fibre

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Silver
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 Classification of Fibres and Filaments
TEXTILE FIBRES

Natural Man-made

Vegetable Animal Mineral

Cotton, Kapok: Seed Wool, Silk Asbestos

Jute, Hemp, Ramie: Flax

Sisal, Pineapple, Banana:
Leaf
Coir: Fruit

Derived from Natural Feedstock Derived from Manufactured Feedstock Miscellaneous

Viscose Rayon, Lyocel, Tencel, Polynosic, Nylon 66, Nylon 6, Polyester, Metal, Glass
Cuprammonium Rayon, Rubber Acrylic, Spandex, Lycra,
Polypropelene
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 Natural Fibres

Cotton, wool and silk are

the major natural fibres.

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 Cotton boll Cotton boll burst
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 Cotton
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 Wool

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 Wool shearing from sheep
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 Silk

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 Silk Worms

Cocoon
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 Coccons in Solution

Collection of Filaments
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 Polymeric Nature of Fibres

The polymeric nature of fibres

explained a number of their
properties, e.g. the ability of
the fibre to extend
significantly on application of
load and its recovery on
removal of the load.
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 Schematic representation of the extension
of a molecule on application of load

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 Viscose Rayon

Polyamide
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 Acrylic

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Polyester
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Polypropylene 10/6/10
 Nylon 66 Nylon 6

36 Polyester
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 Man-Made Fibres

They are produced by

polymerizing low molecular
weight chemical substances,
usually at high pressures and
temperatures in the presence
of catalysts.
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 Melt spinning

Polyester

Nylon

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Polypropylene 10/6/10
 Melt Spinning

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 Solution spinning
• Wet spinning
• Dry spinning

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 Wet spinning

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 As the fluid filaments are
squirted out under pressure,
precipitation occurs. The
solid filaments are then
washed, drawn in two
stages, dried and wound.

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 Viscose Rayon

Polyacrylonitrile Fibre

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 The filament bundle falls into
a drying chamber where the
solvent is made to evaporate
and the solidified filament
are then wound. The drawing
is done separately.

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 Polyacrylonitrile

Spandex Viscose Rayon

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Natural Fibres Vs. Man-Made Fibres

The long molecules are

oriented in both cases and
show the presence of both
order and disorder in the
way molecules are
organized.
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 Schematic sketch showing how molecules
aggregate in a fibre

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 Natural Fibre

Man-made Fibre
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 Another important difference
is the complex morphology
(Study of forms of things) of natural
fibres as opposed to the
rather simpler morphology of
man-made fibres.

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 Natural fibres absorb a
greater amount of moisture
because they contain more
water absorbing groups than
the synthetic fibres.

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 Viscose Rayon

Natural Fibre
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 THANK YOU
parulpb@gmail.com

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