Capitolul 4

Opera iunile tehnice

úi organizarea

agen iei de turism

ÌQ FDGUXO DJHQ LHL GH WXULVP WRDWH

ELURXULOH úL FRPSDUWLPHQWHOH FRQFXU  OD

structurarea produselor turistice, la elaborarea

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IRUPDUHD LWLQHUDULLORU VHUYLFLLORU úL RIHUWHORU

DJHQ LLORUFRUHVSRQGHQWH

De asemenea, sunt precizate hotelurile

ofertante, tour-XULOH FH VH HIHFWXHD]  VH RIHU 
VHUYLFLLOHJDWHGHYL]HSDúDSRDUWHúLDOWHIDFLOLW L

GHF O WRULH
 23(5$ ,81,/(7(+1,&(

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PLANUL
CAPITOLULUI 4.1 Vânzarea de bilete pentru transportul turistic aerian
4.2 Vânzarea de bilete pentru alte forme de transport
turistic
4.3 Vânzarea de bilete pentru transporturile
QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

4.4 Vânzarea de servicii turistice

6WUXFWXUDWHKQLF DXQHLDJHQ LLGHWXULVP

'RFXPHQWD LDDJHQ LHL

3HUVRQDOXODJHQ LHLGHWXULVP

5H]XOWDWHOHDFWLYLW LLDJHQ LLORUG e turism din

România

• Bilet neutru
• Handling
CONCEPTE • &RQGL LLGHF O WRULH
• Trafic accesoriu
• ,QIRUPD LLSURIHVLRQDOHvQWXULVP
 4 Opera LXQLOH tehnice
úLorganizarea DJHQ LHLGHWXULVP

$JHQ LD GH WXULVP HVWH XQ LQWHUPHGLDU SULYLOHJLDW vQWUH GLIHUL LL SUHVWDWRUL GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH KRWHOXUL

UHVWDXUDQWHRUJDQL]DWRULGHDJUHPHQWWUDQVSRUWDWRULúLWXULúWLÌQDFHDVW FDOLWDWHúLFRQIRUPRELHFWXOXLV XGH

DFWLYLWDWH DJHQ LD GHVI úRDU  DFWLYLW L OHJDWH GH YkQ]DUHD GH ELOHWH GH WUDQVSRUW VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH úL VHUYLFLL

complementare acestora.

4.1. Vânzarea de bilete pentru transportul turistic aerian

Conform statisticilor oficiale ale OMT, 60% din cifra de afaceri a unei DJHQ LL R UHSUH]LQW  HOLEHUDUHD

WLWOXULORUGHWUDQVSRUWFXQRVFXW VXEQXPHOHGHÄWLFNHWLQJ´VDXÄELOHWHULH´

,$7$ SHUPLWH HPLWHUHD GH ELOHWH SHQWUX XQ QXP U GH  GH FRPSDQLL DHULHQH GLQ OXPHD vQWUHDJ  SH OLQLLOH

LQWHUQD LRQDOHDFWLYLWDWHSHQWUXFDUH DJHQ LLOHSULPHVF XQ FRPLVLRQ GH$FHVWSURFHQWHVWH DFHODúLSHQWUX

1 2
WRDWH DJHQ LLOH GLQ OXPH (O HVWH QHJRFLDW vQWUH ,$7$  úL )8$$9 . Pentru a putea presta astfel de servicii,
DJHQ LD WUHEXLH V  FRQVWLWXLH R JDUDQ LH ILQDQFLDU  úL V  GH LQ  úWDPSLOD ,$7$ QXPLW  úL 0$75,&2/ 

0DWULFHDHVWHQXPHURWDW SHQWUXDVHSXWHDLGHQWLILFDUH]HUY ULOHI FXWHGHDJHQ LLOHDFUHGLWDWH

3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD ELOHWHULHL DHULHQH vQ DJHQ LL ,$7$ D FUHDW biletul neutru, numit BSP (Bank Settlement
3ODQ(OvQORFXLHúWH,63,QGXVWU\6HWWOHPHQW3ODQSULPDWHQWDWLY GHELOHWQHXWUXFDUHQ -a primit aprobarea
tuturor transportatorilor.
%63 QX SRDUW  PDUFD XQHL FRPSDQLL DHULHQH FL GRDU PHQ LXQHD ,$7$ (O SHUPLWH DJHQ LLORU XWLOL]DUHD

DFHOHLDúLIRUPXOHLQGLIHUHQWGHFRPSDQLDFDUHDVLJXU ]ERUXO

DOCUMENTE FOLOSITE IN SERVICIILE DE TRANSPORT AERIAN

'RFXPHQWHIRORVLWHODFXPS UDUHDXQXLELOHWGHDYLRQ

$),ù$'(5(=(59$5(

),ù$'(5(=(59$5(VHSULQWHD] vQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHV DI FXWRUH]HUYDUH -

1
IATA (engl.) –

  
       
      
2
FUAAV (fr.) – 
    
  
    !"    #$ %
(DFRQ LQHXUP WRDUHOHLQIRUPD LL

 numele pasagerului;
 FRPSDQLDFXFDUHF O WRUHúWH

 RUHOHGHSOHFDUHúLGHVRVLUH/RFDO7LPHúLDHURSRUWXULOHGHSHFDUHGHFROHD] úLDWHUL]HD] 

 QXPHOHFHOXLFDUHDI FXWUH]HUYDUHD

 tariful.

%'2&80(17'(& / 725,(&8)81& ,,08/ TIPLE (MPD)

(Multiple Purpose Document)

$JHQ LLDFUHGLWD L7$520SDUWLFLSDQ LvQ%63 5RPkQLDYRUUHVSHFWDXUP WRDUHOHLQVWUXF LXQL GH HPLWHUH D

MPD-urilor.
MPD-XOSRDWHILHPLVPDQXDOVDXDXWRPDWFDGRFXPHQWFHVHGHFRQWHD] LQWUHFR mpanii.
6HDSOLF XUP WRDUHOHFRQGL LLJHQHUDOH

Õ Companiile vor onora MPD-ul în conformitate cu contractele interline;

Õ MPD-urile pot fi emise pentru mai mult de un pasager;
Õ MPD-XOPDQXDOHVWHFRPSXVGLQSDUWHDFXIRUPDWIL[úLSDUWHDFXIRUPDWIOH[LELO
Õ MPD-XOSRDWHILFRPSOHWDWSULQELIDUHDXQXLDGLQXUP WRDUHOHFRGXUL
Õ 10 Excess Baggage Ticket
Õ 20 Special Service Ticket
Õ 30 Tour Order
Õ 40 PTA (Personal Travel Arrangement)
Õ 50 MCO Specificate (Multiple Contract Order)
Õ 5XEULFLOHÄ,VVXHGLQ([FKDQJH)RU´úLÄ2ULginal Issue” nu se vor completa.

Õ 51 Agent Refund Voucher

Õ 1HXWUDO8QLWRI&RQVWUXFWLRQ18&QXHVWHRPRQHG úLSRDWHILIRORVLW QXPDLSHQWUXFDOFXOWDULIDU

Õ 1XVHSHUPLWPRGLILF ULSHDFHVWHGRFXPHQWH

Completarea MPD-XULORUPDQXDOHVHIDFHvQIHOXOXUP WRU

1. Numele Pasagerului
ÌQ DFHDVW  UXEULF  VH vQVFULH QXPHOH GH IDPLOLH GHVS U LW SULQWU R EDU  REOLF  GH SUHQXPH úL XUPDW GH
-
titlul pasagerului.
'DF  03'-XO HVWH HPLV SHQWUX PDL PXO L SDVDJHUL VH WUHFH QXPHOH ILHF UXL SDVDJHU 'DF  QX HVWH

VXILFLHQWVSD LXVHvQVFULHQXPHOHFDSXOXLGHIDPLOLHFRQGXF WRUXOXLGHJUXSVDXDOVSRQVRUXOXLXUPDW

GHÄ)RU;;SDVVHQJHUV´;; QUGHSDVDJHUL&HOHODOWHQXPHVHSRWLQWURGXFHvQDULDIOH[LELO VDXSH

ROLVW VHSDUDW  DWDúDW ILHF UXL FXSRQ$FHDVW OLVW WUHEXLH YDOLGDW  úL DGQRWDW  FX VHULD GRFXPHQWXOXL

MPD.
2. Reason for Issuance
6HELIHD] UXEULFDSHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' -ul
3. Amount in Letters
6HLQWURGXFHvQOLWHUHYDORDUHDWRWDO SHQWUXFDUH VH HPLWH03' XOXUPDW GH FRGXOPRQHGHL0RQHGD
-
vQ FDUH VH H[SULP  VXPD UHVSHFWLY  HVWH FHD D ULL GH vQFHSHUH D F O WRULHL FX H[FHS LD XQRU

UHJOHPHQW ULORFDOHGDF H[LVW 

4. Fare/Changes
6HvQVFULHYDORDUHDWDULIXOXLI U WD[HVDXDVXPHLvQFDVDWHSUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHL
5. Equivalent Amount/Fare Paid
'DF  SODWD VH IDFH vQ DOW  PRQHG  GHFkW FHD GLQ UXEULFD Ä)DUH&KDQJHV´ VH LQWURGXFH YDORDUHD

HFKLYDOHQW SUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHL

6. Tax
6HLQWURGXFYDORULOHWD[HORUFDUHVXQWLQFOXVHvQYDORDUHDWRWDO D03' XOXLvQDFHHDúLPRQHG FX
-
cea de la „Total”.
'DF QX VXQWVXILFLHQWHUXEULFLSHQWUXWRDWHWD[HOHVHLQWURGXFH VXPDWRWDO XUPDW GHFRGXOÄ;7´

úL VH GHWDOLD]  vQ DULD IOH[LELO  ILHFDUH YDORDUH ILLQG XUPDW  VDX SUHFHGDW  GH FRGXO ELOHWHULF DO

taxelor.
7. Ticket Total
$FHDVW  UXEULF  VH FRPSOHWHD]  QXPDL vQ FD]XO 37$ XULORU 3HUVRQDO 7UDYHO $UUDQJHPHQW 'DF 
-
GRFXPHQWXOQXVHIRORVHúWHSHQWUX37$VHLQWURGXFHÄ;;;´

8. Other Charges
6HFRPSOHWHD] vQFD]XO37$ -urilor.
9. Equivalent Charge Paid
6HFRPSOHWHD] vQFD]XO37$ -urilor.
10. Total Exchange Value
6HLQWURGXFHYDORDUHDWRWDO SHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' XOSUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHLGHSODW 
-
11. Service Change/Tax on MPD
Se introduce în cazul PTA-urilor, taxa de PTA.
12. Total
6HLQWURGXFHVXPDWRWDO SO WLW SUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHi.

13. Airline Data

Se introduce codul PNR-ului (Personal Number Registered) când este cazul.
14. Date of Issue
Se introduce data emiterii.
15. Bank Exchange Rate-Other Charges.
6HLQWURGXFHFXUVXOEDQFDU GHVFKLPE IRORVLW SHQWUXWD[HvQYHGHUHDRE LQHULLVXPHLvQPRQ eda de
SODW 

16. Form of Payment

6HLQWURGXFHFRGXOIRUPHLGHSODW 

17. Endorsements/Restrictions
5HVWULF LLGHWDULIUDPEXUV UL

18. Bank Exchange Rate-Fare

6H LQWURGXFH FXUVXO EDQFDU GH VFKLPE IRORVLW SHQWUX WDULI vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL VXPHL vQ PRQHGD GH

SODW 

19. Place of Issuance – Agency

3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLYDOLGDWRUVHLQWURGXFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH

a) codul numeric al agentului

b) data emiterii
c) QXPHOHFRPSDQLHLDJHQ LHLHPLWHQWH
d) ORFXOúL DUDHPLWHULL
e) FRGXOVDXLQL LDOHOHDJHQWXOXLHPLWHQW
20. Issued in connection With
Se introduce seria documentului emis în conexiune cu MPD-ul.
21. Issued in Exchange For
Se introduce seria documentului care este preschimbat. Când MPD-ul este emis ca un MCO
VSHFLILFDWFRGXODFHDVWDUXEULF VHODV OLEHU 

22. Original Issue

1XVHFRPSOHWHD] vQ cazul în care MPD-ul este emis ca MCO specificat.
a) vQ FD]XO UHHPLWHULL VH LQWURGXFH VHULD GRFXPHQWXOXL RULJLQDO ORFXO GDWD úL FRGXO QXPHULF DO

agentului;
b) vQFD]XOHPLWHULLRULJLQDOHVHLQWURGXFHORFXOGDWDúLFRGXODJHQWXOXLQXPHULF
 23. Flexible – Free Format Area
1. Excess Baggage Ticket
ÌQUXEULFDÄ5HDVRQIRU,VVXDQFH´VHELIHD] &RGXO – „Excess Baggage Ticket”.
ÌQ UXEULFD FX IRUPDW OLEHU VH LQWURGXFH UXWD SHQWUX FDUH VH vQFDVHD]  H[FHGHQWXO GH EDJDM

XWLOL]kQGFRGXULGH DHURSRUWRUDúHFRPSDQLL DHULHQH 6HvQVFULHPRWLYXOSHQWUX FDUH HVWH SO WLW 

DFHDVW  VXP  H[FHGHQW GH JUHXWDWHQXP U SLHVH 6H vQVFULH VXPD vQFDVDW  SHU XQLWDWH úL RULFH

DOWHLQIRUPD LLQHFHVDUH

2. Special Service Ticket

6HELIHD] &RGXO – „Special Service Ticket”
ÌQ]RQDFXIRUPDWOLEHUVHVSHFLILF VHUYLFLXOVSHFLDOSHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' -ul, de exemplu
„UPGRADE” urmat GHUXWDFODVD]ERUGDWDVWDWXWXOUH]HUY ULL
Cuponul de schimb („exchange coupon”) al MPD-XOXL VH DWDúHD]  OD FXSRQXO GH ]ERU DIHFWDW

de modificare al biletului pasagerului.

3. Tour Order
6HELIHD] &RGXO– Tour Order.

4. Prepaid Ticket Advice

6HELIHD] Codul 40 – Prepaid Ticket Advice

În zona cu format liber se înscrie:

„C/” –DGUHVDúLWHOHIRQXOSDVDJHUXOXL
„X/” – ruta, tariful;
„B/” – date despre rezervare;
„R/” –LQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUH
„S/” –QXPHOHúLDGUHVDVSRQVRUXOXL
5. Specified Miscellaneous Charges Order
6HELIHD] &RGXO– Specified Miscellaneous Charges Order.

6HLQWURGXFHÄ72´XUPDWGHQXPHOHFRPSDQLHLFDUHRQRUHD] 03' XOXUPDWGHÄ$7´úLORFXO

-
în care acest cupon va fi onorat.
Se introduce „VALID FOR” urmat de tipul serviciului.

C. EXCEDENTUL DE BAGAJE
DeoarecH SHQWUX VXPHOH FROHFWDWH vQ DFHVW FD] QX VH SO WHúWH FRPLVLRQ DJHQWXOXL OLQLD Ä5HPLWWDQFH´ VH YD
completa astfel:

„Cash collection” –VHYDFRPSOHWDFXYDORDUHDFROHFWDW SHQWUXH[FHGHQWXOGHEDJDM

„Comission rate” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).

Exemplu:
Currency Cash Credit Commission Tax
collection balance rate amount
USD 100 0 0

'$5$1-$0(17(/$62/3(1758& / 725,,/( TIP „INCLUSIV TOUR”

DDF  FRPLVLRQXO DFRUGDW HVWH LGHQWLF DWkW SHQWUX WDULIXO DIHUHQW WUDQVSRUWXOXL FX DYLRQXO FkW úL SHQWUX
aranjamentele la sol, atunci tariful total al pachetului turistic se va trece în biletul de avion.
Linia „Remittance” a MPD-ului emLVFXDFHDVW RFD]LHVHYDFRPSOHWDDVWIHO

„Cash collection” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).

„Comission rate” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).

Exemplu:
Currency Cash Credit Commission Tax
collection balance rate amount
USD 0 0
E. MODEL REZERVARE BILET DE AVION

& U LG
e îmbarcare care
dau posibilitatea
SDVDJHULORUV XUFH

în avion
 F. BILETUL DE AVION

SHUDPEXUVHD] GHF WUHDJHQ LDGHWLFNHWLQJúLVHvQPkQHD] WXULVWXOXLvQPRPHQWXODFKLW ULLWDULIXOXL

Biletul de rambursare

(VWHVSHFLILFDFWLYLW LLGHWUDQVSRUWDHULDQúLUHSUH]LQW VXPDUDPEXUVDW FOLHQWXOXLvQPRPHQWXOQHHIHFWX ULL

F O WRULHL
*%,/(7'($9,217$520ù,%,/(7('(,'(17,),&$5($%$*$-(/25

&203$1,,/(7$520ù,6$%(1$
+$6,*85$5('(6 1 7$7(

• Zona 1 (Belgia)
• Sejur limitat la unDQXPLWQXP U

de zile
 4.2. Vânzarea de bilete pentru alte forme de transport turistic
4.2.1. Transportul rutier
Transportul rutier HVWHRIRUP GHWUDQVSRUWWHUHVWUXúLWRWRGDW XQVXEVLVWHPDOVLVWHPXOXLQD LRQDODO

WUDQVSRUWXULORUFDUHDVLJXU GHSODVDUHDvQVSD LXDP UIXULORUúLSHUVRDQHORUFXDMXWRUXOYHKLFXOHORUPLMORDFH

de transport auto-SURSXOVDWHúLDPLMORDFHORUWUDFWDWHUHPRUFLWUDLOHUH

$XWRYHKLFXOHOH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQWU R PRELOLWDWH GHRVHELW  QHILLQG OHJDWH GH LQVWDOD LL VSHFLDOH IL[H FXP
-
HVWHFD]XOvQWUDQVSRUWXOIHURYLDUGHSLOG 'DWRULW DFHVWXLIDSWHOHSRWS WUXQGHvQORFXULXQGHDOWHPLMORDFH

GHWUDQVSRUWQXDXDFFHVLELOLWDWHFRQVWUXLQGRFRPSRQHQW LQGLVSHQVDELO DWUDQVSRUWXULORUPXOWLPRGDOH

Componentele procesului de transport rutier: -SURFHVXOGHWUDQVSRUWDUHWUHLFRPSRQHQWHGHED] úLDQXPH

• drumul;
• autovehiculul;
• FRQGXF WRUXODXWR

&D VXSRUW PDWHULDO SH FDUH VH GHUXOHD]  FLUFXOD LD DXWRYHKLFXOHORU GUXPXO FRQGL LRQHD]  SULQ FDOLW LOH VDOH

mobiOLWDWHDDXWRYHKLFXOHORUúLHILFLHQ DH[SORDW ULLORUWHKQLFHúLFRPHUFLDOH

8QGUXPHVWHFXDWkWPDLEXQFXFkWVROLFLW GLQSDUWHDDXWRYHKLFXOXOXLRIRU GHWUDF LXQHPDLPLF SHUPLWH

FLUFXOD LD FX YLWH]  PDUH vQ OLPLWHOH OHJDOH DGPLVH SUH]LQW  XQ JUDG GH X]XU  PLQLP úL RIHU  R VLJXUDQ 
3
PD[LP SHQWUXFLUFXOD LH .
7RWDOLWDWHDGUXPXULORUVLWXDWHSHvQWUHJWHULWRULXO ULLIRUPHD] UH HDXDUXWLHU  În cadrul acesteia, din punct
GHYHGHUHDOLPSRUWDQ HLHFRQRPLFHúLDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHRVHELP

• drumurile publice, UHVSHFWLY DFHOH F L GH FRPXQLFD LH WHUHVWU  FX H[FHS LD F LORU IHUDWH DPHQDMDWH

SHQWUX FLUFXOD LD YHKLFXOHORU úL DIODWH vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD XQXL RUJDQ GH VWDW GDF  VXQW GHVFKLVH FLUFXOD LHL

SXEOLFHúLVDWLVIDFFHULQ HOHGHWUDQVSRUWUXWLHUDOHvQWUHJLLHFRQRPLLQD LRQDOHúLDOHSRSXOD LHL

• drumuri de exploatare FDUH VDWLVIDF FHULQ HOH GH WUDQVSRUW DOH XQRU XQLW L HFRQRPLFH DJULFROH
forestiere).
La rândul lor, drumurile publice se împart în:
a) drumuri de interes republican;
b) drumuri de interes local.
Din categoria drumurilor de interes republican fac parte: DXWRVWU ]LOHúLGUXPXULOHQD LRQDOH.
$XWRVWU ]LOHVXQWGUXPXULGHPDUHFDSDFLWDWHUH]HUYDWHH[FOXVLY

FLUFXOD LHL DXWRYHKLFXOHORU (OH VXQW SUHY ]XWH FX F L GH UXODUH

XQLGLUHF LRQDOH VHSDUDWH SULQ tr-R EDQG  PHGLDQ  LQWHUVHFWHD] 

GHQLYHODW RULFH DOW  FDOH GH FLUFXOD LH HYLW  SH FkW SRVLELO

ORFDOLW LOH LDU DFFHVXO úL LHúLUHD DXWRYHKLFXOHORU VXQW SHUPLVH

numai prin locuri special amenajate.

1RLOH GUXPXUL LQWHUQD LRQDOH RFROHVF RUDúHOH SHQWUX XQ W rafic mai
Turismul UDSLG WLPSXO HFRQRPLVLW ILLQG vQ DYDQWDMXO F O WRULORU FX DXWRPRELOXO

depinde de autRVWU
úLGUXPXULQD LRQDOH
SH GLVWDQ H OXQJL UHGXF FRQJHVWLRQ ULOH GH WUDILF H[WLQG FkPSXO
]L
afacerilor de-DOXQJXODFHVWRUDSULQVHUYLFLLOHGHFD]DUHúLDOLPHQWD LH
SULQDWUDF LLOHGHWRWIHOXO

DrumXULOH QD LRQDOH IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH SULQFLSDOHOH RUDúH DOH ULL úL

SXQFWHOHGHIURQWLHU FHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH

Din categoria drumurilor de interes local fac parte: drumuri

MXGH HQHcele comunale úL UH HDXD VWUDGDO  D RUDúHORU ULL
'UXPXULOH MXGH HQH IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH SULQFLSDOHOH ORFDOLW L DOH

MXGH HORULDUFHOHFRPXQDOHVHUDPLILF GLQFHOHMXGH HQH

&DUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVSRUWXULORUUXWLHUHGLQ DUDQRDVWU GDUúLGLQDOWH UL

HVWH IDSWXO F  GUXPXULOH úL DXWRYHKLFXOHOH VH DIO  vQ DGPLQLVWUDUH

GLIHULW .
$XWRVWU ]LOH úL GUXPXULOH QD LRQDOH VH DIO  vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD UHJLHL

autonome Ä$GPLQLVWUD LD1D LRQDO D'UXPXULORU´$1'

3
Alexa C. 7UDQVSRUWXULúLH[SHGL LLLQWHUQD LRQDOH Editura ALL, BucureúWLS
'UXPXULOH MXGH HQH VH DIO  vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD SULP ULLORU FRPXQDOH LDU UH HDXD VWUDGDO  D RUDúHORU vQ

DGPLQLVWUDUHDSULP ULLORURUDúHORUUHVSHFWLYH

Studiu de caz
Ä=LDUHOH ORFDOH GLQ MXGH XO %UDúRY DX UHOHYDW vQ QXPHURDVH UkQGXUL GHVSUH VFDQGDOXULOH L]EXFQLWH DVXSUD

IDSWXOXL F  FHD PDL PDUH SDUWH D GUXPXULORU GLQ DUD QRDVWU  VXQW vQWU R VWDUH FULWLF
-  GH OD DQ OD DQ GLQ

lipsa fonGXULORUDORFDWHSULP ULLORUMXGH HQH5HIHULWRUODMXGH XO%UDúRYSULPDUXODUHDPLQWLWF Ä&HDPDL

PDUHSDUWHDVWU ]LORUGLQ%UDúRYVHYRUUHSDUDvQFHSkQGFXOXQDDSULOLHLDUSkQ DWXQFLVHYRUDVWXSDGRDU

JURSLOH PDUL GH SH GUXPXUL 5HDPLQWLP F  vQ D cest an, municipalitatea a contabilizat 300.000 de mp de
JURSL FX  PDL SX LQ GHFkW vQ  LDU YDORDUHD IRQGXULORU FH DU WUHEXL DORFDWH SHQWUX D VH UHSDUD

VWU ]LOH HVWH GH SHVWH  GH PLOLDUGH GH OHL SHQWUX UHSDUD LL FDSLWDOH QHFHVDUXO ILLQG GH  0 de miliarde.
*URSLOH ÄSULP Y UDWLFH´ YRU GLVS UHD GRDU GDF  WHPSHUDWXUD OD QLYHOXO VROXOXL HVWH GH  JUDGH &HOVLXV

SHQWUX F  DOWIHO QX VH SRDWH WXUQD DVIDOW vQ JURSL LDU GDF  PDL HVWH úL FDURVDELOXO XPHG QX VH YD DF LRQD

deloc. De altfel, „drumurile sHYRUUHSDUDGXS FHYLQHF OGXUD´

(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 1, 10 martie 2000).

2VHULHGHIDFWRULLQIOXHQ HD] GH]YROWDUHDWXULVPXOXLDXWRPRELOLVWLF

• SURGXF LDLQGXVWULHLGHDXWRPRELOH

• HYROX LDSUH XOXLHQHUJLHL

• LPSRUWDQ DvQWUHSULQGHULORUFDUHvQFKLULD] DXWRPRELOH

• UH HDXDUXWLHU úLDXWRUXWLHU 

• IDFLOLW LYDPDOHúLGHIURQWLHU 

Autobuzul sau autocarul UHSUH]LQW  GH DVHPHQHD XQ PLMORF GH

Autobuzul sau WUDQVSRUW WRW PDL XWLOL]DW úL SRDWH IL FRQV
iderat corespondentul
autocarul turistic transportului automobilistic adaptat la turismul de grup. Astfel
SULQFLSDOXOV XDYDQWDMvO UHSUH]LQW FRVWXOVF ]XW SHSDVDJHU LQkQG

VHDPDúLGHFKHOWXLHOLOHYDULDELOHFkWúLGHFHOHIL[H

Succesul transportului cu autocarul se daWRUHD] QXQXPDLGLIHUHQ HL

GH SUH  ID  GH DOWH PLMORDFH GH WUDQVSRUW GDU úL DPHOLRU ULL

VXEVWDQ LDOH D HFKLSDPHQWXOXL FRQIRUW VHUYLFLL LQWHULRDUH

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turismului. De aceea, coeficieQWXO GH XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL

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(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 3, 8 octombrie 1998)

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turistice. Studii asupra costului de utilizare a maúLQLLDXDU WDWF SHQWUXFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDEHQHILFLDULORU

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GLQSUH XOILQDODOSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHDSUHFL]DW%HUFHDQX´

(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 16, 15 octombrie 1998)

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de progresele realizate în domeniul transportului aerian, peste 2/3 din

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Închirierea
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impozitele ( de exemplu, taxele de drumuri, taxele de înscriere în

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aceea, în ultima vreme, autobuzul/autocarul este din ce în ce mai

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FDUH DúD FXP VH úWLH FXSULQG QXPHURDVH FLUFXLWH RUJDQL]DWH (O

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aranjamente turistice.

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AN Din total, în milioane pasageri/km

Rutier
Cehia Ungaria Polonia România Slovenia Slovacia
1995 16.777 9.556 34.024 12.343 2.507 11.191
1996 15.228 9.763 33.984 12.842 2.348 14.777
1997 12.423 10.167 33.128 13.531 2.195 13.493
1998 13.177 10.662 34.035 8.962 2.098 8.840
*Sursa: Cestat – Statical Bulletin – CNS – România, 1999

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diferite tipuri. Astfel, cei din prima categorie pot folosi autobuzele de linie sau autocarele, iar cei din a doua
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Avantajele Transportul cu autocarele se face, îndeoVHEL GH OD VWD LLOH DHULHQH
autocarelor DHURSRUWXULSkQ ODVWD LLOHGHVHMXU

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autovehiculului, taxe rutiere, parcare, transferul cu bacul etc.

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personalului turistic: se parcurge numai un itinerar stabilit.

4.2.2. Transportul feroviar

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a) F LOHIHUDWH
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c) vagoanele, respectiv mijloacele de transport propriu-zise.

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vagoanelor pe un anumit teritoriu. Elementele constructive ale acestora sunt:

 LQIUDVWUXFWXUDDOF WXLW GLQWHUDVDPHQWHSRGXUL, tuneluri, viaducte)

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crearea unui sistem european de tarife pentru pasageri (TEV),

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membre un comision de cca. 10% pentru promovarea

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SUHF GHUH VHJPHQWHORU GH WXULú ti cu venituri modeste, tarife mai

mici.

A. Aranjamente interne pe calea feUDW

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RIT fiind, într-un fel, similar agrementului IT folosit în transportul aerian.

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limitat volumul minim al traficului în acest aranjament.

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precedent.

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importante beneficii suplimentare.

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RIT-G UHSUH]LQW RYDULDQW GH5,7SUDFWLFDWODFHOH PDLVF ]XWHWDULIHDYkQGVFRSSURPR LRQDOúL utilizare

FRQMXQFWXUDO 

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a) YkQ]DUHD 5,7 VH IDFH QXPDL SULQ DJHQ LLOH GH YRLDM FDUH FDS W  DFHVW GUHSW GH FRPHUFLDOL]DUH vQ XUPD

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AN Din total, în milioane pasageri / km

feroviar
Cehia Ungaria Polonia România Slovenia Slovacia
1995 8.023 8.441 26.635 18.879 595 4.202
1996 8.111 8.582 26.569 18.356 613 3.769
1997 7.710 8.669 25.806 15.795 616 3.057
1998 7.001 8.884 25.664 13.422 645 3.092
1999 - - + - - -
*Sursa: CESTAT – Statistical Bulletin – CNS – România, 1999.

În România,WXULúWLLVWU LQLSRWVRVLSHWHULWRULXO ULLQRDVWUHúLSH FDOHDIHUDW 7RWRGDW WXULúWLLVWU LQLFDUH

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nord-YHVWXO5RPkQLHLWRWODJUDQL DFX8FUDLQD
Cel de-al doilea inel, cel intracarpatic, este situat în general în
Inelele 7UDQVLOYDQLDFDSXOOLQLHLDFHVWHLDILLQGOD%UDúRY

UH HOHLIHURYLDUH &HOH GRX  OLQLL SULQFLSDOH PHQ LRQDWH VXQ t legate între ele printr-o
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principale se mai desprind o serie de linii secundare FDUH S WUXQG SH

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-
„radialitatea”.

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OHJ WXUD FX ULOH ULYHUDQH 0 ULL 1HJUH 'LQ ULOH PHQ LRQDWH PDL VXV VH DMXQJH PDL GHSDUWH vQ WRDWH ULOH

continentului.

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0LKDL&DUHLFX8QJDULD*LXUJLXvQVXGVSUH%XOJDULDúL6WDPRUD0RUDYL DVSUH,XJRVODYLD

7UHQXULOH LQWHUQH FDUH FLUFXO  vQ DU  VH GLIHUHQ LD]  vQ IXQF LH GH GLVWDQ D SDUFXUV  viteza de mers, confort

etc..., existând: trenuri intercity; trenuri exprese; trenuri rapide; trenuri accelerate; trenuri de persoane.
PrincipaleOH IDFLOLW L SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO WXULúWLORU URPkQL vQ

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pentru transportul úL D FHORU SHQWUX JUXSXUL FX UHGXFHULOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

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cazuri:
 pentru c O WRULDFRSLLORUVXEDQLSHSDUFXUV61&)5úL

VXEDQLSHSDUFXUVVWU LQ

 SHQWUXF O WRULDvQJUXSXULGHSHVWHSHUVRDQH

 SHQWUX F O WRULD GXV -întors în traficul reciproc cu Ungaria,

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 persoanelor de vârsta a treia (peste 60 ani) posesoare ale

F U LLÄ5DLO(XURS6HQLRU´

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úLXQFRSLOVXEDQLPD[LPSDWUXDGXO LúLXQFRSLOVXE

DQLSHED]DOHJLWLPD LHLÄ=RRP´

 SHUVRDQHOHQHY ] WRDUHSRWF O WRULvQWUDILFLQWHUQD LRQDOFX

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 WLQHULL VXE  DQL SRW HIHFWXD XQ QXP U QHOLPLWDW GH

F O WRULL vQ (XURSD WLQS GH  ]LOH VDX R OXQ  vQ FRQGL LL

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6HUYLFLLOHRIHULWHGHFDOHDIHUDW SRWILFODVLILFDWHDVWIHO

• servicii feroviare propriu-zise;

• servicii feroviare auxiliare.

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4
vagoane cX V OL GH FLQHPDWRJUDI YDJRDQH GH EDJDM HWF DX vQ YHGHUH FUHDUHD XQRU FRQGL LL IDYRUDELOH GH

transport.

4.2.3 Transportul naval

$OHJHUHD QDYHORU FD PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW WXULVWLF D UHSUH]HQWDW vQF 

de la începutul secolului o manifestare îndeosebi a consumului

turistic de lux, apanaj al claselor socio-economice cu venituri
ULGLFDWH 'HVLJXU H[LVWHQ D PDL PXOWRU FODVH FDOLWDWLYH vQ LQWHULRUXO

DFHOXLDúL VSD LX GH WUDQVSRUW D IDFLOLWDW úL DFFHVXO WXULúWLORU FX

YHQLWXUL PDL PRGHVWH GHúL WDULIXO SO WLW SHQWUX R F O WRULH FX

Croazierele sunt vaporul – ca mijloc de acces - HUD GHVWXO GH ULGLFDW $WUDF LD
considerate H[HUFLWDW GHF O WRULDSHDS FDSULQFLSDODJUHPHQWúLQXQXPDLFD

SRVLELOLWDWH GH DFFHV OD R GHVWLQD LH WXULVWLF  D GDW QDúWHUH

turism de lux „croazierelor” – aranjamente turistice cH FXSULQG DO WXUL GH

WUDQVSRUW úL FHOHODOWH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH SUHVWDWH SH SDUFXUVXO

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GH WUDQVSRUW GDU PDL DOHV GLYHUVLILFDUHD WLSXULORU GH QDYH úL

FRQGL LLOH GH FRQIRUW úL DJUHPHQW VSRULWH SH FDUH OH RIHU  DX

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-  GHOX[ODRSLD  úLRRIHUW 

GH PDV  GHVWLQDW  XQXL SXEOLF PDL ODUJ úL PDL WkQ U 7HQGLQ HOH UHF ente sunt de scurtare a duratei
croazierelor, de combinare a aranjamentelor aer – PDUH R GDW  FX OLEHUDOL]DUHD WUDQVSRUWXULORU DHULHQH úL R

GLYHUVLILFDUH D DFWLYLW LORU FH VH GHVI úRDU  OD ERUGXO QDYHORU 7RDWH DFHVWH PRGLILF UL V -au reflectat în
aliniereDRIHUWHLODFHUHUHFHHDFHDVWLPXODWFLUFXOD LDWXULVWLF SHFDOHDPDULWLP 
5

În România, VHUYLFLLOHPDULWLPHúLIOXYLDOHVHHIHFWXHD] SH0DUHD1HDJU úLSH'XQ UH'LQ0DUHD1HDJU

VHWUHFHSULQVWUkPWRULOH%RVIRUúL'DUGDQHOHvQ0DUHD0HGLWHUDQ GHXQGHVHDMXQJHvQFHOHPDLvQGHS UWDWH

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F O WRUL

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&RQVWDQ DvQVSUH ULOHULYHUDQH

Croaziera face parte din exportul ocazional, de fapt un serviciu de

Croaziera este un WXULVPFDUHFRQVW vQSHWUHFHUHDVHMXUXOXL la bordul unei nave special
export ocazional amenajate, oferindu-VH F O WRULORU QX QXPDL XQ YRLDM PDULWLP
RELúQXLWFLúLXQHOHWUDWDPHQWHúLGLYHUWLVPHQWHGHRVHELWHSUHFXPúL

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conformitate cu itinerarul stabilit în prealabil. În cazul unor excursii

SHWHULWRULXODOWRU ULFkQGVHXWLOL]HD] úLDOWHPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUW

SUHFXPúLXQHOHVHUYLFLLODORFXULOHGHSULPLUHVHMXUDFHVWHDWUHEXLH

V ILHFXSULQVHvQLWLQHUDUXOGLQDLQWHVWDELOLW

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sau într-XQDOWSRUWvQFDUHV -LDúWHSWHSHWXULúWLLSOHFD LvQH[FXUVLH

4
&(')*+ * ,.- Economia serviciilor, /01+ 2 3!456745)83:9;<=3#*384?>@2 + ;1A!B!B8B8;CD-A1AFE
5
Minciu, R. Economia turismului ;/01+ 2 3!4?56G4?5)83#9;<=3#*3!4>@?2 + ;8A!B8B8B!;C:- A!H!I8-
 Studiu de caz
Ä35,1&(66 &58,6(6 HVWH FRPSDQLD GH FURD]LHUH FDWDORJDW  GUHSW QXP UXO  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO

FDOLW LL VHUYLFLLORU HOHJDQ HL úL VLJXUDQ HL F O WRULORU )LHFDUH QDY  HVWH XQ RUDú SOXWLWRU GH  VWHOH FDUH

FXSULQGHSHOkQJ FHOHGHFDELQH UHVWDXUDQWHSLVFLQHV

- OLGHWHDWUXFDIHQHOHSL]]HULL]RQ GH

VSRUW FDVLQR PDJD]LQH FHQWUX GH WUDWDPHQW úL vQIUXPXVH DUH VSD LL GHVWLQDWH FRSLLORU SH GLIHULWH JUXSH G e
vârste”. 6XUVD=LXDWXULVWLF QUSMRLDSULOLH

4.2.4 Transportul fluvial

7UDQVSRUWXOIOXYLDODUHORFSH'XQ UHXQXOGLQFHOHPDLPDULIOXYLLGLQ

(XURSDFDUHWUDYHUVHD] 0XQ LL&DUSD LvQUHJLXQHD3RU LOHGH)LHUSH

R GLVWDQ G e aproximativ 126 kilometri. Nici un alt fluviu mare din

OXPH FXP DU IL ,QGXV *DQJH %UDKPDSXWUD úL DOWHOH QX VWU EDWH XQ

ODQ  GH PXQ L SH R DVHPHQHD GLVWDQ  $SRL HVWH GH UHPDUFDW
Transportul IUXPXVH HD 'HOWHL 'XQ ULL DFHDVW  ÄvPS U LH D DSHORU´ FDUH RIHU  XQ
WXULVWLFSH'XQ UH
pHLVDMI U HFKLYDOHQWvQOXPHFXRSX]GHULHGHODFXULJKLROXULFDQDOH

úLRVWURDYHFXRIDXQ úLRIORU GLQFHOHPDLYDULDWH

De-D OXQJXO 'XQ ULL vQ WRDWH ULOH ULYHUDQH V-au construit în ultima
vreme diferite obiective ce pot fi vizitate. Prin construirea canalului
'XQ UH – 0DUHD 1HDJU  V-a extins sectorul navigabil, inclusiv de

DJUHPHQWSHWHULWRULXO ULLQRDVWUH

3RWILDPLQWLWHúLXQHOHQDYLJD LLGHDJUHPHQWHIHFWXDWHSHODFXULOH

Transportul turistic create prin construirea hidrocentralelor sau pe cele naturale.

$VWIHO ODFXO GH DFXPXODUH GH OD %LFD] SH YDOHD %LVWUL HL FX R
pe lac OXQJLPH GH  GH NLORPHWUL HVWH EU ]GDW GH YDSRUDúH GH PLF

WRQDM IRORVLWH SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO WXULúWLORU SkQ  vQ 0XQ LL

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I, dHSH/RWUX$UJHú2OWXO0LMORFLX6RPHúXO0LF)LUL]D&HUQD
'kPERYL D 6XSHULRDU  &ULúXO 5HSHGH úD VLWXDWH vQ ]RQH
16
SLWRUHúWLRIHU SRVLELOLWDWHDWUDQVSRUWXOXLSHQWUXDJUHPHQW

ÌQ MXUXO FDSLWDOHL ULL QRDVWUH GH IDSW XQD GLQ SX LQHOH FDSLWDOH

diQ OXPH DúH]DWH SH PDUJLQHD ODFXULORU H[LVW  R VDOE  GH ODFXUL

% QHDVD +HU VWU X )ORUHDVFD 7HL )XQGHQL &HUQLFD 9 F UHúWL

úL 'kPERYL D VH Y G SOXWLQG SH DFHVWH ODFXUL DPEDUFD LXQL

LQFOXVLY YDSRUDúH SHQWUX DJUHPHQW úL SUDFWLFDUHD VSRUWXULORU

nauticH $FHODúL OXFUX VH SRDWH VSXQH úL GHVSUH XQHOH ODFXUL

QDWXUDOH GH SH OLWRUDOXO 0 ULL 1HJUH WUDQVSRUWXO GH F O WRUL úL

DJUHPHQWILLQGRUJDQL]DWvQWLPSXOYHULLSHODFXULOH7HFKLUJKLROúL

Siutghiol.

Tabel 4.1
7UDQVSRUWXOPDULWLPGHSDVDJHUL ULDQL

Din total, în milioane pasageri / km

AN Maritim
Cehia Ungaria Polonia România Slovenia Slovacia
1995 - - 166 24 - 7
1996 - - 156 17 - 5
1997 - - 143 16 - 4
1998 - - 173 13 - 5
1999 - - - - - -
Sursa: CESTAT – Statistical Bulletin – CNS - România

6
Minciu, R.., op. cit.
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*HQHUDOL]DUHD WUDQVSRUWXULORU UXWLHUH SH DS  úL SH F LOH IHUDWH D GHWHUPLQDW FRQVLGHUDUHD DFHVWRUD GUHSW

transporturi clasice.

În locurile în care transporturile clasice nu au fost accesibile, s-DX LQWURGXV SH SODQ ORFDO DOWH PLMORDFH úL
sisteme de transport, care sunt denumite QHFRQYHQ LRQDOHFXPDUILIXQLFXODUHOHúLWHOHIHULFHOHWUDQVSRUWXULOH
VXVSHQGDWH F LOH IHUDWH FX R VLQJXU  úLQ  PRQRUDL F LOH IHUDWH FX FUHPDOLHU  WUDQVSRUWXULle pneumatice,

F LOHIHUDWHFXPRWRDUHHOHFWULFHOLQLDUHF LOHIHUDWHFXYHKLFXOHSHSHUQ GHDHUúLDOWHVLVWHPHGHWUDQVSRUWXUL

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH'HDVHPHQHDVROX LLOHQRLDGRSWDWHODF LOHIHUDWHFDUHGLIHU GHVLVWHPXOGHDGHUHQ URDW 

–úLQ VXVWHQWD LHVDXSURSXOVLHFODVLF VXQWGHQXPLWHWRWQHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

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DGkQFL SU S VWLL FXUVXUL GH DS  HWF DX FRQGXV OD FUHDUHD

funicularelor, cu un mileniX vQDLQWHD HUHL QRDVWUH vQ &KLQD ,QGLD úL

Japonia.
ÌQ(XURSDIXQLFXODUHOHDXvQFHSXWV ILHXWLOL]DWHGLQVHFROXODO;9-lea,

ILLQGFRQVWLWXLWHGLQIXQLLVDXIUkQJKLLGLQPDWHULDOHWH[WLOHVXV LQXWHSH

VWkOSL GH OHPQ SH FDUH HUDX WUDVH FRúXUL FDGUH VDX bene cu materiale.
7UDF LXQHD VH HIHFWXD GH OD H[WUHPLW LOH IXQLLORU FX DMXWRUXO FDLORU

Din 1827 funiile din materiale textile au fost înlocuite cu cabluri de

R HO
7

ÌQ DQXO  HQJOH]XO 6D[WRQ D LQYHQWDW IXQLFXODUXO FX FDEOX I U 

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 GH F WUH HQJOH]XO &KDUOHV +REWRQ &X WLPSXO V DX LQWURGXV úLQH -
SHQWUXFLUFXOD LDYDJRDQHORUúLVLVWHPHHILFLHQWHGHWUDJHUHDFDEOXULORU

GHWUDF LXQH

8Q VLVWHP GH IXQLFXODU IRUPDW GLQ GRX  úLQH vQWU e care circulau
Transportul YDJRDQHOH WUDVH GH XQ FDEOX DF LRQDW GH OD H[WUHPLW L GH GRX  PDúLQL

turistic fixe cu abur a fost creat de inginerul Maus, iar inginerul Tomas
$JXGLQR D FRQVWUXLW vQ  vQWUH 7RULQR úL 6XSHUJD SH R GLVWDQ  GH
pe funiculare NPXQIXQLFXODUFXRúLQ FHQWUDO úLXQFDEOX

/D VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;,; OHD D IRVW LQWURGXV  WUDF LXQHD

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DSRLJHQHUDOL]DW 

Unul dintre cele mai renumite funiculare a fost construit în Argentina

între anii 1903 – 1905, la minele de cupru de la Sierra de Famatina din
PXQ LL $Q]L )XQLFXODUXO DYHD R OXQJLPH GH  NP úL XUFD OD

DOWLWXGLQHD GH  P ILLQG HFKLSDW FX GRX  FDEOXUL SXUW WRDUH

VXV LQXWHGHVWkOSLPHWDOLFLvQDO LGHGHP

O linie de 335 de meWUL FXFDEOX OD FDUH WUDF LXQHD VH I FHD GH PDúLQL

IL[H FX DEXU DPSODVDWH OD FHOH GRX  H[WUHPLW L OXQJ  GH  NP D

IRVWFRQVWUXLW vQWUH/RQGUDúL%ODFNZDO/LQLDHUDPRQWDW SHYLDGXFWH

FDUHWUDYHUVDXXQFDUWLHUORQGRQH]ODQLYHOXODFRSHULúXULORU

O PDUH U VSkQGLUH DX DYXW IXQLFXODUHOH DF LRQDWH SULQ FRQWUDJUHXWDWH

FXDSDvQ(OYH LD)UDQ D*HUPDQLDúL,WDOLD

Linia de funiculare cu cea mai mare declivitate de pe glob, de 840

PPP VH DIO  vQ &KLOH ÌQ (XURSD OLQLD 6DLQW +LODLUH GH 7RXYHW
–
SanatorLXO 3HWLWHV 5RFKHV *UDQGH &KDUWUHXVH GLQ )UDQ D OXQJ  GH
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SH FDUH VXQW PRQWDWH úLQH LDU YDJRDQHOH VXQW WUDVH GH FDEOXUL úL DX IRVW FRQVWUXLWH vQ DUD QRDVWU  vQWUH -

vQWUH$QLQDúL2UDYL D

7
Ignat D., J1KL!M1N OP1KQ RKS T UGS UKSVSLW1S X!/08+ 2 3!4?5ZY>[8)+ * ;<=3#*384?>@2 + ;DE\I1\1;CD- IA -83.
2DOW OLQLHIXQLFXODU SHSODQvQFOLQDWFRQVWUXLW OD&RP G XOkQJ &RYDVQDvQDQXOIXQF LRQHD] úL

în prezent.

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vQ MXGH XO 6XFHDYD /D vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL DO XX lea s-D FRQVWUXLW R OLQLH IXQLFXODU  FDUH WUDYHUVD PXQWHOH

5HWHYRLODIDEULFDGHKkUWLHGHOD%XúWHQL

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'XS  FHO GH DOGRLOHD U ]ERLPRQGLDO V

- -au introdus PXOWH WHOHIHULFH vQ ]RQHOH WXULVWLFHGLQ PXQ L OD3UHGHDO
8
%UDúRY6LQDLD%XúWHQL3 OWLQLú%kOHD&ULYDLDHWF

Transporturile suspendate
6LVWHPXOGHOLQLLIHUDWHVXVSHQGDWHIRORVHúWHRFDOHGHUXODUHDPSODVDW 

pe piloni din metal sau din beton armDW 9HKLFXOHOH FLUFXO  VXE FDOHD

GH UXODUH ILLQG VXVSHQGDWH VLPHWULF VDX DVLPHWULF ID  GH DFHDVWD

3URSXOVLD VH IDFH SULQ WUDF LXQH FX FDEOX HOHFWULF  VDX FX HOLFH

Inginerul german Franz Fritz von Ducker a construit în anul 1861

SULPDOLQLHVXVSHQGDW SHRGLVWDQ GHGHPOD6FKZDU]HU+XWWH

vQ0XQ LL+DU]
/LQLDIHUDW 
)LUPD JHUPDQ  6LHPHQV D FRQVWUXLW R OLQLH VXVSHQGDW  LQGXVWULDO  vQ

suspendat 0XQ LL 3LULQHL vQ DQXO  &DEOXO GH WUDF LXQH DO YDJRDQHORU FX

PLQHUHXDF LRQDODFRERUkUHXQJHQHUDWRUHOHFWULFFDUHI urniza energia

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Sistemul de transport suspendat, în diferite variante de dispunere a

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/LYHUSRRO %DOWLPRUH %RVWRQ úL vQ DOWH S U L 6 D H[SHULPHQWDW úL

-
WUDQVSRUWXO VXVSHQGDW IRORVLQG PRWRDUH FX HOLFH DVHP Q WRDUH

motoarelor de avion. În 1923 s-a construit automotorul cu elice

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+DPEXUJúL%HUOLQ

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FKHVRQGHEHWRQ6LVWHPXOVHPDLDSOLF vQ68$úL-DSRQLDúLVHSUHFRQL]HD] DILLQWURGXVvQQXPHURDVHDOWH

UL

Transportul de pasageri în România

Tabel 4.2
3DVDJHULWUDQVSRUWD L Parcursul pasagerilor
– mii pasageri – milioane pasageri – km
1997 1998 1997 1998
Trim 4 Trim 1 Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Trim 4 Trim 1 Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4
]F^_ `a bc dc ef`Zg(__ `a bc `f _ h`fi 130548 103525 93436 90298 86733 7481 5560 6065 7202 5396
T. feroviar 40453 38709 37891 36174 34026 3605 3153 3304 4018 2947
T. rutier 89290 64329 54737 53124 52072 3515 2087 2303 2521 2050
T. fluvial 563 295 559 660 408 6 3 4 4 3
T. aerian 242 192 249 340 227 399 317 454 659 396
]F^dc ef?`Zg(_`b?dc ef?` 526923 521323 544699 479266 527921 - 4852 7155 5581 6110
Sursa: CNS – Anul X nr.2 – 1999, „Buletin statistic lunar”.

8
Ignat, D., op. cit. p.33, p. 84-85.
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În anul 1821, inginerul englez Henry Robinson Palmer a constrit între

9
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RIHULWWXULúWLORU
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-
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& LOHIHUDWHFXFUHPDOLHU

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titudinea cea mai mare din
Europa, pe muntele Jungfrau, la 3.457 m. Între cele 14 linii ferate cu
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muntele Pilatus, cu 480 mm/m.

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10
%ROLYLDúL&KLOHDWLQJHDOWLWXGLQHDGHP

9
Ignat, D., op. cit. p. 33, p.85-86.
10
Ignat, D., op. cit. p.33, p.87-88.
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–
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pneumatic 6\GHQKDP úL /RQGUD XQ WXE SQHXPDWLF SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO F O WRULORU

este de viitor iar în 1874 M.Beach a introdus la New York un tramvai pneumatic
care avea intrarea pe strada Broadway.
În prezent, un tub pentru transportul pneumatic este utilizat eficient
SHQWUXWUDQVSRUWXOF O WRULORUOD3RUWR$OHJUHvQ%UD]LOLD

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de transport pneumatic, care este considerat unul dintre sistemele de

transport ale viitorului.

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sunt poluante.

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trenurilor viitorului.

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sistem ROM-U-/,0 úL VLVWHPXO OLQLDU VLQFURQ KRPRSRODr ROM-V-LOM, care a fost testat pe un vehicul
experimental construit de uzina Electroputere Craiova.

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11
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11
Ignat, D., op. cit., p.33, p.89-90.
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constituie prelungirea liniilor ferate pe uscat.

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7UDQVSRUWXOSOXWLWRUHVWHvQFRQWLQX H[WLQGHUHvQvQWUHDJDOXPH
12

4.4. Vânzarea de servicii turistice

&LUFDGLQFLIUDGHDIDFHULDXQHLDJHQ LLRUHSUH]LQW YRLDMHOHIRUIHWDUH

Serviciile turistice vândute pot fi:

1. Izolate, FD]vQFDUHDJHQ LDVHRFXS FXYkQ]DUHDVHUYLFLLORUGHSULPLUHúLGHDFFHVODSURGXVHúLDQXPH

• servicii de primire ÄPHHWLQJ´ VDX ÄWUDQVIHU´FDUH FRQVWDXvQSXQHUHDODGLVSR]L LDFOLHQ LORU D XQXLPLMORF
GHWUDQVSRUWúLDXQXLDVDXPDLPXOWRUIXQF LRQDULDLDJHQ LHLFDUHYRUEHVFOLPEDFOLHQWXOXLLQWHUSUHWFDUH

úWLXV
-ODMXWHvQRSHUD LXQLOHGHVWD LRQDUHWUDQVSRUWEDJDMHYL]DUHELOHWHúLFDUHFXQRVFWRSRJUDILFORFXULOH
unde vor trebui utilizate serviciile locale, rezervate anterior;
• servicii de acces SULQ FDUH VH SXQH OD GLVSR]L LH XQ PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW úL XQXO VDX PDL PXO L IXQF LRQDUL
JKL]L FDUH vQVR HVF FOLHQ LL vQ YL]LWH H[FXUVLL úL FDUH úWLX V  SUH]LQWH vQ OLPED FOLHQ LORU DWUDFWLYLWDWHD

zonei.

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FROHFWLY ILLQG vQ JHQHUDO vQVR LW GH XQXO VDX PDL PXO L IXQF LRQDUL DL DJHQ LHL VDX FX LWLQHUDULX SURSXV GH

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7XULúWLL SO WHVF FRWD GH SDUWLFLSDUH úL DX GUHSWXO OD WRDWH VHUYLFLLOH vQVFULVH vQ SURJUDPXO GH YRLDM H[FOXVLY

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12
Ignat,D, op.cit. p.33, p.89-90.
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subproduse.13 Definirea serviciilor turistice ca subproduse ale produselor turistice a determinat gruparea lor
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VXQWVHUYLFLLGHED]

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SUDFWLF ULLVSRUWXULORUGHLDUQ 

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satisfacerea propriilor pasiuni), servicii ce nu au în vedere satisfacerea de nevoi fiziologice fundamentale.

$FHVWH VHUYLFLL WUHEXLH V  U VSXQG  XQRU FHULQ H úL SUHIHULQ H FH GLIHU  GH OD XQ SRSRU OD DOWXO GH OD XQ JUXS

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F.Bran, D.Marin, T. Simion, Economia turismjk jlmlnopl jk jlq rstr ujv w tvx
13
p.72-75.
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FHORU GH ED]  VH FRQVWDW  R GHOLPLWDUH vQ WLPS LDU PRGLILF ULOH FH SRW

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Serviciile la cele suplimentare nu se cunosc limite, ele diversificându-se

FRQWLQXX OD DFHDVWD FRQWULEXLQG VFKLPE ULOH FDUH DX ORF OD QLYHOXO
suplimentare JXVWXULORU úL SUHIHULQ HORU WXULúWLORU ÌQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH serviciile
WXULVWLFH GH ED]  VXQW UHDOL]DWH úL FRQVXPDWH OD XQ QLYHO FDOLWDWLY

ridicat, serviciile suplimentare pot juca rolul determinant în asigurarea

IRU HLGHDWUDF LHDXQHLVWD LXQLVDXGHVWLQD LLDFHVWHDSXWkQGFRQWULEXL

într-R IRDUWH PDUH P VXU  OD UHDOL]DUHD UHQXPHOXL OD IRUPDUHD P UFLL

unui produs turistic.

4.4.1 Structura serviciilor turistice

$FWLYLWDWHDLQGXVWULHLWXULVWLFHSULYLW FDSDUWHFRPSRQHQW DVHFWRUXOXLWHU LDUúLDQDOL]DW SULQSULVPDRIHUWHL

turistiFHQXVHUHGXFHGRDUODSULPLUHDYL]LWHORUvQXQLW LVSHFLDOL]DWHFLDUWUHEXLDúH]DW vQWU -un context mai

DPSOX OD FDUH FRQWULEXLH XQ FRPSOH[ GH IDFWRUL úL DFWLYLW L VSHFLILFH LQGXVWULLORU FRQH[H WUDQVSRUWXULOH

FRQVWUXF LLOH WHOHFRPXQLFD LLOH DVWIHO vQFkW SULQ HIHFWXO ÄEXOJ UHOH GH ] SDG ´ V  VH UHDOL]H]H R GH]YROWDUH

V Q WRDV úLGXUDELO DWXULVPXOXLvQV SHED]DXQHLLQIUDVWUXFWXULELQHGHILQLWH

3HQWUX HYLWDUHD úL GHVFXUDMDUHD VHGHQWDULVPXOXL SHQWUX FUHúWHUHD IOX[XULORU WXULVWLFH úL GHFL D F onsumului de
SUHVWD LLVSHFLILFHLQGXVWULHLWXULVWLFHODRUDDFWXDO H[LVW PDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVHUYLFLLWXULVWLFH

a) GXS FRQ LQXWXOSUHVWD LHL vom deosebi:

Õ VHUYLFLLOHJDWHGHF O WRULH(voiajul) –FDUDFWHULVWLFHFRPSDQLLORUGHWUDQVSRUWVHUHIHU ODIDFLOLW LOHúL

SDUDPHWULLFDOLWDWLYLDLGHSODV ULLODGXUDWDDFHVWHLD LQkQGFRQWGHPLMORFXOGHWUDQVSRUW

Õ servicii specifice perioadei de sejur – VXQW GLIHUHQ LDWH vQ IXQF LH GH IRUPD GH WXULVP SUDFWLFDW 
PLMORDFH VSHFLILFH WHUPDOLVPXOXL VDX VSD LL SHQWUX GHVI úXUDUHD WXULVPXOXL GH DIDFHUL – V OL GH
FRQJUHVHVHPLQDULLFRQIHULQ H

b) GXS PRELOXOVDXPRWLYD LDF O WRULHL

Õ VHUYLFLLGHED] FD]DUHDOLPHQWD LDSXEOLF WUDQVSRUWXO

Õ servicii specifice KLSLVPXOVFKLXOYkQ WRDUHD

Õ servicii complementare sau suplimentare (servicii de informare, cultural - sportive, de închiriere de
DXWRPRELOHVDXDOWHRELHFWHGHX]SHUVRQDOúLVSRUWLYVHUYLFLLVSHFLILFHXQLW LORUKRWHOLHUHGH – 5*);

c) GXS QDWXUDFHUHULL

Õ servicii ferme: stabilite anterior consumului;

Õ servicii spontane: stabilite în momentul în care turistul a luat contact cu oferta, constituind servicii
FDUDFWHULVWLFH SUHVWD LLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH &HUHUHD VSRQWDQ  GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH FUHúWH vQ LQWHQVLWDWH PDL

ales în cazul formelor de turism itinHUDQWFHODXWRPRELOLVWLFGHH[HPSOXXQGHVROLFLW ULOHGHVHUYLFLL

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VHUYLFLLVHPDQLIHVW vQGLIHULWHSURSRU LLúLvQFD]XOWXULVPXOXLRUJDQL]DWúLVHPLRUJD nizat:

d) GXS PRGDOLW LOHGHSODW 

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Õ VHUYLFLLSO WLWHVLPXOWDQFXSUHVWD LD

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Õ servicii gratuite – SUHVXSXQDVLJXUDUHD XQRU IDFLOLW LDOH F URU FRVWXULVXQWVXSRUWDWHGHRU ganizatorii

GH WXULVP IDFLOLW L RIHULWH XQRU FDWHJRULL GH WXULúWL GH WLSXO YL]LWDWRULORU WLQHUL – HOHYL VWXGHQ L –
pensionari);
e) GXS QDWXUDORU

Õ servicii specifice GHVI úXU ULLDFWLYLW LLWXULVWLFHSURSULX -zise;

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WHOHFRPXQLFD LLORUWUDQVSRUWXULvQFRPXQVDXVHUYLFLLGHvQWUH LQHUHúLUHSDUD LLVHUYLFLLGHJRVSRG ULH

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6HUYLFLLOHGHED]

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GHVI úXUDUHDSUHVWD LHLWXULVWLFH RIHULWH GH DJHQ LDGHWXULVP9ROXPXO

VWUXFWXUD úL FDOLWDWHD DFHVWRU VHUYLFLL GHSLQG vQ SULPXO UkQG GH
Serviciile
H[LVWHQ DXQHLED]HWH hnico - materiale adecvate: hoteluri propriu-zise,
de cazare sunt PRWHOXUL KDQXUL FDVHGH RGLKQ  FDEDQH SRSDVXUL WXULVWLFH .
14

oferite frecvent 6HUYLFLLOH RIHULWH GH F WUH DFHVWH RELHFWLYH GH FD]DUH vQ VWUXFWXUD

GHDJHQ LL FRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLFLQGLIHUHQWGHQDWXUDIXQF LLORUORUSHUPDQHQWHVDX

sezoniere), de tipul lor, de gradul lor de confort sau de forma de

SURSULHWDWH UHSUH]LQW  XQ HOHPHQW LQGLVSHQVDELO vQ DVLJXUDUHD

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VWD LXQL vQ IRUPHOH GH YDFDQ  RUJDQL]DWH VDX VHPLRUJDQL]DWH FkW úL

SHQWUXDOWHFDWHJRULLGHVROLFLWDQ L –RDPHQLGHDIDFHULVDXWXULúWLYHQL L
pe cont propriu.
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KRWHOXULPLFLúLPLMORFLLKRWHOXULPDULKRWHOXULGHOX[ÌQDIDU GHDFHVWHDPDLSRWILOXDWHvQFRQVLGHUD LHWUHL

WLSXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH úL DQXPH KRWHO ULD UXUDO  FHD GLQ RUDúH úL FHD FX IXQF LL VSHFLDOH 7RW GLQ UkQGXO

vQWUHSULQGHULORU KRWHOLHUH PDL IDFH SDUWH úL SDUDKRWHO ULD FDUH RIHU  IRUPH FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH FD]DUH UHJ VLWH

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FDUDYDQLQJFDUHFRQVWLWXLHRFRQFXUHQW GLUHFW DKRWHO ULHLFRPHUFLDOHFODVLFH

În principal, serviFLLOHGHSULPLUHFHFRUHVSXQGDFWLYLW LLKRWHOLHUHVXQWUHGDWHSULQ

y
cazare propriu-]LV 
y
VHUYLFLLGHDOLPHQWD LHSXEOLF 
y
servicii oferite de baruri;
y
V OLGHEDQFKHWH
y
VHUYLFLLVSHFLDOHGLYHUVHVDORDQHPDJD]LQHJDOHULLGHDUW 

2UJDQL]DUHD úL FRPELQDUHD DFHVWRU VHUYLFLL GLIHU  GH OD R XQLWDWH OD DOWD vQ IXQF LH GH QXP UXO GH VWHOH GH

FDOLWDWHDGRW ULORUDFHVWRUD

([SHULHQ D LQWHUQ  úL LQWHUQD LRQDO  DUDW  F  vQ VWUXFWXUD VHUYLFLLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH SUHVWDWH GH XQLW LOH GH

FD]DUH vQ FD]XO GH ID  DO VWUXFWXULORU GH SULPLUH PDUL GH WLSXO KRWHOXULORU LQWU  R VHULH GH VHUYLFLL FRPXQH

vQWkOQLWH vQ WRDWH XQLW LOH FX DFHODúL JUDG GH FRQIRUW LQGLIHUHQW GH ORFXO XQGH VH J VHVF DFHVWHD úL VHUYLFLL

FDUDFWHULVWLFHXQRUKRWHOXULFDUHGHFXUJGLQPRWLYD LDGHED] DF O WRULHLWXULVWLFH

3ULYLWH SULQ SULVPD SUHVWD LLORU E QHúWL FDUH VH QDVF vQWUH XQLWDWH
6HUYLFLLOHFXSODW 
HFRQRPLH úL FOLHQW VHUYLFLLOH VXSOLPHQWDUH VH vPSDUW vQ servicii cu
úLJUDWXLWH SODW úLVHUYLFLLJUDWXLWH&HOHGLQXUP VXQWGHQXPLWHDúDSHQWUXF 

vQ JHQHUDO SUHVWDUHD ORU QX DWUDJH úL SODWD XQHL VXPH GH EDQL GLQ

partea beneficiarului; în realitate, la stabilirea tarifului de cazare se

LQH VHDPD úL GH DFHVWH VHUYLFLL 3HQWUX F  LQWU  vQ RIHUWD WXULVWLF  D

XQLW LORU GH FD]DUH OD GHILQLUHD P UFLL DFHVWRU VHUYLFLL VXSOLPHQWDUH

I U  SODW  HVWH QHFHVDU V  OL VH DFRUGH DWHQ LH IRDUWH PDUH úL V  ILH

efectuate la un înalt grad de profesionalism.

6HUYLFLLOH VXSOLPHQWDUH FX SODW  GLQ XQLW LOH KRWHOLHUH GXS  FULWHULXO QHYRLL F UHLD vL VXQW FKHPDWH V 

U VSXQG SRWILJUXSDWHDVWIHO

14
Ioan Cosmescu, op.cit. p. 193.
 Ê
15
VHUYLFLL FDUH DX UROXO GH D VDWLVIDFH FHULQ HOH SHUVRQDOH GH RUGLQ LJLHQLF úL HVWHWLF - frizerie,
FRVPHWLF  YkQ]DUHD DUWLFROHORU GH LJLHQ  SHUVRQDO  VS ODWXO úL F OFDWXO OHQMHULHL GH FRUS FXU DWXO úL

F OFDWXOvPEU F PLQWHLOXVWUXLWXOvQF O PLQWHLWRDWHDFHVWHDFXSX LQHH[FHS LLvQFKLULHUHDGHDSDUDWH

electrice pentru XVFDWS UXOSUHVXSXQSHOkQJ SHUVRQDOVSHFLDOL]DWVSD LLDGHFYDWHSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHD

lor;
Ê
16
-WXUXORUDúXOXLSURFXUDUHD
VHUYLFLLGHVWLQDWHVDWLVIDFHULLXQRUFHULQ HFXFDUDFWHU FXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLY

de bilete la diverse spectacole, pentru vizitarea de muzee, închirierea de aparate radio–TV,

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H[LVWHQ D vQ ORFDOLWDWH VDX vQ DSURSLHUH D XQRU LQVWLWX LL GH SURILO úL GH DFWLYLWDWHD DFHVWRUD 'H DFHHD

gama serviciilor dintr-R JUXS  HVWH GHSHQGHQW  GH ORFXO vQ FDUH VH DIO  KRWHOXO UHVSHFWLY FRQGL LL

SHQWUXRJDP ODUJ GHDFWLYLW LGHDFHVWWLSDXvQVSHFLDOKRWHOXULOHGLQPDULOHRUDúH

Ê servicii cu scop de agrement – DX FD RELHFWLY DVLJXUDUHD GHVWLQGHULL úL DPX]DPHQWXOXL FOLHQWXOXL
$FHDVWD HVWH FHD PDL ERJDW  JUXS  D VHUYLFLLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH úL VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ LPHQVH

GLVSRQLELOLW L GH O UJLUH LQYHQWLYLWDWHD SHUVRQDOXOXL GLQ KRWHO ILLQG FHD FDUH FRQWULEXLH OD FUHúWHUHD

FDQWLWDWLY úLFDOLWDWLY DXQRUDVHPHQHDVHUYLFLL'LQDFHDVW JUXS IDFSDUWHvQWUHDOWHOHRUJDQL]DUHD

GHVHULGLVWUDFWLYHEDOXULFRQFXUVXULDVLJXUDUHDGHVSD LLúLPLMORDFHSHQWUXVDWLVIDF erea unor pasiuni

ELOLDUG WHQLV GH PDV  MRFXUL HOHFWURQLFH SLVFLQH VDXQH GDU úL vQFKLULHUHD GLYHUVHORU PDWHULDOH

terenuri de sport.
Dincolo de aceste trei grupe de servicii, din categoria serviciilor
VXSOLPHQWDUH IDF SDUWH úL SUHVWD LLOH FDUH DX
ca scop satisfacerea
nevoilor de comunicare (servicii de telefonie, telex, xerox-uri), de
GHSODVDUH SURFXUDUHD ELOHWHORU GH F O WRULH SDUFDUHD PDúLQLORU

vQFKLULHUHD PDúLQLORU VHUYLFLXO GH FDPHU  VDX URRP VHUYLFH -ul,

Serviciile servicii de secretariat, cele prestDWH GH F WUH XQ WUDQVODWRU $FHDVW 

JUXS  FXSULQGH R VIHU  ODUJ  GH VHUYLFLL VSHFLILFH PDL DOHV KRWHOXULORU
de comunicare
GLQ PDULOH FHQWUH XUEDQH úL vQGHRVHEL GLQ FDSLWDOHOH ULORU 2 SULYLUH

GH DQVDPEOX DVXSUD FRPSRQHQ HL VHUYLFLLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH RIHULWH GH

DJHQ LD GH WXULVP DUDW  F  SHQWUX R SDUWH GLQ DFHVWHD VXQW QHFHVDUH úL

VSD LLDGHFYDWHGLQ FDUH XQHOHV  DLE vQGRWDUH LQVWDOD LLGHSURILOLDU

altele mobilier, diverse echipamente, jocuri pentru toate gusturile; se

FHUHúLSHUVRQDOVSHFLDOL]DWFDSDELOV FRPXQLFHvQOLPELVWU LQH

'LQ H[SHULHQ D LQWHUQD LRQDO  VH FRQVWDW  F  vQ SUH]HQW

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FUHDUHDXQHLED]HPDWHULDOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

$WUDFWLYLWDWHD úL VXFFHVXO XQHL VWD LXQL VH GDWRUHD]  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL
Serviciile mult DFWLYLW LL GH DQLPD LH sau agrementului. Ca urmare, diversitatea
de agrement úLRULJLQDOLWDWHDRIHUWHLGHDJUHPHQWSRWFRQVWLWXLHOHPHQWHKRW UkWRDUH

vQDWUDJHUHDIOX[XULORUWXULVWLFHúLRED] GHDSUHFLHUHDFRPSHWLWLYLW LL

WXULVWLFHGLQ DUDUHVSHFWLY SHSODQLQWHUQD LRQDO

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abordându-VH WRDWH DVSHFWHOH FDUH FRQFXU  OD EXQD GHVI úXUDUH D

sejurului turistic17.

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OLEHUSHQWUXDVHRGLKQLDVHGLVWUDúLD úLVDWLVIDFH - nevoile estetice sau pentru a-úLvPERJ LFXQRúWLQ HOH

15
Radu Emilian, zG{|{}1~=~?|€ ‚ ƒ„ …?~„†~‡ˆ=~?… ‰„€ …„ Š‹Œ:
_ a dc fŽ ŒD‘’ d“dc bg a _ ‘8”••– ^
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_ a dc f™=_  f“a _ “ g_š!b  f›h›_ “ ‘’ d“dc bg a _ ‘8”• 85.
17 Ž=“?a dfi _ a _œ `=a dc _  ž Ÿ `c^ ^
„ ‘ ”?¡ ”•¢£‘¤ ”¥ -20.
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GLYHUWLVPHQWúL GH]YROWDUH IRDUWHIUHFYHQWILLQGFODVLILFDWHvQDFWLYLW L

VSRUWLYH úL DFWLYLW L FXOWXUDO –distractive. Pe plan economic,

DJUHPHQWXO SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW DO WXUL GH WUDQVSRUW FD]DUH úL

DOLPHQWD LHSXEOLF RFRPSRQHQW DSURGXVX lui turistic.

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)XQF LLOH
necesare într-R VWD LXQH WXULVWLF  &HUHUHD GH DJUHPHQW vQ YDFDQ  D

GREkQGLW FKLDU VWDWXW GH PRWLYD LH WXULVWLF  GH VLQH VW W WRDUH
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Õ YDFDQ GHWHQLV

Õ YDFDQ GH\DFKWLQJ

6ROLFLW ULOH VXQW GLIHUHQ LDWH SH YkUVWH SXWkQGX

-se stabili din acest
punct de vedere anumite tipologii de agrement: al copiilor, al
WLQHUHWXOXLDODGXO LORUDOYkUVWQLFLORU

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DQLPD LH 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY VH IRORVHúWH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL GHV H[SUHVLD ÄDQLPDUHD VWD LXQLORU VDX XQLW LORU

turistice”.

Obiectivele politicii de Principalele obiective ale unei SROLWLFL GH DQLPD LH D VWD LXQLORU

WXULVWLFHFRQVWDXvQVDWLVIDFHUHD GRULQ HORUVDXQHYRLORUWXULúWLORU

DQLPD LH
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-
HGXFD LH RULJLQHD JHRJUDILF  VLWXD LD ILQDQFLDU  úL IDPLOLDO 

YkUVWDVH[XOJXVWXULOHúLFDUDFWH rul indivizilor etc.

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FRQVWLWXLH R FRQGL LH QHFHVDU  GDU QX VXILFLHQW  SHQWUX

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1DWXUD DQXPLWRU HFKLSDPHQWH GH DJUHPHQW WUDGL LRnale este

GHWHUPLQDW  GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH IL]LFH DOH VWD LXQLL – porturi de
DJUHPHQWvQVWD LXQLOHGHSHOLWRUDOPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWSHFDEOXvQ

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Echipamente DLFLIRDUWHDJUHDWHVXQWúLSOLPE ULOHFXPLQLFDUHOHúLELFLFOHWHOHSULQ

necesare serviciilor VWD LXQL$OWHHFKLSDPHQWHVHSRWDGDSWDODWRDWHWLSXULOHGHVWD LXQL

piscine, tereQXULGHWHQLVFHQWUHGHHFKLWD LHV OLGHVSRUW

GHDQLPD LH
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vQVFULX FD DWUDF LL PDMRUH vQ SUHRFXS ULOH RUJDQL]DWRULORU GH WXULVP

Variate ca forme – FLQHPDWRJUDIH WHDWUH PX]HH H[SR]L LL

festivaluri, carnavaluri, biblioteci etc – ele atrag un foarte mare
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turism.
 A. Prezentarea firmei – forma 1

C O N C EPT
Consult & Prospect SRL

We are pleased to present our company, CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL, a private company,
incorporated, and existing under the laws of Romania, with its Head Office in 11-13 Povernei St,
Bucharest.

Founded in 1993, CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL, has two main activities: consulting and
management for the hotel industry and corporate travel service in Romania and abroad, through our
travel agency- New Concept Tours.
The company is owned managed by 0U 0 OLQ 0 /,1($18, who started his working experience
14 years ago in tel Aviv, Israel, beginning with a position in a local tour operator’s office, and
continuing by being Deputy Manager at Imperial Hotel Tel Aviv and then Front Office Manager at
Ramada Hotel Tel Aviv. His working experience is doubled by an extensive background education
starting with The Civil Engineering Faculty in Bucharest and continuing with The Hotel Business
School in Israel. The two courses at School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University, Tel Aviv
Israel, taken I 1992 and 1993, together with graduation from National Institute for Management In
tourism, Bucharest – 5RPDQLD TXDOLILHV 0U 0 /,1($18 DV RQH RI WKH OHDGLQJ PDQDJHUV LQ
Romanian Tourism.

He is assisted by a young team of 10 full-time travel agents, plus the 2 employees for the financial
department and also up to 5 part-time.

The Bucharest team is co-ordinated by Ms. Lorena PREDA, Operations Manager, a top 10% graduate
from School of Hotel Business, Academy of Economics Studies, Bucharest-Romania. She also
attended management seminars held in 1993, 1994 and 1995 by Harding University Arkansas –USA,
continued in 1997 by course in financial management held by Hjorring Business College Denmark,
and a special training program conducted by British Council London and British Tourist Authority
London for management in tourism, with courses at Luton University, England, November 1997.

Last year, she took part into a complete training program in a Best Western Corporate Office – Best
Western Greece, Cyprus, Lebanon, Bulgaria and Romania, held in Athens, Greece.

CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL

P.O.Box 10-5, Bucharest, Romania, Tel/Fax: 40-1-312 44 57, 40-1-312 92 40, 40-1-650 68 37
 B. Prezentarea firmei – forma 2

C O N C EPT
Consult & Prospect SRL

Regarding the consulting and management activity of the company, CONCEPT is proud to mention his
first project in Romania –+RWHO&DUSD L%DOYDQ\RVa Romanian – Israeli joint venture.

HRWHO &DUSD L LV SUHVHQWO\ D YHU\ ZHOO NQRZQ VSD DQG UHVRUW  VWDU KRWHO YHU\ DSSUHFLDWHG E\ ,VUDHOL DQG
Western Europe market for rest and mise-en-forme stays, and also very acknowledge as a first conference
destination in Romania. This year, the hotel was affiliated to the Best Western Hotel Chain.

One of the important achievements is CONCEPT’s appointment to represent in Romania Best

Western International – the largest chain in the world of independent owned and managed hotels.

As a travel agency of CONCEPT’s, New Concept Tours is a value-added travel services provider,
presently offering for the businessmen niche the following services:

 accommodation services at hotels in Romania and world-wide

 ticketing services
 welcome services at the airport
 transfers to Bucharest and other cities
 rent-a-car services in Romania and word-wide
 organizing upon request meeting, seminars and cocktails
 organizing group week-ends or one day trips, including visit of the main important touristic objectives
from Romania
 exclusive representative for Best Western Balvanyos Hotel.

New Concept Tours’s office is located in the very center of Bucharest, with its own fleet of
vehicles and all the necessary information and technological equipment, being connected to WorldSpan
System of Reservations. The agency is a IATA accredited agency.

Our visin for New Concept Tours is to become Romania’s leading proveder of quality travel
services through the corporate community.

CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL

P.O.Box 10-5, Bucharest, Romania, Tel/Fax: 40-1-312 44 57, 40-1-312 92 40, 40-1-650 68 37
 C. Prezentarea hotelului – scrisoare geneUDO

7KHODQGPDUN¶V&DUSD L+RWHOLQ%Dlvanyos, now fully restored and upgraded by Concept Consult

and Prospect, recently re-opened and is blooming again, proudly displaying its acquired Best Western
colours.

The first tourist destination in Romania under the banner of the worldwide hotel chaiQ&DUSD L-Balvanyos,
a three-star-level resort-hotel and spa is located at an altitude of 900 m in the densely-wooded
surroundings of St. Anna Lake in the Covasna County. It features 90 large, pleasant, sunfilled rooms and
suites with generous terraces, all overlooking an outstanding panorama of mountains and forests.

The in-house spa provides easy-access therapy facilities based on well-known local cure factors, mainly
concentrated mineral waters and natural emanations of therapeutic gas. Brand new sauna and Jacuzzi, as
well as expert massages complete this perfect reshaping package, while the more active can enjoy hiking,
horseback riding or fun-filled buggy rides.

&DUSD L-Balvanyos also offers corporate services and been proud to regularly open its filly-equipped
conference rooms to companies such as Coca Cola, Philip Morris, Kraft—Jacobs Suchard, Eli Lilly or
Compaq.

7KHSDUWQHUVKLSZLWK%HVW:HVWHUQRSHQVQHZKRUL]RQVIRU&DUSD L-Balvanyos: Best Western International

is the largest hotel chain in the world with over 3800 member hotels in more than 70 countries, providing
important logistical support, connection to a worldwide reservation canter and an enhances image,
promoting “good value for money”.Affiliation to Best Western comes as a confirmation IRU&DUSD L-
Balvanyos. The comfortable facilities, the professional approach and mainly the exquisite service with a
personal touch exceed the expectations of an increasing number of clients.

Seeing is lelieving! So why don’t you place a visit to Balvanyos in the near future! We will be delighted to
host you and offer you a sample of our “pampering” guest service.

S.C. IMPERIAL Hotel Management SRL

Bucharest, ROMANIA, Tel/Fax: 01-312 44 57;, 01-312 92 40; 01-650 68 37
Balvanyos, ROMANIA, Tel/Fax: 067-36 07 00; 067-36 03 10; 094-30 04 61
D. Prezentarea hotelului –UH HDXDGHXQLW L
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(exceptând congresele):
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 capacitatea de a intui imediat psihologia clientului.

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Anul 1999 Anul 1999 în %

ID GHDQXO

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-WXULúWL-zile 9358,9 92,4
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în anul 1998.
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LQ WDWHvQ DVWIHO

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-PLFWUDILFGHIURQWLHU 117419 107,1
Sursa datelor: Ministerul de Interne, Buletin Informativ, martie 1999

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naval (2,3%).

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de anul 1997.

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SUH]LQW DVWIHO

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vQID GHDQXO

9L]LWDWRUL URPkQL vQ VWU LQ WDWH – 4830838 93,8

total sosiri din care:
-RGLKQ UHFUHHUHYDFDQ H 2783273 100,3
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Sursa datelor: Ministerul de Interne,Buletin Informativ,martie 1999

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sosiri).

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Republica Moldova (24,7%), Ungaria (17,2%), Bulgaria (9,6%), Ucraina (8,8%).

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MDPDLD úL 1HStun, GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO WDULIHORU úL FRWHL GH FRPLVLRQ SUDFWLFDWH DO YDULD LHL DFHVWRUD vQ
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date fixe de intrare – sau pentru serii flexibile –FXLQWU UL]LOQLFH–HWF$FHVWHVWD LXQLVXQWVHPQLILFDWLYHSULQ
WHQGLQ HOHFRQWUDGLFWRULLFDUHVHPDQLIHVW vQFDGUXOFHUHULLGHORFXULGHFD]DUHFHUHUHDSHQWUX0DPDLDHVWHvQ

FRQWLQX VF GHUHvQWLPSFHSHQWUX1HSWXQVHUHPDUF RFUHúWHUHDFHUH rii, de la an la an.

'DWHOH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH VLQWHWLF LQ WDEHOXO  WDEHOHOH  úL  UHIOHFWkQG WDULIHOH SUDFWLFDWH vQ VH]RQXO HVWLYDO

1998, astfel:
¦
în tabelul 1 HVWHSUH]HQWDW DQDOL]DGHSUH SHQWUXVWD LXQHD Mamaia – Hotel Siret, hotel cu care O.N.T. –
¦ &DUSD LDUHXQFRQWUDFWSHQWUXORFXULGHFD]DUHFDPHUHGXEOH

în WDEHOXOúLHVWHSUH]HQWDW VLWXD LDSHQWUXFHOHGHORFXULFRQWUDFWDWHGH217–&DUSD LFX+RWHO

Slatina din Neptun (15 camere duble –etaj).

MAMAIA
Hotel Siret** - 10 locuri
Tabel 1

S-DXIRORVLWQRWD LLOHC = cazare c = FLQ

md = mic dejun Dp = demipensiune
d = dejun Pc SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW
$PIRORVLWDFHDVW DQDOL] GHSUH SHQWUXDHYLGHQ LDYDULD LLOHFRWHLGHFRPLVLRQúLDOH tarifelor.
Tabel 3
 Anexa 1

)LJXUD9DULD LDFRPLVLRQXOXLvQIXQF LHGHVHUYLFLLOHVXSOLPHQWDUH

)LJXUD9DORDUHDFRPLVLRQXOXLvQIXQF LHGHFRW úLVHUYLFLLVXSOLPHQWDUH

Studiu de caz nr. 2
 Studiu de caz nr. 3

DRACULA MAXITOURS

$QDOL] GHSUH  (minim 25 de persoane)1

- USD -

• 1 demipensiune Cluj – Hotel Transilvania 28 + 4 + 6 =38

• GHPLSHQVLXQH7J0XUHú – H. Transilvania 10 + 2 + 5 =17
• 1 demipensiune Sinaia – H. Montana 8,5 + 2,5 + 5 =17
• –+'RUREDQ L
EE%XFXUHúWL 2 x (25.2 + 12) =74,5
• 1 demipensiune Rm. Vâlcea – H. Alutus 10 + 2,5 + 4,5 =17
• 1 demipensiune Deva – H. Deva 8+3+5 =16

Total 1 =178,5

Cheltuieli ghid
• FD]DUHSHQVLXQHFRPSOHW FLQHvQ%XFXUHúWL

178,5 – (25,2 x 2) + 5 x 7 =163,1

• salariu 4x8 =32
• bilet avion =37
• taxi =8
• LQWU ULPX]HH =10

TOTAL =198,1

Comision O.N.T. – 10% =20

Cota de risc - 1% = 2

TOTAL GENERAL SHUVRDQ

1
3UH XULOHVXQWH[SULPDWHvQGRODUL68$
 Studiu de caz nr. 4

Aspecte generale

Situat în centrul Transilvaniei, MXGH XO 0XUHú  DUH XQ UHOLHI DFFLGHQWDW UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ PXQ L úL SRGLú

GUHQDW GH UkXO 0XUHú FX DIOXHQ LL V L OD FDUH VH DGDXJ  R YDVW  UH HD GH LD]XUL GH LQWHUHV SLVFLFRO úL ODFXULOH

helioterme de la Sovata. OrDúHOH MXGH XOXL 0XUHú SH OkQJ  LPSRUWDQ D ORU HFRQRPLF  GHRVHELW  VXQW úL
centre cultural-LVWRULFH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH DOH ULL QRDVWUH ÌQ HOH VH S VWUHD]  PRQXPHQWHOH LVWRULFH úL
cultural-DUWLVWLFH GH PDUH YDORDUH úL LQWHUHV WXULVWLF 6HFROXO DO ;,9-lea J VHúWH vQ DFHVW PLULILF SHLVDM ORF
SHQWUX ÄLHUWDUHD S FDWHORU´ 6H FRQVWUXLHVF ELVHULFL GLQ OHPQ ]XJU YLWH GH IDLPRVXO 7RDGHU =XJUDYXO FH

G LQXLHvQWLPSDO WXULGHIDUPHFXOPX]LFLLELVHULFHúWL

Programul turistic propune vizitarea celor mai importanWHO FDúHGHFXOWGLQDFHDVW ]RQ SUHFXPúLDIDEULFLL

GHLQVWUXPHQWHPX]LFDOHGHOD5HJKLQúLVHYDGHVI úXUDSHXUP WRUXOWUDVHX%XFXUHúWL –3ORLHúWL –%UDúRY

– 6LJKLúRDUD – Reghin – 7kUJX 0XUHú – %XFXUHúWL 3URJUDPXO DUH R GXUDW  GH  ]LOH úL SUHVXSXne
parcurgerea a aproximativ 850 km, ca mijloc de transport alegându-se autocarul. Principalele obiective ce
vor fi vizitate sunt: Biserica de lemn VDW 3RUXPEHQL FRPXQD &HDXúX GH &kPSLH Biserica de lemn
(Reghin), Biserica de lemn 7J 0XUHú Biserica UHIRUPDW  GLQ FHWDWH 7J 0XUHú Biserica romano-
FDWROLF  7J 0XUHú  %LVHULFD HYDQJKHOLF  &$ ÄGLQ GHDO´ 6LJKLúRDUD %LVHULFD P Q VWLULL 6I 0DULD

6LJKLúRDUD Fabrica de instrumente muzicale(Reghin).

$FHVW SURJUDP VH DGUHVHD]  vQ SULPXO UkQG HOHYLORU úL VWXGHQ LORU GH OD VHPLQDUHOH úL IDFXOW LOH GH WHRORJLH

SUHFXPúLGHOD&RQVHUYDWRUúLúFROLOHGHPX]LF 3UH XOLQIRUPDWLYHVWHGHOHLDVLJXUkQGX -se cazare,

SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW úLWUDQVSRUW*UXSXOSRDWHILDOF WXLWGLQPD[LPGHSHUVRD ne.

3URPRYDUHD SURGXVXOXL VH YD UHDOL]D SULQ vPS U LUHD GH SOLDQWH SXEOLFLWDUH vQ úFROL OLFHH IDFXOW L SULQ

UHFODPH vQ FRWLGLHQH GH PDUH WLUDM (YHQLPHQWXO =LOHL &RWLGLDQXO =LXD $GHY UXO úL OD XQ SRVW ORFDO GH

UDGLR3HQWUXDFHVWSURGXVGDUúLSHQWUXDOWHSURGXVHDOHDJHQ LHLQRDVWUHYRUILFUHD LÄIOXWXUDúL´úLGLVWULEXL L

SHVWUDG VDXSULQFXWLLOHSRúWDOH6LVWHPXOGHGLVWULEX LHYDILELQHSXVODSXQFWFRQWDFWkQGX VHúLVWXGHQ LDL

-
VSHFLDOL] ULL 7XULVP 6HUYLFLL FDUH YRU GRUL SH R SHULRDG  UHODWLY VFXUW  V  SDUWLFLSH OD XQ SURJUDP GH
-
YROXQWDULDWLQL LDWGHDJHQ LDQRDVWU GLVWULEX LHGHSOLDQWHSXEOLFLWDUH

3OHFDUHDVHYDIDFHGLQ%XFXUHúWL

Etapizare:

Ziua întâi:
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQ3LD D/DKRYDUL%XFXUHúWL

Traseu: %XFXUHúWL– 3ORLHúWL–%UDúRY–6LJKLúRDUDNP

D%XFXUHúWL %UDúRYNP
– – scurt popas „Kilometrul 6” –NPGH%XFXUHúWL
- RSULUH %UDúRY – vizitarea Bisericii Negre (1383 –  LPSUHVLRQDQW 

FROHF LHGHFRYRDUHRULHQWDOH –SHVWHúLXQVFXUWÄ&RQFHUWGHPX]LF 

GH%DFK´SUH]HQWDWvQELVHULF 6HUYLFLLRIHULWHSUkQ]ODÄ3RSDVXO&HUEXO´

-%UDúRY
E%UDúRY –6LJKLúRDUDNP–FD]DUHúLFLQ +RWHOÄ6WHDXD´3URJUDPOLEHU

Ziua a doua:
Mic dejun: Hotel „Steaua”
7XUGHRUDú6LJKLúRDUD–YL]LWDUHDXUP toarelor obiective turistice. Cetatea cu cele 14 turnuri, Biserica

HYDQJKHOLF &$ÄGLQGHDO´(1345 –SLFWXU YDORURDV LQWHULRDU PRELOLHUvQVWLOXO5HQDúWHULLBiserica

PkQ VWLULL 6I 0DULD FROHF LD GH FRYRDUH RULHQWDOH Biserica fostei leprozerii GHVWLQDW  SUHGLFLORU

SHQWUXEROQDYLLFDUHQXDYHDXDFFHVvQELVHULF 

Prânz: Hotel „Steaua”

 Program liber
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQID DKRWHOXOXLSHQWUXFRQWLQXDUHDWUDVHXOXL

Traseu:6LJKLúRDUD– Fântânele – Sovata – Reghin (90km)

Servicii oferite: cazDUHúLFLQ OD+RWHOÄ3DUF´– Reghin

Ziua a treia
Mic dejun :Hotel „Parc”
9L]LWDUHD IDEULFLL GH LQVWUXPHQWH PX]LFDOH úL VFXUW  GHPRQVWUD LH FX LQVWUXPHQWHOH FRQVWUXLWH OD 5HJKLQ

Biserica de lemn (sec. al XVII lea – hramul „Pogorârea Sf. Duh”)

Prânz: Hotel „Parc”
Program liber
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQID DKRWHOXOXLSHQWUXFRQWLQXDUHDWUDVHXOXL

Traseu: Reghin –7kUJX0XUHúNP– oprire pe traseu la Biserica de lemn

KUDPXOÄ6I,RDQ%RWH] WRUX´GLQ&RPXQD&HDXúXGH&kPSLH

Cazare: Hotel „Transilvania”

3DUWLFLSDUHD OD VOXMED GH YHFHUQLH OD %LVHULFD UHIRUPDW  GLQ &HWDWH úL DXGLHUHD XQXL FRQFHUW OD RUJ  vQ

ELVHULF

&LQ +RWHOÄ7UDQVLOYDQLD´

Ziua a patra
Mic dejun :Hotel „Transilvania”
7XU GH RUDú – 7kUJX 0XUHú 9HFKHD FHWDWH VLWXDW  SH XQ GHDO UHSUH]LQW  FHO PDL DWU J WRU RELHFWLY

turistic), Biserica romano-FDWROLF FRQVWUXLW GHF OXJ ULLLH]XL L3DODWXOFXOWXULL–/LFHXOGHPX]LF 

Prânz: Hotel „Transilvania”
2UDSOHFDUHVSUH%XFXUHúWLNP

$QDOL]DGHSUH

Costuri directe:

0DV  mic dejun (20.000 lei/pers); dejun (50.000 lei/pers.); cina (30.000 lei/pers)
Cazare: - Hotel „Steaua” –6LJKLúRDUDOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
- Hotel „Parc” –5HJKLQOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
- Hotel „Transilvania” –7J0XUHúOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
Transport: 0,2$/km
Cheltuieli culturale: intrare muzeu, alte cheltuieli legate de vizitarea obiectivelor turistice: 15.000 lei/pers
&KHOWXLHOLFXúRIHUXOFD]DUHOHLGLXUQ OHL]L

Cheltuieli cu ghidul: cazare (190.00OHLGLXUQ OHL]L

Costuri indirecte:

Asigurare 4%: 1.005.800 lei;

&RPLVLRQXODJHQ LHLOHL

TVA 11%: 276.595 lei

)RQGXOGHGH]YROWDUHúLSURPRYDUHDWXULVPXOXLOHL
Nr. Articole de Elemente de cheltuieli Elemente de calcul Valoarea
crt. FDOFXOD LH
1 Masa 3 x mic dejun 60.000 2.400.000
4 x prânz 200.000 8.000.000
[FLQ 90.000 3.600.000
2 Transport 850 km x 0.2$/km 40.375 1.615.000
1$ - 9.500 lei
Cheltuieli directe

3 Cazare 120.000 dbl 60.000 2.400.000

110.000 dbl 55.000 2.200.000
150.000 dbl 75.000 3.000.000
4 Cheltuieli culturale 15.000 600.000
5 Cheltuieli organizator
6 &KHOWXLHOLúRIHU Cazare 4.750 190.000
'LXUQ 7.500 300.000
7 Cheltuieli ghid Cazare 4.750 190.000
'LXUQ 11.250 450.000
8 Alte cheltuieli 5.000 200.000
9 TOTAL CHELTUIELI DIRECTE 628.625 25.145.000
10 ASIGURARE 25.145 1.005.800
11 COMISION 62.862 2.514.500
12 TVA COTA PROMOVARE 6.915 276.595
1.886 75.435
13 TOTAL COSTURI 725.433 29.017.330
14. 727$/35( 9Æ1=$5( 725.433 29.017.330

ÌQWUHE ULúLWHPHGHGLVFX LH

 3UH]HQWD LDUDQMDPHQWHOHWXULVWLFHSHFXUVHOHDHULHQH

%LEOLRJUDILH VXSOLPHQWDU  * 6W QFLXOHVFX 7HKQLFD RSHUD LXQLORU GH WXULVP (GLWXUD $OO (GXFD LRQDO

%XFXUHúW i, 1998, cap.3)

5 VSXQV

A. Aranjamentele turistice pe cursele regulate sunt:

a) Inclusiv Tour – R F O WRULH WXULVWLF  RUJDQL]DW  GH F WUH R DJHQ LH GH YRLDM vPSUHXQ  FX R

FRPSDQLHGHWUDQVSRUWDHULDQGHOLQLHRF O WRULHGXV -întors sau în circuit.

b) Part charterul –GHFRPHUFLDOL]DUHD SDU LDO DFXUVHLUHJXODWH GHFLFRQVLGHUDUHDXQHLSRU LXQLGLQ

VSD LXODHURQDYHLFXUV FKDUWHUúLYkQ]DUHDDFHVWXLDvQVLVWHPFKDUWHU

B. Tipuri de aranjamente pe curse charter.

a) Charter de grup – cu afinitate (affinity)
-I U DILQLWDWHQRQDIILQLW\
b) Charter Inclusiv Tours = IRORVHúWHDYLRQXOvQFKLULDWvQVLVWHPFKDUWHU
c) Charter own –use (single entity) XQDVHPHQHDFKDUWHUHVWHDGPLVDWXQFLFkQGRSHUVRDQ IL]LF 
VDX MXULGLF  vQFKLULD]  XQ DYLRQ SHQWUX X] SURSULX FX VFRSXO de a transporta persoane sau

RELHFWHFRQGL LDILLQGFDSUH XOWUDQVSRUWXOXLV ILHVXSRUWDWGHRSHUDWRU

d) Charter specializate
• 3HQWUX VWXGHQ L VDX JUXSXUL GH VWXGHQ L  vQFKLULHUHD LQWHJUDO  D XQHL FXUVH SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO

XQRUVWXGHQ LGHODFXUVXULOHGH]LDOHXQHLLQVWLWX LLFXQRVFXWH

• 3HQWUX HYHQLPHQWH VSHFLDOH 6SHFLDO (YHQW &KDUWHUV  vQFKLULHUHD RFD]LRQDO  D XQRU FXUVH

atunci când nu s-DSXWXWUHDOL]DUH]HUYDUHDDQWLFLSDW $GYDQFH%RRNLQJ&KDUWHUDFHVWH6(&

sunt admise în majoritatea statelRUPHPEUHDSDU LQkQG&$&
 &HHOHPHQWHGHFKHOWXLHOLLQWU vQFDOFXOXOSUH XOXLXQXLELOHWGHDYLRQ"

5 VSXQV

$&KHOWXLHOLOHJDWHGHGHVI úXUDUHD]ERUXOXL

a) &RVWXOFDUEXUDQ LORUúLOXEULILDQ LORU

 b) Cheltuieli cu asigurarea: echipajului
SDVDJHULORUúLEDJDMHORU

aeronavei
c) &KHOWXLHOLFXSODWDQDYLJDWRULORUúLLQGHPQL]D LDSHRUDGH]ERU
B. Cheltuieli legate de efectuarea escalelor.
1. FRVWXOKDQGOLQJXOXLSHQWUXSDVDJHULúLEDJDMH
2. alte servicii
3. taxe de aeroport
&&KHOWXLHOLOHJDWHGHVHUYLFLLOHDFRUGDWHF O WRULORU

1. servicii acordate pasagerilor la bord;

2. servicii acordate pasagerilor la sol.
D. Alte servicii

Cuvinte cheie
 FRQGL LLGHF O WRULH REOLJD LLOHSHFDUHWUHEXLHV OHvQGHSOLQHDVF SDVDJHULLODvPEDUFDUHDvQFXUV 

 culetin de bagaje DFWXODWDúDWELOHWXOui de avion în care este înregistrat bagajul.

 handling VHUYLFLXODFRUGDWXQHLDHURQDYHvQHVFDO GHRILUP VSHFLDOL]DW QXPLW DJHQWGHKDQGOLQJ

SHED]DXQXLFRQWUDFWvQFKHLDWvQWUHFRPSDQLDvQDF UHLSURSULHWDWHHVWHDHURQDYDúLILUPDVSHFLDOL]DW 

 rezervare  UH LQHUHD VSHFLDOL]DW  D XQHL FDPHUHORF vQWU XQ VSD LX GH FD]DUH PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW
-
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cerere.
 transportator  SUHVWDWRU GH VHUYLFLL GH WUDQVSRUW FDUH SXQH OD GLVSR]L LH mijloacele de transport din
SDUFXODXWRvQXUPDXQXLFRQWUDFWFXFOLHQWXOELOHWGHF O WRULHFRQWUDFWGHSUHVW ULVHUYLFLL

 transport turistic = transport în scopuri turistice.

 FRQGL LL GH F O WRULH  FHULQ H FH WUHEXLH vQGHSOLQLWH SHQWUX GHVI úXUDUHD vQ EXQH FRQGL LL D XQHL

F O WRULL FRQGL LL LPSXVH GH SUHVWDWRUXO GH VHUYLFLL úL FDUH VXQW DFFHSWDWH GH FXPS U WRU vQ PRPHQWXO

FRQWUDFW ULLVHUYLFLXOXL

 bilet de transport GRFXPHQWGHLGHQWLILFDUHDSHUVRDQHLFDUHDSHOHD] ODVHUYLFLXOGHWUDQVSRUW

 ticketing = VHUYLFLXHOHFWURQLFGHUH]HUY ULGHELOHWHGHDYLRQODWDULIXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUSHQWUXWUDQVSRUWXO
aerian.

%LEOLRJUDILHVXSOLPHQWDU

ALEXA, C. 7UDQVSRUWXULúLH[SHGL LLLQWHUQD LRQDOH(GLWXUD$//%XFXUHúWL

BRAN, F. (FRQRPLD WXULVPXOXL úL PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXU WRU (GLWXUD (FRQRPLF 

MARIN, D. %XFXUHúWL

SIMION, T.
DI MEO ALBERICA Marketing per il turismo, Sarin Sp A, 1997, Pomezia, Roma.
DRAICA, CTIN. *KLG SUDFWLF GH WXULVP LQWHUQD LRQDO úL LQWHUQ (GLWXUD +3& %HFN %XFXUHúWL

1999.
IGNAT, D. 7UDQVSRUWXULOHLHULúLD]L(GLWXUD7HKQLF %XFXUHúWL

MINCIU, R. Economia turismului, (GLWXUD8UDQXV%XFXUHúWL

MORRISON Hospitallity and travel merketing, Delmar Publishers inc., New Zork, 1989.
ALASTAIR, M.
67 1&IULESCU, G., 7HKQLFD RSHUD LXQLORU GH WXULVP 6WXGLL GH FD] Editura ALL Educational,
,*8* %XFXUHúWL

67 1&,8/(6&8* 7HKQLFDRSHUD LXQLORUGHWXULVP(GLWXUD$//(GXFDWLRQDO%XFXUHúWL

VELLAS, F. International tourism, Houndmills, Basinghoke, London, 1995.

BECHEREL, L.