Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
context=detail&id=91069
! " # "$ %&'"(
1
© Harcourt Brace & Company, 1981
;6 '=5 B 5?'="
ISBN 5-86712-025-2
O'=8$ : 84x108/32
* R(=(6'3S :
2
«@( A ' = 55 'B 4 (=$ =(» >. 7$?' '6$, "$-
5$""E( 8 349 $8(= $"5 V 5 3(" '6, 6 (=6E( 6E-
W4 6 X'55 6 2&3$ (4!5 6( «7(&$6 5 8$9 :$&( $». @ -
(=$ ='6(3S(5 ( 554(3'6$" 9 6(4 '#' 5$ (49 -
5 '4! M( 5$8'A(""E( 6'=(" 9, $ (#' ='&$. %?4$-
3$9 #4 ?' ' 4 S"E8 6 3(" (8 = 55 'B 4$55 , >. 7$-
?' '6 ' - 56'(8 ='S E6$4 &6(5 "E( =' &6(3(" 9,
=$ 9 V. R'4!& 95! 6E=$M(" (8 ;"3=(9 Y '6$, «"$
5'?5 6(""'8 = 8(=(». > «R= 4'M(" 9V» ?4 Z 59
N55( ' R W "(, @(=8'" '6( 3=., ' '=E(, $ "$8
=(35 $649( 59, 3$S"' 3' '4"9Z '5"'6"'B ( 5 4( -
A B. 2&3$" ( =(3"$&"$S("' 349 5 3(" '6 65(V, '
V'S( ' =E ! 349 5(?9 ([( '3" #=$"! 6'=S(5 6$ ' 5-
"( 8"'#'4 '#' \$5 (=$.
3
4
,
5
"$ 'S ?(& 659 'B 4 (=$ ="'B =$3 A 5'&3$4$ 4 -
(=$ = , ' '=$9 ' 56' 8 V 3'M(5 6(""E8 3'5 ' "5 -
6$8, ' 56'(8 8 ='6'8 64 9" Z, ' 65(8 , ='8( '?c-
(8$, 5=$6"94$5! 5 $"#4 B5 'B b=$"A &5 'B, V' 9 N
5 =$"E "$S$4 =' &6'3 ! 56' W(3(6=E &"$S (4!"'
=$"!W(. R'=$& (4!"EB 65 4(5 N5 ( S(5 V A(""'5 (B
6 5 '4! 8'4'3'B A 6 4 &$A ?E4 ?E "(6'&8'M(", (54
?E 6(5! 3 V'6"EB ='5 X'55 6 19 6. "( =' ( $4 5 $-
'B "(6(='9 "'B 5 '='5 !Z, 3'5 #" 6 ='6"9 5 $='B
(6=' (B5 'B 4! =E. d ?(M3(", S ' 4 (=$ =$ ='-
W4'#' 6( $ 65( ([( "( 6'W4$ 6 = # =(35 $64(" B ^$-
$3$ ' = 55 'B 5 '= . >' ='5 ' =$&6 56'?'3"'B
3'=(6'4ZA '""'B 8E54 ?E4 '4"'5 !Z 5 $M(" &'-
[=(""'B '88 " 5 S(5 'B =' $#$"3'B 6 20 - 30-( ##.
"$W(#' 5 '4( 9. <'88 " 5 E = 56' 4 5(?( S(5 !
='56([(" 9 X'55 . 7' ? 3( 5 =$6(34 6E8 5 $&$ !,
S ' 6' 6=(8("$ R W "$ :'#'49 ?'4!W$9 S$5 ! = 55 '-
#' "$='3$ '5 $6$4$5! "$ 8'='&( &$ &$6(5'B 8(34(""'
$3$Z[(#' 5"(#$ (=(3 9= ' '56([(""E8 ' "$8 $= -
5 ' =$ S(5 'B 4! =E. a ' =$# S(5 '( "(5'' 6( 5 -
6 ( =' 5 ( $4' &-&$ '#', S ' '"S(""(BW Z (6='-
(B5 Z 4! = S(=(5S = '5 (W"' = 6"(54 6 5 =$-
" , (S$4!"' &6(5 " Z ?(35 6 98 5 =$3$" 98 ((
?(5S 54(""EV $5E" '6. > ='S(8, N ' M( 5'65(8 3= -
#$9 (8$.
6
?$ ("?$=3$V 8'# 5$8 53(4$ !59 A("&'='8 &$ =( (-
4(8, "' 65( M( N '#' 3 6 (4!"'#' &'?=( (" 9 5'6( -
5 '#' 6=(8(" - 8( '3$ = " M3(" 9 A(4'#' 4 (=$ =-
"'#' '?c(3 "(" 9 5$ ! '3 3 '6 #'5 3$=5 6$ - "(
?E4' 6 5 $='B X'55 , V' 9 8"'#'S 54(""E( =($ A '"-
"E( S "'6" 96"' 8(S $4 ' "(8. D6(=3EB 5 '='""
3( (=8 " &8$ 8'M( 6'&=$& !, S ' 6(3! 6 3(8' =$ -
S(5 '8 #'5 3$=5 6( M ="$4 = ?(#$( b "$"5'6'8
3$64(" Z "$ 56' V $6 '='6, S '?E &$5 $6 ! V '5 $6-
49 ! ', S(#' =(? ( $ "$&E6$(8$9 S $Z[$9 ?4 -
$, , 54(35 6(""', =$&" A$ 8(M3 " 8 =98E8 3$64(-
" (8 '4 A(B5 '#' #'5 3$=5 6$, &$5 $649Z[(#' $6 '=$
'5"$5 ! 56'B ='8$" 5'' 6( 5 6 Z[ 8 '4 S(5 8
3(B $8 , 4 W! 6 5 ( (" '3'?"'#' 3$64(" 9. 7' N '
4'M!, V' 9 ?E ' '8 , S ' 6 56'?'3"'B 5 =$"( 5 [(5 6 -
( 8"'M(5 6' =$&"''?=$&"EV (= '3 S(5 V &3$" B
b 4'5'b5 V 5 5 (8, $ = 3 $ =( - '4! ' '3"'
=$6 (4!5 6'. X$&4 S ( $S(5 6(""'(. >&3 8$B 9, $8(-
= $"5 B 5$ (4!, 5'S " ! "( =$3 A '""EB ='8$",
3' 5 8, ' 5S$5 4 6'8 $ ( 5 (, "(&$6 5 8'8 #=$M3$" -
"( #'='3$ Y'5 '"$, 6&96W(8 6 M("E =$5$6 A -
"(#= 9" , 'M( $ ( 5 , "$='3 6W Z (8 S 3( -
W( , 8$4("! V 58EW4("EV $#"'5 '6, ' '=EB ='-
M 4 5S$5 4 6 Z, 3'?='3( (4!" Z M &"! 3' 106 4( 6
?4$M(""'8 5"( 5 5 4 3 V, 6 '4"( 6'&8'M"', 8"(
5 $M : "(58' =9 "$ 6$W "(5=$6"(""EB $4$" , 8 5 (=
7$?' '6, "$5 $ '( S 65 6' (&$8( ! ( - "( 8E54!), S '
" '3 " $8(= $"5 B &3$ (4! "( = 5 "( "$ (S$ $ !
N " # ='5 ' ' '8 , S ' " '3 " " #' ='3$6(A "(
5 8(( 5?E ! ((. a ' 8"(" ( &3$ (49 - $M3EB 8((
=$6' "$ 56'( 8"(" (. 7 ' "( 5'W4( 8("9 6 3 (
='5 '=E ;495 , (54 5 '= Z 8'(#' ?4$#' '4 S"'#'
$ ( 5 $ "$ (S$ $( $ '(-" ? 3! 5'8" (4!"'( N 5 (-
= 8(" $4!"'( &3$ (4!5 6'; 5 3= #'B 5 '='"E, $8(= -
$"5 ( 5$ (4 " '#3$ "( '4 S$Z #'5 3$=5 6(""EV
&$ $&'6 "$ &#' '64(" ( N ' (B ' =$3'5 9V 56'?'3"'#'
=(3 = " 8$ (4!5 6$ =(""(B 8'4 6E.
7
=( 8 [(5 6'8, ' '='( 8'M"' 3' '"A$ 'A(" ! 4 W!
5(#'3"9, =( 8 [(5 6'8 (=(3 56' 8 6" $8 , M 6 -
[ 8 6 5'6=(8(""'B X'55 : V "( &$5 $6494 #'6'= !,
S ' 3(5 ' &8$ =$?5 6$ "( . i6( 5 4E '3"'6=(8(""'
?'='4 5! &$ 3 W V 3'M" $, 36$ = $ 5 3 4 (#'
= 3, (=6E8 ?E4$ 64$5 !. 7$ =' 9M(" A(4'#' 5 '-
4( 9 '"$ =(?E6$4$ 6 ?(M3(" , S ' 65( "('?ES"'(,
'= # "$4!"'( 6 6'=S(5 6( &6 S =(& 'B "' 'B 6(3(
=(6'4ZA . Y3 (4!"'5 ! 64$5 ! 8 [ V 9=S( 65(#'
6E=$& 4 7 '4$B I 6 30-( 40-( ##. ='W4'#' 6( $.
e4$3"'5 ! (#' "$ =E ='" &$4$ 5'?'Z = 55 Z M &"!
3$ ?'4!W(, S(8 'W4'5 ! '54(3 Z[ V 64$5 (4(B, $
(#' " (=(5 4 (=$ =( ?E4 ?E ='#$ (4(", 5V'3 '"
& S 5 '#' 5(=3A$. C '=$& (4!"E8 '=5 6'8 N ' S(-
4'6( 5 =(8 459 5 $ ! =(W (4!"' 65(8 349 = 55 'B 4 -
(=$ =E: ='3"E8 =(5 "E8 ' A'8, "9"! 'B '=8 -
4 A(B, Z=(8"E8 "$3& =$ (4(8 4 (=$ ="E8 = -
'8. <$ ( ?E $S(5 6$ '" " 6E $&E6$4 6 56'(B 8'-
"$=W(B ='b(55 , " M"' = &"$ !, S ' 6 '?=$[(" 5
X 55 'B \ &'B '" 6(4 5(?9 $ "$(8"EB ? BA$ 4 , 6
4 SW(8 54 S$(, W . fS=(M3(""$9 8 A("& =$ '5 $6$-
4$5! 6 5 4( 3' 60-V ##., '54$?4$ '54( 6(4 V =(b'=8,
6"'6! M(5 'S 4$5! 6 '"A( ='W4'#' 6( $, "("$3'4#'
?E4$ =$&3"("$ 6 "$S$4( "E"(W"(#' &$ (8 3 6 -
(4!"E8 M$5"(BW 8 '?=$&'8 6'5 =(54$ = C'6( $V.
8
'"$ '?4$3$4$ '3" 8 "('5 '= 8E8 3'5 ' "5 6'8 - ' 5 -
5 6 (8 8$. > ' =(3(4(""'8 58E54( &$3$S$ A("&'=$ '5-
4'M"94$5! (8, S ' '" 3'4M(" ?E4 =$&#$3E6$ ! 8$4' '-
"9 "E( '4 S(5 ( "$8( , 68(5 ' '#' S '?E ' ='-
5 '?= W !59 "$ 'S(6 3" Z "( = 5 'B"'5 !. R= 7 -
'4$( I = 55 B 'N 6E" M3(" ?E4 '5 '='M" S$ !,
W "5 ( ' E '3=$M$ ! 3(=& 8 b=$"A &$8 -
R$=" >'4! (= - 4(# ' '3$6 4$ A("& =$. 7' ='&$
?E4$ 3'?='3( (4!"$. > = 55 'B 4 (=$ =( "( 5 [(5 -
6'6$4' =$?4(& $"5 'B =$3 A >'&='M3(" 9, $ 6
3= # V 4 (=$ =$V, $ = 55 B ='8$" 6 A(4'8 ' 5(B
3("! '5 $( 59, 'M$4 B, '?=$&A'8 A(4'8 3= 9. C'6( -
5 $9 M( 4 (=$ =$ - N ' 5$8$ "(6 ""'5 !. 7(6'&8'M"'
5(?( =(35 $6 ! = 55 '#' 5$ (49, 5'S " 6W(#',
= 8(= , «@Z?'6" $ 4(3 j$ (=4 ».
9
"'B g6=' ( ;8(= (. @ 5 $9 5 $=E( #$&( E 60-V 70-V
##., 5 E E6$(W! ' =95(" (, '?"$= M 6, $ ( =$B-
" ( 6ǭE 6E5 $&E6$4 N 4Z3 6 54'6 9V 5$8'-
3(=M$6 9. 7' = 65(V 56' V 3'?='3( (49V 4(6E( = -
' $&E6$4 5! $ 8 M( ='b$"$8 6 5 55 6(,
$ 64$5 !. R=$6 (4!5 6' =(6'4ZA '"(=E, A$=!
=$3 $4E ?E4 6 =$6"'B 5 ( (" '?E6$ (498 6 5 5-
5 6(. @(6E( = ?'='4 5! 5 5 [(5 6 Z[ 8 3(5 '-
&8'8 = N '8 "$5$M3$4 3= #'B, 56'B 5'?5 6(""EB.
R=( ("& , 5(" ("A , ('= , ' '=E( '" E $4 5!
"$69&$ !, 8(4 'S"' $ '( M( ' "'W(" ( 5 55 6 ,
$ =$3 A '""$9 '4 $ 64$5 . % 5$ (49 =(-
?'6$4 5'A $4!"EV 3(B, $ "( $ '#'-" ? 3! 6&3'=$,
" #$ M( 5 V 'S &=(" 9 ?E4$ V'='W$ '4! ' 6 '8
54 S$(, (54 8'#4$ = "(5 =$ S(5 Z '4!& "$='-
3 . 2V #'=9S"'5 ! = 6(4$ =$# S(5 8 '54(35 6 98.
25 =(""', 3(=& ' 58(4' &$[ [$4 '" 56'?'3 =$-
6("5 6', "' =' 6'=(S 4 56'(B 5'?5 6(""'B 6(=(, M(-
4$9 '3S " ! 5 55 6' 5'6=(8(""'B '4 (. g54 '
8"(" Z A$=(B 5$ (498 68("94'5! 6 '?9&$""'5 ! 54 -
M ! #'5 3$=5 6 , ' ' 8"(" Z 4(6'B = '"
3'4M"E ?E4 54 M ! 8$55$8. a 8 36 8 "$ =$64(" 98
8E54 5 M3("' ?E4' 65 =( !59 '?c(3 " ! 5 4 9,
S '?E "$ '"(A 6 "$W( 6=(89 "'6EB =(M 8, 9649Z[ B
5'?'B 5 " (& #(#(4(65 'B = $3E, 5'(3 " 4 3(Z 8$55 5
3((B #'5 3$=5 6$.
10
"E( 3' 8(" E 6 =$6 (4!5 6(""'8 3( $= $8(" (,
#=$b DZ ! " #("(=$4 X(3! " "$&E6$4 R W "$ -
'3"'#' & '?=$&'6$""(BW V (6=' (BA(6 56'(#' 6=(8("
- "(6(M3'B ?'46$"'8. j '?E &$3 W ! W "5 B $-
4$" , 64$5 = ?(#$4 &$ =( $8, 56 =( 'B A("& =(,
'5 '9""E8 "$& 3$" 98, ' (S(5 8 6([(6$" 98 , "$-
'"(A, ?4$#'M(4$ (4!"' ' "(54 5! ( (=? =#5 8 "(-
#'3998, 6E" 3 6W 8 (#' 3=$ !59 "$ =' '6'B 3 N4 5
M$4 8 ='V'3 8A(8 & ='94 5 5 'B O=$"A .
R= 8(= :'#'49 ( '"(A 30-V - 40-( ##.) ?E4 "(5 '4! '
"E8. R=(M3( 65(#' 9 V'S 5 $&$ !, S ' «X(6 &'=»
«\(= 6E( 3 W » - 4'3E (#' 5'?5 6(""'#' 6''?=$M(-
" 9, (#' "'S"EV 'W8$='6, "$5(4(""EV 6E3 8$""E8
8, " "$ S ' "( 'V'M 8 5 [(5 6$8 . %" "( ?E4
"( 8'#4 ?E ! &(= $4'8 = 55 'B M &" '#' 6=(8(" ,
'5 '4! :'#'4!, ='8( 65(#' ='S(#', "( &"$4 X'55 ,
(#' "( 3$S"$9 ' E $ "$ 5$ ! 6 '='B '8 «\(= 6EV
11
3 W» - =(& 4! $ "(3'5 $ 'S"'#' &"$" 9 M &" "(6'&-
8'M"'5 (=(5(4 ! '='M3(" 9 56'(B b$" $& 6
=($4 5 S(5 Z " # , ' '=$9 3'4M"$ ?E4$ 5 '5'?5 -
6'6$ ! 589#S(" Z "=$6'6 6 5 =$"(. 7' = 6 3(4
6 !(5( 6 ='8$"( '?6 " (4!"EB $ =' 6 6&9 'S" -
S(5 6$, V$85 6$, ?(&&$ '" B =$?5 6$. > N V " #$V
58' =(4 =(6'4ZA '""EB =' (5 , $6 '= - ?'9&4 -
6EB, &$ '"' '54 W"EB #=$M3$" ", 8(6W B 8"'#'S 5-
4(""EV 64 9 (4!"EV 3= &(B 5=(3 '"5(=6$ '='6, -
= W(4 6 M$5 ' '#', S ' = "$W4 6 " V, 3'4-
#' E $459 3' $&$ !, S ' " !(5$, " ='8$" "( 8(Z
" S(#' '?[(#' 5 =(6'4ZA '""E8 3(98 6 3(B5 6 -
(4!"'5 6 5E6$Z 59 6 =(4 # '&" Z =$3 A Z 8 5-
A &8, 6 ' '=EB '" 6 '54(35 6 6 $4. i'5 '(65 B
?E4 &$ =([(" S ! "( $&"(" &$ 56' Z"'W(5 ( '-
4 S(5 ( = 5 =$5 9, "' '#3$ '&3"(( '" "$S$4
=(6'&"'5 ! 58 =(" (, "( =' 64(" (, 5 =$3$" (, =$-
3 $4E '36(=#4 (#' " S 'M$Z[(B = (. 2 ( M(
= 9='5 "' "$ $3$4 "$ D'45 '#' &$ ', S ' '", '
V 8"(" Z, &'?=$M$4 4Z?'6"E( W$4'5 56( 5 V 3$8
4'6$""EV $= 5 ' =$ '6, $ A(= '6! =(3$4$ (#'
$"$b(8( &$ ', S ' '" '58(4 459 =' '6(3'6$ ! 56'Z
5'?5 6("" Z 6(= .
12
5 "'6(BW(B '4 'B, &$ N $" A 5 =$3'5 !Z V-
6$ 4$5! 5'6( 5 $9 =' $#$"3$ &$ #=$" A(B, ='3'4M$9
4! 6 ='6$ ! (( ' 5(B 3("!. > 5 ["'5 , 4 (=$ =-
"E( 6 5E = 5 =$5 9 @(" "$ ?E4 S"' '?E6$-
(4!5 8 , ? =M $&"E8 , 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ 5'6( 5 B
=(M 8 &$4'M 4 '5"'6E 349 = 8 6"'B, ='6 "A $4!-
"'B, "$5 6'&! '4 & ='6$""'B, '4 A(B5 'B, S=(&6E-
S$B"' '"5(=6$ 6"'B =$b$=( "'B 4 (=$ =E. C'-
6( 5 '( =$6 (4!5 6' 5 'S$='6$ (4!"'B =98' 'B 5-
=(""'5 !Z, " S ! "( 'V'M(B "$ ='? (, "( 6(=("-
"E(, ?(5 '4 '6E( W$# =(M"(#' =(M 8$, ='6'$5 -
4', S ' 4 (=$ =$ - '= 3 ( 6 = $V #'5 3$=5 6$, '-
54(3" ( 40 4( N ' 5S$5 4 6'( '?'Z3"'( 5'#4$5 ( 8(M3
'N '8 M$"3$=8'8 ='6'3 4'5! 6 M &"! 5'6(=W(""'
"( '5" (4!"'. > =(& 4! $ ( '96 4$5! $ "$&E6$(8$9
5'6( 5 $9 4 (=$ =$, 4 (=$ =$ ? =M $&"$9 ' 56'(B
5 4 5 (, ?(&"$3(M"' 5 S"$9, '54 W"' (=(4$#$Z-
[$9 4 " Z #'5 3$=5 6("" Z 3' = " .
13
#$"3$ 5 5$8'3'6'4!"'B V8E4 'B 8(" ( «?(5 '"(S"E8
8"'#' (8!(8», ?' 4Z?'( &8("(" ( 6 N '"'8 S(5 'B
'4 S(5 'B M &" '64( 4' ?E &$ 5'?'B &8("(" ( 6
4 (=$ =(: 5(#'3"9 "$ 3'8 &$3$4 (8 &$6'3'6, &$6 =$
- '4V'&'6, ' '8 - 5$?' $M$, ' '8 - <=$5"'B $=8 ,
$ 3$4((. (R'3 8$ ! '4! ', $ '( 8"'#''?=$& (!) 2
5'6( 5 B 5$ (4! EV , &$3EV$( 59 8(S( 59 ' '?-
=$&A'6'B ?'4!" AE '?=$&A'6'B W$V ( 4 3$8?(, 6(S-
"' 3='M$ ' 5 =$V$, S ' (54 '" "( ? 3( 3'5 $ 'S"'
=$5 '=' (", ' 8'M( "("$=' '8 6'&3$ ! V6$4 #(='Z
4 &$ '" , =$&3"(""'8 "$ $" "(.
14
, N ' =$5 [ B, $ 5"(M"EB '8, ' ' #$&( "EV
W $8 '6.
15
(=5'"$M(B, S$5 6 Z[ V 6 5'&3$" b$?= 4 '4-
V'&$, 'S $ $6 '= 3( ( 6"'#' =$55 $&$ 5'? =$(
"(5 '4! ' S(4'6( 6 &$#'='3"'8 3'8( 4 6 6$#'"( '-
(&3$, #3( 6' -6' 3'4M"' =' &'B ? B5 6'. > 5'6( -
5 '8 '6(5 6'6$" 3(9 =(5 4(" 9 = " 8$( 6 3
$B"'#' 6=$#$, &$8EW49Z[(#' =' 6 = 3'6 4$"'6
5'6( 5 '#' =(3 = 9 9. <$ 6 ?$"$4!"'8 3( ( 6(,
=$&"''?=$&"E( #(=' &'?=$M("E $ , S ' S $ (4! " -
'#3$ 3' '"A$ "( 6(=(", 3(B5 6 (4!"' 4 N ' #= ?'-
6$ EB 8=$S"EB 5 ?c( $ M 4'V, $ 4!5 6EB, '?-
[ (4!"EB ?'3=9S' $ M V'='W. > ='4 5E[ $ 6E-
5 $( 'M 4'B =$?'S B, ' (=96W B #4$& "$ b='" $V
:=$M3$"5 'B 6'B"E, 4 EW [$9 &3'='6!(8 3(6 A$,
'54$""$9 & A(" =$ =$554(3'6$ !, 'S(8 6E 5 6$M-
"'B ='3 A $ $5 ='b S(5 $3$( . :(=' - 5 $M(8,
b$?= S"E( =$?'S ( - '3'?=$"E $ , S '?E ='3(8'"-
5 = ='6$ ! 65( ' (" '88 " 5 S(5 'B 5'&"$ (4!"'-
5 : '3" & " V - 5 'B (, S(5 "E( =($4 5 E, 3= # (
?(=(M"' V=$"9 $89 ! ' (=6EV #'3$V 5'6( 5 'B 64$-
5 , =( ! - "('?=$&'6$""E( "(' E "E( 8'4'3E( 4Z-
3 5 &=93"'B ?'4!W(6 5 5 'B " A (B. j $ (4!
54(3 &$ 3(B5 6 (8 3 $4'#'8, E $( 59 4'6 ! '
4 "'B "$8( '"9 !, ' & " V 5 =("(", $ '
5 =E6$( 8=$S" Z $B" . CZM( 5# [$( 59, '#3$ "$-
5 $( 4!8 "$A 9 5 4!"$9 8'4S$4 6$9 3(6 W $
5=E6$( 5 "(#'399 8$5 , 8E '?"$= M 6$(8 ', S ' M(
'3'&=(6$4 : S(4'6( , '3=E6$Z[ B =$?' &$6'3$, -
"( 4Z#$6EB 'M 4'B =$?'S B, '6(= $Z[ B 8$= 5 5 -
5 ( 54'6(S , ?4$#'54'6 :'5 '3! (#' 8(4 Z ?4$#'"$-
8(=("" Z 3 W , "' 4'6 B, =$&69&"EB 8$4EB, V'='W'
'3 '6$""EB 6 8$= 5 &8(, 5 =$W"$9 (#' $B"$ &$ 4Z-
S$( 59 6 '8, S ' &(" (#' 8$S(V ?E4 4(89"" '8 $-
$4 5 $. d 6 3(4 'V'M ( "$A 5 5 ( ='8$"E, '4! '
"( 5 4$55'6E8, $ 5 =$5'6E8 '3V'3'8. <='8( 5ZM( "'-
#' 5V'35 6$ 5 5$8E8 W$?4'""E8 3( ( 6$8 '?=$ (
6" 8$" ( "$ « 5(63'=(4 # '&"EB» 8'8(" . \$4("! B
'M 4'B =$?'S B, ' '=EB ' $&E6$( 59 '4'M (4!"E8
#(='(8, - ='3 "( = 5 'B"'B $='3 : "( 54 W '8 5''?-
=$& (4!"EB, "' 5 4!"EB 3 V'8 6(='B, '" "$54(3 (
k$=5 6' 7(?(5"'(, '#3$ $ ?4(5 9[ B b$= 5(B ' -
=$64(" 6 «5'65(8 3= #'( 8(5 '». %5'?(""' &$?$6"' 6
'3'?"EV '?5 '9 (4!5 6$V &6 S 4Z?'6"$9 (8$. R(=(-
3' 8"'B 36$ = 8(=$, 6E?=$""EV "$ #$3. R(=6EB - ' -
16
=E6' & ='8$"$ ;" '"'6$ «Y'4!W'( 5(=3A(», 6E -
[(""'#' M ="$4!"E8 '3$S$8 6 1957 #.:
%4!#$ 8'4S$4$.
%4!#$ 61" 4$ "$ "(#' 95"E8 #'4 ?E8 #4$&$8 ?E5 =' ' -
6( 4$: «R$= 9».
17
56' 8 5'?=$ !98 &$ #=$" A(B. g#' 5'?=$ !9 - N '
'S("! 6$M"', ?' $ 65(8 ="$9 5(8!9 $4$" 4 6EV -
5$ (4(B (=(W$# 6$( S(=(& "$A '"$4!"E( ?$=!(=E, $
M( '3$=(""EB S $ (4! - #=$M3$" " 8 =$, "( '3S -
"9Z[ B59 ='5 =$"5 6(""E8 6=(8(""E8 &$ '"$8. a '
'" - 8"EB, #(" $4!"EB S $ (4! - 6"'6! 6"'6! 5 $5$-
( V 3'M" $ ' # ?(4!"'B 64$5 8 (=$ '='6, 3 $-
'='6, 569[("" '6, = $", '?E6$ (4(B, '4 S(-
5 V 8'=$4 5 '6, '4 A(B5 V, 'S '6EV 54 M$[ V
=(&'"(='6. R'&6'4! ( 8"( "$?='5$ ! '= =( N '#' =(-
=$5"'#' S $ (49. %" "( = "$34(M " '3"'B ' =(-
3(4(""'B "$A 4 4$55 . 7 '3 " '?[(5 6(""EB "$3-
& =$ (4! 4 4 ? ? ?4 'b 4'6 "( 8'M( =$5 '=9M$ !-
59 (#' 3 W'B. g#' 4 (=$ ="E( 6 5E "( ='3 '6$"E
(8 Z"'W(5 8 S 65 6$8 , ' '=E( &$5 $649Z =93'-
6'#' S $ (49 ' 'M3(5 649 ! 5(?9 5 (8 4 "E8 (=-
5'"$M(8 « =' 5 $ ! ' 5$" 9». j B, &$54 M -
6$Z[ B 6'5V [(" 9 S $ (4! ' 'M3(5 649( 5(?9 "( 5
3(6 W 'B 4 Z"'W(B 6 " #(, $ 5 (8, ' &$3 8$4
5'S " 4 ((. 7$5 '9[ B S $ (4! "( [( 56(3(" B '
X'55 6 = 55 '8 ='8$"(, '" 8$9, S ' X'55 9 D'45 '#'
4 j(V'6$ - N ' "( 5=(3"(""$9 5 '= S(5 $9 X'55 9,
"' '5'?EB 8 =, 5'&3$""EB 6''?=$M(" (8 #(" 9. 7$-
5 '9[ B S $ (4! "( " (=(5 ( 59 ?'4!W 8 3(98 :
(#' " (=(5 Z S$5 "'5 . g8 "=$6 59 " #$ "( ' '-
8 , S ' '"$ '8'#$( (8 '?=(5 «569&! 5 '?[(5 6'8»
((54 = ?(#" ! S 3'6 ["'8 W $8 = '6 ='-
#=(55 6"'B W '4E), $ ' '8 , S ' '" 6 E6$( 6'5-
= " 8$( $M3 Z 3( $4! ( 5 $, 6'5V [$( 59 (8, S(8
V' (4 '=$& ! (#' $6 '=, 5 9( ' & 8 (4!"EV '?=$-
&'6, 5'&3$""EV 5'S " (4(8, 8$#'8, 3(5" '8, V 3'M-
" '8. >' 5 " 4 SW B #(='B, ' '='#' 5'&3$( 6(4 -
B V 3'M" - N ' (#' S $ (4!.
18
3S '6, =(&$""EV W(3(6='6, 3 ' 5 V b 4!8'6 '
?=$ !9V <$=(" "EV, 659S(5 '#' ' 6'=5 6$ 4(" 998
S( 6(= '6$" 9 #(" (6. 2 "$ '"(A, 6' S ' 8"( V' (4'5!
?E '3S(= " ! ([( =$&: "( "$3' 5 $ ! «&$#$3'S"'B
= 55 'B 3 W » 6 = 55 '8 ='8$"(. i$6$B ( 5 $ ! 6 "(8
"3 6 3 $4!"EB #(" B. C8' = ( "$ W(3(6=, $ "( "$
=$8 "( "$ 4 A$ 3= # V 4Z3(B, =$ǭE6$Z[ V N
=$8 .
19
2"$9, 4 SW$9, ' =(?"$ 8"( 56'?'3$:
1809 - 1852
20
"( 6 3"' ?E4' " S(#', " S(#'. >'" "(?' 4 ? 59 (=(-
3' 8"'Z; &6(&3'S $ 56(= $( 63$4 ; 4(5 "(5( 59 5 (8-
"E8 3(=(6!98 8(59A(8; 5 &EB 8$" 5 (4( 59 '3
"'#$8 ; 5 = "$ &6(" 6 8$"(; 5 '3"'B 5 '='"E 8'=(,
5 3= #'B 2 $4 9; 6'" = 55 ( &?E 6 3"(Z . i'8 4 '
8'B 5 "(( 63$4 ? \$ ! 4 8'9 5 3 (=(3 ' "'8? \$-
W $, 5 $5 6'(#' ?(3"'#' 5E"$! ='" 54(& " "$
(#' ?'4!" Z #'4'6 W ! '58' = , $ 8 S$ '" (#'!
= M8 ' #= 3 56'(B ?(3"'#' 5 =' ! (8 "( 8(5 $
"$ 56( (! (#' #'"9 ! \$ W $! 'M$4(B ' 56'(8 ?'4!"'8
3 9 (!.. ; &"$( ( 4 , S ' $4M =5 '#' 3(9 '3 5$8E8
"'5'8 W W $?
. . . « " -
" »
21
4 (#', 54'6"' '" ?E4 ='5 ' '8(W$""E8 ("(58' =9 "$
=(6'# ?'4(( 8"EV, "' 8("(( 3(9 (4!"EV '44(#), E-
$4$5! 3'? !59 (=(4'8$ 6 3 W(6"'B ?'4(&" $A ("-
$, "( &$?' 95! ' '8, S '?E =( ! (#' '54$?4(""EB
'=#$" &8. @( &$ 9 "$3A$ ! 3' N '#' 8(3 4(S 4
R W "$, =$"(""'#' 6 M 6' , $ =(?(" $, 5 =$3$Z[(#'
&$ '=$8 . > '= ([( 6(=V'6'3 4 '5=(35 6(""E(
"(8(A ( b=$"A &5 ( 4( $= , $ &$8(S$ (4!"$9 W '-
4$ 6(4 V = 55 V 8(3 '6 '4! ' &$S "$4$5!.
22
#=$3 4 56' V [ 4EV i'?S "5 '#' Y'?S "5 '#'). g#'
?'4!W'B '5 =EB "'5 ?E4 $ 34 "(" '36 M(", S ' 6
8'4'3'5 ( &'?=$M$9 6 $S(5 6( 4Z? (49 "(S ' 6='3(
«S(4'6( $-&8( ») '" 8(4 =("( = 9 "' 3'5 $6$ ! (#'
'"S '8 " M"ZZ # ? ; "'5 ?E4 5$8'B S 'B = -
8( "'B S(= 'B (#' 6"(W"'5 . %" ?E4 $ 8 34 ""E8
'5 =E8, S ' 8(4 5$8'5 '9 (4!"', ?(& '8'[ $4!A(6,
='" $ ! 6 4Z? Z, 3$M( 5$8 Z 8$4("! Z $?$ (= ,
(54 , '"(S"', [(4S '8 "( ' 6$M 6$4 "(&6$"'#' #'5 9
(' S(8 :'#'4! #= 6' 5''?[$4 6 5!8( '3"'B 8'4'3'B
3$8(). i$4!W( 8E 6 3 8, $ "'5 4(B 8' 6'8 ='V'-
3 S(=(& (#' 5'S "(" 9: = 3"' "$B 3= #'#' 5$ (-
49, ' '=EB 5 $ 8 58$ '8 ' 5E6$4 ?E &$ $V , S V$-
"!( V=$ . D' '3 ", ' 3= #'B #(='B '9649Z 59 "$
5A("(, $ 5 $&$ !, 6(&9 56'B "'5 6 $S ( 4 #'=3'
6c(&M$9 5 " 8, $ "(&"$ '8(A & «R'6(5 C4' ("?(=-
# 9» C (="$. 7ZV$"!( $?$ $ =(6=$[$( 59 6 A(4 Z
'=# Z. ^"$ '85 6' 5 j S '6E8 6 «\(= 6EV 3 W$V» 5'-
='6'M3$( 59 = ?"E8 #4$5'8, ' '=EB '" &3$( ,
58'= $95!. 2& "'5'6 (S( , "'5E 3(=#$Z 59, 5 "'5$8
4Z?'6"' 4 "( S 6' '?=$[$Z 59: !9"EB E $( 59
' 4 ! 3= #'8 "'5; '? $ (4 @ "E ( $ '?"$= M -
6$( 5 8$5W(3W B) - 7'5E. %?'5 =(""'( '[ [(" ( "'5$
6 '"A( '"A'6 6E4 4'5! 6 '6(5 ! «7'5» - ' 5 "(
# 8" N '8 '=#$" . O=(B3 5 8'# ?E 6(=M3$ !, S ' 6
6E6(=" '8 "$ &"$" 8 =( :'#'49 S(4'6(S(5 ( 5 [(-
5 6$ '5 $64("E 66(=V "'#$8 (6 1841 #. :'#'4! V4$3"'-
='6"' &$6(=94, ? 3 ' '"5 4 8 $= M5 V 6=$S(B 5-
$"'6 4, S ' (#' M(4 3' 4(M «66(=V "'#$8 »), '-
N '8 ='4! "'5$, 'S(6 3"', 6E '4"9( 3= #'B '=#$",
"$'?'=' . g#' b$" $& 9 4 5' 6'= 4$ "'5 4 "'5 =$&? -
3 4 b$" $& Z - &"$S(" 9 "( 8(( . d 5S $Z, =$& 8"(B
&$?E ! ' '8, S ' S=(&8(="EB " (=(5 :'#'49 "'5 8'#
?E ! 6E&6$" "("'=8$4!"'B 34 "'B 5'?5 6(""'#' "'5$,
=$558$ = 6$ ! '?'"9 (4!"E( 5 4'""'5 :'#'49 - 3$M(
(#' 5'?5 6(""EB "'5 - $ 4 (=$ ="EB = (8, 56'B5 -
6(""EB #= ?'8 $="$6$4!"'8 Z8'= 6''?[( = 5-
5 8W $8 ' '6'3 "'5$ 6 S$5 "'5 . 7'5E 6(5(49
"$5 (S$49 . ^"$8(" EB # 8" "'5 6 «C =$"' 3( Y(=-
M(=$ (» X'5 $"$ - " S ' ' 5=$6"(" Z 5 5' "98 = 5-
5 V '54'6 A '#'6'=' ' '6'3 "'5$. \E 6(W$(8
(#' 6 "E" , &$3 =$(8 ' 5 (V$, 5'6( (8 = 4'V'B
$89 53(4$ ! "$ "(8 &$= ? , (#' 6$8 =$( '?(-
23
3 (4!. g#' 5 '4!& Z $ 8(= 6=(8(" , #'6'=9 ' $-
'8-" ? 3! #=93 [(8 ?'4(( 4 8("(( ' $5"'8 5'?E-
. \E S$[(, S(8 4Z?'B 3= #'B "$='3, #'6'= 8, S '
6'3 8 '#'- ' &$ "'5 4 '#'- ' 5 " 8 '5 $649(8. C'"-
"EB S(4'6( « 4Z( » 8, 68(5 ' '#' S '?E 6$ ! #'-
4'6'B. Y'4!W'B "'5, #'6'=9 , - S(=(& >'4# 8'5 4 -
5 ' 4( ='5. > "'5 56(=? =$3'5 "'B 6(5 , (M(4
"$ '"S ( 65 'S =E[, ' - 6 "' !. R 5$ (4!, '-
'=EB 8(4! '8 5''?[ , S ' '8 - ' 8 V$ 5(4$ "$ "'5,
'S $( 59 6 X'55 Z8'= 5 '8. > =$"" V 5'S "(" 9V
:'#'4! "( =$&3 8E6$9 '4!&'6$459 N 8 "(8 3=("E8
= (8'8, "' 6 ?'4(( &=(4E( #'3E 5''?[$4 (8 '5'?EB
' ("' , 56'B5 6(""EB (#' = S 34 6'8 #(" Z. 7$3'
8( ! 6 6 3 , S ' "'5 $ $ '6'B 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ $-
&$459 (8 S(8- ' '8 S(5 8 ( $ , 6 ='S(8, 4Z?'8
= 55 '8 ), S(8- ' ' 3(4!"E8, S(8- ' "( 5'65(8 = 5 -
[ 8 (#' '?4$3$ (4Z 6 ' M( 6=(89 ( 8"( = V'3 -
59 53(4$ ! 5 b=(B3 5 $8) S(8- ' 5 # ?', V' 9
?(&'?=$&"' 8 M(5 6(""E8. %? 3"' S $ !, $ , ' 5E-
6$9 V'='W("! Z 3(6 W , :'#'4! V6$4 (( &$ 4$6-
"'5 ! S(= #4$3 '#', $ 9BA', 4 A$.
>' 'S(8 (5 ! S '- ' 3' M$5$ 5 86'4 S(5 '( 6 ='"-
& (4!"'B 5A("(, '#3$ 8 =$Z[ B [( "' E $459
5 " ! S 3'6 ["E( S(="E( #='&3!9 S(=6(B, = 5'5$6-
W V59 (#' "'&3=98. \E 8'M(8 6''?=$& !, S ' '" S 6-
5 6'6$4, (54 65 '8" 8, S ' 65Z M &"! (#' 3'" 8$4'
' 6=$[(" ( ' 65(8 54 & 5 '8 , '4& S(8 , 6(= 4 -
6'8 , = S(8 N ' ' 6=$[(" ( 8(4' 3$M( =(4 # '&" Z
'3' 4( . >(3! 3' 5 V '= ([( "( 5'5 $64("' "$ S"'(
' 5$" ( =$&"'6 3"'5 (B S(= $, "( #('#=$b (#' =$5-
24
5(4(" 9; &3(5! 8'M"' ?E4' ?E 4 W! =$ ' (=(S 54 !
= 55 ( '='3E. 7(3'=$&6 $9, 6 V49Z[$9 '5 $5! "(-
S 5 '#', 5 ' '='B 6 '5"'6"'8 '?[$459 :'#'4!, - N ' 349
659 '#' '=93'S"'#' = 55 '#' [(3 W"EB "'='3(A,
=95 [ B59, V 4EB ?(5("' 5 M$?!(B ='6!Z, "$ '[ V
"(8(A V, '4!5 V b=$"A &5 V "'M $V, =E5 $Z[ B
8(4 B '34(A, "(6E=$& 8' #$3("! B. X$&3$6 ! (#' -
'W"' 54$3'5 "', "' (#' &6 6$Z[$959 S(="$9 4' !
3' '#' #" 5"$, S ' " $ $9 5 4$ "$ 56( ( "( &$5 $6
53(4$ ! N ' #'4E8 = $8 , $ 3'?(=(W!59 3' "(#' $-
8-" ? 3! '= 3 (8 - (?9 $ (=(3(="( ' '8(=&(-
" 9. >E#" $9 5 "$ V 3'B S(="'B 'W , ?(&6=(3"$9
=( 4 9 5 4!5 = Z[ 8 #'=4'8 4 ' 9 ! M( V 4E(
'"(S"'5 ?(#$Z[ ( #4$& 8(4 '#' M 4 $ (=$&
[(3 W"EB - "$6(="9 $ M 4 ) "(6E"'5 8' =$&3=$M$4
:'#'49 &-&$ 5V'35 6$ 5 S(= '8. ; ', S ' (#' 3!96'4 ?E4
& '='3E 8(4 V S(= (B, ' '=E( S 39 59 = 55 8 !9-
" A$8, 5" M$( $b'5 '#' =(4 # '&"'#' '3c(8$, ' '-
=EB '" = 5E6$4 5(?( 3= # 8. 7$ 56( ( (5 ! 8"'M(-
5 6' 3 '6 ""EV, "' 6 '4"( ?(&6=(3"EV ?'M '6 5 S(W -
(B, '# 98 3$M( =$&36'(""E8 ' E A$8 , "' :'#'4!
" '#3$ N '#' "( = &"$6$4. > 3( 5 6( '" &$3 W 4 &$-
' $4 6 &(84Z #'4'3" Z, #4 6 Z 'W "( ' '8 ,
S ' ?E4 ' = ='3E M(5 ' , $ ' '8 , S ' 89# $9 6(= -
496'5 ! ?(3"'#' M 6' "'#' 6E&E6$4$ "(#' 'W"' .
<$ - ' 6(S(='8 '" =$55 $&E6$4 R W " , S ' 5$8'( &$-
?$6"'( &=(4 [(, $ '( (8 = W4'5! 6 3( !, N ' 5 3'-
='M"E( 5 $S ' $ ' =$5 $4(""'B =EW( #'=9[(#'
3'8$, - , 6(="', "(3$='8: 6 3 3!96'4$, 49W [(#' '
?'4 '5=(3 'B 5 V , 6 ' '='B '" = 6E 8 S !
S(4'6(S(5 ( 3 W , $&$459 ?'96W(8 59 $3$ :'#'4Z "$
=(3 '5 ! '8 S(5 8 $=$3' 5'8. <'#3$ '" =6$4 ='&E 6
5$3 ; 5$ '6$ (#' = '5" 4$5! V'4'3"$9 S(="$9
# 5(" A$, '" 5 6' 4(8 " 459 6 3'8. > l6(BA$= '"
='6(4 A(4EB 3("!, ? 6$9 9[(= A, 6E '4&$6W V "$
5'4"(S"E( #'="E( =' . D='5 !, ' '='B '" 349 N '#'
'4!&'6$459, 8'M"' =$ǭ( ! "$ 3$#(=' (, 5"9 '8 6
X 8( 6 1845 #. >(5!8$ N4(#$" "$9 6([ A$.
***
25
7$ N '8 5" 8 ( '" &'?=$M(" 6 = S( 6(= 3(=M 6
'" V $4!A$V =$6'B = &9[" Z ='5 ! 5 '5 9"E8
"$?$43$W" '8 (54'6"' ='5 ! - 5S(( (='). i4 ""E(,
"' $ =$ "' = #4$M(""E( 6'4'5E 5 4(6'B 5 '='"E
=$&3(4("E ='?'='8. 7( = 9 "EB =' =$W(" '" 8
5 $8 . 7'5 ?'4!W'B, '5 =EB, 5'' 6( 5 6 ( ='S 8
=(& 8 S(= $8 4 A$. D(8"E( (" 6='3( (V, S ' ' = -
M$Z #4$&$ ='8$" S(5 V #(='(6 5 $='#' "(8$ '#=$-
b$, = 3$Z (#' 6ǭ #4 ?' '( "(5 '4! ' &$ =$6-
4(""'( 6E=$M(" (. 7$ "(8 5Z= 5 W =' 8 4$A $"$-
8 b=$" '65 'B M 4( . 2 (54 ?E ?4( 4EB ' (S$ '
='W4'#' 8'# =$5A6(5 =$5 $8 , 8E 6 3(4 ?E ? E-
4'S"'-&(4("EB A6( M 4( $ 5 '=$"M(6E8 = ="E-
8 5 =$8 , 8(4 8 5 " 8 #4$& $8 ; 6 5 ["'5 , '"
"$ '8 "$( 'M $ '#'- ' &$8'=5 '#' =(58E $Z[(#'-
59.
***
26
^$ N 8 '54(3'6$4 "( 54 W '8 "$5 'BS 6E( ' 5
54 M?E, 5' ='6'M3$(8E( ='5!?$8 8$ (= ' 3("!#$V.
%" = 6(& 6 R( (=? =# "(5 '4! ' 'N8 - '3"$ & " V,
34 ""$9 8$""$9, &6$4$5! «:$"A <ZV(4!#$= ("», 6
3= #'B ' 5E6$4$5! 2 $4 9:
% =$( , 8'4'3(A!
27
S ' M( ( (=! ? 3( . ; ?E4' #='?'6'( 8'4S$" (, &$ '-
'=E8 '54(3'6$4$ '=' $9, "' ? B5 6(""$9 ' '6(3!
6 «\'5 '65 '8 (4(#=$b(». :'#'4! 5' 56' 8 6(="E8 54 -
#'B " 4 5! 6 " M"E( 4$6 , 5 4 65( N &(8 49=E
«:$"A$» 5'M#4 V. 2 6' 4 (=$ ="$9 $=!(=$ :'#'-
49 "$S$4$5! $ M(, $ ' '"S 4$5! 4( 36$3A$ !
5 5 9, - $ '3$b(, = S(8 6 '?' V 54 S$9V (8 '8'#$4
' '="EB " S(#' "( =$& 8(Z[ B =( '5 "'B.
28
6$, &$ ' 49Z[$9 #'='3 - N ' M( "(S ' 6='3( 8 b'4'# -
S(5 '#' 6'&8(&3 9 ( $ ' 5$4 R W "); ?'4' "E( 3 V
'5 '9""' E $Z 59 6(=" ! ', S ' 8 = "$34(M ;
6 3(" ( V 5V6$ 5 8(3"E8 A$=(8 56(4' 5 8$ (=6'#'
& «8$4("! V 4Z3(B» = 55 'B 4 (=$ =E, #(='9 «\(3-
"'#' 65$3" $». R W " S 65 6'6$4 $ 'B- ' &c9" 6
R( (=? =#(; = 8( 4 ?4(3"'-&(4("EB ' 56( (#' "(?$
$ "5 6("" Z 8'[! 8(3"'#' A$=9, 6&3(=" 6W(#' '"9
"$ &9? '8 b'"( 5 E""EV ='5 ( '6 4'[$3(B. 7'
5 =$""'5 ! N '#' #'='3$ ?E4$ '-"$5 '9[(8 '"9 $
(=(3$"$, '#3$ ' 7(65 '8 ='5 ( ='W(4 $ 'B
S(4'6( , $ :'#'4!. X$55 $&, '&$#4$64(""EB 8("(8
='5 ( $, 6E96 4 N = S 34 6'5 ! 5 $ 'B "(&$?E-
6$(8'B 5 4'B, S ' 5 V Y4' $, ='8$" Y(4'#' «R(-
(=? =#», "$ 5$""E( "$ &$=( "$W(#' 6( $, $M( 59,
4 W! '4"(( ' =E6$Z #'='3 :'#'49, $ "( 5'&3$Z $-
'B- ' "'6EB (#' '?=$&. R( (=? =# " '#3$ "( ?E4 "$-
5 '9[(B =($4!"'5 !Z, "' 6(3! 5$8 :'#'4!, :'#'4!-
6$8 =,
29
8'5 =$5 9# 6$459 4'8$459 "$ 56'(B $= (, 3'8 5 '94
=EW(Z 6" &, ? 3 $ 6$4 4$5! "(8 "$65 =(S , $4(-
?$=3$ S$5'6'#' 68(5 ( 5 &'4' E8 54'6$8 6E6(5
"$= 5'6$""E8 "'M" A$8 ?4(5 (4$, $&$4'5!, "$ 5$-
8'B =(5" A( (#' #4$&» («7(65 B ='5 ( »). >' '" ,
6E6(5 . i6$3A$ 4( " B V 3'M" ' $4 $ =$& 6 '
#'='3, ' '=EB ?E4 " M(" 349 =$&6 9 (#' " "$ S ' "(
'V'M(#' 3$='6$" 9; ?(&=$?' "EB 8'4'3'B S(4'6( ,
3='M$6W B 6 8$""'8 R( (=? =#(, $ '8 ' S$9""' V'-
4'3"'8 5E='8 ' 5=$6"(" Z 5 f =$ "'B (5 N 8 ='#'8
&'? 4 9, 5E 4Z[ 8 4'3E "$ b'"( ?(&'?4$S"'B 5 "(-
6E), 6=93 4 8'# S 65 6'6$ ! 5(?9 5S$5 4 6E8. 2 (8 "(
8("(( 6"(&$ "'( =(W(" (, ' '='( '" = "94 6 "$S$4(
Z49 1829 #., $ "( '?c95"("' (#' ? '#=$b$8 . >&96
3("!# , = 54$""E( 8$ (=!Z 5'65(8 349 3= #'B A(4 , '"
63= # 5?(M$4 &$ #=$" A . d 8'# 4 W! &$8( !, S ' '-
54( $M3'B "( 3$S 6 (#' 4 (=$ ="'B 5 3!?( ($ ='-
6$4 (#' &4'5S$5 "'B 'N8E ?E4 8 6'5 = "9 $ M( ?'-
4(&"(""', $ '&M( = S(5 B =$&"'5 (#' ?(558(= -
"'B !(5E) '" '5 (W"' ' 3$4 #'='3, 6 ' '='8 "$V'-
3 459. @ V'=$3'S"'( ?(#5 6' ?E4' 4 W! (=6'B 5 $3 (B
'B 9M(4'B 8$" =(54(3'6$" 9, ' '= Z S("E( 5'
5 4'""'5 !Z 5 V $ = 58$ = 6$Z 6 (#' S 3'6 [-
"'B 9#( (=(8("( 8(5 . C6(3(" 9 '? N '8 (=6'8 -
(W(5 6 ' $&E6$Z :'#'49 6' 65(B (#' =$5( - '"
'4!& ( 59 56' 8 3$='8 6''?=$M(" 9 349 $"'#'
"(" M"'#' '?8$"$. %? N '8 #'6'=9 5!8$ 8$ (= , #3(
=$55 $&$"' ' (#' ' c(&3( 5 =$"5 6 9V.
***
30
M &"!. 7', 'M$4 B, 6(="(( 5 $&$ !, S ' '" 5 5E"'8
='5 ' 5V'M ' (8 (=$8(" , "(4( $9 ='6 "A $4!-
"$9 3$8$, ' '=$9 =$&3=$M$4$ 56' V 3= &(B 6(=M3(-
" (8, S ' $='6'&E, $='V'3E ='S ( "'6W(5 6$ &'-
?=( ("E (( 5E"'8 7 '4$(8 ($ 5$8'#' 5E"$ = 6'3 4$ 6
"( 5 '65 6', 3(4 $ "' "$8( $9, S ' '" 5'S " (4! $-
M3'#' '4! ' S ' ='S $""'#' (Z 'W4("! '#' ='8$"-
S $), $M( 59 "$8, S $ (498 :'#'49, ='5 ' 3( [(8
(#' 6''?=$M(" 9. %" $ 95"' 5'&"$6$4, $ 'B "((
3 ="'B 4 (=$ ="EB 6 5, $ "(#'3'6$4 "$ ', S '
'"$ =( 6(4 S 6$( (#' 6'=S(5 ( 6'&8'M"'5 , S ',
5 $6 5$ (4(8, " '#3$ "( '569[$4 (( 6 56' 4 (=$-
="E( &$8E54E, V' 9 6 ='W4'8 ='5 4 "(( 56(3(-
" B '? =$ "5 V '?ES$9V 8("$V. %" =(3 ' 5 "(B
6 3(459 6 ( #'3E, '#3$ 8 M$4 (#' #(" B. > (#' 5!8$V
"( = 9 "' 5 6'& 4' V'4'3"'( =(&=(" ( (( 85 6("-
"E8 5 '5'?"'5 98, 3'6(=S 6'5 , "( 8(" Z 6(5 V'-
&9B5 6' 6 8(" , V' 9 6 #'3 5$8'3'6'4!"'8 '4 =(-
4 # '&"'8 4$3 '" '5 '9""' '3S(= 6$4 56'Z 5E-
"'6"ZZ =(3$""'5 ! ' '="'5 ! - 6' 659 '8 54 S$(,
' $ ?E4 8'4'3, - '?4( $9 N ' 6 "$ =(3 '5 ! 5(" 8("-
$4!"E( 6E5' ' $="E( 6E=$M(" 9. j $ ! (=( 5
:'#'49 - "E4'( &$"9 (, "' 6' N ' 5!8', "$6(="'(,
5 4ZS(" (. (g8 "$3' ?E4' '?c95" ! 8$ (= 56'B
6"(&$ "EB ' c(&3, '" 6E?=$4 349 N '#' '6'3, ' '-
=EB 8'# = B 5! ' 3 W( (( ='8$" S(5 'B "$ =(.)
«\$8 "! $!
31
5 6 Z "$4(#W Z "$ 8("9 5 =$6(34 6E8 "$ $&$" (8
9M Z 3(5" A >5(8'# [(#'; "' $ M$5"' N ' "$ $-
&$" (! Y(& 8"EB! 9 V' (4-?E4' =' 6 !59 N 8 6(S"'-
"( 8'4 $(8E8 M(4$" 98 3 W , ' '=E( '3 " Y'# 636 -
" 4 6 8("9, =( 6'= 4 8("9 6 M$M3 "("$5E 8 Z ?(&-
3(B5 6(""'Z =$55(9""'5 !Z 56( $. %" $&$4 8"( !6
&(84Z S M3 Z, S '?E $8 6'5 $4 56' 5 =$5 6 -
W "(, 6 (3 "(" , 6 W 8( 6(S"'#' = 3$ 3(9 (4!"'-
5 , S '?E 9 5$8 ' 5 '4!& 8 5 ("98 '3"9459 "$
6E5W Z, ' 3$ ?E ?E4 6 5'5 '9" =$55((6$ ! ?4$#'
=$?' $ ! "$ '4!& 8 =$. 2 9 '58(4 459 ' " ! N
?'M(5 6(""E( '8E54E =(58E $ !59 6 5 '4 A( &3(W-
"(B 8(M3 5 8 54 M$[ 8 , &3(=M 6$Z[ 8 M &"!
$ ?(5 4'3"'. R=(58E $ !59 3= #'( 3(4' $8, #3( $M-
3$9 8 " $ M &" "( =$S 6$( 59 3$='8, #3( $M3$9
8 " $ - ?'#$ EB &$ $5 ' E '6 &"$" B. 7' &M ! $8
6( , #3( "( =(35 $649( 59 5'6(=W(""' 6 (=(3 " S(#',
#3( 65( 4( $, ='6(3(""E( 6 " S 'M"EV &$"9 9V, ? 3
9M 8 =( '8 &6 S$ ! 3 W(. - a ' ? 65 6(""'! j ' &$
5S$5 !( 3'54 M ! 6 50 4( 3' $ '#'-" ? 3! 5 $ 5 '#'
5'6( " $, '4!&'6$ !59 M$4'6$"!(8, (36$ 5 $Z[ 8 5(-
?9 5'3(=M$ ! = 4 S"', "( 8( ! 5 4E = "(5 "$
' (B 3'?=$ S(4'6(S(5 6 . C8(W"E 8"( 'S("! &3(W-
" ( 8'4'3E( 4Z3 : '" ?(5 =(5 $""' = S$ , S ' '"
54 M$ 5'6(=W(""' "( 349 S "'6 "( 349 '#', S '?E
6E54 M !59. C ='5 ( M( " V, 349 S(#' '" 54 M$ ? -
'" "( ? 3 5$8 6 5'5 '9" 5 $&$ !: $ , 349 '#',
S '?E "( 5 3( ! 3'8$, "( ? ! ?$ 4 W . g[( #4 (( (,
' '=E( '5 $649Z ' 3$4(""E( ='6 "A , #3( 8(Z
'8(5 !9, #3( 8'#4 ?E ?E ! V'='W 8 V'&9 "$8
= "(5 ! "(5=$6"(""' ?'4!W( '4!&E, 4 (54 M(
36'=9" " "( =(8(""' " M"' '54 M !, 54 M 4 ?E 6
56' V ='6 "A 9V; $ "( , "$3' ' $5 $ !59 6 R( (=-
? =#, #3( 8$4' '#' S ' " S(#' "( '4 S$ , "' 5 '4! '
([( (=( $5 $Z 3("(# & 3'8 , ' '=E( &3(5! 5 =(?-
49Z "( = 8( "' 6 M$5"'8 '4 S(5 6(.
32
='6 (4(B "( 8'# 3'5 #" !; "( 96"EB 4 ?E4 &3(5!
"$3' 8"'Z ='8E5(4 Y'M B? "( 96"' 4 '" "$ $&E6$4
8("9 N 8 65(8 "( 3$S$8 6 "$8(=(" '?=$ ! "$
! 5 ""EB? j ' M? 9 '=5 6'6$4, 'M 3$4 A(-
4E( 8(59AE, "( '4 S 4 S(#'. 7$ '"(A... $ '( M$5-
"'( "$ $&$" (! d3'6 (( M(5 'S( (#' 349 8("9 " S(#'
"( ?E4' 6 8 =(. d "( 8'# , 9 "( 6 5 4$V "$ 5$ !... \$-
8 "! $! i='M$BW$9 8$8 "! $! d &"$Z, 6E '3" 5 "-
"EB 3= # 8"(. 7' 6(= ( 4 , ( (=!, '#3$ 8E54 8'
M( "( (8 &$"9 E, ( (=! = "$ '8 "$" "(6E=$-
& 8$9 '5 $ 6=(&E6$( 59 6 5(=3A(. %3" 8 6$8 9 '4! '
8'# 5 $&$ !... >E &"$( (, S ' 9 ?E4 '3$=(" 6(=3'5 !Z,
3$M( =(3 'Z 6 8'4'3'8 S(4'6( (... < ' ?E 8'# 'M 3$ !
' 8("9 '3'?"'B 54$?'5 . 7' 9 6 3(4 ((... "( , "( "$-
&'6 ((... '"$ 54 W '8 6E5' $ 349 659 '#', "( '4! '
349 8("9. d ?E "$&6$4 (( $"#(4'8, "' N ' 6E=$M(" (
" & ' "( 5 $ 349 "((. ;"#(4 - 5 [(5 6', "( 8(Z-
[(( " 3'?='3( (4(B, " '=' '6, "( 8(Z[(( V$=$ (-
=$, ' '8 S ' "( S(4'6( , M 6 [(( 8E5498 6 '3"'8
"(?(. 7' "( , ?'4 $Z 5 9 "( 8'# 6E=$& ! ((. a '
?'M(5 6', "' '?4(S(""'( 54(# $ 6 S(4'6(S(5 ( 5 =$5 .
@ A', ' '='#' '=$& (4!"'( ?4 5 $" ( 6 '3"' 8#"'6(-
" ( (S$ 4(( 59 6 5(=3A(; #4$&$, ?E5 =' ='"&$Z[ (
3 W . 7' V 5 9" 9, M# [(#', ='V'39[(#' "$5 6'&!
65(#', "( 6E"(5( " '3 " & S(4'6( '6... % (54 ?E 6E
'58' =(4 "$ 8("9 '#3$... =$63$, 9 8(4 5 =E6$ ! 5(-
?9 ' 65(V, "' =E459 4 ' 5(?9? ;35 $9 '5 $ 5 6'&-
8'M"E8 8 $8 (4$ 6 #= 3 8'(B. % $ '( M(5 ' '(
5'5 '9" (! \"( $M( 59, (54 #=(W" $8 #' '6$" $3, '
'" "( $ 8 S (4(". 7( , N ' "( 4Z?'6! ?E4$... 9 '
=$B"(B <8(=(> "( 54EV$4 '3'?"'B 4Z?6 ... > '=E6(
?(W("5 6$ M$5"(BW V 3 W(6"EV (=&$" B 9 M$M3$4,
(4 !59 '3" 8 '4! ' 6ǭ'8, '4! ' '3"'#'
6ǭ$ $4 $4 9... >1" ! "$ "(( ([( =$& - 6' ?E6$-
4' '3"' (3 "5 6(""'( M(4$" (, 6'&=$5 $6W(( 5 4!"((
5 4!"(( 5 "(6E=$& 8'Z (3 '5 !Z '5 . C M$5'8 '5-
8' =(459 =$ǭ(4 9 56'( M$5"'( 5'5 '9" (, 65( 5'-
6(=W(""' 6 8 =( ?E4' 349 8("9 '#3$ S M3', M &"!
58(= ! =$6"' "(5"'5"E, 3 W$ "( 8'#4$ 3$ ! ' S( $ 6
56' V 964(" 9V. d 6 3(4, S ' 8"( " M"' ?(M$ ! ' 5$-
8'#' 5(?9, (54 9 V' (4 5'V=$" ! M &"!, 6'36'= ! V'-
9 ("! ' '9 6 56'Z 5 (=&$"" Z 3 W . > 8 4(" 9
= &"$4 "(6 3 8 Z i(5" A , ( [ Z59 ' 8"(, ?4$#'-
33
54'6 4 $ 3 6"' "$&"$S$(8EB ! 8"(. 7( , N ' 5 [(-
5 6', ' '='( %" '54$4 4 W ! 8("9 ' '9, =$55 =' !
W$ '-5'&3$""EB 8 = 8'B, "( ?E4$ M("[ "$. g54 ?E
'"$ ?E4$ M("[ "$, '"$ ?E 65(Z 5 4'Z 56' V 'S$='6$-
" B "( 8'#4$ =' &6(5 ! $ V M$5"EV, "(6E=$& 8EV
6 (S$ 4(" B. a ' ?E4' ?'M(5 6', 28 5'&3$""'(, S$5 !
g#' M( C$8'#'! 7', =$3 Y'#$, "( 5 =$W 6$B ( (( 8(" .
%"$ 54 W '8 6E5' $, 6E5' $.
34
(4!"'5 , (54 9 "( 8'# ?E ! 5S$5 4 6 ("( , 9 " '-
#3$ "( ? 3 5S$5 4 6 349 5(?9. a ' ?'M(5 6(""'( 5 [(-
5 6' 6E=6$4' ' 'B & #= 3 8'(B 3$4 4'5! ' 8("9),
' =$B"(B 8(=( 65Z M &"! '569[ 349 5S$5 9 ?4$#$
5(?( '3'?"EV.
35
='5!?$8 ; "' &"$9, 5 $ 8 3'6'4!5 6 (8 6E 6" 8$( (
8, ?(= N 58(4'5 !. > &$8(" ' W 6$8 ?E &$"9-
9 3'?=EV "(8A(6, 3 V "'6 &"E, 5 =$""'5 ! =(4(5 !
([( 3'5(4( 8"'Z "(6 3$""'#' 65w, S ' =' &6(3(
5 4!"'( 6 (S$ 4(" ( "$ 8("9. Y4$#'3$=Z $ M( S 65 -
6 (4!"' 'S (""(BW(#' C$66 < = 44'6 S$. R='W (#'
$ M( = 5E4$ ! = 5'S 6 6$W( 5!8'.
d = 6(4 5!8' A(4 '8, ' '8 S ' '"' "$ '8 "$(
8' ' W(=5 , S! =$&"'A6( "E( " ? 3 ' '8 6 4(-
("E 6 '54(3 Z[ ( 6E5 $&E6$" 9 :'#'49. R=(M3( 65(-
#', $ 'B ?E " ?E4$ (#' 4Z?'6"$9 M &"! ("$5 '4! '
&6(5 "', 6 &=(4E( #'3E '" 6E $&E6$4 '4"'( =$6"'3 -
W ( M("5 '8 '4 ), 95"', S ' "$8( "$ «6'&6EW("-
"'( 5'&3$" (», "$ 9&ES(5 Z ?'# "Z, ' 5 =$""'B = -
V' 5'&3$"" Z V= 5 $"5 8 Y'#'8, - '?=$&S 6 (-
6$ '#' ?(55'6(5 "'#' 6E8E54$. 7( #'6'=9 M ' '8,
S ' ?4 M$BW ( 3= &!9 $ (#'= S(5 6(=M3$4 , ? 3 '
" S(#' 3$M( ' 3$4(""' "$ '8 "$6W(#' ='8$" S(5 Z
3=$8 8'4'3'B :'#'4! " '#3$ "( (=(M 6$4, 5 4! N 'B
S$5 5!8$ 3' 58(W"'#' =' 6'=(S (#' ='&$ S(-
5 '8 A(4'8 (5 '? $ 6 '3"'8 & $?&$A(6 '3S(= 6$(
(( S M(='3" Z = ='3 ), $6 '=$ 8'M"' &$ '3'&= ! 6
'8, S ' '" ='5 ' (=( 5$4 5' & $ 'B- ' '6(5-
W , ' '= Z 5'S "94 6 '3=$M$" ( 54$3 '=(S 6'B
36
?(44( = 5 ( 56'(#' 6=(8(" . R$55$M ' "'5 (4!"'
?(5 4'3"'5 3$M( #=(V'6"'5 5 4 B 5 $ ! #'='3-
5 8 S "'6" '8-? 8$#'8$=$ 'B, 68(5 ' '#' S '?E
6'&3(4E6$ ! &(84Z, 3$"" Z 5$8 8 Y'#'8 = 55 8 '8(-
[ $8, =(36'5V [$( 3( , ' '=E( :'#'4! =$&6 4 6
56' V «>E?=$""EV 8(5 $V & (=( 5 5 3= &!98 »; ',
S ' 5$8 '" '4! ' 8(S $4 $ -" ? 3! =$&3(4$ !59 5
N 'B &(84(B, ([( ?'4!W( 5 # ?49( "(5 =$&"'5 ! (#'
5!8$. R= &E6 ='6 3(" Z 4 , 6(="((, 5 =$""$9
5 4'""'5 ! (=$&3(49(8$9 (#' 8$ (=!Z) '?c95"9 ! Y'M!-
8 ='8E54'8 4Z?'B 56'B $ = & 4 54 S$B"'( 5'?E-
(, 6 ' '=EV 4 W! '" ( 4 '"$) '[ [$( 3 V 569 '5 ,
$ M( 'S("! V$=$ (="E ' $&E6$Z , $ 'B "$5E[("-
"'B 6'=S(5 'B b$" $& (B ($ ' '8 8( $b & S(5 '#-
=$" S(""'B) ?E4$ =(4 # '&"'5 ! :'#'49 $ 8$4' '"
&$8(S$4 5 '4! 5 =$W 6W(#' (#' 3!96'4$, '#3$ ' '3-
$4 6$4 (#' = 5' 5 ='S 6W 8 ?(& 5 $4 (='8. \E
S $(8, $ , '?5 3 6 5 '& A B ='6 3(" 9 '='S" Z
3(B5 6 (4!"'5 ! = 55 '#' ?Z=' =$ &8$, '" M(
= ?(#$( N '8 M( ='6 3(" Z, S '?E '"' '3 6(=-
3 4' (#' 5'?5 6("" Z 6E3 8 . R'" 8$9, S ' ' 6=$[(-
" ( '" '=5 'B =$?' ( "( ' $M( 59 8$ (= ?(3 -
(4!"E8 3'6'3'8 '"$, $ 659 $9 ='6 "A $4!"$9 3$-
8$ 'B '=E, 6$M$( « '44(M5 '#' $5(55'=$» 8("!W(,
S(8 « '44(M5 '#' 5'6( " $» (&6$" 9 6 $B5 'B (-
=$=V '#3$W"(B X'55 ), '" 6E3 8$4 ?'4(( ='8$" -
S(5 '( '?c95"(" ( 56'(#' ?(#5 6$. 2 "$8( " 4 ("$8( $
N '#' (#' 8$ ! "( '"94$), S ' =(38( (#' 5 =$5 - 3(-
6 A$ 6E5' '='3"$9, ?E ! 8'M( , 3$M( 3'S! 3(B5 6 -
(4!"'#' 5 $ 5 '#' 5'6( " $. D$ S$5 ! 5!8$, ' '=$9
'='M3("$ "( '3"'B 4 W! b$" $& (B, $ M( S"$
349 :'#'49. C ' 'B"' 3'4'M 6 8$ (= , S ' '" 6&94 3("!-
# , ' '=E( (8 "( = "$34(M$4 4 , 6' 659 '8 54 -
S$(, "( =(3"$&"$S$4 5! 349 (#' 4 S"EV " M3, =(3-
4'M 6 (B 6&$8(" 8 [(5 6', ' '=E8, $ '" &"$4, '"$
" '#3$ "( 6'5 '4!& ( 59, :'#'4! '=M(5 6(""' 49"( -
59, S ' ?'4!W( "( ' ='5 "(( " ' (B , $ ' '8
$ ?E 8(M3 ='S 8 6E =$W 6$( ([( 5 ' = ?4(B. >
(=(V'3( ' ?'M(5 6(""'#' ?'4!W'8 '=#'6'8 #'='-
3 M( (5 ! ' 5" M(" (, ' '=E8 '" $ $= 5 S(5
'4!&'6$459 6 '&3"(BW V 56' V =' &6(3(" 9V. YE !
8'M( , 5$8'( " (=(5"'( 6 N '8 5!8( - 3'6'3, ' '-
='8 :'#'4! ? 3( 5 3'='M"' = ?(#$ ! "$ $M3'8 =(-
37
W$Z[(8 N $ ( 56'(B 4 (=$ ="'B M &" : 349 '#' S '-
?E «6 W '3 "'S(5 6$» 5'6(=W ! "(S ' 6$M"'( 349
?4$#$ «5(?( '3'?"EV», ' '=EV 6 =($4!"'B M &" '"
$ S M3$459, (8 "('?V'3 8$ '?5 $"'6 $ S M'B 5 =$-
"E, 4Z?'B S M'B 5 =$"E.
38
"'#' "( '" 8$" 9. g#' ' 6( "$ 5!8' 8$ (= , =(-
6=$ "' '"96W(B 6(=5 Z, ' '= Z '" $ [$ (4!"'
&'?=( $4 ( '# ? 4' M( 6E8E5(4 "( =(36 3(""'( 5'-
'5 $64(" ( 36 V (#' '4'6 ", ?' " S ' "( 3$( 6 =
3!96'4 $ '#' '= M 9, $ 36'(" ( = S " 349 69[(B
=$63' '3'?"'5 ), M( =(36([$( ' "(3' 8(" (, '-
'='( '" 5 E $( S(=(& "(5 '4! ' 4( , &"$6 '? ' "'-
W(" 3= &(B (#' 6ǭ "$ '?9&$""'5 '8([ '6
4 (#' "$8(=(" Z $"'" 8"' 6"(5 56' 4 (=$ =-
"E( #'"'=$=E 6 '8'[! " M3$Z[ 859 5 3(" $8, 68(-
5 ' '#' S '?E 4$ ! 3'4# "( 8("(( " M3$Z[ 859
3= &!98. >'&8 [(""' ' ='6(=#" 6 4'M"'( 5 '4 '6$" (
56'(#' 5!8$, '" &4$#$( 8$ (= ([( '3" 6(=5 Z
56'(#' ' c(&3$ & R( (=? =#$ - (#' ? '#=$bE 6 39 6
"(B "$8( "$ (#' 3 W(6"'( 5'5 '9" ( '54( "( 3$S
«:$"A$ <ZV(4!#$= ("$».
39
&"$ ! b$8 4 Z ='3 &$"9 B '#' ?(&E89""'#' $8(= -
$"A$ («#=$M3$" "$ & ;8(= $"5 V l $ '6», $ 6E-
=$& 459 :'#'4!), ' '=EB 68(5 ( 5' W6(BA$=5 'B S( 'B,
$"#4 S$" "'8 "3 5'8 (6 #'3 8$ (= =(6=$[(""E8
6 « "3(B5 '#' "$?'?$») '?(3$4 6 4Z?( 5 'B V$=S(6"(,
#3( 8'4'3'B 34 ""'"'5EB 8'5 '6 9" " 6 8=$S"'8 8'4-
S$" '#4'[$4 56'Z (3 . 7$8 S$5 ' 5"9 59 " S(#' "(
&"$S$[ ( 4Z3 - 54 S$B"EB 5 " 4 $ $9-" ? 3!
4 S"'5 !, 65 =(S(""$9 8"'#' 4( "$&$3. \'M"' 6''?=$-
& !, $ W(3W B "$ ' 'B ?'5 '"5 B 3(4(A =$55 $-
&E6$( 6 1875 #. M("(, S ' (8 "'S!Z 5" 4'5!, ? 3 ' '"
5 8'4'3E8 = 55 8 4 '49 '8, ' '='#' 6 3$6" ( #'3E
65 =( 4 6 :(=8$" , ' $( 6 $" 6$="'B 4$6 ( S$-
5E 6(5E.
40
«> 9 S$5'6 =$ ' =$649Z5! 9 $M3EB 3("! 6 56'Z
3'4M"'5 ! ='?E6$Z $8 3' 3-V S$5'6, 6 '4'6 "(
S( 6(= '#' 9 '?(3$Z, '54( '?(3$ 6 5 S$5'6 ' =$649-
Z5! 9 6 4$55, 6 $ $3(8 Z V 3'M(5 6, #3( &$" 8$Z5!
M 6' 5!Z, ' '= Z 9 " $ "( 6 5'5 '9" '5 $6 !...
('" W( 3$4((, S ' (8 = 9 "' '4(&"' '?[(" (
5 ?'4(( 4 8("(( &"$8(" E8 V 3'M" $8 ) 9 "( 8'#
"( 6'5V [$ !59 V V$=$ (='8 '?=$[(" (8; S ' N ' &$
4Z3 ! f&"$6W V, "(4!&9 ' 69&$ !59 ' " V "$6( , $-
$9 5 ='8"'5 ! = 6(4 S$BW(8 $4$" (!.. > 4$55(, '-
'=EB '5([$Z 9 = =$&$ 6 "(3(4Z, ='5 M 6$Z 36$
S$5$; 6 7 S$5'6 = V'M 3'8'B, 3 '8 -" ? 3! &
56' V &"$ '8EV "$ 6(S(=, - ' '=EV 8("9 $ "( 8$-
4'. >(= ( 4 , S ' '3" V '3"' '=E " '6 8' V & 7(-
M "$ 3' 25 S(4'6( ... C 9 S$5'6 6(S(=$ 9 "$S "$Z 56'Z
='# 4 ... 6 11 S$5'6 6(S(=$ # 49"!( =( =$[$( 59, 9
6'&6=$[$Z5! 3'8'B, !Z S$B, (54 " #3( "( 4... "'-
#3$ = V'M 3'8'B S$5'6 6 12 6 1 S$5, 6 N ' 6=(89
([( 8'M"' 6 3( ! '4 # 49Z[ V. 7'S(B, $ 6$8 &-
6(5 "', &3(5! "( ; 65( 56( 4' 95"', $ 3"(8, '4! '
S ' "( 5'4"A$».
41
'[ [(" ( 5='35 6$ &4Z?4(""E( 3( h '65 '#' '
5'6(=W("5 6'6$" 8 =$, $ (, = 8(= , $ &$8("$
58(= "'B $&" =(4 # '&"E8 $ "5 6'8, = ' '='8
6(W$ ! ? 3 6 &$ =E '8 '8([(" 6='3( A(= 6 , '3
'=M(5 6(""'( (" ( 5$48'6, "(6 3 8'( 349 '4("'-
=( 4'"(""'B '4 E, "' "$ 54 V =( =$5"'( 63'V"'-
6(""'(; '3" 8 & 3'6'3'6, ' '=E( h '65 B = 6'-
3 4 6 &$[ N '#' "('?ES$B"'#' = $4$, ?E4' ', S '
' #'='M(""'( 8(5 ', &$6(5E, &6'" ( #'4'5$ 569[(""'-
54 M (4(B V'=$ (&$#4 W$Z[ ( 65( "( ' =(?"E( &6 -
) "( '&6'49 '5 M3(""E8 =$M !59 = &= (49V -
#=(V'6"' [(#'49 ! 56'(B =$&69&"'5 !Z 4 ' 6$#'B (-
=(3 4 A'8 58(= . R= '8'[ R4( "(6$ :'#'4! '4 S 4
6'&8'M"'5 ! 58(" ! '3("[ " #'5 3$=5 6(""'B 54 M-
?E "$ '3("[ " (3$#'# S(5 Z, 5 S(#' "$S$4$5! (#'
"(&$3$S4 6$9 S (4!5 $9 $=!(=$ (6 $S(5 6( =( '3$-
6$ (49 5 '= 6 "5 ( ?4$#'='3"EV 3(6 A). 2 S(-
=(& '#' M( R4( "(6$ "$ = (8( 5 ='(""'8 8 6 8$(
1831 #., :'#'4! '&"$ '8 459 5 R W "E8.
R W " '4! ' S ' M(" 459, 68(5 ' '#' S '?E &$ (-
=( ! 5 = # 6 5$8EB (8"EB S 4$" 3$4!"(#' '8(5 !9,
$ (8 '4$#$4'5! ?E, &"$B '", S ' 6EB3( & N V
3 =$A V = 36'="EV ?$4'6 9 W$"!9 5 '34(A$8
= 36'="E8 ( '3 = 58' ='8 =$6"'3 W"'#' =$5 "'-
#' A$=9, "(6(M3E "(#'399, S!( A$=5 6'6$" ( 65( A(-
4 '8 "( 5 ' 4' 5 =$" AE W "5 V 5 V'6), = 6(&
(( & \'5 6E 6 5 '4 A . :(" B (#' ?E4 6 '4"'8 =$5A6(-
(, "' = 55 B 'N S(5 B =("(55$"5 M( '"S 459, 4 -
(=$ ="E( #'3!9 &$V6$ 4 5 $ W$=4$ $"'6, '4S(-
"'# ( b 4'5'bE, « 3($4 5 E» "(8(A '#' 'W ?$, (=-
6E( 4$5 'S #=$M3$"5 6(""'B 4 (=$ ="'B = ,
' '=$9 6 '"A( '"A'6 6E='3 4$5! 6 ?(5 '8'["E( -
5$" 9 =$&"'#' '4 $ "$='3" '6, ?E4 (3 "'3 W"E 6
'A(" ( 6(4 S$BW(#' 'N $ 56'(B N 'V ($ 8'M( , 65(V
6=(8(", &$ 5 4ZS(" (8 l( 5 =$) $ E4!"'#' (=(-
M $ W(3W(#' ' '4(" 9 4 $ =(35 $6 (49 4 -
(=$ ="'B «$= 5 ' =$ » - "( &"$Z, S ' '" V' (4
N 8 5 $&$ !. C(=!(&"E( S $ (4 M$M3$4 «b$ '6»,
« '34 ""'5 S 65 6», « " (=(5$ S(4'6( » 'S"' $
M(, $ N ?(3"9# M$M3 V ( (=!.
42
«C(BS$5 ='S(4 «>(S(=$ ?4 & i $"! », - 5$4 R W-
" 3= # . - %" & 8 4 8("9. >' "$5 '9[$9 6(5(-
4'5 !, 5 =(""99, "( = " M3(""$9, ?(& M(8$"5 6$, ?(&
S' '="'5 . ; 8(5 $8 $ $9 'N& 9! <$ $9 S 65 6 -
(4!"'5 !! >5( N ' $ "('?E "'6(""' 6 "$W(B "E"(W-
"(B 4 (=$ =(, S ' 9 3'5(4( "( '?=$& 8 459. \"( 5 $-
&E6$4 (5''?[ 4 '? N '8 R W " 5$8 :'#'4!, 6(5!8$
6(='9 "', S ' 5$8 M( N ' 6E3 8$4), S ' '#3$ &3$ (4!
6'W(4 6 '#=$b Z, #3( (S$ $4 5! «>(S(=$», ' "$-
?'=[ "$S$4 =E5 $ ! bE= $ !, &$M 8$9 =' = -
'Z. O$ '= '?c95" 4 V 6(5(4'5 !, = &"$6W 5! (8 ,
S ' "$?'=[ '8 =$4 5' 58(V , "$? =$9 (#' " # .
\'4!(= O 4!3 "#, 6(='9 "', ?E4 ?E =$3E =$558(-
W ! 56' V "$?'=[ '6. R'&3=$649Z ?4 5 5 ""'
6(5(4'Z " #'Z...»
43
W'", $ ' , S ' 6EV'3 6 '4'5$ EV ?=Z $V #='?'6-
[ $ 8$" W (. 7$ 8'B 6 5, "( " S(#' 5 S"((
'W"' 6'="(B ='8$" S(5 '#' b'4! 4'=$ 4 ' (W"EV
?$( =' 4(5'= ?'6, B'= W =A(6, b=$"A &5 V =(5 !9"
4 =$ "5 V $= ? '6. 2 'N '8 36$ '8$ «>(S(-
='6», $ M( $ 36$ '8$ '6(5 (B, '&$#4$64(""EV
«\ =#'='3» ( 3$ 6'W4 «> B», «D$=$5 Y 4!?$», «C $-
='56( 5 ( '8([ » .3.), '96 6W (59 6 1835 #.,
'5 $649Z 8("9 =$6"'3 W"E8. %3"$ ' 8(""' N 8
=' &6(3(" 98 , Z"'W(5 8 ' E $8 5(63'Z8'= 5 $
:'#'49, = 55 ( S (49 &$? 6$4 #'4'6E 56' V S(" -
'6. R'34 ""EB :'#'4! 58 "' ='#493E6$( 6 «;=$?(-
5 $V» (6 4ZS$Z[ V «7(65 B ='5 ( », «^$ 5 5 -
8$5W(3W(#'» «R'= =( ») =$5 =E6$( 59 '4"'5 !Z 6
«X(6 &'=(», «l "(4 » «\(= 6EV 3 W$V».
44
"$9 5$8'3 = $ ( $ E $4$5! 5 4'B M(" ! "$ ?(4' -
='B 3'S ( 5'5(3$.
<$ '4! ' 65 $4 '" ' = , ' S$5 '?=$ 459 #$3$-
(4!"'B " #(, 6 '"A( ' '='B '3 " 3'?='3( (4!"EB
" #' ='3$6(A, ' 56'(B =(3 'B 3'?=' ( ?(5 '=E-
45
5 Z, '8(5 4 5' =$[(""EB 5"' '4 '6$ (4!. 7' $8
5'6(=W(""' "( ?E4' " S(#', 3$M( V' 9 "(8"'#' 'V'M(-
#' "$ $ 'B ?(5569&"EB 5'"». 2 , 6 '"A( 3'6'4!"'
'5=(35 6(""'#' =$55 $&$, 8E "$V'3 8 (=6'( =(36(5-
( (V b$" $5 S(5 V = 8'6, ' '=E( '&3"(( 5 $4
$"6'B «l "(4 ». 7$3(Z5!, S $ (4! &$8( 4, S ' 5$-
8'( "(6(='9 "'( 6 = 6(3(""'8 6EW( ' =E6 ( - N ' "(
'4' '4!"9, "( '4' '4, "( 8"'M(5 6' M(" 3$M( "( $
"(?=(M"' ?='W(""$9 b=$&$ ' 3'?='8 S(4'6( '4Z? -
6'8 " #' '=#'6A(.
$
25 '= 9 '5 $"'6 "$ = 55 'B 5A("( '8(3 «X(6 -
&'=» ' "('?ES$B"EB W 8, ' '=EB '"$ 6E&6$4$, '-
"(S"', "( 8(Z =98'#' ' "'W(" 9 5$8'8 :'#'4Z
$ =(38( 8' V &$ 5' , '3"$ ' "(5 '4! ' 54'6 "$
N '5 '='""ZZ (8 , ?E ! 8'M( , '4(&"' 5 $&$ !.
7$ 6"E( 3 W "( &?(M"' 3'4M"E 6 3( ! 6 !(5( 9='-
5 " Z 5'A $4!" Z 5$ = , "$A(4("" Z "$ 3 44 S(5 Z
5 5 (8 #'5 3$=5 6(""'B '== A 6 X'55 , 'N '8
3 6 (4!"', S ' $6 '= 4 '- ' ([( "$3(9459 6EB 5
N 'B !(5'B "$ 5A(" . k("& ="EB '8 ( , $ 65( '-
3'?"E( '=#$" &$A , ?E4 5?'= [(8 = 54 6EV '4 V'6
4 S6$"4 6EV '54'6, M( ', S ' 5$ (4! '58(4 459
&'?=$& ! #'5 3$=5 6(""EV S "'6" '6 "( $ 3($4
56(=VS(4'6(S(5 V 3'?='3( (4(B, ?E4' 5$8' ' 5(?(
=(5 4(" (8, ' ' '='#' ' 5 "$8 M ="EV A("&'='6
?(M$4 8 =$W . ; ' '?5 '9 (4!5 6', S ' «X(6 &'=» -
5$8$9 6(4 $9 !(5$, "$ 5$""$9 6 X'55 ( 3' 5 V '=
"( =(6&'B3(""$9), " $ "( 3'V'3 4' 3' V 5'&"$" 9.
7' =' &'W4' S 3', S 3', ' '='( $ "(4!&9 ?'4(( 5'-
' 6( 5 6'6$4' (=(6(=" '8 8 = :'#'49. >(=V'6"EB
A("&'=, D' , ' 5 '94 "$3' 65(8 , j!9 Y'M(5 6(""$9
%5'?$ ?E4$ $ 6'&"(5("$, S ' 89 (( (36$ =(W$459 6E-
8'46 ! #= ?EB S(4'6(S(5 B 9&E , 5$8 C 9 (4!"EB,
(3 "'64$5 "EB k$=! 6 = 5 ( $ '#'- ' 5'65(8 "(-
46
'M 3$""'#' ?4$#'3 W 9 = $&$4 =$&=(W ! !(5
'5 $6 !.
47
A$=! 5'6(=W(""' &$?E4, S ' N ' &$ !(5$, "(#' "(
5'V=$" 4'5! 3$M( 58 "'#' =(35 $64(" 9 ' '8, ' $-
'B :'#'4! S ' '" "$ 5$4.
48
***
49
S '4! ' ' '8 , S ' "$ N '8 (=" 5 '8 (#' S(8
3$4!W(, (8 S$[( = " 8$4 &$ =(6 &'=$, (W(5 -
6 Z[(#' " '#" ', - 5'6(=W(""' $ 6 !(5( :'#'49.
D$ '( '34'( '3=$M$" ( V 3'M(5 6(""'8 6E8E54 5'
5 '='"E M &" 'S(8 - ' =$3 ( ?'4!W(, S(8 '?=$ "EB
='A(55.
50
***
51
R=(4(5 ! 6 '8, S ' N 6 '='5 ( (""E( (=5'"$M '-
'8 $ "( '969 59 "$ 5A("(. >5( 8E 3$6"' &"$(8, S(-
#' 5 '9 9 '?E "(&"$S$[ ( '8 "$" 9 6 "$S$4( (=6'-
#' 3(B5 6 9 ' $ 'B- ' ( ( 4 ' "(&"$ '8A(, 65 =(-
S(""'8 6 '(&3(. \E &"$(8, S ' «54 S$B"'» '89" E(
4 A$ - "(&"$ '8(A 5 $65 =$4 B5 8 $ A(" '8 4 39-
3ZW $ 5 &$?$6"'B = 6ES 'B - " &$ S ' "( ?E4 ?E
66(3("E 6 !(5 , (54 ?E 8 " 5 5 9 "( '96 4 5!
"$ 5A("(. >(3! «54 S$B"'( '8 "$" (» - '?ES"EB = -
&"$ , 8$5'"5 B &"$ =$5V'M(B 4 (=$ =E, $&E6$Z-
[ B, S ' 8(""' N ' (=5'"$M ' $M( 59 #4$6"E8 3(B-
5 6 Z[ 8 4 A'8 =' &6(3(" 9. >5(8 "$8 3$6"' &6(5-
(" N ' ?$"$4!"EB = (8, N $ '"b &4 6$9 4'6 $, # -
49Z[$9 ' (=6E8 3(B5 6 98 C = ?$, 3$ "E"( '
Y='36(Z. ^"$8(" EB 3=$8$ =# $ - ' &$96 4 ( '-
6 3 8'8 , =$&3=$M(""' ' 6(S$9 = 5 $6$4(, M(4$6W(8
6E6(3$ ! 5( =( E (#' 8$5 (=5 6$), S ' (54 6 (=6'8
3(B5 6 "$ 5 ("( 6 5 'V' " S!( = M!(, 6 '54(3"(8
'"' "( =(8(""' 3'4M"' 6E5 =(4 !. 7' = M!9 :'#'49
6 59 6 6'&3 V( "( 5 =(49Z ; "$3' 5 $&$ !, S ' '?$9-
" ( (#' "$8( '6 5'5 ' 6 '8, S ' '" " $ "( 8$ (-
= $4 & Z 59.
\E " '#3$ ?'4!W( "( 54EW 8 '? N '8 &4'5S$5 "'8 &$-
5(3$ (4(, "' 6' '" (=(3 "$8 $ M 6'B, = S 34 6'(
52
6'"ZS(( 5 [(5 6' & (V «Y'#'8 '? M(""EV», 3' ' '-
=EV $ M$3(" :'#'4!.
53
=$& M( &$8(S$4... :'6'= : «<$ V' (, 349 "$ 9
M &" "( '[$M ».
54
'" 8(W $( ' 3'='#(). «; R( =- ' 26$"'6 S (i'?S "-
5 B) M 8 #" 4 $4!A(8 '3'&6$4 =$ =[ $-5,
=$ =[ $ >4$5$: "(#' M("$ = "(3(4 "$&$3 '8
='3 4$, $ 'B =(?'B B 8$4!S , ? 3( $ M(, $
' (A, 5'3(=M$ ! =$ =».
<6$= $4!"EB: R='V'='6 6 S$5 "'8 3'8(, 3$ '4! ' 3(4 "(
8'M( ?E ! ' =(?4(".
:'='3" S B: <$ $ ?
55
='6 "A $4!"$9 ?$=EW"9. > 5$8'B &"$8(" 'B 5A("(
= 55 '#' ($ =$, '#3$ e4(5 $ '6, 96 6W 5! 6 3'8 #'-
='3" S(#', =$5 ( 59 (=(3 3$8$8 , & 8'"'4'#$ (#' $
5E 4Z 59 6 '='5 ( (""E( V$=$ (=E ( V 6E?=$5E6$Z
"$ 56( (#' = ='3"$9 ?'4 4 6'5 !, 6 "' #'='3" S(-
#'), "' M( 3= #'B '='3E, "( 'B, S ' 8E 65 =(S$4
=$"!W(. D $"! V ?'4(( 4(# $9, 'S ='&=$S"$9, 6 5'-
' 6( 5 6 5 =$3 M"'B "$ ='B 5$8'#' e4(5 $ '6$: = -
&=$ 6 '?4 S B S "'6" '6, W$4'64 6E( &$?$6" ,
= 5 (W" &'?=( $ (4!"'#' ?(5$, 6([$Z[(#' 5 $8
26$"$ ;4( 5$"3='6 S$. i( i'?S "5 '#' - >$"9, @ -
&$"! $ - 4 5E"' =$ =[ $ 65( M( #3(- ' 5 [(5 -
6'6$4 , $ N 6'65( "( 5 [(5 6 Z . D M "( (" , $
S 5 E( b$" '8E. 7' ?4$#'3$=9 "$? =$Z[(8 6E5'
6=$"!Z e4(5 $ '6$ N ' 5 '='"" ( 5 [(5 6$ 64 9Z
"$ V'3 !(5E #'=$&3' 5 4!"((, S(8 3 44 S(5 ( = -
N E 8(4 V (=5'"$M(B, 5'5 $6496W V b'" (=6'#' 3(B-
5 6 9.
«aV, R( (=? =#! - 6'5 4 A$( e4(5 $ '6, - S ' &$ M &"!,
=$6'! >E, 8'M( ?E !, 3 8$( (, S ' 9 '4! ' (=( 5E-
6$Z ( $ '"' (5 ! "$ 5$8'8 3(4(); "( , "$S$4!" ' -
3(4(" 9 5' 8"'B "$ 3= M(5 'B "'#(. a $ 3$= '
4(S : «R= V'3 , ?=$ (A, '?(3$ !!» d '4! ' "$ 36( 8 -
" E &$V'M 6 3( $= $8(" , 5 (8 '4! ', S '?E 5 $-
&$ !: «a ' 6' $ , N ' 6' $ !» ; $8 M S "'6" 349
5!8$, N $ $9 =E5$, (='8 '4! ' - =, =... 'W(4 -
5$ !. e' (4 ?E4' 3$M( 8("9 '44(M5 8 $5(55'='8
53(4$ !, 3$, 3 8$Z, &$S(8. 2 5 '='M 4( ([( "$ 4(5 -
" A( &$ 8"'Z 5' [( 'Z: «R'&6'4! (, 26$" ;4( 5$"3='-
6 S, 9 6$8, #'6'= , 5$ '# 'S [ ». R'&M( 8E &"$(8,
S ' 5 '='M 8(" ( 59 \ V((6E8 !( #'=! Z.
i$4!W(, ' 54'6$8 e4(5 $ '6$, '4! ' '" 6EB3( 3$-
" ? 3!, 5'43$ E 6E5 $ 6$Z & #$ 6$V E 3(4$Z
= M!(8, $ 'b A(=, ' '=EB 'S("! (8 &"$ '8, #'6'= :
«7 , ?=$ (A, 8E (?9 5'6(=W(""' = "94 &$ #4$6"' '-
8$"3 Z[(#'».
56
?=$ , - ' 6(S$( , ?E6$4', - $ $ - ' 65(...» Y'4!W'B
'= # "$4».
57
'3$( : "$ & 5 ! 5 V =$&"E( =$55 $M( , (54 #3(
' $3( "'M , 5(BS$5 53(4$( 8$4("! ( 3='M(S $
5 5"', $ b' 5" -5».
***
58
=$ =$, 5''?[$9 M("( ' 6E5' '8 #'5 (, = (8 '-
'='#' (B "$34(M #' '6 !59, 5 4(4$5! 5 =$ ="E8
5S( '8 e4(5 $ '6$, ' '8 S ' 8 M 6 ' EV$V 5V6$ 4
(=6EB ' $6W B59 '?=E6' ? 8$# : «C (W (?9 6(-
3'8 !, 3 W("! $, S ' 5'5 '9" ( 8'( ?E4' 6(5!8$ (-
S$4!"'(, "', '6$9 "$ 8 4'5(=3 ( Y'M (, &$ 36$ 5'4(-
"E( '# =A$ '5'?(""' '4 '=A =E = ?4! 36$3A$ !
9 ! ' (( ...» 2 N $ $" A$ ' =$( 59 "$ ='S" Z
4'# #'#'4(65 '#' 8 =$, #3( "$&6$" 9 =E?E - ?'M(5 -
6(""$9 8 &E $ 6 W$V # =8$"'6, $ '# =AE - ' 5 '='"-
" ( 5 [(5 6$, "( 8("(( 8'# [(5 6(""E(, S(8 Y'#, ' '-
='8 ' 4'"9( 59 ='6 "A $4!"EB #'='3" S B. a
'# =AE 6E=$[ 6$( e4(5 $ '6 6 =$5"'=(S 6'8 ' 5$-
" 56'(#' 3($4$ 56( 5 'B M &" : «7$ 5 '4(, "$ = -
8(=, $=? & - 6 5(8!5' = ?4(B $=? &» ($ S ' N ' $ "(
=(6'5V'3"$9 5 ( ("! '# =A$!). >'39" 5 EB 5 , #3(
« $ (- ' (=!9 4$6$Z 68(5 ' 8$54$», ' '=E8 e4(-
5 $ '6 = W4'5! 3'6'4!5 6'6$ !59 6 =$ =(, =('?-
=$M$( 59 6 (#' =$55 $&( ' 5 '4 S"'B M &" 6 5 , = -
6(&(""EB "$ $='V'3( =98' & R$= M$; 3E8 6''?=$-
M$(8'#' $='V'3$ - N ' "(?(5"EB &$ $V 6''?=$M$(8'#'
5 $. <'#3$ e4(5 $ '6$ ='6'M$Z 6 3'='# , 5$M 6$9 6
?= S , #'='3" S B = "'5 #'4 ?'B (=5 35 B '6(=
& S 4$"$ ("$? '#' '3"'W(" 98 (#' ?'='3$ EV '3-
3$""EV - #'='35 V A'6). i6'='6EB e4(5 $ '6$ '3-
4$3E6$( '3 "(#' 'V$ 5("$, '6(= =(6=$[$( 59
6 6'4W(?"EB '6(=-5$8'4( , "$ ' '='8 e4(5 $ '6 5'-
6(=W$( 56'B ' 4( 5' 5A("E '3 5(=(?= 5 EB (=(&6'"
? ?("A'6 4 = S(5 B = &E6 98[ $ 6'4W(?"E8
'"98: «aB 6E, &$4( "E(!» X 55 ( S(=$ 4Z? 4 3$-
6$ ! 4'W$398 4$5 $ (4!"E( 8("$, 8'M"' =(3 '4'-
M ! (6 #'3 (8, ' " (=(5 ( 59 4 S"E8 ' E '8 -
5$ (4(B), S ' 6 '&3"(BW ( #'3E 6' 6=(89 56' V ?(5 '-
"(S"EV 5 =$"5 6 B :'#'4! &=93"' ' '4" 4 56' '-
&"$" 9 (6'#' b'4! 4'=$; $ 'N S(5 B '=E6 6( =$,
5 ' '=E8 "'5 59 e4(5 $ '6 - N ' 8(S $ (4!"EB, "-
b$" 4!"EB 8'W("" , - 54'6"' ' 6'=9( 6'=' $ 349
' c(&3$ 5$8'#' :'#'49 & X'55 6 8$""E( 3$4 , #3(
?(5S 54(""E( "(8(A ( ='= E 5 8 "(=$4!"E8 6'3$-
8 , $4!9"5 ( =$&6$4 "E, $= M5 ( =(5 '=$A
$4(5 "5 ( 569 E" $Z 59, $ ='6 3(" ( 5 $-
='B 5'4("EV '# =A'6 6 5!8( =$5 (=9""'#' #'='3" S(-
#'.
59
***
60
6'8 '6(5E, 54$M3$Z[(#' 3$8, = 6E W V #= ?E8
8$"(=$8 3'='3"EV #'='35 V &'6. %" ?(5 =(3(4!"'
' (4!"' 6 4!#$=(", 3$8E 6 4!#$="E, &E 6 4!-
#$="E - 659 !(5$, 6 5 ["'5 ( '-56'(8 , $ «:'5-
'M$ Y'6$= »), 5'5 ' & '5'?'B 58(5 =$&4 S"EV
6 4!#$="'5 (B, 6E3$Z[((59 V 3'M(5 6(""'( 3'5 ' "-
5 6' A(4'#' &$6 5 ( $ 6' 659 '8 W(3(6=() "( ' '-
#', S ' 5 $&$"', $ ' '#', $ N ' 5 $&$"', ' ?4 5 $-
(4!"'#' 5'S( $" 9 8$4'6E=$& (4!"EV S$5 "'5 (B. <$
6 S(W B $V "$5( '8EV '=$& (4!"EB =$5'S"EB Nb-
b( &$6 5 "( 5 '4! ' ' #8(" $A 5$8 V S(W ( ,
5 '4! ' ' V =$5 '4'M(" 9, 5 '5'?"'5 =(4'849 !
56( , $ #(" B :'#'49 '4!& ( 59 "( '5"'6"E8 V 8 -
S(5 8 56'B5 6$8 8$ (= (« '34 ""'B 3(B5 6 (4!-
"'5 !Z» 4 (=$ ="EV = '6), $ 5 '5'?"E8 8 -
8 = b & S(5 8 964(" 98 , 'S "(6 3 8E8
S$5 A$8 6'55'&3$""'#' ?E 9. d ' =(?49Z 54'6'
«6 4!#$="'5 !» &-&$ "(3'5 $ $ ?'4(( 'S"'#' (=8 "$
- R W ", 6 «g6#(" %"(# "(» 'M( ' =(?499 $"#-
4 B5 '( 54'6' vulgar, &6 " 459, S ' "( "$W(4 6 = 5-
5 '8 9&E ( (#' 'S"'#' N 6 6$4(" $.
***
61
" -38 V$"'65 V 5=(3 56' V &"$ '8EV. i= #'B ?E -
5$ (4! 6$459 N 'B $ 8'5b(='B V6$4E 5 $"3$4$.
R W " ='5 ' '5 $4 4 ?E 56' '54( (4!"E( "(#= -
9"5 ( & ?E 6 3'?='3 W"'B 58(W ( 6'=' 459 "(-
' '"S(""'B = ' 5 'S(=(3"'#' W(3(6=$. :'#'4! M(
'5 4 $ , $ '54( ='6$4$ «<ZV(4!#$= ("$» -
5?(M$4, 6(="((, '4& &$ #=$" A .
7' (54 ? '4! ' N '! %" '&6'4 4 5(?( V 3W((, S ' 8'-
M( '&6'4 ! 5(?( 5$ (4! 6 '3'?"EV '?5 '9 (4!5 -
6$V: ' E $459 '?c95" ! 6 (S$ ( 8(5 $ 56'(B !(-
5E, ' '=E( = 4 ?' "( &$8( 4 , 4 ?' =(6=$ "'
5 '4 '6$4 . :'#'4!, ? 3 S :'#'4(8 5 [(5 6 9 6 &(=-
$4!"'8 8 =(, '?4$3$4 5 '5'?"'5 !Z [$ (4!"' 4$" -
='6$ ! 56' =' &6(3(" 9 '54( '#', $ '" V "$ 5$4
' ?4 '6$4. a ' 8( '3 '" = 8(" 4 «X(6 &'= ».
%" = 5'6' 4 "(8 N 4'#, #3( '?c95"94, S ' "$-
5 '9[ B =(6 &'=, ' '=EB 8$9S 6 '"A( '54(3"(#'
3(B5 6 9, - N ' S(4'6(S(5 $9 5'6(5 !. ; '5 $4!"E( (=-
5'"$M - N ' 5 =$5 , M 6 [ ( 6 "$W(B 3 W(. i= # 8
54'6$8 , ?4 ( '4$#$4'5! '6(= !, S ' (( 5 =$5
5 86'4 & = Z 59 ='34 6E8 ='3$M"E8 ='6 "A -
$4!"E8 S "'6" $8 , $ 6E5W$9 5'6(5 ! - #'5 3$=5 -
6'8. a 4'# =' &6'3 $ '( M( 3= S$Z[(( 6 (S$ -
4(" (, $ ?'4(( '&3" ( =$55 M3(" 9 :'#'49 "$
5V'3"E( (8E, (54 "( =(3 '4'M !, S ' '" ='5 ' V'-
(4 "$ 9" ! "'5 S $ (4Z 4 5(?( 5$8'8 . g54 M( ' -
"(5 5! (#' N 4'# 65(=!(&, ' (=(3 "$8 "(6(='9 -
"EB 54 S$B: '4"(BW(( "( '" 8$" ( 5$ (4(8 56'(#'
5'?5 6(""'#' =' &6(3(" 9, 5 $M(" ( (#' 5 . <$ 8E
6 3 8, ' M( 5$8'( =' &'W4' 5 «\(= 6E8 3 W$-
8 ».
62
=' , ' '=EB = - 5'6(=W(""' =' &6'4!"' - 5-
8' =(4 6 (#' !(5(, ?E4 5'A $4!"E8 'S =(6'4Z-
A '""E8, S ' $&$4'5! 5'65(8 M "( = (84(8E8 349 :'-
#'49. %" ?'9459, S ' 36'= 63= # (=(58' = 56'( 6E5'-
S$BW((, "' &8("S 6'( ?4$#'=$5 '4'M(" ( !(5( &-
&$ S(=(5S = ? ="EV 'V6$4 =$3 $4!"EV = #'6 S(-
=(5S = ? ="'#' "(#'3'6$" 9 = #'6 =($ A '""EV, =(-
=$ =(35 $64(" 9, $ 54(3'6$ (4!"', 4 W (#' 3'-
V'3'6 ( , 6'&8'M"', ? 3 [(B ("5 ). %" ?'9459, S '
?3 (4!"$9 A("& =$ ? 3( 8"'# ( #'3E 6=(3 ! (#' 4 -
(=$ ="'B $=!(=( 6 X'55 . g#' $ M( '#'=S$4', S '
4Z3 , ' '=EV '" 'S $4 &$ 3'?=EV V= 5 $" (V' 9 (-
8'B «3'?=EV V= 5 $"» '" 6 4' " Z &$B8( 59 "(5 '4!-
' '&M() S(5 "EV S "'6" '6 (S ' 5 $"( "(#' '-
'8 5 "'" 8'8 (V M( V= 5 $"), ?E4 =$&3'5$3'6$"E
3$M( 6'&8 [("E (#' !(5'B "$&6$4 (( «#= ?E8 '-
W4E8 b$=5'8». 7', 'M$4 B, 5$8E8 8 S (4!"E8 349
"(#' ?E4' ', S ', 3'#$3E6$95!, $ ( 3 ' "(8 (=(-
5 3E, 5$8 '" V "( 54EW$4 M (8 ?'4(( "( 8'# V "$-
=$649 !. : 4, 3'5 #$6W B (#' W(B, ?E4 M 8
#='&"E8 ' '8 , S ' N ' ?E4 '4! ' # 4. R'V4' E6$" (
' 4(S $&$4'5! (8 ='" S(5 'B "$58(W 'B "$3 (-
8 , '#' '" 6$M$( , $ 54(3'6$ (4!"', "$58(W 'B "$3
" 8. 2" (=(5, ' '=EB ='96494 "(8 5'6(=W(""'
"(&"$ '8E( 4Z3 , 8" 459 (8 =(& 4! $ '8 (8"EV "-
= #, "(5 $&$""' ' $5"EV ( =( =$5"EB 8 =, " = #$...
5' ='6 [( 6 ([(=(). f 8("9 ? 3( 6'&8'M"'5 ! ' -
5$ ! 6 3= #'B " #(, $ '3"'8 5 8$5W(3W(8 '5 '9"-
"' $&$4'5!, ? 3 ' 65( 3( $4 4$"3W$b $ 36 M(" (
"('3 W(64(""EV =(38( '6 - N ' 54'M"EB '3, '88("-
$= B ' (#' '6'3 659 65(4(""$9 =$&#'6$= 6$( '
"(8 = '8'[ $B"EV &"$ '6. 7(S ' '3'?"'( N 'B
8=$S"'B S ! 4 "( '58 S(5 'B $" '8 8( 8'M"' 5(-
?( =(35 $6 !, =$&8EW499 ' ?'4(&"(""'8 ' "'W("
:'#'49 56'(B 6"(&$ "'B 54$6(. %" 6''?=$M$4, ? 3 '
6' = # "(#' '4&$( (=(W( E6$( 59 659 6=$M3(?"$9
(8 X'55 9, E $95! (#' '# ? !, V6$49 '"'59 (#'
!(5 . > Z"( 1836 #. '" (V$4 6 g6=' .
:'6'=9 , S ' "$ $" "( ' c(&3$ (#' '5( 4 R W ", '-
'='#' '" ?'4!W( " '#3$ "( 6 3 , 65Z "'S! 68(5 ( 5
" 8 (=(? =$4 (#' = ' 5 ='S(4 "$S$4' «\(= 6EV
3 W» - (=6EB S(="'6 ?E4 M( '8 6=(8(" :'#'-
63
4(8 "$ 5$". <$= "$ 5'?4$&" (4!"$9, ?E ! 8'M( ,
54 W '8 5'?4$&" (4!"$9, S '?E "( ?E ! 6E8E54'8. R'
$ 'B- ' = S "( (6'&8'M"', ' "("'=8$4!"'B ?'9&"
659 'B ' 6( 5 6(""'5 ) :'#'4! 5 $=$459 65(V ?(3 !,
? 3 ' 3' 1837 #., ' (5 ! 3' 58(= R W "$, 65(, S ' '"
"$ 5$4, ?E4' 53(4$"' '3 64 9" (8 'N $ ' (#'
'35 $& (. 7', $ $ 6'=S(5 6' :'#'49 =$& (4!"' ' -
4 S$( 59 ' '#', S ' 5'&3$4 R W ", $ 63'?$6' '-
54(3"(8 V6$ $4' 56' V &$?' "(3'5 # ?E4' 6'3 !
(='8 4 (=$ ="'#' 5'?=$ $, 56(3(" 9, 5 '4! 'V' "'
5''?[$(8E( :'#'4(8, 6=93 4 &$54 M 6$Z 3'6(= 9.
%3 "' $9 56(S$, '56([$Z[$9 N '4 "'S" Z $= " ,
8'M( ?E ! &$3 $ ?(& 659 V #=E&(" B 5'6(5 . < 3$
4(#S( '6(= !, S ' :'#'4! 5?(M$4 &$ #=$" A , "( '-
='[$6W 5! " 5 (8 & 56' V 3= &(B. \E &"$(8 & (#'
5!8$, S ' '" "( ='5 459 3$M( 5 h '65 8, 5 ' '-
=E8 ?E4 6 #'=$&3' ?'4(( (5"EV ' "'W(" 9V, S(8 5
R W "E8.
"
C $=E( $"#4 B5 ( (=(6'3E «\(= 6EV 3 W» "( 5 '9
8(3"'#' #='W$ 3'4M"E ?E ! &c9 E & 65(V ?4 S-
"EV " 6(=5 ( 5 V ? ?4 ' ( . <'#3$ 9 5$4 &$8( -
, & ' '=EV 5'5 $6494$5! N $ " #$, «j $ (4!5 B
4 ?» 6 7!Z-z'= ( 6E 5 4 5'6(=W(""' "'6EB (=(-
6'3 «\(= 6EV 3 W», 53(4$""EB >. i. :(=" . a ' "$ =(3-
'5 ! V'='W$9 =$?' $. 2&3$" ( '= 9 36( 6([ : 58(V'-
6'="'( =(3 54'6 (, "$ 5$""'( '3" 8 & =(3$ '='6
«<4 ?$», (=(8("$ "$&6$" 9 "$ «R'V'M3(" 9 j S '-
6$, 4 i'8$W"99 M &"! 6 5 $='B X'55 ». a ' '5'?(""'
'#'=S (4!"', (54 65 '8" !, S ' &$#4$6 ( «R'V'M3(-
" 9 j S '6$» ?E4' "$69&$"' A$=5 'B A("& ='B (=6'-
8 = 55 '8 &3$" Z, ?' A(= '6! #'6'= "$8, S ' 3 -
W ?(558(= "E 'N '8 "( 8'# ?E ! "$&6$"E 8(= -
6E8 . > 3$""'8 54 S$( '3'?" Z &$8(" =' &6(4 96-
"' & ?'9&" "$6(9 ! 8=$S"E( 8E54 ='&'6'[( 8 4Z-
64
? (498 '8 5'6. R'3&$#'4'6' «i'8$W"99 M &"! 6
5 $='B X'55 » 'M( 6E?=$" "( 3$S"', $ $ &$ 85 -
6'6$" & 5'8" (4!"'#' 5'S "(" 9 «i'8$W"99 M &"! 6
X'55 , "$ 5$""$9 = 55 8 $= 5 ' =$ '8, 5 =$64("-
"$9 =(3$ '='8 «% =E B C ? = » (@'"3'", &3$ (4
e'=5 Y4( ( , "$54(3" :("= <'4?(="$, 1894) 5
= 8(S$ (4!"'B = 5 'B: «a ' 5'S "(" ( 'V=$"9( 59
$6 '=5 8 =$6'8, &3$ (4 '5 $649Z &$ 5'?'B =$6'
"$ (#' (=(6'3». <" #( =(3 '54$"' =(3 54'6 ( 5 "(
8("(( = 8(S$ (4!"E8 5''?[(" (8: «<" #$ "$ 5$"$
= 55 8 $= 5 ' =$ '8, = ' 5! =(34'M("$ 8 $"#-
4 B5 8 &3$ (498; =$?' $ =(3$ '=$ '#=$" S 6$4$5!
5 =$64(" (8 54'6(5"EV 'W ?' , ' '=EV 54(3'6$4'
'M 3$ !, $89 9, S ' $6 '= 5$4 56'B = 3 "$ S M'8
9&E (... %" 3$( "$8 =(35 $64(" ( '? 54'6 9V M &"
' "'W(" 9V 6" = = 55 '#' '?[(5 6$... ;6 '= 6(=-
M3$( , S ' =$55 $& (#' =$63 6 '5"'6"E( b$ E W -
=' ' &6(5 "E 6 X'55 ...
***
65
7$ = 55 '8 9&E ( = '8'[ '3"'#' ?(5 '[$3"'#'
54'6$ 8'M"' 6E=$& ! 5 ! W =' ' =$5 ='5 =$"(""'#'
'=' $, 349 ' '='#' = 3= # V &"$ '8EV 8"( (6=' (B-
5 V 9&E $ "( 8(Z 5 (A $4!"'#' '?'&"$S(" 9. % 5 -
5 6 ( '#' 4 "'#' (=8 "$ 6 54'6$=( $ '#'-" ? 3!
"$='3$ "( 65(#3$ '&"$S$( ' 5 5 6 ( 5'' 6( 5 6 Z[(#'
'"9 9, '3"$ ' 8(W$( '4"' ( 'S"'5 (#' '" 8$-
" 9. X$&"''?=$&"E( ' (" 964(" 9, ' '='( = 55 (
S( ' 6E=$M$Z 54'6'8 « 'W4'5 !», =$55E $"E 6 =93(
$"#4 B5 V 54'6 "( 5'5 $649Z ' =(3(4(""'#' A(4'#'.
66
='Z '" V$M 6$4 3'4#'( 6=(89 ?(& 5 (V$, M 4$ "$ ?(-
=(# $ '#'- ' = 3$ 65( 6(S(=$ ='6'3 4$ "$ ?$4 '"(
(=(3 N 8 = 3'8, &$" 8$95! 69&$" (8 S 4' "$54$-
M3$95! 68(5 ( 5 (8 = ='3'B. \'B "(8(A, 6 39 ?(& 5-
(W"'5 ! 56' V =(54(3'6$" B, 6E3 8$4 "$ '"(A 6(=-
"'( 5=(35 6' 4(" ! 5(=3A( "( 8'4 8'B "(8 . 7 , S '
6E 3 8$( (? <$ '( 5=(35 6'? i$ 6$8 6 #'4'6 "( = -
3( , S '! >''?=$& ( 5(?(, '" $M3EB 6(S(=, =$&3(6-
W 5!, ?='5$459 6 = 3 4$6$4 (=(3 #4$&$8 56'(B
6'&4Z?4(""'B, '?"96W 36 V 4(?(3(B, "$='S"' 8 349
5(#' = #' '64(""EV! fM, =$6', "( &"$Z, &$S(8 ?E4
N 4(?(3 , '4! ' "(5 '4! ' 3"(B 5=93 $M3EB 6(S(=
'" 65( 4$6$4 =$5'6$459 5 " 8 (=(3 &$6( "E8 ?$4-
'"'8. >''?=$M$4 4 '" 6 N '8 S '- ' $" S"'(, 8 b'-
4'# S(5 '( 4 =$55S E6$4 "$ S '-" ? 3! 3= #'(,
'4! ' 3(4' '"S 4'5! 6 (#' '4!& : "(8 $ 3(B5 6 -
(4!"' 4(" 4$5! N 8 4'6(4$5'8 6EW4$ 5 '=' &$ "(#'
&$8 M».
67
6(3! 65( '" 8$Z , S ' (( 5'&3$4 ='3$6AE, 54'6"'
3'#'6'= 6W 5! 5 ' $ (4(8 = "9 ! S$5 ( 6 N 'B
#=( « '"$='W ». ^$?$6"' "( ', S ' 6 8 =( "( '5 $-
4'5! " S(#' 3 V'6"'#', ='8( 6'5 '=#$ 4Z3(B, ='3$Z-
[ V 4 '(3$Z[ V 8$"" "(?(5" Z, "( ', S ' #=$
S 65 6 6(3( 59 &3(5! ' ? =M $&"E8 =$6 4$8 (? =M -
$&"E8 "( 6 8$= 5 5 5 '8, $ 6' b4'?(='65 '8 '" 8$"
N '#' 54'6$), $ ', S ' 8 = N ' '4! ' ("!, 5 "
'34 ""'#' 5 [(5 6'6$" 9, 6 ' '=EB " ='3$6AE, "
' $ (4 6 #4 ? "( 3 W "( 6(=9 , '5'?(""' 6 =$& 8-
"'B, 5 ' 'B"'B ;8(= (. g54 =( 4$8"EB V 3'M" V'-
S( &'?=$& ! V'='W(#' 8$4!S $, '" =$5 (#' 6(5-
" W $8 ('" , 5 $ , 6E#4939 , $ &4'6([$9 5E ! 6
3(W(6EV '8 5$V). D 'W4'5 ! 569&$"$ 5 54'6"'-
5 !Z 54(# $ =$5 5 5 '#' V$=$ (=$. i'?='V' E '5E4$-
Z '3 "' 8 5'43$ $8 54( 5 "'# #'44 6 35 V =$-
5' ' , '3( E( 6 W(4 '6E( S 4 "$? E( '"b( $8
?= 6$8 - 6' 659 '8 54 S$(, 9 6 3(4 5" 8' S(4'6( $,
"$? 6$6W(#' $ Z "'# , 6 M ="$4(, &"$8(" '8 "$ 6(5!
8 = $ '5 $6[ 'W4'5 . R=' $#$"3$ ( ' '=$9 "(
8'M( 5 [(5 6'6$ ! ?(& [(3='B 3'4 'W4'5 ) &$ '4-
"9( ?='WZ= V'='W("! 8 '4V'&" A$8 "'5 -
8E8 6( ='8 '?4$ $8 . d 6E? =$Z = 8(=E "$5 (V,
"$ 3$S . «@( 5 '" =' 5"EV 5 "», ' '=EB 5$4
O4'?(=, ?E4 ?'4(( S(5 '4Z? 6E8 &$8E54'8.
68
N ' ( «6'&6EW(""E( 6 (S$ 49Z[ (» " # , ' '=E(
5'3(=M$ 6E3(49Z 6 " N55("A Z 'W4'5 . f 8("9
$ =$& 4(M "$ 5 '4( #$&( $, #3( "$ A(4'B '4'5( =( -
4$8 = ( 59 "( B ='8$" - b$4!W 6 $ 5 "$S$4$ 3' '"A$
' 5 4Z, ' 9M(4'6(5"E8 = N $8 6' = # 6E5'-
V 3(B, ' #4 ?' '8 "(6(3(" Z '#', S ' $ '( "$-
5 '9[$9 4 (=$ =$ ( (=! '#3$ ?E ' " ?E4'. a '
='8$" 8"( 3' 5 =$""'5 "$ '8 "$( 4$5 $Z[(#' 4(?(-
3(B 4'6A$, ' 5$""'#' :'#'4(8. «>E '#= M$( (5! 6
"(#' 5 #'4'6'B, - W( =(A("&(" . - R(=(6(=" 6 '-
54(3"ZZ 5 =$" A , 6E 6'&6=$[$( (5! 6 ' = M$Z[ B
8 = 54(# $ &$3 8S 6E8, $ '54( 5 4!"'#' (=(M 6$-
" 9» (&$8( ! ( N ' ' ( 4 6'( «54(# $»!). «R(6 S$9
" #$, 3' =$(6 '4"$9 &9[(5 6$, 56( $ =(4(5 ,
" #$ ' 5 "( M(8S M"'#' 5 9" 9», - W( S( 3= #'B
=(A("&(" ( ' 4'6(A ?E4 'M( «3' =$(6 '4'" &9[(-
5 6$», $ 4(?(3 &4 S$4 «M(8S M"'( 5 9" (»). «X$?'-
$ 5 5"'#' 5 V'4'#$, ' '=EB 5 '5'?(" 554(3'6$ !
5$8E( ' $(""E( #4 ? "E S(4'6(S(5 'B 3 W ». a '
« ' $(""E(» ("( $ (-" ? 3! «'?[(3'5 "E(», &$-
8( ! () ([( 36$- = 6'5V (4!"EV N ( $ 3$Z
'S"'( =(35 $64(" ( ' A(""'5 " # . i$, 'V6$4$
'4"'5 !Z 5'' 6( 5 6 ( =(38( , ' ' '='8 3( =(S!:
« =( =$5"EB» ='8$" '4 S 4 « =( =$5" Z» =(A("& Z -
= # 'W4'5 &$8 " 459 4 &$8 " 459 ?E, (54 ?E
54'6$ '" ' &$ 5(?9 "( ' '85 4 $B '8 "( =' $[ -
4 =$63E, 54'M 6W 5! 6 5$8 Z S ' " "$ (5 ! $?5 =3-
" Z '?4 S (4!" Z b=$& , V' 9 &3$ (4! =(A("&("
6(=("E, S ' =(6'&"'59 N ' ='8$", « ' '=EB S $Z-
[$9 ?4 $ = "94$ = 8b$4!"'» (54(3 ( $5 ='"'-
8 S(5 $9 A b=$ ='3$""EV N &(8 49='6). 2?' 6 8 =(
'W4'5 "( " #$ 5 $"'6 59 = 8b'8 (( 5'&3$ (49, $
= 8b 5 =$ 6$( S $Z[$9 ?4 $, ='#4$ E6$9
" # 68(5 ( 5 =( 4$8'B "$ '?4'M (.
69
5S $Z &3$ (4 . C$8'( 5 =$W"'( 6 'W4'5 - N ' "(-
6'&8'M"'5 ! '?c95" ! 4Z398, 'S(8 " #$, ' '=$9,
$&$4'5! ?E, ? '8 "$? $ ?4$#'='3"E8 S 65 6$8 ,
5'5 =$3$" (8 3$M( 5 '5'?"$ = 64(S! 6" 8$" ( S $-
(4(B (8(, 3$4( 'B ' «&4'?E 3"9», #'=$&3', #'=$&3'
V M( 'B 4 (=$ =E, ' '= Z 65( 5S $Z 3(W(6 'B.
70
#' S $ (49 "$?'='8 =$&3 6W V59 8(= 6EV 3 W, = -
"$34(M$[ V 'W49 $8 'W49S $8 ' 5$""EV 5 S 5-
' #'#'4(65 8 58$ '8 ?'#$ 5 6'8 M '6$ EV '3='?-
"'5 (B, ' '=E( '3" 8$Z N ' =' &6(3(" ( 3' ='6"9
# #$" 5 'B N S(5 'B 'N8E - "(3$='8 :'#'4! 3$4
«\(= 6E8 3 W$8» $ 'B 8( B '3&$#'4'6' . > 'W4'-
5 (5 ! $ 'B- ' 4'5 , $ $9- ' V4'5 !, (( #49"(A,
(( 4$6"E( 'S(= $" 9 = 64( $4 :'#'49 $ V 3'M" -
$. <'4'55$4!"EB W$=''?=$&"EB 'W49 R$6(4 j S -
'6, ' '=EB 6E $5 6$( $4!A$8 b # & 8'4' $,
S '?E 589#S ! #4' , 4 ' 495E6$( 6 "'S"'B = -
?$W (, ' S(#' 6([ "$ '4 $V 5'3='#$Z 59 6 $ N 'B
5 $= $"5 'B M #( ($ '3 '"(A 6 N 5 $&( ?!( 5(?9 '
V4'8 &$3 , ' (5 ! ' 56'(8 '34 ""'8 4 A , ?'5'B
='&'6'B 9 'B, (8 5$8E8 54'6"' =' $4 6$9 5(?9 6
'34 ""EB =$B 8(= 6EV 3 W) - N 6 3(" 9 A$=9 "$3
?'4(( 8(4 8 'W4'5 98 ?'#'#' ='6 "A $4!"'#'
?E $ 4 8$4("! V '34("! V S "'6" '6. 7' 'W49
3$M( $ '#' # #$" 5 '#' $4 ?=$, $ j S '6, "( =(-
8(""' 8(( $ 'B- ' &c9", 3E= , S(=(& ' '= Z 6 3("
S(=69 , 8 &(="EB 55'VW B59 3 =$S' , ' '=EB 4(M ,
5 '=S 6W 5!, 6 #4 ? "( =' $""'#' 'W4'5 !Z 6$-
8$. C 5$8'#' "$S$4$ ?E4' S '- ' #4 '( 6 3(( 5 -
8(= 6EV 3 W - 3 W =( '5 "EV, 8(=W V '54( 'S(-
=(3"'B (=( 5 : '8([ ='3'4M$4 4$ ! &$ " V
'3 W"EB "$4'#, (8 5$8E8 "$3(499 V S(8- ' 6='3(
$?5 =$ "'#' 5 [(5 6'6$" 9, ' '='(, '3"$ ', 5'6(=-
W(""' '" =( "' '59#$4' "$ $=8$" V 64$3(4!A(6
8'#4' ?E ! 5 '4! M( « '" =( "'» 5 '4!&'6$"' j S '-
6E8, ' $ (4(8 N V b$" '8'6. \(4 $9, "' 3'6'4!"'
=' 6"$9 #4 '5 ! $ '(- ' 6=(89 $ 4$5! 6 $" A(
54'M"EV 8$" 49A B. RE $95! ' $ ! 8(= 6(A'6 6
5 =$"(, #3( &$ '""' ' $4 &$ 4$3E6$4 M 6EV 4Z-
3(B, j S '6 (36$ 4 5(=!(&"' #=(W 4 5 'S &=(" 9
8'=$4 . g54 9 6E =$W 4 A' 5 $="'B ?(=4 "5 'B 4$-
& =!Z 68(5 ' =$5 , ='3$6$(8'B #'5 3$=5 6'8, '4 -
S 6W 8 "$ "(( 8'"' '4 Z, 8'( =(5 4(" ( "( &$54 -
M 3$M( 5" 5V'3 (4!"'B 4E? " '3 " 5$ (4!
"( &'?=$& (#' 6 6 3( ?(=4 "5 'B =$#(3 . 7' (54 9
' = M N &$ (Z ?'4!W'B $ "5 6(""'5 !Z 5 $" -
S !59 V =E8 4'6 $8 , = '8'[ ' '=EV (( '5 -
[(5 6 4, (54 3$8 6'&8'M"'5 ! ?'4 4 6'8 5'5(3 &$-
#49" ! 6 8' ?$" 5 5$8'3(4!"'B =$5 'B, ? 3 $=(-
71
5 '6$" 4Z3 5 "( '33(4!"' #'4 ?E8 4 A$8 '3-
6(=#" 8("9 #= ?'8 '?=$[(" Z - '#3$ 58(9 !59 ? 3
"$3' 8"'B. 7(58' =9 "$ ?(& 54'6" Z ==$A '"$4!"'5 !
j S '6$ 6 ?(& 54'6"' ==$A '"$4!"'8 8 =(, 3 =$ 6
"(8 6 3(" ' '8 , S ' '" 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ 5'6(=W$(
='8$V &$ ='8$V'8. :4 '5 !Z ?E4' '=#'6$ ! 8(= 6E(
3 W 5 $= V , ' '=$9 ?'94$5! = 6 3(" B, "( ='5 -
(4!"E8 ?(&=$55 35 6'8 - =(34$#$ ! $ Z 5'8" (4!-
" Z 53(4 V6$5 " V$8 7'&3=(6 . 7' 9 '6 '=9Z 6
#'3 (8, ' 4Z? , S '?E " # ' 5E6$4 «=($4!"EV
4Z3(B» «=($4!"E( =(5 4(" 9», 3$ ([( 5'3(=M$-
4 '4'M (4!" Z 3(Z (N ' =(6(4 '( 5 =$W 4 [(,
&$ 85 6'6$""'( & M$=#'"$ W$=4$ $"'6-
=' '6(3" '6), S ' «\(= 6E( 3 W » " S(#' 8 "( 3$-
3 . D$ $ 6 "$ j S '6$ S 5 ' 54'6"$, (#' 5 3!?$
6=93 4 '#'-" ? 3! &$3("( &$ M 6'(. a ' 4 W" B =$&
3' $&E6$( , $ 58(V' 6'="' 'W ?$4 5! = 55 ( S $-
(4 = , 6 3(6W ( 6 «\(= 6EV 3 W$V» b$ S(-
5 '( &'?=$M(" ( M &" 'B '=E. 7' (54 '3'B
4(#("3$="'8 'W49 j S '6 $ , $ '" '#' &$54 -
M 6$( , ' (5 ! 6 3( ! 6 "(8 '5'?!, 5'&3$"" Z :'#'4(8,
' '=$9 36 M( 59 6 '5'?'B, #'#'4(65 'B = #'6(= , '
$?5 =$ "'( =(35 $64(" ( ' M 4!" S(5 'B '=#'64(
=( '5 "E8 "$ '4" 59 5 =$""'B =($4!"'5 !Z ? 3(
'&"$S$ ! 8"'#' ?'4!W( '#', S ' 8E 6 3(4 ?E, =$5-
58$ = 6$9 (( 6 56( ( 5'A $4!"EV 54'6 B, A$= 6W V 6
X'55 5 ' 4( "$&$3. \(= 6E( 3 W , ' '=E( '" 5 $-
( , N ' "( ='5 ' (=(S("! 8(" "$ 4 5 ( ? 8$# . a
8(= 6E( 3 W , "$ '4"9Z[ ( 6'&3 V, 6 ' '='8 M 6(
:'#'4!, 56' 8 '5 = E6$" (8 =( EV$"!(8 - "(4( E(
animuli [3 W'" (4$ .)] \$" 4'6$ 4 <'='?'S , 3$8
& #'='3$ NN, ?(5S 54(""EV #"'8 '6, 6E5 $ 6$Z[ V
& 5 =$" A N 'B " # . i$ 5$8 j S '6 - 65(#' 4 W!
" & ' ' 4$S 6$(8EB $#(" 3!96'4$, $35 B '88 6'9-
M(=: «"$W #'5 '3 " j S '6», $ 8'#4 ?E "$&E6$ ! 6
$ A '"(="'8 '?[(5 6( «C$ $"$ <°» N '#' 3'?='3 W-
"'#', $""'#', "' 6" =(""( 3='M$[(#' =(35 $6 -
(49. R'W4'5 !, ' '= Z '4 A( 6'=9( j S '6 - '3"'
& #4$6"EV ' 4 S (4!"EV 56'B5 6 3!96'4$, 6 S!( 5 [(-
5 6'6$" (, "$3' 3'?$6 !, :'#'4! 6(= 4 3$ ?'4!W(,
S(8 6 5 [(5 6'6$" ( Y'#$. D=([ "$ 6 3'5 (V$V j S '-
6$, N $ =M$6$9 3E=$, ' 3$ "(5( #" 5"'B 6'"!Z ( $
& ='? 'B ?$" =$?'6, ' '= Z ' $4(S 4 &$?E4 6
72
S 4$"( $ 'B-" ? 3! =' '&(B) - "( =(8(""$9 [(4! 6 &$-
?=$4( 3!96'4$. a ' 5 '""EB 3 ' &8 65(8 ="'B '-
W4'5 . j S '6 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ '?=(S(" $ 59
56'(B # ?(4 , S !-S ! 6 V499 &$3'8, - 'V'3 'B, ' '-
=$9 '4! ' 'W49 $8 'W49S $8 #'='3$ NN 8'#4$ '-
$&$ !59 ' (4!"' 56( 5 'B. > =(W$Z[ ( 8 " E, '-
#3$ '" =$&=$M$( 59 '3"'B & 56' V "=$6' S (4!"EV -
=$3 (5 4(# 'B (=(? 6 'B 6 54$3 '#4$5"'B =(S - =(8'-
4' "$ 54'6$V «6'&4Z?4(""E( ?=$ !9»), "$8(=(6$95!
' ! 56' 5 ""E( "$8(=(" 9 6 6E5' ' $="'B $ '-
(, '" "$&E6$( 5(?9 M$4 8 S(=6(8 8 =$ 5(#'. <$ "
5 =$""', " =' (#' =$63$ 'S S(=6!, (54 S 'S
= [ = !59, =$ǭE6$9 (#' ' = #4'5 , S(=69 N '#'
8'M"' =$&4 S !. >5 '8 "$( 59 3'6'(""EB (6=' (B5 B
4$ $ , =( 4$8 ='6$6W B W "E; "$ "(8 ?E4' &'?=$-
M("' "(S ' 6='3( S(4'6(S(5 '#' 5 [(5 6$, A(4 '8 5'-
5 $64(""'#' & =(& "'6EV '4(A; $ ' = #4EB j S -
'6 $M( 59 8"( # 8, '4!S$ E8, (4(5"'#' A6( $ S(=-
6(8. g54 9 5 8(4 (=(3$ ! M Z = ='3 N '#' (=-
5'"$M$ =$&4 S"E( 6 3E 'W4'5 , '89" E( 8"'B
' "', 6 5'6' "'5 5'&3$Z A(4'5 "'( V 3'M(5 -
6(""'( 964(" ( (#'#'4(65 B 4(B 8' 6 «' = #4'#'» 6
'W4'5 ), '#3$ «\(= 6E( 3 W » (=(5 $Z (=(3=$&-
" 6$ ! Z8'= 5 S(5 Z '6(5 ! 4 5'A $4!"'( '?4 -
S(" (, 8'M"' '?5 M3$ ! V 65(=!(&. R'N '8 3$6$B (
= 58' = 859 $"6( N '#' =' &6(3(" 9 ' = 5 $4!-
"((.
***
73
36(=(B $?$ $ =' 6 #'5 " AE, 53(4$4 '(- $ ( &$-
8(S$" 9, ' "'5 6W (59, 6 ='S(8, ?'4(( N $M , S(8
5 3(6W(8 6 "(8. «> W! E, - 5 $&$4 '3 " 3= #'8 , -
6'" $ '( '4(5'! S ' E 3 8$(W!, 3'(3( ' '4(5', (5-
4 ? 54 S 4'5!, 6 \'5 6 4 "( 3'(3( ?» - «i'(3( », -
' 6(S$4 3= #'B. «; 6 <$&$"!- ', 9 3 8$Z, "( 3'(3( ?» -
«> <$&$"! "( 3'(3( », - ' 6(S$4 3= #'B. a 8 =$&#'6'=
'"S 459. i$ ([(, '#3$ ?= S $ '3c(V$4$ #'5 " A(,
65 =( 459 8'4'3'B S(4'6( 6 ?(4EV $" b$5'6EV $"-
$4'"$V, 6(5!8$ & V '=' V, 6' b=$ ( 5 ' -
W("!98 "$ 8'3 , &- '3 ' '='#' 6 3"$ ?E4$ 8$" W $,
&$5 (#" $9 4!5 'Z ? 4$6 'Z 5 ?='"&'6E8 5 '4(-
'8. \'4'3'B S(4'6( '?'=' 459 "$&$3, '58' =(4 N -
$M, = 3(=M$4 = 'Z $= &, S ! "( 54( (6W B '
6( =$, 'W(4 56'(B 3'='#'B».
74
3'B S(4'6( , ' 5$""EB 5 "('M 3$""'B 6'65( "( ' "'-
59[(B59 3(4 '3='?"'5 !Z; '" '9649( 59 $ , ? 3 '
&$B8( 56'( 8(5 ' 6 'N8( ( $ 54'6"' ?E "$8(=(6$Z 59
53(4$ ! 8"'# ( & #'#'4(65 V #'8 " 4'6 - "( 3(4$Z
N '#'). f 4Z?'#' 3= #'#' 5$ (49 'B N 'V 54(3 Z[ B
$?&$A 3'4M(" ?E4 ?E "$S "$ !59: «26$" - ?' $ &6$4
8'4'3'#' S(4'6( $...» 7' "( , '=E6 6( =$ =(=E6$(
(#' #4$&("!(, '" "$65(#3$ 5S(&$( & 'N8E. Y(&4 -
B '4'6'B 6 54(3 Z[(8 $?&$A( (3' '#' 6(= 496EB,
S ' "(4!&9 =$558' =( ! (#' 4 A') 5"'6$ '9649( 59 "(-
8"'#' '#'39 , 5 5 $95! ' 4(5 " A( & "'8(=$ j S -
'6$, S $( ' 5 4$3$8 "$ 5$""'( "$ 4'S ( ? 8$M :
«R$-6(4 2-6$-"'-6 S j -S - '6»; N 54'# 8(Z $ -
5'"'8 S(5 '( &"$S(" ( 349 ' =(3(4(" 9 3$""'B 4(5 -
" AE.
75
R(=(3$ ! "$ 3= #'8 9&E ( ' (" N '#' M 6' 6'="'#'
5 " $ 5 5$ $ M( = 3"', $ (=( " ! 8'5 S(=(&
4'# S(5 B 4 , 6(="((, ? '4'# S(5 B ='56( 8(M3
=$&8E E8 (B&$M(8 '3 5(=("! 8 "(?'8 !9"("! 8
5 $=E8 5'43$ '8, ' '=EB 65 =(S$( S $ (49 54 S$B-
"'B ' 'B "$ =$&3" S"'8 &$ = #4(" b=$&E. O' 5
:'#'49 - 6 ' =(?4(" 54'6$ «6 ='S(8», ' '='( 96-
49( 59 569& Z[ 8 &6("'8 '4! ' 6 #=$88$ S(5 '8
58E54(, V' 9 &'?=$M$( 4'# S(5 Z 569&!; 54'6' «5'4-
3$ E» 3$( '(- $ 'B '6'3 349 =' 6' '5 $64(" 9
54'6 «8 ="E(», (36$ '4! ' ? $b'=5 B 8'5
«6 ='S(8» 5'6(=W 4 56'( 6'4W(?"'( 3(B5 6 (, N 3'?-
='3 W"E( 6'9 , ' $S 6$95! =$5 (6$9, 5'B3 5'
5A("E, $ 8E M( 6 3(4 "( =$&.
76
8$6, 6 ?='5 ( 'B8$4 (#' = $8 ... 7(S ' '3'?"'( '
8$5 (=5 6 3(8'"5 = = ( &3(5! 7 '4$B >$5 4!(6 S.
<...>
77
5 '5'?'B =$&"'6 3"'5 !Z E 6E, =(6=$[(" ( N 'B E -
6E 6 '5'?EB 6 3 ?$4$4$B , "$ '"(A, 6= S(" ( N 'B
?$4$4$B 3(=(6("5 '8 8'4'3A , ' '=EB, 5 39 "$
?=(6"( 5 =(5 6 "'# (6 "'6("! V 5$ '#$V), = " 8$-
( 59 V'"! ' "$ "(B "$ #=E6$ !, '?4( 4(""EB =(36(-
S(="(B 8'W $='B 3(=(6("5 8 3(6 W $8 . R= 8(S$-
(4!"', S ' 4 = S(5 '( ' 5 4(" ( 6E&6$"' '964(" -
(8 - "$ 6ǭ "(6" 8$ (4!"'#' S $ (49 - 5$8'#' S ' "
"$ (5 ! ='&$ S(5 '#' '#' (=5'"$M$ " # . R'='-
M3(""EB 5=$6"(" (8 V$=$ (= '='Z $ '=' 59
65 ! 6 M &"!, S ' 8( $b'=$ &$6(=W$( 59 'S$='6$-
(4!"'B "$ E[(""'5 !Z. «f ' $Z[ B, #'6'=9 , V6$ $-
( 59 &$ 8$4("! Z [( , "(#' "( 6 N ' 6=(89
=$55 3 $ '3 8$ !, S ' "$ [( ( 8'M( =$&6( =' $-
!59 6(=V'8 8 V$, $ 6 "(8 6(5 S ! "( S( E=( 3$,
(54 3$M( "( A(4EV 9 !». < ' N ' &4'5S$5 "EB -
$4![ , ' '=EB 5 $&'S"' =$5 ( , = ?$649( 6 6(5(,
S"(( ' M &"(""'B 5 4E 8( $b'=E? \E " '#3$ N '#'
"( &"$(8, "' (8 'S 3$4'5! 5 ! "$ 6(=3 Z
&(84Z.
78
6 3 8'8 , 'V' " 3' 5$ '#'6, ' '8 S ' &$ $&$4 M(
S( E=( $=E ?(5 =(5 $""' = 8(= 6$4 9 Z. 7(-
5 '4! ' =$& '3V'3 4 '" '5 (4 , 5 (8 S '?E V 5 -
" ! 4(S!, "' " $ "( 8'#: 5$ '# , 'S"', ?E4 V'='-
W' 5W E, 3'4#' ([( '3" 8$4 '" "'# '?58$ = 6$4
?'B ' "$ 3 6' 5 $S$""EB $?4 ».
79
C (=" '4!&'6$459 = (8'8 4$ '" S"'#' 6' ='5$ '?-
5 '9 (4!"'#' ' 6( $).
«:(='B, '3"$ ' M(, 5'65(8 N '#' "( &$8(S$4 ( ' (5 ! S '
"$5 S 4 8'4'3'B 3$8( "$ ?$4 56'(B "$& 3$ (4!"'B
?'4 '6"(B), =$55 $&E6$9 8"'M(5 6' = 9 "EV 6([(B,
' '=E( M( 54 S$4'5! (8 =' &"'5 ! 6 '3'?"EV
54 S$9V 6 =$&"EV 8(5 $V: 8(""' 6 C 8? =5 'B # ?(=-
" C'b='"$ 26$"'6 S$ Y(5 (S"'#', #3( ?E4 '#3$
3'S! (#' ;3(4$ 3$ C'b='"'6"$ 5 =(89 &'4'6 $8 :
\$=!(B :$6= 4'6"'B, ;4( 5$"3='B :$6= 4'6"'B
;3(4!#(B3'B :$6= 4'6"'B; O(3'=$ O(3'='6 S$ R(=(-
='(6$ 6 X9&$"5 'B # ?(=" ; O='4$ >$5 4!(6 S$ R'-
?(3'"'5"'#' 6 R("&("5 'B # ?(=" ?=$ $ (#' R( =$
>$5 4!(6 S$, #3( ?E4 56'9S(" A$ (#' <$ (= "$ \ V$B-
4'6"$ 6" S$ "E( 5(5 =E (( X'&$ O(3'='6"$ a8 4 9
O(3'='6"$; 6 >9 5 'B # ?(=" R( =$ >$=5'"'b!(6 -
S$, #3( ?E4$ 5(5 =$ "(6(5 (#' R(4$#(9 g#'='6"$ 5
4(89"" A(B C'b!(B X'5 54$6"'B 36 89 56'3"E8
5(5 =$8 - C'b (B ;4( 5$"3='6"'B \$ 4$ ='B ;4( -
5$"3='6"'B». 7( ' '=E( & N V 8(" ' 3$Z S(8- '
S M(&(8"E8 (6 3$""'8 54 S$( "(8(A 8), S ' :'#'4!,
$ =$6 4', 5 '4!& ( , S '?E (=(3$ ! ' 3$4(""'5 !
&= (4!"'( 5 $M(" ( '?c( $, "$V'39[(#'59 54'6"'
6 8$"(; = S 34 6E( 8("$-# ?= 3E 4 A ?(5b'=-
8(""E8 4 ([( "( 5b'=8 ='6$6W 859 4Z398; (54
'8([ Y(5 (S"EB '8([ R'?(3'"'5"EB - 54(# $
« !9"E(» b$8 4 , '54(3"(( 89 6 (=(S"( - M( 6(=V
'W8$="'B ?(558E54 AE "$ '8 "$( '#' = 55 '#'
W' 4$"3A$, ' '=E8 8E 6'5V [$4 5! =$"((. 7( '"9 "',
$ 'B "$3' 8( ! 5 4$3 8$, S '?E 6 3( ! 6 :'#'4(
=(3W(5 6("" $ «"$ =$4!"'B W '4E» =($4 5 S(-
5 '#' M 6' 5$" 9 = 55 'B M &" .
80
4'# S(5 8 ' (" '8), $ "'#3$ 6E=$5 $Z 3' S = -
[ V$ (#3( A$ =(6=$[$( 59 M( 6 3' ' ' "'#' 9[(-
=$, ' =' 3E6$9 N6'4ZA Z 6 3'6). R=(3(4!"$9 6 4!-
#$="'5 ! $6 '8$ &8 N V ='34 6EV ='&6 [, ?'4!-
W "5 6' & ' '=EV :'#'4! = 3 8$4 5$8, - =( =$5"EB
5 '5'? ' $&$ ! 85 6(""EB ='6("! (V, ' 8 '4!-
& ( 59.
***
81
A6( '6E( W$4'5 5'4"A$ "$ 4 5 6(. % 5$" ( 5$3$
R4ZW "$ '=$& 4' = 55 V S $ (4(B 'S $ M(,
$ \$"( - 5$ EV 8(W$" 56'(B N 'V . «C $=EB, '?W =-
"EB, 9" 6W B59 '&$3 3'8$ 5$3, 6EV'3 6W B &$ 5(4'
' '8 =' $3$6W B 6 '4(, &$='5W B &$#4'V4EB, $-
&$4'5!, '3 " '56(M$4 N '?W =" Z 3(=(6"Z '3 " ?E4
6 '4"( M 6' 5(" 6 56'(8 $= ""'8 ' 5 (" . ^(4(-
"E8 '?4$ $8 "( =$6 4!"E8 =( ( '4 5 "E8 -
'4$8 4(M$4 "$ "(?(5"'8 #'= &'" ( 5'(3 "(""E(
6(=W "E =$&='5W V59 "$ 56'?'3( 3(=(6. Y(4EB '4'5-
5$4!"EB 5 6'4 ?(=(&E, 4 W(""EB 6(=V W , ' 4'84("-
"'B ? =(Z 4 #='&'Z, '3E8$459 & N 'B &(4("'B # [
= #4 459 "$ 6'&3 V(, $ =$6 4!"$9 8=$8'="$9
56(= $Z[$9 '4'""$; '5'B '5 =' '"(S"EB &4'8 (#',
' '=E8 '" ' $"S 6$459 6(=V 68(5 ' $ (4 , (8-
"(4 "$ 5"(M"'B ?(4 &"( (#', $ W$ $ 4 S(="$9 -
A$. e8(4!, #4 W 6W B 6" & 5 E ? & "E, =9? "E
4(5"'#' '=(W" $ ='?(M$6W B ' '8 ' 6(=V W (
65(#' S$5 ' '4$, 6&?(#$4 "$ '"(A 66(=V '?6 6$4 3'
'4'6 "E 54'84("" Z ?(=(& . i'5 #" 6 5(=(3 "E ((,
'" ' 3$ 56(W 6$459 6" & "$S "$4 M( A( 49 ! 6(=-
W "E 3= # V 3(=(6 4 M( 6 5(4 "$ 6'&3 V(, &$69&$6W
'4!A$8 56' '" ( A( ( =ZS!9, 4(# ' '4(?4(8E(
6'&3 V'8. \(5 $8 =$5V'3 4 5! &(4("E( S$[ , '&$=("-
"E( 5'4"A(8, ' $&E6$4 "('56([(""'( 8(M3 " V
#4 ?4(" (, & 96W((, $ (8"$9 $5 !; '"' ?E4' 65(
' " ' ("!Z, S !-S ! 8(4! $4 6 S(="'B #4 ? "(
(#': ?(M$6W$9 & $9 3'='M $, '?= W(""E( (= 4E, '-
W$ " 6W$959 ?(5(3 $, 3 4 5 EB 3=9V4EB 5 6'4 6E,
5(3'B S$ EM" , # 5 'B [( "'Z 6E E $6W B &-&$ 6E
55'VW ( ' 5 =$W"'B #4 W "E, (=( $6W (59
5 =(5 6W (59 4 5 !9 5 S!9, , "$ '"(A, 8'4'3$9
6( 6! 4("$, =' 9" 6W$9 5?' 56' &(4("E( 4$ E-
4 5 E, '3 '3 " & ' '=EV &$?=$6W 5! Y'# 6(5 ! $ 8
'?=$&'8, 5'4"A( =(6=$[$4' (#' 63= # 6 ='&=$S"EB
'#"(""EB, S 3"' 5 96W B 6 N 'B # 5 'B (8"' (. > 5 '-
='"(, 5$8'#' =$9 5$3$, "(5 '4! ' 6E5' '='54EV, "(
6='6("! 3= # 8, '5 " '3E8$4 '#='8"E( 6'='"! #"(&-
3$ "$ =( ( "E( 56' 6(=W "E. f "EV & " V ' 3(=" -
E( "( 6 '4"( ' 3(4(""E( 6( 6 6 5(4 6" & 68(5 ( 5
55'VW 8 4 5 !98 . C4'6'8, 65( ?E4' V'='W', $ "(
6E3 8$ ! " = ='3(, " 5 55 6 , "' $ ?E6$( '4!-
' '#3$, '#3$ '" 5'(3 "9 59 68(5 (, '#3$ ' "$#='-
82
8'M3(""'8 , S$5 ' ?(& '4 , = 3 S(4'6( $ ='B3(
' '"S$ (4!"E8 =(&A'8 56' 8 = ='3$, '?4(#S 9M(-
4E( 8$55E, " S 'M #= ?'-'[ (4!" Z =$6 4!-
"'5 ! " [("5 ( ='=(V , 5 6'&! ' '=E( ='#493E-
6$( "(5 =E EB, "$#'B 4$", 3$5 S 3" Z ( 4' 65(-
8 , S ' 5'&3$4'5! 6 V4$3( =$&8(=(""'B S 5 ' E ' =9 -
"'5 ».
***
83
"$34(M"'5 349 5'? =$" 9 8(= 6EV 3 W); ' '8 659 (
(=(#'='3 5 =EW(S $8 ?(& =EW(S( 349 '#',
S ' ' '='S(, "$ '4"(""E( ? 4( $8 6 & "E8 , 'V'-
='""E8 , ($ =$4!"E8 3= # 8 , ' '=E( 5 4$3E6$-
4 5! "$ $89 ! (56( 5 ( 'V'M3(" 9 j S '6$). >(5!
6(=V" B 9[ 5' 65(8 (=(#'='3 $8 6E" 8$459, '3
" 8 "$V'3 4'5! ='5 =$"5 6', &$"9 '( $8 ? 8$# 6
4 5 ($ ? 8$#$ - #4$6"'( 5=(35 6' '?[(" 9 S(= $), '-
'8 54(3'6$4 8$4("! B ' $(""EB 9[ 349 3("(#, 6E-
36 #$6W B59 "(&$8( "' 5?' W $ 4 (5(=3A( j S -
'6$). %" 65(#3$ $ '5 (W"' 6E36 #$459 &$36 #$459
6 M( 8 " V'&9 "'8 (5 5 '4$-3 $5 '4$), S ' "$6(=-
"' "(4!&9 5 $&$ !, 5 '4! ' ?E4' $8 3("(# ($6 '= 5$8
N '#' "( &"$( )».
84
' '='( 6'4!"' =' &=$5 $( & "$W(#' ' (S(5 6(""'#'
= #$ (4!5 6$), (=(3 " 8 ( 4 4$5! 5$4!"$9 56(S $,
' '='B 56( 4!"9 3$6"' M( "$ =E4$5! "$#'=(6W(Z
S(="'Z W$ 'Z, (M(8 " "' #='&9 '#$5" !, #493(4$
(8 6 ' "$ 54( $9, (8"$9 "'S!, #' '6$9 '5 "( ! '
= ?4 M$6W(#'59 =$556( $, (=(56 5 E6$4 5! 63$4
' 3$4(""E( ( V (&$8( 8 '6 '= «3$4 » 3 '(
« (=(56 5 E6$4 5!», 6(3! j S '6, &$5E $9, 'M( 56 -
5 (4 "'5'8: 8 = 5=$& 5 $"'6 59 5 =$""E8, =$&8E E8,
V=$ 54 6$( 59 5 36$M3E ' 3$4(""E8 = '8 ( V'6,
659 b=$&$ '=S 59, ='M$9 5(63'S(4'6(S(5 '( 5 [(5 -
6'), 6 5'6(=W(""' &$5" 6W(8 #'='3(, 8'M( ?E !,
4(4$5! #3(-" ? 3! b= &'6$9 W "(4!, #'=(8E $ "( &-
6(5 "' $ '#' 4$55$ S "$, &"$Z[$9 '3" '4! '
( 6E!) 54 W '8 =' (= Z = 55 8 &$? ?w""E8 "$='3'8
3'='# (W "(4! &$V6$ 4$ 8(5 ' S(4'6( $!), - 6 N ' 6=(-
89 "$ 3= #'8 '"A( #'='3$...»
«..."$ 3= #'8 '"A( #'='3$ =' 5V'3 4' 5'?E (, ' '-
='( #' '6 4'5! 6(4 S ! "( = 9 "'5 ! '4'M(" 9 "$-
W(#' #(='9. 28(""', 6 ' 3$4(""EV 4 A$V &$ ' 4 $V
#'='3$ 3=(?(&M$4 6(5!8$ 5 =$""EB N $M, "$6'3 6W B
"(3' 8(" ( "$5S( 56'(#' "$&6$" 9. %" "( ?E4 'V'M
" "$ $=$" $5, " "$ '495 , " "$ ?= S , $ ?E4 5 '-
=(( 'V'M "$ '45 '[( B 6E 4EB $=? &, '5 $64("-
"EB "$ '4(5$ ( "$8(S$( 59 '" $9 $=$44(4! 5 ' -
5$" (8 = #4'B W $ 4 j S '6$). }( N '#' $=? -
&$, ' (5 ! 36(=AE, "'5 6W ( 54(3E M(4 'B =$5 , &$-
6'=94 5! 'S("! 4'V' ' = S "( 4'V'#' 5'5 '9" 9
= S( &$8 '6, '(- $ 569&$""EV 6(=(6 $8 . ;=? &
?E4 "$ '4"(" 5 A(6E8 '3 W $8 6 6 3( 5( '6,
6$4 '6 ='5 ' '3 W( , "$ S $" 8(W $8 5 V4(?$-
8 , $4$S$8 , ' = $8 , 5 '='3 8 $8 =("3(498
& &$6$="'#' (5 $. R ='#- =" ='#-=$55'4!"
6E#493E6$4 3$M( "$6(=V. ^$ 9 ?E4 &$"9 E 4 A'8
4$ (B5 '#' =' 5V'M3("!9, 6 = ( & 3'8$W"(B (5 -
85
= W , 5 "(?= 'B ?'='3'Z, '3(=" 'Z 4(# 'B ='5(-
3!Z, - 4 A', &6(5 "'( '3 8("(8 «8$4'#'» (V' 9 (8
8'#4' ?E ! ?'4(( 9 3(59 ). l 8 6 &# ' M(4(&-
"EV 5 '?' =M$6EV 6 " '6 =$&? 3 4 "$ 3= #'8 '"A(
#'='3$ ? 3'S" $ ( 6 5$8'B ' 8(""'B #'#'4(65 'B
8$"(=( ='M3$( 59 ([( '3 " (=5'"$M!), ' '=EB, '3-
"96 56'Z $4(?$=3 , &$ = S$4 5 ='5'"!9 S ' 5 $4' 8'S :
«< ' 3( ?» - "', 6 3(6, S ' " ' "( W(4, $ 54EW$-
4'5! '4! ' &3$4 3=(?(&M$"!( ( = 5" 6W B59 $=? &
6c(V$4 6 = 5" 6W B59 #'='3), 'B8$4 5(?9 "$ 6'=' -
" ( $ '#'- ' &6(=9 , '3'W(3 b'"$=Z, $&" 4 (#'
M( 5(?9 "$ "'# (. R'54( S(#', ' 5 $6 6W $4(?$=-
3 , ' 9 ! &$5" 4 ' 5 $6$8 56'(#' =EA$=5 6$. (:'#'4!
3'#'"9( ?= S , ' '= Z 5 4, &$"96W 5! ? 3'S" -
'8.) @'W$3 ' 3(4' $3$4 "$ (=(3" ( '4(" ,
' '8 S ' "( ?E4 '3 '6$"E, = '8, $ 6 3"',
' 'B"$9 #'='35 $9 8'5 '6$9 ?E4$ 8 8$4' &"$ '8$.
<'4E8$#$, 53(4$6W "(5 '4! ' '6'=' '6 & 4 AE 6
4 A , "$ '"(A '6'=' 4$ 6 (8"EB (=( 4' 8 8' "(-
?'4!W'B = V'35 'B A(= 6 7 '4E "$ 7(3' ES $V
'5 $"'6 4$5! =(3 6'=' $8 3'8$ =' ' ' W . 2& ?= S-
( S"' 349 :'#'49: ( (=!, '#3$ N ' "(' =(3(4("-
"'( 5=(35 6' (=(36 M(" 9 = ?E4' "$ 8(5 ' 6 ' "'5 -
(4!"' '59&$(8'8 8 =(, '"' =(6=$ 4'5! 6 N $M
6 '4"( ' =(3(4(""'#' 6 3$, V' 9 =$"!W( $6 '= "$5 'B-
S 6' N ' ' = A$4) 6E4(&4$ 3(6 $ 5 4$ '8 "$ #'4'6(, 6
(4'#=(B (, V6$ 4$ '?' 8 4$ $8 6 6'=' $ $
5 4!"', V' ! ?E 8 MS "( (8$4EB 6 = ( & (5 = W-
?E4 M( ' '8 5 $[(" &$ "'# , ?' 5 $4 8(= 6(A ).
C'?$ &$4$94 , 6'=' $, =$& " 6W 5! "$ '"(A, ='-
#4' 4 , V' 9 5 ?'4!W 8 = 3'8, N ' "( 4ZM(( 3'='M-
"'( =' &6(3(" (. a $M 6c(V$4 6 (5"EB 36'=, &$6$-
4(""EB 3='6$8 , =9 " $8 659 8 4( V$8 ; &
N $M$ 6E4(&4$ ?$=E"9: N $ ?$=E"9 ?E4$ '8([ A$,
'44(M5 $9 5( =( $=W$ <'='?'S $».
86
'" 6&3=(8" 4 6 56' V M(5 V =(54$V). %3"$ ' <'='-
?'S $ "$ 5$8'8 3(4( = (&M$( 6 #'='3, "' 6"(W"'5 !
(( '4E8$# S !-S ! 5 $M("$ 5"'8 (65( 5"E j S '-
6$ '='M3("E $89 !Z ' 5( =( "EV 9[ S $V (#' W $-
4 ), (54 '"$ ' $&E6$( 59 ?= S 'B, ' ' '8
4 W!, S ' 5$8 j S '6 = (V$4 "$ ?= S (. 7' "( #'6'-
=9 M '? N '8 =(6=$[(" , '4E8$#$ = #4$9 ' '8 ,
S ' V4EB j S '6 5$8 = #4EB $ W$=, 65( (#' 5"E
6=$[$Z 59 6' = # "( '36 M"'#' A(" =$; N $M <'='-
?'S - N ' (#' ' = #4EB 3'='M"EB ?$ 4. >"(W"'5 !
6" =(""(( 5 ='B5 6' '495 ' 5$"E 5 'B M( 3!9-
6'4!5 'B 3' 'W"'5 !Z, S ' 6" =(""'5 W $ 4 .
>E 9" E( 6 34 " '3 W - N ' «34 ""E( ' 3(4(" 9»
6 9[ S (; 65(6'&8'M"E( (S("!9 5'' 6( 5 6 Z 4(# '-
8E54(""E8 5 6(" =$8, ' '=E( V=$" R$6(4 26$"'6 S;
? 8$# 349 &$ 5 = '?=( (""EV 8(= 6EV 3 W M '-
6$ ' 5 86'4 & = ( =( '5 "'B 6 (5 = W (, $ ' $B"'(
' 3(4(" ( W $ 4 , ' (5 ! 5(=3A( j S '6$, - 5$8$
<'='?'S $.
***
87
5 $9 Y'?(4 "$, ' '='B '3"$ "'#$ $&$4$5! ?'4!W( 65(-
#' 4'6 [$ (V [(#'4(B, ' '=E( "$ '4"9Z "E"(W" (
#'5 "E(. e'&9 ", ? 3 S 5$8 S(4'6( &3'='6EB =( -
B, $&$4'5!, V' (4, S '?E '8"$ (#' =$W$4 'M(
4Z3 =( ( &3'='6E(».
«j S '6 ([( =$& ' " 4 '8"$ , 65(, S ' 6 "(B "
?E4', - 65( ?E4' ='S"', "( 4ZM( 6 6E5'S$BW(B 5 (-
(" 8(4' $ '(- ' 5 =$""'( 5V'35 6' 5 5$8 8 V'-
&9 "'8 3'8$; 6 #4 #'5 "'B 5 '94' &$ '( '=(V'6'(
?Z=' "$ =("(4( EV S( E=(V "'#$V, 5'6(=W(""EB 8(3-
6(3!. C '4, =(54E, 5 4!9 - 65( ?E4' 5$8'#' 9M(4'#'
?(5 ' 'B"'#' 56'B5 6$, - 54'6'8, $M3EB =(38( , $M-
3EB 5 4, $&$4'5!, #'6'= 4: «2 9 'M( C'?$ (6 S!»
4 : «2 9 'M( 'S("! 'V'M "$ C'?$ (6 S$!»
88
«<$&$4'5!, 6 N '8 (4( 5'65(8 "( ?E4' 3 W , 4 '"$
"(#' ?E4$, "' 6'65( "( $8, #3( 54(3 ( , $, $ ?(5-
58(= "'#' '[(9, #3(- ' &$ #'=$8 &$ =E $ $ 'Z '4-
5 'Z 5 '=4 'Z, S ' 65( S ' " 6'='S$4'5! "$ 3"( ((,
"( =' &6'3 4' =(W (4!"' " $ '#' ' =95(" 9 "$ '-
6(=V"'5 ».
***
89
« - i$, '"(S"', 8(= 6E(... 6 ='S(8, ' 5 $&$ !: S ' &
N V 4Z3(B, ' '=E( S 549 59 ( (=! M 6 [ 8 ? j '
N ' &$ 4Z3 ? 8 V , $ "( 4Z3 . - i$ 65( M( '" 5 [(5 -
6 Z , $ N ' 6(3! 8(S $. 7 "( , "( 8(S $! d 6$8 3'4'M ,
$ '6 ?E4 \ V((6, $ 6E $ V 4Z3(B "( 5E[( (: 8$-
W " [$ $ $9, S ' 6 N '8"$ "( 6'B3( ; "( , N ' "(
8(S $! ; 6 4(S [$V "(#' ?E4$ $ $9 5 4 [$, $ 'B
"( 4'W$3 ; V' (4 ?E 9 &"$ !, #3( ?E 6E 6 3= #'8 8(5-
( "$W4 $ Z 8(S !»
90
3 459 ?E! j$B, 65( # ?(=" 5V'3 4 5 ' '='8 &$ '9-
5'8 5$ '#$8 "$ 4(S$V, 5c(3$4 "$ #='W V4(?$ 3$ "$
36$ 5 W("'B =E?E, $ 6 8'W"(, S$B, = $5 6$4 659 B
=$& 3'8'B (V'&9 " !) A(4 '6 '6 ' 5 , $ 8'M( , #'-
5 3$=5 6("" Z &$W 6$4 6 V'45 9"E( W $"E 4 &$ E $4
6 5$ '#, - #3( (?9 = ?=$4'? >&8'5 459 4 E 349
?'4!W(#' = ?E '3 A(= '6"EB '4, $ 8'M( ?E !,
"$ =(5 ' $[ 459 , '5 '4!&" 6W 5!, ' 3$, 5 (-
=( 4$3 "E, W4( " 459 '&(8!, '4! ' $ 'B-" ? 3!
5 '96W B 6'&4( (?9 3939 \ V(B, 'S(5$6 = 'Z 6 &$-
E4 (, = 8'46 4: «aV, >$"9, #'=$&3 4' (?9!» - $ 5$8,
'369&$6W 5! 6(=(6 'B, '4(& "$ 6'( 8(5 '... := #'= B
i'(&M$B-"(-3'(3(W!! DE S ' ?E4 &$ S(4'6( ? 2&6'&'8
4 ='8EW494 , &$6(3W ='B ='#'M" Z ? ,
' =( 59 "$6( ' 3'8 , ' ='3"'B ?(=4'# , 'W(4 $-
[ !59 5 A$8 "$ 9=8$= . 7$ 3'='#( 4 E ' 3$4
3 W Y'# , 4 V'3 4 (?9 6' M( = 9 (4 &$ $-
Z-" ? 3! '45 Z =$5"'[( Z 5'43$ , 4 = -
#493(4 5! 4(5"'8 ?='39#( =(8(""E( 6' = $6 AE
='B $ = &(8 5 EV, "' =( V '"! '6, 4 , 8'M( ,
5$8, 4(M$ "$ '4$ 9V, 3 8$4, 3 8$4, 3$ " 5 '#' " 5
3= #'#' &$6'=' 4 6 $?$ , $ ' '8 =98' 6 ='= ?!,
'8 "$B $ &6$4 ».
91
6$! DE R 8("'6?» - «d R 8("'6». - «i$6$4 '" (?( $W-
'= 56'B?» - «7( , "( 3$6$4 '" 8"( " $ '#' $W '=-
$». - «j ' M E 6=(W!?» - #'6'= $ $"- 5 =$6" 5
= ?$6 'Z '(- $ '#' =( '#' 54'6A$. «D$ 'S"', -
' 6(S$(W! E ?'B ', - 9 "( 3$6$4 (8 , ' '8 S ' = -
W(4 3'8'B '&3"', $ ' 3$4 "$ '3(=M$" ( ;" R='-
V'='6 , &6'"$=Z». - «R'&6$ ! &6'"$=9! i$6$4 '" (?(
$W '= ?» - «7( , "( '4 S$4 9 ' "(#' $W '= $». -
«j ' M E ' 9 ! 6=(W!? - #'6'= $ $"- 5 =$6" ,
5 =( 6W =(S! '(- $ 8 =( 8 54'6A'8. - :3( M
6'B $W '= ?» - «%" 8("9 ?E4, - #'6'= W! E ='-
6'="', - 3$, 5 $ !59 8'M( , 6 3"', $ -" ? 3! 3'='#'B
''?='" 4 (#'». - «; 5'43$ 5 Z W "(4!, - #'6'= $-
$"- 5 =$6" , &$#6'&3 6W (?( ' 9 ! 6 = 3$S
'(- $ '( =( '( 54'6A', - &$S(8 5 $[ 4? 569[("-
" $ 'M( 5 "3 5 8(3"E8 3("!#$8 ?»...»
***
92
$? "( ( &$4'M(""$9 "$ S( E="$3A$ 'B 5 =$" A( ("(
9 "$3A$ 'B, ' '=$9 8'#4$ ?E 5'&3$ ! 6 (S$ 4(" (, S '
S $Z V' 9 ?E ' 3(59 S"'B 5 5 (8(, "( = "$-
3A$ 'B - S(= '6'B 3ZM "(, $ "$ ='&'6$ '-?4'"3 " 5 'B,
8$4' ='6"'B S( E="$3A$ 'B - 5 $ 8 M( ' 5 5 6 (8
"3 6 3 $4!"'5 , $ 5$8 \$" 4'6); "(=9W(5 6' '?-
5 $"'6 , #3( 8(?(4! '? 6$4 W(4 '8, "' (#' "(3'5 $-
6$4', 'N '8 36$ =(54$ «5 '94 '? 9" E ='5 ' ='-
#'M(Z»; 36$ '356(S" $ - '3 " [(#'4!5 'B, & (8"'B
?='"&E, 5 =(89 $" S"E8 b$A 98 « (=4$8 "E8
[(#'4!5 8 [ '8», $ 3= #'B « ='5 ' 8(3"EB "6$4 3,
V='8'B, 56(=" 6W B59 "$ 5 '='" 6(5! 6 5$4(». 7',
?E ! 8'M( , 5$8EB 6E=$& (4!"EB 5 86'4 - #'= &'4E,
' '= Z \$" 4'6 6E? 6$4 & = ? $ =$ "E8
=93 $8 =$55 $6494 "$ '3' '"" (; (3 "5 6(""'( 3'5-
"'( (8 V 3'M(5 6'.
***
93
6E&6$ ! "$= M 65(, S ' (M(8 " "' =(3 'S$8 S(#'
"( &=9 =$6"'3 W"E( 'S , - 65Z 5 =$W" Z, ' =95$Z-
[ Z " 8(4'S(B, ' $6W V "$W M &"!, 65Z #4 ? "
V'4'3"EV, =$&3='?4(""EV, '65(3"(6"EV V$=$ (='6,
' '=E8 W "$W$ &(8"$9, '3S$5 #'=! $9 5 S"$9
3'='#$, =( 'Z 5 4'Z "( 8'4 8'#' =(&A$ 3(=&" 6-
W(#' 6E5 $6 ! V 6E 4' 9= ' "$ 65("$='3"E( 'S !
g8 "( 5'?=$ ! "$='3"EV = ' 4(5 $" B, (8 "( &=( !
= &"$ (4!"EV 54(& (3 "'3 W"'#' 6'5 '=#$ 6&6'4"'-
6$""EV 8 3 W; "(8 "( '4( "$65 =(S W(5 "$-
3A$ 4( "99 3(6 W $ 5 &$ = M 6W(Z59 #'4'6'Z #(-
='B5 8 64(S("!(8; (8 "( '&$?E !59 6 54$3 '8 '?$-
9"!( 8 M( 5 '=#" EV &6 '6; (8 "( &?(M$ !, "$ '-
"(A, ' 5'6=(8(""'#' 5 3$, 4 A(8(="'-?(5S 65 6(""'#'
5'6=(8(""'#' 5 3$, ' '=EB "$&'6( " S 'M"E8 " &-
8 8 4(4(9""E( 5'&3$"!9, ' 6(3( (8 =(&=(""EB
#'4 6 =93 5$ (4(B, '5 '=?49Z[ V S(4'6(S(5 6',
= 3$5 (8 $S(5 6$ 8 M( &'?=$M(""EV #(='(6, ' -
" 8( ' "(#' 5(=3A(, 3 W , ?'M(5 6(""'( 4$89
$4$" $. 2?' "( = &"$w 5'6=(8(""EB 5 3, S ' =$6"'
S 3"E 5 ( 4$, '& =$Z[ ( 5'4"AE (=(3$Z[ ( 36 M(-
"!9 "(&$8(S(""EV "$5( '8EV; ?' "( = &"$w 5'6=(-
8(""EB 5 3, S ' 8"'#' " M"' #4 ? "E 3 W(6"'B, 3$?E
'&$= ! $= " , 6&9 Z & =(&=(""'B M &" , 6'&6(5-
(( 6 (=4 5'&3$"!9; ?' "( = &"$w 5'6=(8(""EB
5 3, S ' 6E5' B 6'5 '=M(""EB 58(V 3'5 ' " 5 $ ! =9-
3'8 5 6E5' 8 4 = S(5 8 36 M("!(8 S ' A(4$9 ='-
$5 ! 8(M3 " 8 = 649"!(8 ?$4$#$""'#' 5 '8'='V$!
7( = &"$w 5(#' 5'6=(8(""EB 5 3 65( '?=$ 6 -
=( '"'W("!( "( = &"$""'8 5$ (4Z; ?(& =$&3(-
4("!9, ?(& ' 6( $, ?(& S$5 !9, $ ?(55(8(B"EB " ,
'5 $"( 59 '" '3 " '5=(3 3'='# . C ='6' (#' ' = [(,
#'=! ' 'S 65 6 ( '" 56'( '3 "'S(5 6'.
94
= ' =E6$( &$8E5(4 6 '='#' '8$ «\(= 6EV 3 W»,
54(3 ( 3!96'4!5 #=' (5 '6$9 5A("$, #3( M ="EB '-
4 #'4EB j S '6 ' 495E6$( M # 6 5 $4!"( - "(
54 W '8 ?(3 (4!"'( 3' $&$ (4!5 6' '#', S ' «6E5'-
B 6'5 '=M(""EB 58(V» M 459 6 " #( 5 «6E5' 8 4 -
= S(5 8 36 M("!(8». > 5 ["'5 , :'#'4! '?8$"E6$459,
3 8$9, S ' '" 8(( 58(9 !59 6'5 '=M(""E8 58(V'8. i$
4 = S(5 ( &4 9" 9 "( 54 W '8 ='S"' 6V'39 6
4' " Z $"6 (#' " # ; '" 5 '=(( (5 (5 6(""E( (-
=(? 6 , ?(& ' '=EV N $ $"6$ "( ?E4$ ?E $ 'B, $ '-
6$ '"$ (5 !. :'#'4! (W 59 (8, S ' 3$( 5? ! 5(?9 5
"'# =$#$" , "$4( (6W(8 & $ V- ' 3= # V =$(6 (#'
65(4(""'B (5 $4! B5 '- $4!9"5 V ='5 '='6), $ M(
$ 6 «X(6 &'=(» =$5 $ 5 EB = "(6 3 8'#' 98[ $:
«aB 6E, &$4( "E(!» - 3'"'5 4 3EV$" ( 4( "(B "'S ,
'[ [(" ( 3$4 , ='8$" , invitation en voyage [ = -
#4$W(" ( 5 =$"5 6 98 (b=$"A.)].
95
V$=$ (= 5 #'#'4(65 'B =$&3=$(""'B 5'""'B '?W$=-
$""'B X'55 ), '49 "('#493"E( ' 5 '='" '
3= # Z, '8([ S! =E36$"E, 5'43$ 6(=V'8 "$ 4'W$3 ,
6(& [ B &(4("EB 9[ 5 56 "A'6E8 #'='V'8 '3 -
5!Z: $ 'B- ' $= 44(= B5 'B ?$ $=( , &(4("E(, M(4-
E( 56(M(=$&=E E( S(="E( '4'5E, 8(4! $Z[ ( '
5 ( 98, &$ 9" $9 63$4 (5"9, 5'5"'6E( 6(=V W 6
8$"(, =' $3$Z[ B 3$4(S( '4' '4!"EB &6'", 6'='"E
$ 8 V #'= &'" ?(& '"A$... X 5!! X 5!! 6 M (?9,
& 8'(#' S 3"'#', =( =$5"'#' 3$4( $ (?9 6 M : ?(3"',
=$&?='5$""' "( = Z "' 6 (?(; "( =$&6(5(49 , "( 5-
#$Z 6&'='6 3(=& ( 3 6$ = ='3E, 6("S$""E( 3(=&-
8 3 6$8 5 55 6$, #'='3$ 5 8"'#'' '""E8 6E5'-
8 36'=A$8 , 6='5W 8 6 (5E, $= ""E( 3(=(6$
4Z[ , 6='5W ( 6 3'8E, 6 W 8( 6 6(S"'B E4 6'3'-
$3'6; "( ' =' "( 59 "$&$3 #'4'6$ '58' =( ! "$ #='-
8'&39[ (59 ?(& '"A$ "$3 "(Z 6 6EW "( $8(""E(
#4E?E (N ' 8(""' #'#'4(65 $9 X'55 9, "( f=$4, "( ;4-
$B, "( <$6 $&); "( ?4(5" 5 6'&! "$?='W(""E( '3"$
"$ 3= # Z (8"E( $= , ' $""E( 6 "'#=$3"E8 5 S!-
98 , 4Z[$8 "(58( "E8 8 44 '"$8 3 V ='&, "(
?4(5" 5 6'&! " V 63$4 6(S"E( 4 " 5 9Z[ V #'=,
"(5 [ V59 6 5(=(?=9"E( 95"E( "(?(5$. % =E '-
5 E""' ='6"' 65( 6 (?(; $ 'S , $ &"$S
(? 3 ' "$ $= (), "( = 8( "' '=S$ 5=(3 =$6" " "(-
6E5' ( 6' #'='3$; " S ' "( '?'4!5 "( 'S$= (
6&'=$. 7' $ $9 M( "( '5 M 8$9, $B"$9 5 4$ 64(S(
(?(? R'S(8 54EW 59 =$&3$( 59 "(8'4S"' 6 W$V
6'9 '5 4 6$9, "(5 [$959 ' 65(B 34 "( W = "( 6'-
(B, ' 8'=9 3' 8'=9, (5"9? j ' 6 "(B, 6 N 'B (5"(? j '
&'6( , =E3$( , V6$ $( &$ 5(=3A(? <$ ( &6 ?'-
4(&"(""' 4'?&$Z , 5 =(89 59 6 3 W , 6!Z 59 ' '4'
8'(#' 5(=3A$? X 5!! S(#' M( E V'S(W! ' 8("9? $ $9
"( '5 M 8$9 569&! $ 59 8(M3 "$8 ? j ' #493 W! E
$ , &$S(8 65(, S ' " (5 ! 6 (?(, '?=$ 4' "$ 8("9
'4"E( 'M 3$" 9 'S ?.. 2 ([(, '4"EB "(3' 8(" 9, "(-
'36 M"' 5 'Z 9, $ M( #4$6 '5(" 4' #='&"'( '?4$ ',
9M(4'( #=93 [ 8 3'M398 , '"(8(4$ 8E54! =(3
6' 8 ='5 =$"5 6'8. j ' ='='S 5(B "('?c9 "EB
='5 '=? ^3(5! 4 , 6 (?( 4 "( ='3 !59 ?(5 =(3(4!"'B
8E54 , '#3$ E 5$8$ ?(& '"A$? ^3(5! 4 "( ?E ! ?'#$-
E=Z, '#3$ (5 ! 8(5 ', #3( =$&6(=" !59 ='B 5!
(8 ? 2 #='&"' '?c(84( 8("9 8'# S(( ='5 =$"5 6',
96
5 =$W"'Z 5 4'Z ' =$&95! 6' #4 ? "( 8'(B; "((5 (5 -
6(""'B 64$5 !Z '56( 4 5! 8' 'S : ! $ $9 56(= $Z-
[$9, S 3"$9, "(&"$ '8$9 &(84( 3$4!! X 5!!..
97
S 3"'(! <$M 5!, "(6(3'8$9 5 4$ '3V6$ 4$ (?9 "$
=E4' 5(?(, 5$8 4( W!, 65( 4( : 4( 9 6(=5 E,
4( 9 "$65 =(S AE "$ '?4 S $V 56' V ? ' , 4(
5 '?( V 5 '='" 4(5 5 (8"E8 5 ='98 (4(B 5'5(", 5
' '="E8 5 '8 6'='"! 8 = '8, 4( 659 3'='#$
"(6(5 ! 3$ 6 =' $3$Z[ Z 3$4!, S '- ' 5 =$W"'(
&$ 4ZS("' 6 5(8 ?E5 ='8 8(4! $"!(, #3( "( 5 (6$(
'&"$S !59 =' $3$Z[ B =(38( , - '4! ' "(?' "$3 #'-
4'6'Z, 3$ 4(# ( S , 3$ ='3 =$Z[ B59 8(59A '3"
$M 59 "(36 M"E. aV, ='B $! A$ ='B $, ' (?9
6E3 8$4? &"$ !, ?'B '#' "$='3$ E 8'#4$ '4! ' ='-
3 !59, 6 'B &(84(, S ' "( 4Z? W !, $ ='6"(8-
#4$3"(8 =$&8( " 4$5! "$ '456( $, 3$ 5 $B 5S $ !
6(=5 E, ' $ "( &$=9? (?( 6 'S . 2 "( V =EB, $-
M 5!, 3'='M"EB 5"$=93, "( M(4(&"E8 5V6$S(" 6 " '8, $
"$5 '=' M 6!(8 5 '3" 8 ' '='8 3$ 3'4' '8 5"$=93 4
5'?=$4 (?9 9='54$65 B =$5 '=' "EB 8 M . 7( 6 "(-
8(A V ?' b'= $V 98[ : ?'='3$ 3$ = $6 AE, 5 3
S(= &"$( "$ S(8; $ = 65 $4, 3$ &$8$V" 459, 3$ &$ 9-
" 4 (5"Z - '" 6 V=(8, 5 AE 6 '4(5$V 58(W$4 5! 6
'3 " #4$3 B = #, '4! ' 3='#" 4$ 3'='#$, 3$ 65 = -
" 4 6 5 #( '5 $"'6 6W B59 (W(V'3 - 6'" '"$ '-
"(54$5!, '"(54$5!, '"(54$5!!.. 2 6'" M( 6 3"' 63$4 ,
$ S '- ' E4 56(=4 6'&3 V.
98
$
C"'6$ ' " 6 X'55 Z 6 8$( 1842 #., :'#'4! 6'&'?"'6 4
56' 5 =$""E( 5 =$"5 6 9. >(= 9[ (59 '4(5$ 5' $4
(8 $"! (=6'B S$5 «\(= 6EV 3 W»; = # , ' '=E(
'" ' 5E6$4 6' 6=(89 56' V (=6EV (W(5 6 B '
8(4! $Z[(B g6=' (, &$6(=W 4 5! =(6=$[(" (8 = #-
4("! '#' j S '6$ 6 = 9[ B59 6'4S' , 6 8$"" Z
=$3 # ; b & S(5 '( = M(" ( '8'#4' $6 '= '#= & !
5(?9 56' V #(='(6 6 $4(B3'5 ' S(5 B 'W8$=, '-
'=EB ='5 '3 W"E( S $ (4 8"'#' 4( =93 = " -
8$4 &$ « $"'=$8 = 55 'B M &" » ( 4 «3'8$W"ZZ
M &"! 6 X'55 »). 7' ( (=! = W4' 6=(89 #' '6 ! 5(-
?9 ' 6 '='B S$5 .
99
6(3(" S $ (4 4 = - ' V'4 9 "$ ' (
=$6 (4!5 6$ 3' '54(3"(#' 3 ' $, '3E#=E6$Z[(#'
'?[(5 6(""'8 8"(" Z, - '" 5(=3"' '?c95" 4 56' 8
$3=(5$ $8, ? 3 ' (3 "5 6(""'(, S ' (#' " (=(5 ( 6
= S(5 V 5 $ !9V, N ' ?'4(( W =' '( '?c( 6"'(
=(35 $64(" (, ' '='( '" '4 S$( & " V ' 56'(B 5'?-
5 6(""'B (=5'"(. :'#'49 6(5!8$ '#'=S 4', S ' 5(=!(&-
"E( 4Z3 6 3(4 6 «\(= 6EV 3 W$V», ' 5 3'6'4!5 6 -
(8, ' "(#'3 9, 4$8(""'( '?4 S(" ( =$?5 6$, '3'?"'
'8 $ '" 6 3(4 6 «X(6 &'=(» "$ $3 "$ 6&9 'S" -
S(5 6'. 2?' 6 8$V #=$M3$"5 6(""' 8E549[ V S $ (4(B
«\(= 6E( 3 W » #3(- ' 58E $4 5! 5 «e M "'B 393 D'-
8$». C'8"(6$Z5!, S '?E N ' =(6'M 4' (#' 8("!W(, S(8
=( 3= # V = '6 - 3'5 ' 'S (""EV 5 $='&$6( -
"EV A(" (4(B 6 S(="EV 5Z= $V, "$?'M"EV 5 $=EV
3(6 =$6'54$6"EV 569 'W, ' '=E( 5( '6$4 "$ «S 6-
5 6(""'5 !» (#' '?=$&'6. %" =( =$5"' '[ [$4
64$5 !, ' '= Z (#' V 3'M(5 6(""EB #(" B 8(( "$3
4Z3!8 , , ' 6=$[(" Z 56'(8 , ' 6( 5 6(""'5 !, ='-
5 ( $Z[ Z ' $ 'B 64$5 . 7' S '- ' 6 (#' 3 W( M$M-
3$4' ([( ?'4!W(B 64$5 ( =$63$, 4 W(""'B ' 6( 5 -
6(""'5 ), $ M("$ =E?$ $ 6 5 $& ( R W "$ - ([( ?'-
4(( EW"EV V'='8. :'#'4! 5 $4 =' '6(3" '8 ' '8 ,
S ' (8 " M"$ ?E4$ $b(3=$, 5 ' '='B '" 8'# ?E '?c-
95" ! "=$65 6("" Z '3' 4( 56'(#' 5'S "(" 9, '-
'8 , S ' =98$9 569&! 5 S $ (498 $&$4$5! (8 (5 (-
5 6(""E8 ='964(" (8 (#' 8$#"( S(5 'B 8'[ . X(4 -
# 9 5"$?3 4$ (#' '"$4!"'5 !Z 8( '3'8. C'8" (4!"',
S '?E '"$ '3$= 4$ (#' S(8-" ? 3! ([(.
***
100
6$4 5! 5 = $3 $8 (4(5"'#' "(3'8'#$" 9 '&"'?$-
8 ; 5 '4! ' '" " $459, "(#' 5 E4 "'# , $ '8'#$-
4$ ' N '#' '4! ' ?E5 =$9 V'3!?$ - S(8 3'4!W(, (8
4 SW(. R$=$3' 5 &$ 4ZS$459 6 '8, S ' '33(=M$ ! 6
5(?( 6'=S(5 B '=E6 '" 8'# 4 W! '5 '9""E8 36 M(-
" (8 - $ '"' b & S(5 8(W$4' (8 5$ !. 2 65( M(
& 8E, ='6(3(""E( 6 2 $4 5 ' "'5 (4!"E8 '8b'=-
'8, ?E4 ([( 8("(( ='3 6"E8 , S(8 4 V'=$3'S"E(
5 =$"5 6 9 6 'S '6EV $=( $V. i=(&3(", Y$3#$5 (B",
^$4!A? =#, \Z"V(", >("(A 9, O4'=("A 9, X 8 ' 9 !
O4'=("A 9, \$" 9, >(='"$, 2"5?= , ^$4!A? =#, <$=-
45?$3, R=$#$, :=(bb("?(=#, Y(=4 ", Y$3#$5 (B", R=$#$,
^$4!A? =#, >("(A 9, Y'4'"!9, O4'=("A 9, X 8, 7 AA$,
R$= M, O=$" b = , i=(&3(" - 65( 5"$S$4$; N ' (=(-
S("! 5 '6 '=9Z[ 8 59 "$&6$" 98 &"$8(" EV = 5 -
5 V #'='3'6 "( 'V'M "$ 8$=W= S(4'6( $, ' '=EB
V'S( ' =$6 ! &3'='6!( 4 5'? =$( #'5 " S"E(
"$ 4(B , S '?E 'V6$5 $ !59 8 6 \'5 6(, W $ ;B3$-
V', 4 6 \'5 6( ='55 B5 'B - N ' "$8(S(""EB " -
='8 '='S"EB = # ?(& 659 '#' #('#=$b S(5 '#' 58E54$.
>'3E ?E4 5 '=(( '6'3'8. k(" =$4!"$9 g6=' $ ?E4$
349 :'#'49 4 W! ' S(5 8 964(" (8, (3 "5 6(""'(,
S ' ?E4' (8 6$M"', (3 "5 6(""'(, S ' (#' 9#' 4',
(3 "5 6(""$9 (#' =$#(3 9 ?E4$ 6 '8, S ' 6'=S(5 (
5 4E "( 4'""' ?(&"$3(M"' "(#' 559 $4 . <'#3$
D'45 'B & "=$65 6(""EV, 8 5 S(5 V ='56( (4!-
5 V '? M3(" B ' $&$459 5$ ! ='8$"E, (#' #(" B
?E4 &=(4E8, 8'# S 8, $ ' =E6 V 3'M(5 6(""EV ='-
&6(3(" B, ' ?4 '6$""E( '58(= "', ' $&E6$Z , S '
8$5 (=5 6' (#' =$&6 6$4'5! '54( 58(= ;""E <$=(-
" "'B. ; :'#'4! ?E4 $6 '='8 65(#' 4 W! "(5 '4! V
" #, "$8(=(" ( "$ 5$ ! #4$6" Z " # 56'(B M &"
5'6 $4' 5 $3 '8 (#' $ 5$ (49: $ '#(9 '" 3'5 # 6
«X(6 &'=(», «l "(4 » (=6'B S$5 «\(= 6EV 3 W».
***
101
5 =$""EV "$8( '6 "$ 6(4 S(5 6(""EB $ 'b('& 6 ? 3 -
[(8. > 8"'#'S 54(""EV 5!8$V, ' '=E( '" W(
3= &!98 &-&$ #=$" AE, b=$&E &6 S$ 65( EW"((, 6 $-
'8- ' '5'?'8 ? ?4(B5 '8 '"(: «...#'=( '8 ?E ' "
?E4', "( 54 W$Z[(8 8'(#' 54'6$, - W( '". - %5 $6!
"$ 6=(89 65(, 65(, S ' " W(6(4 "'#3$ 6 =$&3"E(
8 " E 8E54 , $ ?E " &$8$"S 6' " = 9 "' '"'
W(6(4 4' V. R' '= 5! &$B8 5! #'3, '3 " '4! ' #'3,
56'(Z 3(=(6"(B». :4$6"'(, S(8 '" = &E6$( '8(-
[ '6 6 56' V 5!8$V - 6(=" !59 5 '4"(" Z 56' V
=98EV '?9&$""'5 (B ( = '8, S ' 3(=(6("5 $9 M &"!
'&"$S$4$ '#3$ V 3E( ='M$ , M 4 '6- =$6 (4(B,
"( ' '="EV =( '5 "EV, 4("!, 6'='65 6', " [( , ' -
5 5 6 ( 659 '#' '=93 $ 6 V'&9B5 6(""'8 6 3 V'6-
"'8 58E54( 54'6$), 56' ' S(" 9 &4$#$( 6 ='='S(-
5 V '"$V, '6(4(6$9 ' $&$ !59 ' 65(V 8 =5 V ?4$#.
<$&$4'5!, S ' 5 #=Z8EV 56' V 6E5' :'#'4! = &E6$(
6(4 'B M(= 6( 6' 89 :'5 '3$, "' "$ 5$8'8 3(4(, "(-
58' =9 "$ 6(4(=(S 6EB '", '" 5'6( '6$4 '8([ $8
5'65(8 '?=$ "'( - ' " ! ?'4!W'B #'='3, #3( '" '-
5 =$&?$&$= 6$Z 56' "(6(="E( 3'V'3E, 6'&6=$-
!59 "$ &(84Z, 3$='6$"" Z 8 :'5 '3'8, S '?E '"
5 $4 ?'#$ E, $ ?'#$ $ 4'3'='3"$9 &(849. 2 S '?E
5 4!"E( 6(5(4E( =(5 !9"( ?4$#'3$="' = 3 4 5! '3
V ' (S(5 8 = 58' ='8. «i(4' '8([ S!( - Y'M (
3(4'» - 6' 5 ! =' '6(3 :'#'49.
102
4( $, &$6(=" 6W B59 5'S( 4$5 E=9 "$ 5? 'B 9 (
- V "( 8'M( 5"9 ! 5 5(?9 5$8EB b$"$ S"EB " 3 5 .
R='5 $9 '4'" $ S 5(4 =$5 ='( 4 S"'5 ! '#', ' V
5 4$3E6$4, $ M( 'S"', $ '3$ 4 6EB W b= 6E3$4
8(5 '"$V'M3(" ( 4$3$ a3#$= R'. C$8$9 = 8 6"$9
curriculum vitae [ =$ $9 ? '#=$b 9 (4$ .)] $=( $(
V4' $( =E4!98 $ , $ N ' 56'B5 6(""' '4! ' ((
'3 5$6W(8 . C'8"(6$Z5!, S '?E 8'M"' ?E4' "$&6$ !
56'B "'8(= (4(b'"$, "( 5''?[ 6 = N '8 ' 5(?( 5$-
8'8. :'#'4! M(, V' 9 6(=94, S ' M(4$( &"$ ! ' S(4'-
6(S(5 6(, ' '8 S ' 4Z? N ' S(4'6(S(5 6', "$ 5$8'8-
' 3(4( ?E4 8$4' &$ " (=(5'6$" 6 4 S"'5 '#', '
(8 ' 5(?( 5''?[$4. %" V' (4 '4 S ! b$ E 6 5$8'8
'?"$M(""'8 6 3( 6 ' M( 6=(89 =(?'6$4 "( ='5 '
=93$ A b=, $ '4"'#' "$?'=$ 8(4!S$BW V "$?4Z3(" B.
<'#3$ '-" ? 3! & ' 4$3 5 EV 3= &(B "(V' 9 6E '4-
"94 (#' ='5!?E, $ ' '8, 6'B39 6' 6 5, '5E4$4 (8
'3='?"E( ' S( E ' ='6 "A $4!"EV 3(=(6("5 V 3(-
4$V, ' 68(5 ' ?4$#'3$="'5 '4 S$4 6' 4! =$&'S$='-
6$" 9 - ' S$9" 9: 6(3! (, 5 (8 5$ (4! (=( 5E-
6$459, "( ?E4 :'#'498 . %" =(?'6$4 ' 5$" B, ' 5$-
" B. 2 V' 9 3= &!9 (#' 5$4 5 5(=3 (8, :'#'4Z "(-
3'5 $6$4' " M"'#' 8$ (= $4$, ' '8 S ' N 3= &!9 "(
?E4 5$ (498 , $ (8 3= &!98, ' '=E( 8 ?E4 ,
'" "( 8'# '?=$ !59, &"$9, S ' 5''?[(""E( 8 b$ E
M( " $ "( ? 3 «#'4E8 ». a $ 5 '= 9 ' 4 S"' 4-
4Z5 = = ( '4"(BW Z ?(558E54 A $ V (=8 "'6,
$ «#'4EB b$ » «=($4 &8». :'#'4! - «=($4 5 »! D$
#'6'=9 S(?" . 2 6'&8'M"', S ' 5$8 :'#'4! 6 56' V
M$4 V [( "EV ' E $V 5'?=$ ! ' 5$8 V S $ (4(B
='V , ' '=E( 3'4M"E ?E4 5'5 $6 ! 8'&$ (#'
" # , '4$#$4, S ' '5 $( 5'6(=W(""' =$& 8"'.
>(3! N ' $ ='5 ', - =$&3=$M(""' 6(=3 4 '" =$&"E8
#'5 '3$8 3$8$8, - 5(5 ! V' 9 "$ S$5' 6 3("! "$?='-
5$ ! 65(, S ' 6E 6 3(4 54EW$4 . C (8 M( 5 (V'8 '"
8'# ='5 ! V 6E54$ ! (8 ' 'S ( 4 " 6 4Z?'B ((
b$&(. 2 "(6$M"', (54 $='S $ &6(&3 4'S' 8$"$
"("$=' '8 ' $3 6 "$5 (V &$ (S$ $""EB 5 " B $ ( .
; (54 8(59A$ 54'8$( 59 ='#, '" (#' &$8(" 3= # 8.
103
'" 8$( , 'S(8 3= # ( "( 8(Z 5$ ! $ M( V'='-
W', $ '". 7$ 5$8'8- ' 3(4( :'#'4! &4 459 ' '#', S '
V =' 8"EB 5 '5'? '4 S(" 9 8$ (= $4$, ' '='#' '"
5$8 M( "( 8'# = 3 8$ !, 5(?9 "( ' =$63$4. X$5 [((
5'&"$" ( 56'(#' ?(55 4 9 =(6=$[$4'5! 6 ?'4(&"!, '-
'= Z '" 5 =E6$4 ' 3= # V ' 5$8'#' 5(?9. %" =$3'-
6$459 4Z?E8 '8(V$8 6 56'(B =$?' ( («... =( 9 5 6 (
= 3$( 8"( =E4!9»), ' '8 S ' "$ " V 8'M"' ?E4'
56$4 ! ' 9M ' '"S$" 9 " # . >59 b 4'5'b 9 '-
54(3" V 4( 5 =(b=("'8: S(8 (8"(( "(?(5$, (8 9=S(
&$5 9( &$6 =$W" B ?4$M(""EB 3("!, - ?E4$ "$6(9"$
'5 '9""E8 '[ [(" (8 '#', S ' &$6 =$ " '#3$ "( "$-
5 .
104
***
105
***
***
106
6$4 5! (=(3 S (" (8 - 5'65(8 $ #'='3" S B 6 (=6'8
3(B5 6 «X(6 &'=$». d&E N V '54$" B :'#'49 'S
$='3 (" ' 56'(B V$"M(5 'B " '"$A , "' 6 " V (5 !
=( =$5"E( (=(? 6 , '#3$, = 8(= , '" ' =(?49-
( 5 4!"E( 6 '4"( 56( 5 ( 6E=$M(" 9, #'6'=9 ' -
'#=$b , ' '=$9 (#' "$3 4$. Y4$#'S(5 6E( 3(9" 9,
' '=E( '" &$8EW494 349 56' V 3= &(B, &4$#$Z 59 '-
"' 5 ?'4(( 4 8("(( " 3"E8 '= S(" 98 . %" &'-
?=(4 '=$& (4!" Z 5 5 (8 ' $9" 9 349 «#=(W" -
'6», = " M3$9 V =$?5 "$ 5(?9 = 3 !59: ?(#$ ! '
(#' 3(4$8, ' $ ! $ '6E6$ ! " M"E( (8 " # ,
(=( 5E6$ ! = S(5 ( 5 $ ! , '=#'6$ !59 5 "$?'=-
[ $8 .3. > "$#=$3 '" '5E4$4 " # 6='3( «R'3-
=$M$" 9 e= 5 » 5 '3='?"E8 "5 = A 98 , $ (Z
'4!&'6$ !59, "' $ ( M( "5 = A 3$"E ' '6'3
6'3'4(S(" 9 M(4 3'S"EV "(3'8'#$" B: 36$ 5 $ $"$
V'4'3"'B 6'3E (=(3 &$6 =$ '8, 5'6( ( '" '6$= [
' "(5S$5 !Z.
% "! ( 65( 56' 3(4$ &$B8 (5! 8' 8 - 6' 4(B 8'-
6 (#' 5(8, S ' ?E4' ?E 5'6(=W(""' &$ '""', (54
?E $3=(5$ E 5S $4 5(?9 (#' S(" $8 , 6(=3' 6(-
= Z[ 8 , S ' ' , ' '8'#$( :'#'4Z, '8'#$( Y'# .
7' 4Z3 , '4 S 6W ( (#' 5!8$ & X 8$, i=(&3("$ 4
Y$3("-Y$3("$, =(W$4 , S ' :'#'4! 4 ?' 5V'3 5 8$,
4 ?' ' (W$( 59 "$3 " 8 . R'-6 3 8'8 , '" "( ?E4 S(-
=(5S = [( ( 4(" &4' ' =(?494 56' 8 ?'M(5 6("-
"E8 =$6$8 . %" 5 '4!&'6$4 56'( 6E#'3"'( '4'M(-
" ( '54$"A$ Y'M!(#' 6 5 # ?' 4 S"EV A(49V - "$ = -
8(=, '#3$ ' S E6$4 ='W4EV '? 3S '6. R'54( 58(=
M("E = R'#'3 " ?E4 6"( 5(?9 ' #'=9, $ :'#'4! (8
"$ 5$4: «i= #, "(5S$5 9 5 ! 6(4 ( &"$ Y'M (B
4Z?6 . %" " 5 '5E4$Z 59 349 (=(4'8$ M &" 6 S(4'-
6( (, ' '=EB ?(& " V ?E4 ?E "(6'&8'M("... d &"$Z, S '
' 'B" A = M &" (S$4 4 36$ "$V'39[ (59 6 (?(
"(3'5 $ . %3 ", ' '=EB =' &'W(4 ' '?5 '9 (4!5 6$
6'(B (=6'"$S$4!"'B M &" 6'5 $" 9, 5'5 ' 6
' 5 5 6 $ $ 6' 65(V 6'&8'M"EV ='3$V = 4 S B...»
C'?'4(&"'6$" (, (3 "5 6(""'( 6 56'(8 ='3(. ; 5$ '6
?E4 '3" 8 & "(8"'# V, ' =(W 459 "$ '"(A 6E5 $&$ !
:'#'4Z, $ '" ' "'5 59 "( ' '=E8 (#' "$5 $64(" -
98. «i= # 8'B, - 5$4 '", - " "$ '3" 8 " 9 "(
5 8" 459 6 5 =(""'5 6$W(#' ?(M3(" 9 M(4$" 9
107
3'?=$ 3= &!98 56' 8; "', = &"$Z5!, "(3'6'4(" 9 N 8
?(M3(" (8, '5'?(""' b'=8$8 , 6 ' '=EV '"' ='96-
49( 59. d 3$M( ?'Z5! (#'. \"( 9 !3(59 = #'3$. d '-
#3$ S $4 O'8 <(8 B5 '#', '#3$ 6E ([( "( ='3 -
4 5!... d "( '= A$Z " $ V, " S! V ?(M3(" B, 4 W!
?E4 ?E '" 5 =("" ; "' M(, '"(S"', " S! V "(
= 8 ... 2 63= # 6E 8("9 5$M$( (, $ 8$4!S $, &$ S (-
" ( O'8E <(8 B5 '#', "$5 4!"', "( &"$6 8' V ?(M3(-
" B, 3$ $ ([(? 6 &$ '"(""'( 6=(89, '54( 'b(Z,
=$&3(499 S (" ( #4$6E, $ "$ =' ... 58(W"' 3'-
5$3"'...»
108
(=(3 " 8 $55 #"$A ...» <$= "$ 6(5!8$ M 6' 5"$9:
'8([ 5 ' "$ =E4!A( &$ S(""E8 M(5 '8 ='b(5-
5 '"$4!"'#' b' 5" $ ' $&E6$( V= 5 9[ B, =$3 M-
"EB ?$" "' ; "$ ?(&'? 3"'#' 6 3$ 5 '4 ( ' ' 59
Y ?4 9; 8$4!S 3(=M #'=9[ Z 56(S ; #= $ ?'='3$-
EV =(5 !9" #4$&(( 6 'S (4!"'8 'M 3$" ; '#3$
$55 #"$A 9 =(6=$[$( 59 6 '#"("" Z ?$?'S , =$&3$( -
59 ?4$#'#'6(B"EB =' ' : b' 5" 4(#'"! ', "' N"(=-
# S"' ' =$( = , 6(="((, '3 W(S $4!A(6, '-
'8, S '- ' ='?'=8' $6, ' =E6$( Y ?4 Z, "$ (! -
54'6"' b(" 5 & ( 4$, 6'&='3 6W((59 5' ='6 [(.
109
='B "( &?(M"EB = # 3' #'5 3$=5 6(""'#' =( '5 -
" S(5 6$ =($ A '""'#' "$A '"$4 &8$), "(5'8"(""',
S ' 6 #'#'4(65 Z N 'V «&$ $3" » =(35 $6494 5'-
?'B 4! =" Z 5 4 , 3$4( ' =(6'5V'39[ Z S 54(""'
$S(5 6(""' 65( ', S ' 8'#4 5'?=$ ! =($ A '""E(
5 $='6(=E. R'N '8 , "$ = 8(=, "( 6 '4"( 5 =$6(34 6'
=$558$ = 6$ ! Y(4 "5 '#' $ 65(#' 4 W! =(3W(5 6("-
" $ (V' 9 b 4'#("( S(5 '" 8, '"(S"', ?E4) (V
5$ (4(B 60-V 70-V ##., ' '=E( 9='5 "' 6(=M3$4
= 8$ '?[(5 6(""EV A(""'5 (B "$3 V 3'M(5 6(""E8 ;
S ' '" '3=$& 8(6$4 '3 V 3'M(5 6(""'5 !Z, N ' 3= -
#'B 6' ='5; j(="EW(65 B R 5$=(6 '=M(5 6(""' 3'-
$&E6$4 , S ' 5$ ! S(?" 349 "$='3$ 6$M"((, S(8
= 5'6$ ! «8=$8'="E( '4'""E " 8b», ' (5 ! &$" -
8$ !59 «S 5 E8 5 55 6'8». <5 $ , ' M( 5 $='8'3-
"EB 8( '3 - " &6(5 65( N5 ( S(5 ( A(""'5 3'
='6"9 56' V ?'# V =(35 $64(" B 5 '5'?"'5 "$= -
5'6$ ! $ 6$=(4! , $ &$ (8 '?4 S$ ! « 5 55 6' 349 5-
55 6$» 5 "$A '"$4!"'B, '4 S(5 'B 4 '?[('?E6$-
(4!5 'B 'S &=(" 9 - 6E#493 =$B"( '8 S"'
"( ' '=EV 5'6=(8(""EV $8(= $"5 V = '6. C '4!
"$ 6"'B " ?E4$ ?E '#=$" S(""'5 ! Y(4 "5 '#' 6 'A("-
( V 3'M(5 6(""EV =' &6(3(" B, "(#' $ #=$M3$-
" "$ 8E54 (49 ?E4' '=$& (4!"'( S !( "$ =$63
56'?'3 , ' '='( 8'#4$ '# ? ! '4! ' $= B"$9
?'=!?$, $ '"$ ?E4$ '#3$ 4 W! 6 &$S$ (. > ' 6=(89 (#'
S$W$ ?E4$ ([( "$ '4"("$ S 5 'B 64$#'B; '"$3'? 4$5!
'8'[! i'?='4Z?'6$, R 5$=(6$ \ V$B4'65 '#', S '?E
=(6=$ ! (( 6 $ (4!"EB ? 4!'" 349 5$8EV &4'6(-
[ V 8 ='?'6. C 3= #'B 5 '='"E, :'#'4! 96"' ' 5 $4 '
6( $ = "94 8$549" 5 EB "$4( "$ 4 M( &$ ' 5 '-
='""ZZ =$3 # . ^"$8(" '( 5!8' Y(4 "5 '#', 65 =E-
6$Z[(( 5 ! «>E?=$""EV 8(5 » («N "$3 Z "(' -
=9 " Z W 8 V 54'6 b=$&»), - ?4$#'='3"EB 3' 8(" .
> "(8 (5 ! #'=9S ( "$ $3 "$ A$= &8, &-&$ S(#' =$5-
='5 =$"(" ( 5 5 '6 5!8$ 5 '=' 5 $4' $=$ !59 $-
'=M"E8 =$?' $8 6 C ? = . :'#'49, $ 6 3"', ?'4!-
W( 65(#' '#'=S 4 "$8( Y(4 "5 '#' "$ (#' &$ 5 6$-
" ( (=(3 36'=9"5 6'8 6 "$3(M3( "$ 8$ (= $4!" Z '-
8'[!. Y(4 "5 B, '"(S"', = "$34(M$4 =$&=93
«?(3"EV, "' #'=3EV», :'#'4! M( $ V= 5 $" " '5 M-
3$4 «#'=3E"Z».
110
7(58' =9 "$ ' ' = #$" , &3(6$ (4!5 6 '"'W(" B,
'?= W 6W (59 "$ (#' " # 'S 5' 65(V 5 '='", :'#'4!
6"(W"( 6(4 5(?9 3'6'4!"' 8 M(5 6(""'. %" V' ! = -
&"$6$4, S ' " #$ ?E4$ &3$"$ « '3 64 9"!(8 5 =$V$
58(= » S ' "(' E "'5 ! 6 '3'?"EV 5'S "(" 9V '?-
=$ 4$ 58 =(" ( 6 6E&E6$Z[ Z '& 5$8' 6(=(""'5
( 4 , $ '" &$8( 4 6 3= #'8 8(5 (, «9 =$&8$V" 459 6
8'(B " #( $ 8 e4(5 $ '6E8...»), "' ='3'4M$4 -
6(=M3$ ! 5 "( =( 4'""'B 5 'B '5 !Z 8 S(" $, S '
" #$ (#' "('?V'3 8$ ' =(8 = S "$8: '"$ '&6'4 4$
' $&$ ! 4Z398 (#' '34 ""'( 4 A', ' $&$4$ (8
8, S ' 5'?'B =(35 $649Z '" , 'S 5 4$ '?[(5 6("-
" Z $ 8'5b(= , 54'6"' #='&$. a 8 '", ' 5 [(5 6 , #'-
6'= 4, S ' 6E '4" 4 56'( "$8(=(" ( - '3#' '6 4 '?-
[(5 6(""'( 8"(" ( ' 6 '='B S$5 «\(= 6EV 3 W».
***
111
N '8 #' '6; Y'# ([( N '#' "( 'M(4$4: %" 6'&36 #$4
(8 =( 9 5 6 9; "$3' ?E4' '?=(5 '5'?'( 3 V'6"'(
5'5 '9" ( ("(5 '4! ' "$ '8 "$Z[(( $ '4 S(5 Z
«?4$#'3$ !»), S '?E '?(5 (S ! 8$ 5 8$4!"EB 5 (V
N '8 (5'6(=W(""' 9&ES(5 '8 ) =(3 = 9 Z; ?'4(( '-
#', :'#'4Z =(?'6$459 "$3(M"EB 5 " , ' '=EB "(
5 $4 ?E (8 3' S$ !, ?E4 ?E 8'4S$4 6 4 =$&#'6'=S 6
5'' 6( 5 6(""' (=(8("S 6'8 "$5 ='(" Z $4'8" $,
$ '#3$ '"$3'? 59, ' 4$5 '6'B = 'B '3' " 4 ?E
3'='M"EB 4(3. 7' '#3$ 6 9"6$=( 1848 #. '" "$ '"(A
' 6$M 459 "$ N "(?(&' $5" Z '(&3 , =$55S E6$ !
"$ (( 5 (V ?E4' $ M( 8$4' '5"'6$" B, $ 6 4Z?'(
3= #'( 6=(89.
112
='[( ?(3 ! 65(V, S ' E M( N ' 5'6(=W 4 - 3' S(-
#' M( = 9 "' &$?E ! "$ '"(A 65Z 5 '= Z!
***
113
"$8(=(6$459 &'?=$& ! ' (S(5 6(""E( "(3'5 $
' (S(5 6(""E( 3'?='3( (4 $ 8 8$"(='8, S '?E S $-
(4! 8'# =( !59 6 '54(3" V, &?$64995! ' (=6EV.
> "$S$4( 56'(B =$?' E "$3 ='3'4M(" (8 «\(= 6EV
3 W» '" 5'? =$459 6E6(5 56' V (=5'"$M(B "( « =(-
=$5"E8 V$=$ (=$8 », "' ?'4(( « = "E8 », S(8 6
(=6'B S$5 . >E=$M$95! "$ 54$3 '8 M$=#'"( &3$ (4(B
=(A("&(" '6, '" M(4$4 = 3$ ! 8 ?'4!W( «S(4'6(S(-
5 '#' '?$9" 9». R 5$ ! ='8$"E #=(W"', (54 $6 '= ' -
S( 4 6' "( =$5 =E4 56'(B «5 8 $ » '3" 8 (=5'"$-
M$8 « = S(5 '#' ' "'W(" 9» 3= # 8. i$ $ 95-
"', S ' 3$M( 5$8EB 5 ='8"EB S $ (4! ( =(3 'S $Z-
[ B " # 6 b'=8( 3 $4'#'6 5 8 " 8 8'8 «' 5$" B»,
' '8 S ' =$&#'6'=E - N ' «M &"!») 'B8( , "$ S!Z
5 '='" '" 3'4M(" 5 $ !. :'#'4! '?([$4 S $ (4Z, '
(5 ! 56'(8 6''?=$M$(8'8 S $ (4Z, 5''?[ ! b$ E.
%", ' (#' 54'6$8, =(35 $6 = 55 V 4Z3(B "( S(=(&
«8(4'S », ' (5 ! S$5 "E( S(= E ' 3(4!"EV ='3'6, "(
S(=(& 5$8'3'6'4!"E( V 'W4'5 S 3$S(5 6$, "( S(-
=(& '[ "5 6' 4 S"'#' $6 '=5 '#' 6 3(" 9, $ $ 8
5 '5'?'8, S '?E « =(35 $4 $ ?E "(6'4!"' 6(5! = 5-
5 B S(4'6( , 5' 65(8 =$&"''?=$&!(8 ?'#$ 5 6 3$='6,
3'5 $6W V59 "$ (#' 3'4Z...». 2"$S( #'6'=9, «8(= 6E(
3 W » 5 $" «M 6E8 3 W$8 ».
114
6'&='3 !59 '3 6'&3(B5 6 (8 " # . 7$ ?'4!W$9 = 3-
"'5 ! 5'5 '94$ 6 '8, S '?E 5'68(5 ! 8$ (= $4 (=6'B
S$5 , ' '=EB 5 'S &=(" 9 '?E6$ (49 5'3(=M$4 '3"
«"('?ES"'5 » ( ' '=E8 :'#'4Z, '3"$ ', = V'3 4'5!
'4!&'6$ !59, ' '8 S ' '" M( "( 8(4 5'&3$ ! "'6 Z
V 3'M(5 6("" Z $"!), 5 S(8- ' 6='3( 6'&6EW(""'B
=' '6(3 , 8' '8=$S (4!"E( '?=$&AE ' '='B '" 3$4
6 «>E?=$""EV 8(5 $V». 2 V' 9 (#' (=6'"$S$4!"E8 "$-
8(=(" (8 ?E4' 6E6(5 56' V (=5'"$M(B "( « =( =$5-
"E8 V$=$ (=$8 », $ « = "E8 », 6 '8 58E54(, S '
'" 3'4M"E ?E4 6E=$M$ ! 65( ?'#$ 5 6' = 55 V 5 =$-
5 (B, "$5 ='(" B 3($4'6, '" '5 ( (""' 6E95" 4, S '
N « = "E(» "$ =E, 6EV'39[ ( &- '3 (#' (=$, &$-
$S $"E "( =('3'4 8E8 «"('?ES"'5 98 », ' '=E8
V '3$= 4$ = ='3"$9 5=(3$ 6" =(""(( 5='35 6' 5
'W8$="E8 '8([ $8 (#' (=6'#' 6'=(" 9. C4(3'-
6$ (4!"', (3 "5 6(""EB 6EV'3 - N ' 5'&3$ ! 3= # Z,
S M3 Z 8 #= (=5'"$M(B, ' '=E( ? 3 96"'
"(36 58E54(""' «V'='W 8 », ?' 4Z?$9 ' E $ '?'-
#$[(" Z V V$=$ (='6 "( &?(M"' =(6=$ V 6 ( M(
= S 34 6E( '?=$&E, $ 8 5 $4 "( 6 '4"( 3'?='3(-
(4!"E( #(=' ?4$#'3$=9 56' 8 &4'5S$5 "E8 =$='3 (-
498.
115
65(8(5 "'B 'V' E S (" Z 659 '#' ='3$ ='8$"'6 '-
6(5 (B, ?'4!W(Z S$5 Z 5'?4$&" (4!"EV ?(&"=$65 -
6(""EV, "' ' '=E( S $Z 59 '4! ' ' '8 , S ' "$ -
5$"E 64( $ (4!"' "( ?(& $4$" $. ; 9, 8(9 $4$" ,
8(9 &'?=$M$ ! M 6' 4Z3(B = ='3 ... =$&6( 9 "(
'?9&$" &'?=$& ! 5 =$6"'Z 64( $ (4!"'5 Z 4Z3(B
3'?=EV, 6(= Z[ V M 6 [ V 6 &$ '"( Y'M (8? >' 6$8
(5 $M ' ='6(""') = S "$ 8'(#' 5$ (4!5 6$, $ "(
3("!# "( 54$6$».
116
? 3 ' 5'6(=W(""' '5 '='"" ( 4Z3 5 '4 4 5!, S '?E
&$"9 ! ='3 6$(8EB 5 6'&"9 $8 3'8, #3( 6 "E4'8
?(5 '=93 ( (5"9 59 = 6ES"E( 6([ . <$ 9 M( #'6'-
= 4, M 4!" S(5 ( ='3(4 j S '6$ - N ' 65(#' 4 W!
b$" '8E, $='3 9 "$ =(5 4(" (, $ ' '8 "(6'&8'M-
"' " $ '( «=($4!"'(» "$ $&$" ( - '"' &6=$ 4' ?E
5$8 3(Z " # . «R'4'M (4!"E( 4 A$» b$4!W 6E,
' '8 S ' "('=#$" S"E 349 8 =$ :'#'49, 659 $9 569&!
8(M3 " 8 j S '6E8 =(M( 54 V =$&3=$M$( . g54
:'#'4! 6 5$8'8 3(4( "$ 5$4 S$5 ! '? 5 4(" , #3(
« '4'M (4!"EB 569[("" » (5 $ '4 S(5 8 "$4( '8)
5 $5$( 3 W j S '6$ 6 #4 ? "( C ? = (5 [(5 6 Z
'?=E6'S"E( 56(3(" 9, S ' :'#'4! & S$4 5 ? =5 Z
b4'= ' R$44$5 , 3$?E &'?=$& ! " M"EB b'"), (5-
4 j S '6 ?E4' 5 M3("' ' '"S ! 56' 3" 6 $S(5 -
6( &8'M3(""'#' 8'"$V$ 6 3$4!"(8 8'"$5 E=(, ' "(-
3 6 (4!"', S ' '54(3"(( '&$=(" (, '54(3"99
65 EW $ V 3'M(5 6(""'B =$63E &$5 $6 4$ 5$ (49
" S 'M ! '"(A «\(= 6EV 3 W». % (A \$ 6(B 8'# '-
=$3'6$ !59, S ' "(&$3'4#' 3' 58(= :'#'4! ' =( 59 '
4 (=$ =E; "' '=' $9 65 EW $ '#"9, ' '= Z 8'M"'
?E4' ?E 5S(5 ! 3' $&$ (4!5 6'8 5 86'4'8 N '#' ' =(-
S(" 9, "$ 3(4( 6E=$M$4$ 5'65(8 '?=$ "'(: '#3$, = -
#" 6W 5! '#"Z, '" =E3$4 6'&4( 'B (S (#3(? - 6'-
='W$( 8'B &3$ (4!; 6 \'5 6(), #3( ?E4 " S 'M("E
4'3E 8"'#'4( "(#' = 3$, (8 M( ?E4' 95"', S '
' '"S(""$9 " #$ =(3$6$4$ (#' #(" B; j S '6, 68(-
5 ' '#' S '?E "$?'M"' #$5$ ! 6 3(=(69""'B S$5'6"(
5=(3 5 ='6EV (4(B "$ ?(=(# 4(#("3$="'#' '&(=$, ?E4
6'&6=$[(" 56'(B = ='3"'B 5 V - 5 " 8 '#'"! $8
3'8$W"(#' ( 4$.
117
6$ , "(5 '4! ' 3$M( "$ 6 3 '354( '6$ , 5 "(?'4!W'B
4E5 "'B "$ 4? , 5 8'=[ "$8 ' '?( 8 5 '='"$8 [(
A6( '8 4 A$ S ' "$&E6$( 59 #(8'==' 3$4!"E8... O$8 -
4 9 S "'6" $ ?E4$ Y$W8$S ". fM( ' 5$8'8 8("
6 3"', S ' '"$ '#3$- ' =' &'W4$ ' ?$W8$ $; "' '-
#3$, 6 $ '( 6=(89 $ 8 '?=$&'8 =' &'W4$ '"$ '
?$W8$ $, " S(#' N '#' "( &6(5 "'. 2 ' (A, 3(3, 3$-
M( W = ", 65( 5'6(=W(""' Y$W8$S "E V'3 4 6 5$-
'#$V, (=(8("99 '4! ' =$&$ = 6 #'3 '38( ».
***
118
' '='#' 3' 5 V '= =' &6(4$ X'55 9. >"(&$ "'( 58(-
[(" ( =$A '"$4!"'B M &"(""'B 4'5 '5 8'M( ?E !
'5 [(5 64("' =$&4 S"E8 5 '5'?$8 , $M3EB 6(4 -
B 5$ (4! 3(4$( N ' '-56'(8 . :'#'4! 3'? 6$459
(#' '8? "$A (B 36 V 36 M(" B: =E6 $ $=(" 9.
R=(35 $6! ( 5(?( 4Z , ' '=EB ' =E459 6$5 '3 "'-
#$8 5 "(4( 'B 6"(&$ "'5 !Z, 4 = S(5 B '=E6, '-
'=EB 6$5 6'&"(5, $ ' '8 ='" 4 6 5'5(3"ZZ 3E= . ;?-
5 =3 ?E4 4Z? 8'B 8 &'B :'#'49, "' '#3$ 9 ' =(?49Z
(=8 " «$?5 =3», 9 "( 8(Z 6 6 3 " = S 34 6'(, "
'8 S(5 '(. f $?5 =3"'#' 5 '4! ' M( ' (" '6 5 ( (-
"(B, 5 '4! ' =$# S(5 '#', - ?'4(( '#', :'#'49 '"'
#=$" S 5 =$# S(5 8. YE4' ?E "( =$6 4!"' 6(=-
M3$ !, ? 3 ' :'#'4! 5 $6 56' V (=5'"$M(B 6 $?5 =3-
"E( '4'M(" 9. >E "( 8'M( ( '5 $6 ! S(4'6( $ 6 $?-
5 =3"'( '4'M(" (, (54 6(5! 8 =, 6 ' '='8 '" M 6( ,
$?5 =3("; "( 8'M( (, (54 '3=$& 8(6$ ! '3 54'6'8
«$?5 =3"EB» "(S ', 6E&E6$Z[(( 58(W' 4 'M$ (
4(S. 7' (54 '3 N 8 '" 8$ ! "(S ', 6E&E6$Z[((
M$4'5 !, ' (5 ! '" 8$ ! '4'M(" (, 6 ' '='8 "$V'-
3 59 S(4'6( , (54 '" 8$ ! '3 N 8 65(, S ' 6 8("((
='34 6'8 8 =( 569&$"' 5 5$8E8 6E5' 8 5 =(84(-
" 98 S(4'6( $, 5 #4 ?'S$BW 8 (#' 5 =$3$" 98 , 5 5$-
8E8 5 4!"E8 5 =$5 98 , - '#3$ 6'&" $( " M"$9
?=(W!, M$4 '( 5 [(5 6', &$ (=9""'( 6 'W8$="'8,
?(&' 6( 5 6(""'8 #'#'4(65 '8 8 =(, 5 $"'6 59 «$?-
5 =3"E8» ' &$ '" , $ 5 $&$ !, '?=$ "'#' '" =$5 $.
119
"E8 '" =$5 '8 ='( 59 '" $9 4 " 9 5='35 6$. > (#'
(=5'"( ' M( =( ( 8(=A$" (, S ' 6 = &=$S"'8
8 =(, ' '='8 '" = "$34(M . 7$8( "$ S '- ',
5 =E '( &$ #= ?' =$&= 5'6$""E8 W =8$8 , $ 5 5"'
6 =$ 4("E 6' 6"(W"ZZ $"! '6(5 6'6$" 9, S ' #=$M-
3$"5 6(""' 8E54 6W ( = 55 ( 5'6(=W(""' V 5 -
4 . 7' 6'=S(5 '( ='S (" ( '6(5 :'#'49 ' =E6$( ,
S ' $8 598 6 5$8'8 "(6 ""'8 ' 5$" ' 4 "'(
54'6', "'#3$ ='5 ' "$=(S ( 4 S$5 A$, "$ = 8(=
54'6$ «3$M(» « 'S », 6 5$"E $ , S ' 5$8$9 ?(&-
6=(3"$9 b=$&$ 63= # 6&=E6$( 59 'W8$="E8 b(B(=6(=-
'8; 4 M( (= '3, ' '=EB "$S "$( 59 6 "(569&"'B,
=$&#'6'="'B 8$"(=(, 63= # 5V'3 5 =(4!5'6 56'=$S -
6$( 6 "(S ' ==$A '"$4!"'(, #3( (8 , 6 5 ["'5 ,
8(5 '; 4 $ M( 6"(&$ "' =$5 $V 6$( 59 36(=!, 6
"(( 6=E6$( 59 8'# S B ("9[ B59 6$4 'N& , S '?E
M( 'B "$ 5" M(" (, 4 '?=$ !59 6 5$8' $='3 Z,
4 ='=6$ !59 b=$&'B, 'V'M(B "$ 5 '='#'6'= b'-
5" $, ' '=$9 $ V$=$ (="$ 349 5 49 :'#'49. a '
5'&3$( '[ [(" ( S(#'- ' 58(V' 6'="'#' 6 ' M( 6=(-
89 "(&3(W"(#', '5 '9""' $9[(#'59 #3(- ' =93'8,
8(5 "' 65 '8" !, S ' =$&" A$ 8(M3 '8 S(5 'B 5 '-
='"'B 6([(B V '58 S(5 'B 5 '='"'B &$6 5 ' '3-
"'B 56 5 9[(B 5'#4$5"'B.
***
120
"'#', 659 '6(5 ! '=$& 4$ V 56' 8 5'A $4!"E8 '?-
4 S(" (8. 7' '6(5 ! #'=$&3' &"$S (4!"(( N '#'. R='-
6$4E & 9" 9 6 $" #'#'4(65 '#' 5 49 5'' 6( 5 6 Z
=$&=E6$8 6 $" 5$8'B M &" . j '- ' 'S("! 3 ="' 5 -
='("' 6 8 =(, $ 4Z3 - ='5 ' V' '8(W$""E(, '"
5 =(89 59 A(4 , ' '=$9 $M( 59 8 'S("! 6$M"'B, 6
' 6=(89 $ $?5 =3"'-4'# S(5 $9 5 4$ 3(=M 6$( V
&$ " '8 "( " M"E8 &$"9 98 - 6' 5 ""$9 « 3(9»
'6(5 . > 8 =( [( E, [( "'#' 58 =(" 9 [( "'#'
#'5 '35 6$ 6E5W$9 5 ( ("! '#', S(#' 8'# 3'5 S!
5 =$5 !, M(4$" (, 6'=S(5 B 8 4!5 - N ' "'6$9 W -
"(4!, (=(3 ' '='B =( 4'"9 '4(" '= "E( &$-
$&S . d "( #'6'=Z ' "=$65 6(""'B '& A 4 "=$6-
5 6(""'8 ' S(" . > $ '8 8 =( "( 8'M( ?E ! "=$65 -
6(""'#' ' S(" 9, ' '8 S ' $8 "( " S(" '6, "
S (4(B; 8 = N ' (5 !, '" 5 4ZS$( 65(, S ' 8'M(
(#' =$&= W !, 'N '8 659 '( 5'6(=W("5 6'6$" (,
659 $9 ?'=!?$, 659 $9 "=$65 6(""$9 A(4! 4 5 4 ( ((
3'5 S! $ M( "(8E54 8E, $ &8("(" ( &6(&3"'B '=-
? E. a ' 8 = :'#'49, $ $ '6'B '" 5'6(=W(""' ' -
4 S(" ' 8 =$ D'45 '#', R W "$, j(V'6$ 4 8'(#'
5'?5 6(""'#'. 7' ' ='S (" :'#'49 #4$&$ 8'# #'#'-
4 & ='6$ !59, S(4'6( '='B 3$( 59 6 3( ! '?=E6
(#' 8 =$ 6 5$8EV "('M 3$""EV 8(5 $V. d '?c(V$4 8"'-
M(5 6' 5 =$", "(S ' 6='3( W "(4 ; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$
?E4' 5 =$5 "'B 8(S 'B '#' 4 "'#' 54 S$B"'#' &"$-
'8'#', ' '=EB " '#3$ "( 54EW$4 ' :'#'4(.
***
121
' "5 6 (#' 'A(" !, "$3' =' &6(5 "(S ' 6='3( 8-
5 6(""'#' 5$4! ', ' 6(=#" ! = 6ES" Z W $4 4 (=$-
="EV A(""'5 (B '54(3'6$ ! &$ $6 '='8 ' (#'
56(=VS(4'6(S(5 '#' 6''?=$M(" 9. \ = :'#'49 5='3"
$ 8 '"A( A 98 6 5'6=(8(""'B b & (, $ «>5(4("-
"$9 - #$=8'W $» 4 «>5(4(""$9 - 6&=E6»; '" "( 'V'M
"$ 5 ' 'B"' 6=$[$6W (59, '3'?"' S$5'6'8 8(V$" &-
8 , 8 =E ='W4'#' 6( $. > 4 (=$ ="'8 5 4( (5 !
56'9 = 6 &"$, $ 6 ='5 =$"5 6(, "' "(8"'# 8 &
= 55 V S $ (4(B V'S( 59 "E=" ! 5 =(8#4$6 6 #'#'4(6-
5 B 8$# S(5 B V$'5. X 55 (, ' '=E( 5S $Z D =#(-
"(6$ 6(4 8 5$ (4(8 4 5 39 ' R W "( ' #" 5-
"E8 4 ?=( ' ' (= j$B '65 '#', 4 W! 5 '4!&9 ' '-
6(=V"'5 $ "5 6(""'#' #'#'4(65 '#' 8'=9 3'6'4!5 -
6 Z 59 (8, S ' 8 $M( 59 "$58(W 'B, Z8'='8 ?='-
5 'B #='B 54'6. 7' 6'3'4$&, 5 $ (4! S(="'#' M(8S #$,
' , ' =(3 'S $( S 3'6 [ 8'=5 V #4 ? " &'" $8
"$ 49M(, "$B3( 6 «l "(4 » (" , 5A( 49Z[ ( "$W
b'=8 ?E 9 5 3= # 8 b'=8$8 5'5 '9" 98 , ' '-
=E( 8E 58 "' '[ [$(8 6 =(3 ( 8 " E 56(=V5'&"$-
(4!"'#' 6'5 = 9 9. R='&$ R W "$ =(V8(="$; ='&$
:'#'49 ' 8("!W(B 8(=( S( E=(V8(="$. g#' 8'M"' 5=$6-
" ! 5 (#' 5'6=(8("" '8 8$ (8$ '8 @'?$S(65 8,
' '=EB 6&'=6$4 g6 4 3'6 8 = ' =E4 5 ' 4( "$&$3
8"'# ( ('= , '&3"(( =$&=$?' $""E( aB"W (B"'8. g5-
4 $=$44(4!"E( 4 " "( 65 =(S$Z 59, ' "( ' '8 ,
S ' 65 =( !59 '" "( 8'# , $ ' '8 , S ' " V (5 !
3= # ( &$?' E. 25 55 6' :'#'49, ' =E6W((59 "$8 6
«l "(4 », ' $&E6$( , S ' $=$44(4!"E( 4 " 8'#
"( '4! ' 65 =( !59, "' 8'# &6 6$ !59 (=( E-
6$ !59 5$8E8 = S 34 6E8 '?=$&'8, $ '4(?4Z 59,
&# ?$95! = 8$4(BW(B =9? , 36( '4'""E, ' =$M("-
"E( 6 6'3(. :(" B :'#'49 - N ' (5 ! $ 5$8$9 =9?! "$
6'3(; 36$M3E 36$ ? 3( 9 !, (54 "( 6$3=$ "EB '-
=("! & 9 , 6 8 =( :'#'49 65( N ' =' 5V'3 (5 (-
5 6(""', $8 " "$W(B =$55 3'S"'B 8$ (8$ , " 65(V
"$W V 5(63'b & S(5 V '"6("A B 5 5$8 8 5'?'B, (5-
4 #'6'= ! 5(=!(&"', "( 5 [(5 6 ( .
***
122
R='A(55 '3(6$" 9, ' '='8 =(3$( 59 ; $ B ; $ (-
6 S, W !( '?4$S(" ( 6 W "(4! "$ 5$8'8 3(4( - (#'
=$&'?4$S(" (, '5 ( (""EB 6'&6=$ '4"'B "$#' ( (#'
M( = &=$ $. C 5$8'#' "$S$4$ '6(5 '" =(" = ( 59
349 56'(#' 56(=Vc(5 (5 6(""'#' =EM $ 6 6E5' , $-
( ?(&'? 3"E( 5 6 3 '3='?"'5 , $ V'M3(" ( "$
AE 'S $V ' 4 A(, S '?E 5?(=(S! ?$W8$ , 4 (#'
589 (" (, '#3$ '" "( &"$( , #3( "$V'3 59 - '5=(3
4 AE 4 "$ 5(=(3 "( b=$&E, - 65( N 3( $4 '5 (-
(""' =$5 6'=9Z S "'6" $ ; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$, 6
'"A( '6(5 (#' = &=$ $M( 59 5$8'B '59&$(8'B,
5$8'B =($4!"'B '5 $5!Z (#' 5 [(5 6$. X$55 $& ' (#'
= &=$ (, 5" Z[(8 ' 4 A$8 R( (=? =#$ 6 ' 5 $V
W "(4 , ' "9 'B "(#' #=$? (498 , 6 '"A( '"A'6
5"96W(8 W "(4! 5 6$M"'#' S "'6" $, ' '=EB ' $-
&$459 '8'S! (8 6 ?(3(, - N ' =$55 $& 8'M( ' $&$ !-
59 '6(=V"'5 "'8 S $ (4Z '?ES"'B 5 '= (B ' = -
6 3(" 9V, "' '"A =(6=$[$( 59 6 "(S ', S(8 9 "(
8'# '3E5 $ ! N ( $. a ' $ 'b('&
dégringolade [5 =(8 (4!"'( $3(" ( (b=$"A.)].
«Y(3"'( &"$S (4!"'( 4 A' S ! "( 8(=. <$ " ?E4 '"
V$=$ (=(" 6 $"A(49= 6''?[( (=(3 " &W 8 ,
V' 9, 61" 6W "$ '3 " 8 M(5 6(""EB 6 3 (#' b -
# = , 659 B #'6'= 4: «f, $ 'B V$=$ (=!» - "' &3(5!
'", '3'?"' 6(5!8$ 8"'# 8, 8(Z[ 8 ?'#$ E=5 Z "$-
= M"'5 !, 'S 65 6'6$4 $ 'B 5 =$V, S ' "( ?(& = S "E
3$M( 5 $4 ' $5$ !59 "$5S( $ '#'-" ? 3! ?'4(&"(""'#'
= $3 $. %" 5$8 3$M( 5 " 4 '5 '=(( 5 4(S W "(4!
56'Z &$ = S$4 S(= "( 56' 8 #'4'5'8: «R'W(4 6'
6(5! 3 V 3'8'B!» < S(=, 54EW$6W #'4'5, ' '=EB
=' &"'5 59 '?E "'6(""' 6 =(W (4!"E( 8 " E
3$M( ('?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ S$5 '( '6 '=(" ( N '#'
54'6$) 5' ='6'M3$( 59 '(-S(8 #'=$&3' 3(B5 6 (4!-
"(BW 8, =9 $4 "$ 659 B 54 S$B #'4'6 56'Z 6 4(S ,
&$8$V" 459 " '8 '8S$459 $ 5 =(4$. \ " 6
W(5 ! 5 "(?'4!W 8 ( ' '5'?E8 #'#'4(65 8 S$5$8) &"$-
S (4!"'( 4 A' M( ?E4 =(3 '3c(&3'8 56'(#' 3'8$.
Y4(3"EB, (=( #$""EB ?(& W "(4 , 68(5 ' '#' S '-
?E <$='4 "( 26$"'6"(, '" = (V$4 5(?(, 3' 4(459
'(- $ 3' 56'(B '8"$ E ='6(4 "'S! 6(5!8$ 6 ?'4!-
123
W'8 ?(5 '=93 (, $ S ' "$ 3= #'B 3("! ' = &$ S$(8
3'S! (8 5 $&$4$ =98': «DE 5(#'3"9 5'65(8 ?4(3(",
$ $». 7' $ $ 8'4S$4 ( 'W4$ $='3 9 "$ ? ?4(B-
5 Z = S ) " '8 " 54'6$ ' '8, S ' 5 " 8 54 S -
4'5!, #3( '" ?E4, 3$ V' (4 (V$ !. a ' =' 5W(5 -
6 ( 53(4$4' "$ "(#' 5 4!"'( 6 (S$ 4(" ( ( "$S "$-
( 59 5" M(" (, $ Nbb( "$9 ='&$ &$A 9, ' '= Z :'-
#'4! 4Z? 4 '4!&'6$ ! 349 56' V " M3). %" 3$M( #'=$&-
3' =(M( 5 $4 #'6'= ! '3S "(""E8: «<$ 6E 58(( (,
'" 8$( ( 4 , ' (=(3 6$8 ?»; (54 M( =' &"'5 4,
' M "( =(M3(, $ 6E54 W$6W 5 (=6$, 6 S(8 3(4'.
7' ([( ?'4(( &$8(S$ (4!"' ', S ' 5 N V '= 5'6(=-
W(""' =( =$ 4'5! '964(" ( S "'6" $-8(= 6(A$:
6 3"', #("(=$4!5 $9 W "(4! = W4$5! (8 5'6(=W(""'
' 4(S$8; ' =$B"(B 8(=(, M( "( ?E4' " #3( 54EW"'
$ V 54 S$(6, S '?E 53(=# 6$4 5 '#' W "(4 . > ='-
S(8, 8"'# ( 3(9 (4!"E( &$?' 4 6E( 4Z3 " $ "(
V' (4 ' ' !59 '#'6$= 6$4 , S ' 6 3$4!" V S$5 9V
#'='3$ 65( ([( ' $&E6$459 S "'6" -8(= 6(A. 2 'S"',
'3 " '4'8("5 B ? 3'S" 6 3(4 5'?5 6(""E8 #4$&$-
8 (5" M(" ( ' 8'=$4 & Z[(B " '"$A #=' (5
3( '4"E8 V'3'8), $ ' $&$4'5! &-&$ '3"'#' 3'8$
= 6 3(" (; "', ? 3 S ' = ='3( 56'(B "(5 '4! '
?(55 4(", $ S ' '3 " =$& '?E "'6(""EB 6&='54EB '-
='5("' , " 6W 5! & $ '#'- ' S$5 "'#' 3'8$, 5W ?
(#' 5 "'#, 6(4 S$BW(8 58(V 5 '96W V 6' = # &6'&-
S '6, 5 ' '=EV '" 6E =(?'6$4 &$ $ Z &3(6 '
#='W "$ $?$ , - $ , ? 3 S ?(55 4(", '" "( '58(4
'5 $"'6 ! (#', $ $ W(4 &$ " 8 6 (8"' ( 3' (V '=,
' $ "$ '"(A = 6 3(" ( 63= # '#49" 4'5! , '5 $"'-
695!, 5 ='5 4': «D(?( S(#' V'S( 59?» - ' $&$4' $ 'B
4$ , $ '#' M 6EV "( "$B3(W!. Y 3'S" 5 $&$4:
«7 S(#'», - 3$ '6'=' 4 ' M( S$5 "$&$3. R= 6 3(-
" (, '3"$ ' M(, ?E4' M( #'=$&3' 6EW( ='5 '8, "'5 4'
=('#='8"E( 5E , "$ =$6 6 W$# , $ $&$4'5!,
%? V'6 8'5 , 5 =E4'5! 5'6(=W(""' 6 "'S"'B (8"'-
(».
124
3$). :'#'4(8 "$8(=(""' &$8$5 ='6$"$ 5$8$9 6$M"$9
"b'=8$A 9, #4$6"$9 '8 '& A '""$9 3(9 '6(5
(6(3! 659 $9 =($4!"'5 ! - N ' 8$5 $). j(4'6( , ' '='#'
= "94 &$ ?(5W "(4!"EB = &=$ ; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$ -
6(3! N ' S(4'6( , =$6W B "(#' W "(4!. 7' = &=$
; $ 9 ; $ (6 S$ 5 [(5 6'6$4 '4! ' ?4$#'3$=9 ' -
5 5 6 Z "(#' W "(4 , $ 6' ( (=! '4 A(B5 B, #'-
3 6 6 5$8EB = S 34 6EB $=$3' 5 =$55 $&$, = " 8$(
&$ N ' = &=$ $ =$& (=5'" , ' '=$9 ?E4$ (#'
$" (&'B, - S(4'6( $, =$6W(#' W "(4!. D$ 8 '?=$-
&'8, '6(5 ! ' 5E6$( '4"EB = # - '='S"EB = #,
$ 65( = # , 5 '4! ' ?E '" 5(?9 " 6E3$6$4 &$
9?4' , 4$"( E 4 S(4'6(S(5 ( 4 A$. 2 6' , (54
'36(5 '#, =$55 $& =$&6 6$( 59 $ : ?'=8' $" (,
?'=8' $" (, 4 = S(5 B 65 4(5 , ?'=8' $" (, 4 = S(-
5 B 65 4(5 , ?'=8' $" (, 4 = S(5 B 65 4(5 , ?'=8'-
$" (, b$" $5 S(5 $9 4!8 "$A 9, ?'=8' $" (, ?'=-
8' $" ( 6'&6=$[(" ( 6 V$'5, V ' '='#' 65( 6'&" -
4'. 7$ N '8 56(=V6E5' '8 ='6"( 5 55 6$ 4 (=$ =$,
'"(S"', "( &$" 8$( 59 ' 4$ 6$" (8 5 3!?E '?(&3'-
4(""'#' S(4'6( $ 4 =' 49 98 6 $3=(5 64$5 ! 8 -
[ V. %"$ '?=$[("$ (8 $B"E8 #4 ? "$8 S(4'6(S(-
5 'B 3 W , #3( ='V'39 (" 3= # V 8 ='6, $ ("
?(&E89""EV ?(&&6 S"EV '=$?4(B.
***
125
=(4!5$8. D$8 6E5' '( "$ =9M(" (. i'5 &$ =E . 2&-
?(#$B (, 6'&3(=M (5!, "( "$3'. \"( V' (4'5! ?E = -
6(5 &3(5! '4"EB (=(S("! &$ =( '6, 6( ' #='&.
> ='S(8, 6=93 4 N ' '"$3'? 59 - 6(3! 54 S$B"EB S -
$ (4!, "$6(="', $ 3$4( ' "( &$?(=( 59. 7' 9 ? 3
'S("! =$3 "(54 S$B"'8 S $ (4Z - ?=$ !98 8' 8, 8' 8
36'B" $8. \'B ?=$ #=$( "$ # ?"'B #$=8'" (. \'9
5(5 =$ S $( . %"$ 8'9 ( 9. C"$S$4$ 6E S ( $&?
# ?"EV, &$3"(9&ES"EV, & ?"EV, ? 6E, ' '=E( M MM$ ,
# 39 , $ W8(4! 8 V$-A(A(. R'54( $ 'B-" ? 3!
#4$5"'B 5 $"( ( ' 4(6E6$ !59. > (=6EB =$& ='5 4'-
"96 4 S"'( 8(5 ' 8(" (, 6E '[ ( '3(=(6("(4'5 ! 6
#'4'6(. 7' 9 "( 6 M 3= #'#' '3V'3$ :'#'4Z (3$,
6 ='S(8, 4Z?'8 3= #'8 = 55 '8 5$ (4Z). g#'
=' &6(3(" 9, $ 659 $9 6(4 $9 4 (=$ =$, - N '
b("'8(" 9&E $, $ "( 3(B. \' (=(6'3E ' 3(4!"EV
8(5 - N ' 4 SW((, "$ S ' 5 '5'?(" 8'B ?(3"EB 54'6$=!;
"' (54 ?E '" ?E4 $ M( 5'6(=W(""E, $ 8 V
54EW 8'( 6" =(""(( V', 9, "( 8(9 6'&8'M"'5 (-
=(3$ ! V " '"$A Z, 65( =$6"' "( 8'# ?E &$8(" ! :'-
#'49. C $=$95! (=(3$ ! 8'( ' "'W(" ( (#' 5 55 6 ,
9 "( =(3c96 4 " '3"'#' '[ 8'#' 3' $&$ (4!5 6$ (#'
" "$ S ' "( 'V'M(B = ='3E. d 8'# 4 W! '4'M$ = -
"$ 5(=3A( 6(=M3$ !, S ' 9 "( 6E3 8$4 :'#'49. %"
3(B5 6 (4!"' 5$4, '" 3(B5 6 (4!"' M 4. :'#'4! ='-
3 459 1 $ =(49 1809 #. R' 54'6$8 (#' 8$ (= ('"$, '-
"(S"', = 3 8$4$ N ' M$4 B $"( 3' ), 5 V' 6'=(" (,
' '='( '" "$ 5$4 6 9 ! 4( , ='S(4 <$ " 5 , 3'6'4!-
"' &6(5 "EB 5$ (4!. <$ " 5 '?"94 6$M"' 8'4S$6W(-
#' =(?(" $ 5 $&$4 5S$5 4 6E8 ='3 (498: «2& "(#'
? 3( ?'4!W'B $4$" , 3$B (8 '4! ' 5 3!?$ 6 = '6'-
3 (4 S (49-V= 5 $" "$». 7' 6' ', S ' :'#'4! ='-
3 459 1 $ =(49, N ' =$63$.
126
?E4 6 W $ ( • $, 5 3(4 6 #'5 "'B #'="'#' ' (49.
D'" ( '5 "E "$ ?4 M" V 5 $4$V ?4(3"E( =$8 3E
5 $=EV W$V "EV ' 6$4'6 6'5 '4!&'6$4 5! &(= $4!"E8
' "'8 8'4S$4 6' = "94 S$5 ( 6 "$W(B ?(5(3( -
= 8(="' $ M(, $ ?$B='"'65 ( '= =( E 6 3 $4'#(
j S '6$ 5 C'?$ (6 S(8.
d 5 $&$4...
d ' 6( 4...
127
- 7 3$, '"9 "', - 5 $&$4 '". - d 65( '" 8$Z. 7' 6
'"A( '"A'6 5ZM( (5 ! 5ZM( , 5 3(" "$3' =$5-
5 $&$ !, S ' =' 5V'3 . 7$ = 8(=, ' $ 9 5$8 "( ='-
S(4 «X(6 &'=$», 8("9 "( ?E4' " 8$4(BW(#' =(3-
5 $64(" 9, 6 S(8 $8 3(4', V' 9 9 6" 8$ (4!"' & S 4
6$W = ' 5!.
d 5 $&$4...
- g54 6$8 "$3' N ', 3(4' '?5 ' ='5 ', ' '8 S ',
='8( ' 4 S"' (=(6(3(""EV :(=" «\(= 6EV 3 W»,
«X(6 &'=$» «l "(4 », ' '=E( '96 4 5! '#3$, '-
#3$ 9 5$8 "$3=E6$459 "$3 N 'B =$?' 'B, "( " S(#',
'4! ' (=(4'M(" 9, 5 $M$Z[ ( :'#'49 3' "(4( '5 .
> N 8 " 36$ [(" $ ' (=-5 $" (49 - S(="EB 5 '?-
6 54E8 W$8 5 8 $ S"'B '5 " 'B 6 #'4 ?'6$ EV
?(4 $V ?(4$9 5 S $ 5 ='&'6E8 9 "EW $8 "$ 8'=3(
M 6' ( - 6 $ 4 5! 6 36(=!, ' '= Z '- ' ' =E4,
&$ '6E494 "$ 89# V 4$ $V 8(M3 8(?(4!Z, "' ?E4
M( 5V6$S("E &#"$"E "$&$3 "$ (==$5 .
128
- R'8 8' N '#', - ='3'4M$4 9, - 8"( "( &6(5 "' " '3-
"'B $"#4 B5 'B =$?' E ' :'#'4(, 3'5 'B"'B '8 "$" 9,
='8( ' 4 S"'B #4$6E 6 «25 '= = 55 'B 4 (=$ =E»
\ =5 '#'. C [(5 6 Z , '"(S"', 5' " = 55 V =$?' .
7( ' '=E( 'S("! V'='W , "' 8"'M(5 6' 3= # V = "$3-
4(M$ "(4( E8 "$ =$64(" 98 6='3( «:'#'4! - M 6'-
5(A A$=5 'B X'55 », 4 «:'#'4!-=($4 5 », 4 «:'-
#'4! - 6(4 B ?'=(A 5 =( '5 " S(5 6'8 ?Z=' =$ -
(B», 4 «:'#'4! - = 55 B i ("5». Y(3$ 6 '8, S ',
(54 9 5 $" (=(S 549 ! N =$?' E, 9 "( =(8(""' '-
E $Z5! =$&6(9 ! 5 , 6 4ZS$9 6 5 5' 6E3 8$""E(
"$&6$" 9 6''?=$M$(8EV $6 '='6, 6E " '#3$ '4 '8
"( ? 3( ( &"$ !, 6 5$8'8 4 3(4( i'?='4Z?'6, 4 26$-
"'6-X$& 8" , 4 %659" '-< 4 ...
***
Y'4!W "5 6' b$ '6, = 6(3(""EV 8"'Z, 6&9 ' & =(-
4(5 "'B ? '#=$b :'#'49, "$ 5$""'B >(=(5$(6E8
(1933). >E6'3E 8' 5'?5 6(""E(. % S$96W (59 = 55 (
= , = 395! "$3 (8, S '?E ' =(3(4 ! 64 9" (
4'M ! 8' ='8$"E "$ '3V'39[ Z '4'S , =$&$ 36$
129
= 69&E6$4 8("9 :'#'4Z, "' '#493(6 ([( =$&, 6 -
3(4 , S ' 9 =$&69&$4 &4E '4 $ ' $&$4$5! 5 'B.
1818 - 1883
130
'&3"(( 5'5 $6 4 = M' = 55 'B 3($4 5 S(5 'B b -
4'5'b , V'39[(B '="98 6 "(8(A Z 5 4!"' ' =$-
W(""'B #(#(4!9"5 6'8.
> =$""(B Z"'5 &- '3 (=$ (#' 6EW4' "(5 '4! ' 5E-
=EV 5 V' 6'=(" B - 6 '5"'6"'8 54$?EV '3=$M$" B
@(=8'" '6 . @ W! 6 1847 #., '#3$ '" '?=$ 459 ='&(
' ?4 '6$4 (=6EB '=' B =$55 $&, ' =E6$Z[ B
«^$ 5 'V' " $», D =#("(6 5 $4 5$8'5 '9 (4!"E8
5$ (4(8. X$55 $& N ' =' &6(4 '#='8"'( 6 (S$ 4(" (
"$ S $ (4(B 6 '54(35 6 , 5'5 $6 6 68(5 ( 5 '5 $4!-
"E8 (=6EB '8 (#' 5'S "(" B, '4!&'6$459 65( 6'&-
=$5 $Z[ 8 5 (V'8. R4$5 S"'5 !, 8 &E $4!"'5 !, (-
S(5 ! =#("(65 'B ='&E - 4 W! '3"$ & = S ",
= "(5W V (8 8'4" ("'5" Z 54$6 , ?' "( 8("!W B
" (=(5 6E&E6$4 5$8 5ZM( E (#' =$55 $&'6. >5( '"
'6(5 6 Z ' =( '5 "EV =(35 $649Z 5'?'B "( '4!-
' 3( $4!"'( 5 V'4'# S(5 '( 554(3'6$" (, "' 3$M(
3'V'39 3' 3($4 &$A =( '5 "EV =(5 !9", ' '=E(
' 56' 8 "=$65 6(""E8 $S(5 6$8 ?E4 6EW( V ?(5-
5(=3(S"EV #'5 '3. >' "(5 '4! ' ?4(5 ' & N V =$5-
5 $&'6: «O(39, "( ?(& 3'6'4!5 6 9, '3"94 "$ 6'&3 V
= " M3(""' 4E?$6W Z59 5'?$ '4'M 4 (( "$ 3"'
(4(# ». («e'=! <$4 "ES».)
131
5$8'B ='[ : '" 6(5! ?E4 95"' 6 3(", 6(5!, 3' &$ 4$ E
"$ 4(S(, 3$='8, S ' (V$4 6 (" ; = 9 "'-' S( 4 6'
8(4! $4 "'# 4'W$3 . C'4"(S"E( 4 S , 5 56'(B 5 '-
='"E, &$? =$4 5! 6 ='[ , ='? 6$95! 5 6'&! S$[ ,
'?4 6$4 5 6'4E '5 " $ 8 ( 4E8 56( '8, S ' '"
5 $"'6 4 5! 'V'M "$ 5 6'4E 5'5(", $ 4 5 6$ V 'S
5 "(4$, "$3 "(Z '3" 8$4'5! ?4(3"'#'4 ?'( "(?',
S ! '?= 89"(""'( &$=(B». («% AE 3( ».) d 6E?=$4
4 SW ( '?=$&AE =#("(65 'B ='&E. a 89# '-
' =$W(""E(, "(?'4!W ( &$= 5'6 , 3' 5 V '= 6'5V -
[$Z[ ( "$5, 5 5"' 6 =$ 4("E 6 (#' ='& ?'4!W(
"$ '8 "$Z $ 6$=(4 , "(M(4 5'S"E(, '54( (4!"E(
b4$8$"35 ( '= =( E & #$4(=( #'#'4(65 V (=5'-
"$M(B. %5'?(""' (5 =9 N 8 ?4(5 $8 8$5 (=5 6$
«^$ 5 'V' " $».
132
#(='(8 ?=$6 ="E8 'W49 '8 4 =( ("A '&"E8 3 -
=$ '8. %?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ = S 34 6E( '6$3 =-
#("(65 V (=5'"$M(B: «\(M3 (8 X 3 " '3'W(4
7$ $4!(. %"$ 65 $4$, 4 A' (( 6E=$& 4' &$8(W$ (4!5 6'.
>'4E"A(6, 5 3(6W B '34( "((, 'M( 65 $4.
133
' 6( : «54'6$, 54'6$, 54'6$». e' 9 '" 5 #'4'6E 3' 9
"$ S $" ='#=(55 6"E8 3(98 , S(4'6( N ' 5'6(=-
W(""' ?(&3(B5 6 Z[ B. >59 (#' N"(=# 9 V'3 6 5 =$-
5 "E( ' ' 3($4 5 S(5 'B ?'4 '6" . e'4'3"'(
5(=3A( #'=9S$9 #'4'6$. a" & $5 , ' '='8 "(3'5 $(
53(=M 6$Z[(B 5 4E, 5 ( 4 6EB "(5 '5'?"EB 3(B5 -
6 Z. <'#3$ 3(6 W $, ' '=$9 (#' 4Z? ' '= Z, $
(8 $M( 59, 4Z? '", 5''?[$( (8 , S ' 8$ ! "( 3$(
5'#4$5 9 "$ V ?=$ , '" "( &$3 8E6$95! '5 $649( ((,
V' 9 '"$ #' '6$ 'B &$ " 8 V' ! "$ =$B 56( $. %"
(&M$( 'S ( ' 65(B X'55 , '3"$ ' 65( (#' "$S -
"$" 9 4' $Z 59. 7( 3$S , ' '=E( 6"$S$4( 5 $&E6$4 5!
6 "(5 '5'?"'5 "$B 6EV'3 (#' 85 6(""'B N"(=# 6
3(B5 6 , $ "( '4! ' 6 ? ="'8 ' ' ( =$5"'=(S 9,
=(54(3 Z (#' 5'&3$Z ' '"S$ (4!"EB 'S(= (#'
4 S"'5 , #4 ?49Z '?'5 =9Z S(= E V$=$ (=$, $ &$-
(8 = 6'39 ?(5 '4(&"'B, "' #(=' S(5 'B # ?(4 6
3$4( '8 R$= M( "$ ?$== $3$V =(6'4ZA 1848 #.
134
2&'?=$& 6 "=$65 6(""'( '=$M(" ( 3($4 5 '6 40-V ##.,
53(4$6 56'(#' (3 "5 6(""'#' 3(9 (4!"'#' #(='9 ?'4#$-
= "'8, D =#("(6 ?E4 '5E $" =( $8 6 '8, S ' "(
5'&3$4 " '3"'#' '4'M (4!"'#' $ 6"'#' = 55 '#'
V$=$ (=$. 28(""' N ' '" ' E $459 53(4$ ! 6 ='8$"(
«% AE 3( » (1862). > ='8$"( &'?=$M(" "=$65 6("-
"EB '"b4 8(M3 3'?='3( (4!"E8 54$?'6'4!"E8
"( 3$S" $8 40-V ##. "'6E8 ' '4(" (8 Z"EV 5 4!-
"EV =(6'4ZA '"(='6 - «" # 4 5 '6». Y$&$='6 - =(3-
5 $6 (4! N '#' 8'4'3'#' ' '4(" 9 - 6' "5 6 Z[ B
8$ (= $4 5 , ' = A$Z[ B =(4 # Z, 65( N S(5 (
4 N5 ( S(5 ( A(""'5 . %" 6(= 4 W! 6 «49# W( »,
' (5 ! 6 =(& 4! $ E 5'?5 6(""'#' =$ S(5 '#' "$ S-
"'#' ' E $. %" "( 6(3$( " 5 E3$, " M$4'5 . 2 '" -
$ 6"$9 4 S"'5 ! ' =( 8 [(5 6 . e' 9 D =#("(6
6'5V [$459 Y$&$='6E8, =$3 $4!"' "$5 ='(""E( 4(6E(,
' '=E8 '" 3 8$4 '4!5 ! 6 4 A( N '#' 5 4!"'#' 8'-
4'3'#' " # 4 5 $, ?E4 6'&8 [("E (#' '= =( '8
6 3(4 6 "(8 4 W! $= $ = , 5'&3$"" Z 69[(B =$-
3'5 V =' 6" '6. D =#("(6$ '?c96 4 '"S("E8
S(4'6( '8, 5 5$6W 859 =$5 =$ 6W 8 6(5! 56'B $-
4$" . %" ?E4 'W(4'84(". 2& 4Z? 8A$ (=(3'6EV = #'6
'?[(5 6$ '" 63= # 53(4$459 S(8- ' 6='3( #$4$. D[(-
54$6"EB 3' =$B"'5 , '" 3'='M 4 "( '4! ' 54$6'B, "'
6"(W" 8 (( $ = ? $8 . :4 ?' ' &$3( EB =$&'S$-
='6$""EB, '" 6'6=(89 'S 459 &$ #=$" A(B, #3( '5 $-
6$459 3' '"A$ M &" , 5'6(=W$9 4 W! =(3 ( =$ (
6 & E "$ ='3 " .
135
=#("(65 V '4'M (4!"EV #(='(6, '8 M( 54$?'#'
[(=?"'#' 6' 65(8, ='8( S 65 6$ 5'?5 6(""'B "( '4-
"'A(""'5 ?(5 '4(&"'5 ; (2) \$= $""$ - S 5 $9,
=$63 6$9 6 56'(B 5 ='6'B "$ 6"'5 3(6 W $, #' '6$9
8(=( ! &3(5! 5(BS$5 &$ 6E5' '( «3(4'»; (3) C'4'8 "
- 5 4!"EB 8'4S$4 6EB S(4'6( ; (4) \$= (4'6 - S(5 -
"EB ?'46$". C 3= #'B 5 '='"E, 8E "$V'3 8 &3(5! 8" -
8EV 4 ?(=$4'6 ' ='6(""EV =($ A '"(='6, $ C 9-
# " <$44'8(BA(6. X'8$" N ' - 6(5!8$ '5=(35 6(""'(
= '3(4!(, 6 ' '='8 $6 '= 5' 65(B 5 4'B 56'(#' $4$"-
$ ?(& 5 (W"' [ 59 = 3$ ! M &"(""'5 #(='98
5ZM( , 6E?=$""E8 "( 5 '4! ' ' 6(4(" Z (#' #(" 9, $
5 '=(( 349 '#', S '?E 6' 65( 54EW$" ( 6E5 $&$ !59 "$
&4'? 3"9.
136
&$ ' "( ' '=E( & '&3" V 5'6(=W(""' &$8(S$ (4!"E.
%5'?'#' '8 "$" 9 &$54 M 6$Z «>(W" ( 6'3E»
«R(=6$9 4Z?'6!». @ S"$9 M &"! D =#("(6$ 54'M 4$5!
"( 'S("! 5S$5 4 6'. g3 "5 6(""$9 "$5 '9[$9 ?'4!W$9
4Z?'6! (#' M &" - &6(5 "$9 (6 A$ R'4 "$ > $=3'-
:$=5 $. g( 5S$5 4 6'( &$8 M(5 6' "( '5 $6494' (8 " -
$ 'B "$3(M3E "$ 5'?5 6(""'( 4 S"'( 5S$5 !(, "' (8
"( 8("(( D =#("(6 ?E4 6 =( =$5"EV ' "'W(" 9V 5'
65(B (( 5(8!(B '569 4 (B 65Z M &"!. :3( ?E '" "(
M 4 , '" 5 =(8 459 '5(4 !59 =93'8, $ '#3$ (( 3'S(=
6EV'3 4 &$8 M, 3$4 8 = 3$"'(.
137
j $ (4 4Z? 4 (#' " # - ='8$"E (#' '4!&'6$4 5!
'#='8"'B &6(5 "'5 !Z 3$M( 6 "$S$4( "$W(#' 6( $, S(-
4'6( '4Z? ( 4 ?(=$4 &8, ' '=E( '" ' =E ' 5 '6(-
3'6$4, = 64( $4 "(8 S $ (4(B, '5'?(""' 8'4'3EV.
%" 8(= 6 1883 #. "(3$4( ' ' R$= M$, 6 Y M 6$4(, (4'
(#' (=(6(&4 6 R( (=? =#. DE59S 4Z3(B ='6'M$4
b'? "$ 4$3? [(, #3( 5'?=$4 5! 3(4(#$A & 8"'# V
#'='3'6, " 6(=5 ( '6 '?[(5 6(""EV '=#$" &$A B.
g#' 8'# 4 &$6$4 4 ?(5S 54(""E8 6(" $8 . R'V'='"-
"$9 ='A(55 9 =$5 9" 4$5! 'S "$ 6(=5 . D$ = 55 (
S $ (4 ' 3$6$4 5$ (4Z '54(3" B 3'4# 4Z?6 , '-
'= Z '" 5 E E6$4 "(8 65Z (#' M &"!.
***
138
5 , 8(""' ' '#', S ' "( ' '=E( 5 , $6 '=5 ( 4Z-
? 8AE, ' 3(4E6$4 5! [$ (4!"((, S(8 3= # (. : ? (,
5 4!"E( $ ?E 6'&6(4 S(""E( $6 '=5 8 &?=$" (8,
'" 6E3(49Z 59 "$ '?[(8 b'"( 3'?=' "'B, 95"'B, "'
" S(8 "( 6E3$Z[(B59 ='&E. \(3 8$54' - 6' 5 S(8
8'M"' 5=$6" ! (#' & 8 (4!"' ' = #4E(, &9["E(
=(34'M(" 9, '#3$ $6 '= &$3$( 59 A(4!Z 5$ ! =$5 -
6E8 54'#'8. X$55 $&S '" 3'6'4!"' 5 55 6(""EB
3$M( = V=$8E6$Z[ B, 3(B5 6 (4!"', 6 '3"'8 =$5-
5 $&(, '#3$ $6 '= 54(3 ( &$ 56' 8 #(='98 , '" "$S -
"$( = V=$8E6$ !, $ (#' (=5'"$M 6 =$55 $&( «i6$
'8([ $». g#' 3$= "(3'5 $6$4' 6''?=$M(" 9, ' (5 !
(5 (5 6(""'B '6(5 6'6$ (4!"'B 5 '5'?"'5 , ' '=$9
8'#4$ ?E 5=$6" !59 5 '= # "$4!"'5 !Z, 3'5 #" 'B 8
6 5 55 6( ' 5$" B. >(='9 "', 5'&"$6$9 N ' 5 [(5 -
6(""EB "(3'5 $ ' 4 54(3 9 "5 " V 3'M(5 6("-
"'#' 5$8'5'V=$"(" 9, "( '&6'49Z[(8 V 3'M"
8(W $ ! $8, #3( 65(#' 6(='9 "(( 8'M"' W4( " !59, '"
&?(#$( ' 5E6$ ! 3(B5 6 9, 4 , 'S"((, "( (=(3$(
3(B5 6 B 6 =$&6(=" '8 &4'M(" . R'N '8 (#' '6(5
=$55 $&E 'S A(4 '8 5'5 '9 & 3 $4'#'6 "$ b'"(
=$&"''?=$&"EV 3( '=$A B - =( =$5"EV, 3'4# V =$&#'-
6'='6, =(=E6$(8EV =(4(5 "E8 =$ 8 ? '#=$b 9-
8 &E5 $""E8 5(4!5 8 (B&$M$8 . %3"$ ' '#3$
'" 56'=$S 6$( 5' 56'(#' ' =$649( 59 6 ' 5 $V
=$5' E &$ =(3(4E 5 $= ""EV = 55 V $= '6 5$3'6,
'" 69&$( 6 '8(=& (4!"'B 54$[$6'5 . g#' 8 5 $
659 ' $"$ 3 V$8 , &E? 'B 3E8 'B 3'M39, '"$ ='5 -
$( 5 6'&! 4$5 S" Z M 6' 5! 5 $= ""EV '= =( '6,
' '=E( 6 4Z? Z 8 " 8'# 'M !, 8(4! $( 8(M
8=$8'="EV '4'"" ='S(B ? $b'= . % (#' = 6 -
3(" B V'4'3' "( ?(M ' (4 , 6(="((, ?(M , "' $-
'B- ' 5 =$""EB. % 5E6$9 =$5' ' = M$Z[(B M &" ,
'" "( M$4(( =$5' , ='5 'W! 6 (#' =(35 $64("
' $&E6$( 59 58(5!Z «&'4' $, V= 5 $49, W(4 $, ?= 4!9"-
'6, A6( '6, b'" $"'6»; =$W(""E( A6( $8 , "' ?(3"'
'3( E( ='8$" S(5 ( ?$=EW" 4E6 "$ 4'3 $V, =$5-
(6$9 (5" , $ 3(6 AE 5 &'4' E8 ? $8 6 = $V
=$&6$4 6W (59 "$ #= "EV W =$V (5 86'4E V &$"9-
B) 5 =$ 6$Z W 8"E( #= [$ "$ ?(=(# .
139
$( 59 5 3(W(6E8 6(4 '4( (8, $ b 4'5'b 9 "(3'5 $-
'S"' #4 ?' $ 349 6E4$64 6$" 9 M(8S #$. D(8 "( 8("((
'" 5S $Z 59 '?=$&A$8 S 5 'B =$&8(=(""'B = 55 'B
='&E. 7' $6 '=5 '( 6''?=$M(" ( " '#3$ "( '3" 8$-
( 59 6EW( &? EV 5 86'4'6 (b(B = 6 3(" B), (5-
4 ='&$ - 6 (( 4 SW(8 5 '4"(" - "$ '8 "$( # 5 '(
8'4' ', ' N 5 V' 6'=(" 9 6 ='&( 8'M"' 5=$6" ! 5
8'4'S"E8 = 5 $8 .
>(='9 "', 4 SW((, S ' '" "$ 5$4 - «^$ 5 'V' " -
$». 7(58' =9 "$ ' =(3(4("" Z 3($4 &$A Z =(5 !9",
6 " #( ' $3$Z 59 5 4ZS (4!"' =$63 6E(, 5$8'-
?E "E( (=5'"$M "( ' '=E( ' 5$" 9 - '?5 $"'6 ,
V$=$ (='6 , '"(S"' M(, = ='3E. C=(3 65(V =#(-
"(65 V #(='(6 5$8 Z ?'4!W Z 54$6 , "$6(="'(, = -
"(54 (8 « =#("(65 ( 3(6 W ». \$W$ («>(W" ( 6'-
3E») [7( 'S"'5 ! >.7$?' '6$: #(=' "Z «>(W" V 6'3»
&'6 iM(88'B, (( 6=93 4 8'M"' "$&6$ ! « =#("(6-
5 'B 3(6 W 'B». - R= 8. =(3.], 7$ $4!9 («X 3 "»), @ &$
(«i6'=9"5 '( #"(&3'») "(8"'# 8 ' 4 S$Z 59 3= # '
3= #$, 65( '" , "(5'8"(""', 5'3(=M$ 59 6 W "5 'B
D$ !9"(. 7' 6 $M3'B & " V &$4'M("E '#='8"$9 "=$6-
5 6(""$9 5 4$, 3'?=' $ "( '4! ' 5 '5'?"'5 !, "', 9
?E 3$M( 5 $&$4, M$M3$ 'M(= 6'6$ ! 65(8 &(8"E8
'6$" 98 '8 , S ' '" 5S $Z 56' 8 3'4#'8, ? 3! '
'4"'( ' =(S(" ( ' 4 S"'#' 5S$5 !9 =$3 6E5W V
"=$65 6(""EV 3($4'6 (@ &$) 4 '4"(BW$9 M(= 6$
659 8 &(8"E8 ?4$#' '4 S (8 6' 89 S 5 'B 5 =$5
(7$ $4!9). D =#("(6 ' E6$( 56' V #(=' "! 56'('?-
=$&"'B =$5' 'B, 89# 'B 'N S"'B, ' '=$9 '?4$3$(
'5'?'B = 9#$ (4!"'5 !Z 349 S $ (4(B, S ' 6' 8"'#'8
5'&3$4' 6 V =(35 $64(" 6E5' B '?=$& = 55 'B
M("[ "E.
« $ » (1862)
«% AE 3( » "( '4! ' 4 SW B ='8$" D =#("(6$, '3"'
& 5$8EV ?4 5 $ (4!"EV =' &6(3(" B 19 6. D =#("(6
3$4'5! 6' 4' ! 56'B &$8E5(4: 5'&3$ ! 8 M5 'B V$-
=$ (= 8'4'3'#' = 55 '#' S(4'6( $, " S ! "( 'V'M(#'
"$ M ="$4 5 5 Z 4 5'A $4 5 S(5 '#' 'W ?$ 6
' M( 6=(89 4 W(""'#' 659 '#' 5$8'$"$4 &$. j ' #'-
6'= !, Y$&$='6 - 5 4!"EB S(4'6( , (=(B3 '" = -
140
3A$ 4( " B = ?(M ( '#3$ 8E 65 =(S$(859 5 " 8, '" &$-
$"S 6$( " 6(=5 ( ), "$6(="9 $ 8'# ?E 5 $ ! 6(4 -
8 8E54 (4(8, &6(5 "E8 6=$S'8 4 3(9 (4!"E8 =(-
6'4ZA '"(='8. 7' 6 = ='3( =#("(65 '#' $4$" $
(#' 5 55 6$ (5 ! '3"$ '?[$9 ?'4(&"(""$9 S(= $: '"
?E4 "(5 '5'?(" = 6(5 8 M5 ( (=5'"$M '?(3( 6
=(3(4$V 56'(#' &$8E54$. Y'4(( '#', &$ '=E6 5 '5 !Z
5 4'B 6'4 , &$ "( 5 '6E8 V4$3"' ='6 (8 #(='9 5 =E-
6$( 59 = ='3"$9 Z"'W(5 $9 E4 '5 !, ' '= Z Y$&$-
='6 5S $( "(5'68(5 8'B 5 5 ='6'5 !Z ? 3 [(#' " -
# 4 5 $. a ' " # 4 &8 '4 $( (#' 3(8'"5 =$ 6"' ' -
6(=#$ ! ' = A$ ! 65( "$ 56( (, "' "( 8'M( '56'?'3 !
' 5 =$5 "'B 4Z?6 - 4 = 8 = ! N ' S 65 6' 5 (#'
6ǭ'8 "$ M 6' " Z = ='3 4Z?6 . @Z?'6! ' $&E6$-
( 59 S(8- ' ?'4!W 8, S(8 b'=8'B ? '4'# S(5 '#' 5 [(-
5 6'6$" 9. X'8$" S(5 B '#'"!, 6"(&$ "' 'V6$ 6W B
(#' 3 W , = 6'3 (#' 6 589 (" (, "' ' 6(S$( =(?'-
6$" 98 5 ""'#' 5 55 6$, ='? M3$9 6 Y$&$='6( (5-
(5 6("" Z 4'# 8'4'3'5 , 6EV'39[ Z &$ =$8 &-
'B, 8'&= (4!"'B 5 5 (8E - 6 3$""'8 54 S$(, " # -
4 &8$. D =#("(6 $ ?E &64( $( 56'(#' #(='9 & "$69-
&$""'#' 8 5$8'8 5(?( W$?4'"$ '8([$( 6 "'=8$4!-
"EB 8 =, #3( A$=5 6 ( 54 S$B. %" 3$( (8 8(=( ! "(
' $ '#'- ' 6" =(""(#' = & 5$, "' ' = V' 54( 'B
b'= "E. Y$&$='6 8 =$( 5' 5 ' 'B"E8 8 M(5 6'8, $
"$ '4( ?'9, "' 6 V'3( (#' (5 ! S '- ' ' '=$M(" 9,
6 '4"( 5'&6 S"'#' '?[(8 "$5 ='(" Z ' '="'5
5 3!?(, ' '='( ' =$W 6$( 65( 6'=S(5 6' D =#("(6$.
141
(#' M &"!, $ ='8( '#', 5 "(B b4 = ( Y$&$='6, N '
4(# B b4 = = 6'3 3 N4 . %3"$ ' = S "'B (#'
# ?(4 5 $"( "( O(" S $, $ 5E "'B b.
***
142
« - j ', R( =? 7( 6 3$ ! ([(? - 5 =$W 6$4 20 8$9 1859
#'3$ <...> ?$= " 4( 5'=' $ 5 "(?'4!W 8...» - .3.,
.3. R' '8 = (&M$( ;= $3 B, $ &$ (8 8E &"$ '8 859 5
Y$&$='6E8:
143
"'5 ! ' 5 =(84(" ( 66(=V, ='S! ' &(84 , ' '='(
?'4!W(Z S$5 !Z 5S(&$( '54( 36$3A$ EV #'3'6.
144
3 B =$5 '4 '6E6$( R$64 R( ='6 S ?$&$='65 Z b -
4'5'b Z:
- %" " # 4 5 .
- <' '=EB ' 65(8 ' "'5 59 5 = S(5 'B 'S &=(" 9, -
&$8( 4 ;= $3 B.
145
4(M$4$ "$ (( = #4EV 4(S$V. %"$ "(54$ ?'4!W Z S$W-
$ $' , '5 $6 6 (( (=(3 R$64'8 R( ='6 S(8, 659
&$5 E3 4$5!: #'=9S$9 ='6! =$&4 4$5! $4'Z 6'4"'B '3
'" 'Z 'M A(B (( 8 4'6 3"'#' 4 A$. %"$ ' 5 4$
#4$&$ '5 $"'6 4$5! 5 '4$, 54(# $ ' =$95! "$ 5$8E(
'"S $4!A(6. <$&$4'5!, (B 5'6(5 "' ?E4', S ' '"$
= W4$, 6 ' M( 6=(89 '"$ $ ? 3 ' S 65 6'6$4$, S '
8(4$ =$6' = B ». > '"A( #4$6E 6'&6=$[$( 59 'V' -
" &$ 49# W $8 , 6 54(3 Z[(B #4$6( 5 '4'6$9, #3(
65( 5$39 59 &$6 =$ $ !, 5 $"'6 59 $=("'B (=6'#'
5=$M(" 9 8(M3 393(B R$64'8 8'4'3E8 " # 4 5 '8, 6
' '='8 '?$ 5 4!"' &$3 =$Z 3= # 3= #$:
146
6'4!"' [$ (4!"' '3#' '6 4 5A(" (=6'#' 5=$M(" 9,
#= ?'5 ! R$64$ R( ='6 S$ '=$M$( S $ (49 $M( 59
"( 'S("! =$63' '3'?"'B. R=$63' '3'? (8 9 "$&E6$Z
65(#' 4 W! ', S ' 5=(3"(""EB S $ (4! 5S $( 5'' -
6( 5 6 Z[ 8 5=(3"(""'B =$63( M &" . D( (=! 6 5'&-
"$" S $ (49 3939 R$6(4 ' (S$ $459 $ 5 4ZS -
(4!"' 8'3"EB ' E "EB V'4("EB #'5 '3 ", ' '=EB (3-
6$ 4 " & 59 3' '#', S '?E &$5E $ ! 6' ='5$8 N '#'
9&6 (4!"'#' 8$4!S W , 54 S$B"'#' #'5 9 (#' ?=$ $
3= #$ (#' 4(89"" $.
147
#'3" 8 6$=("!(8, [$ (4!"' &$69&$""E(, 5 6'& 4 &(-
4("E8 56( '8; "$ ? 8$M"EV V =EW $V 5$8$ O(" S $
"$ 5$4$ = "E8 ? 6$8 : « = M'6" »; 7 '4$B
R( ='6 S 4Z? 4 '5'?(""' N ' 6$=("!(. R'3 ' '4 '8, "$
34 ""'8 W" = (, 6 5(4$ 4( $ 5 '=' 'V6'5 E8 S -
M'8; '" ?(5 =(5 $""' S = $4 =E#$4, 4( $ ?(5-
=(5 $""' $S$4$5! 3='M$4$; '"' 49"E( &(="$ 5
4(# 8 5 '8 $3$4 "$ '4. > ='5 (" (, "$3 "(?'4!-
W 8 '8'3'8, 6 5(4 3'6'4!"' 4'V ( b' '#=$b S(5 (
'= =( E 7 '4$9 R( ='6 S$ 6 =$&"EV '4'M(" 9V,
53(4$""E( &$(&M 8 V 3'M" '8; M( 6 5(4$ b' '-
#=$b 9 5$8'B O(" S , 5'6(=W(""' "( 3$6W$959: $-
'(- ' ?($&'( 4 A' "$ =9M(""' 4E?$4'5! 6 (8"'B
=$8'S (, - ?'4!W( " S(#' "(4!&9 ?E4' =$&'?=$ !; $ "$3
O(" S 'B - g=8'4'6, 6 ? = (, #='&"' V8 = 459 "$ ' 3$-
4(""E( <$6 $&5 ( #'=E, &- '3 W(4 '6'#' ?$W8$S $
349 ? 4$6' , $3$6W(#' (8 "$ 5$8EB 4'?».
148
%" 4(S (( 6'5 $4(""EB #4$&, ' '=EB 5 '=' &$M 4, "'
«6 (S$ 4(" (, =' &6(3(""'( (Z "$ 7 '4$9 R( ='6 -
S$, ='W4' "( 5 '='. g8 65( 8(=([ 4'5! N ' S 5 '(,
"(M"'(, ?'9&4 6' = '3"9 '( 4 A'; '" S 65 6'6$4 '3
4$3'"98 = 56' V N 89# ( 6'4'5E, 6 3(4 N "(-
6 ""E(, 54(# $ =$5 =E E( # ?E, &-&$ ' '=EV 64$M"'
?4 5 $4 "$ 5'4"A( M(8S M"E( & ? . %" "$S$4 5 ?'4!-
W 8 6" 8$" (8 #493( ! "$ "(( 6 A(= 6 , 5 $=$459 &$#'-
6$= 6$ ! 5 "(Z. <...> R'"(8"'# '"$ 5 $4$ = 6E $ !
"(8 , "' 65( ([( ='?(4$ 6 (#' = 5 5 6 , $ 63= # ((
8$ ! ;= "$ 8(=4$ ' V'4(=E. < 3$ ?E4' 3(6$ !59 O(-
" S (? %"$ "$54(3'6$4$ ' 56'(B 8$ (= 4Z?'6! '-
=93 , =$55 3 (4!"'5 ! 5 ( (""'5 !; "' '"$ ?E4$ $
8'4'3$, $ '3 "' $, 7 '4$B R( ='6 S ?E4 5$8 $ 'B
3'?=EB 5 ='8"EB... %5 $4!"'( 3'5 $&E6$ ! "(S(#'...»
***
149
=( $5'6E6$ ! 56' V (=5'"$M(B. >' $ N ' =' 5V'3
- $ &$ 3$( 59 349 ' '&"$" 9 3(B5 6 Z[ V 4 A. \E 6 -
3 8 Y$&$='6$ #4$&$8 3= # V 4Z3(B: «>5( 6 3'8( = -
6E 4 "(8 , (#' "(?=(M"E8 8$"(=$8, (#' "(8"'#'-
54'M"E8 ' =E6'S"E8 =(S$8. O(" S $, 6 '5'?(""'5 ,
3' '#' 5 " 8 '56' 4$5!, S ' '3"$M3E "'S!Z 6(4(4$
=$&? 3 ! (#': 5 \ (B 53(4$4 5! 5 3'='# ; '" = -
W(4 , ' '?E "'6(" Z '4 W 9, '4 &(6$9, ='5 3(4
"(B S$5$ 36$ '8'# =(?(" . ^$ ' R$6(4 R( ='6 S
65(8 5 4$8 3 W 56'(B 6'&"("$6 3(4 Y$&$='6$: '"
5S $4 (#' #'=3(A'8, "$V$4'8, A " '8, 4(?((8; '"
'3'&=(6$4, S ' Y$&$='6 "( 6$M$( (#', S ' '" (36$ 4
"( =(& =$( (#' - (#', R$64$ < =5$"'6$! 7 '4$B R( -
='6 S '?$ 6$459 8'4'3'#' «" # 4 5 $» 5'8"(6$459 6
'4!&( (#' 64 9" 9 "$ ;= $3 9; "' '" 'V' "' (#' 54 -
W$4, 'V' "' = 5 5 6'6$4 = (#' b & S(5 V V 8 -
S(5 V ' E $V. Y$&$='6 = 6(& 5 5'?'B 8 ='5 ' , '
A(4E8 S$5$8 5 " 8 6'& 459. C4 # $ M( = 69&$4 5!
"(8 , V' 9 '" "$3 " 8 '3 = " 6$4: '" S 65 6'6$4 ,
S ' '" 65(- $ 56'B ?=$ , "( ?$= ". <...> 36'='6E(
8$4!S W ?(#$4 &$ «3'V ='8», $ 5'?$S'" . %3 "
5 $= R=' 'b! S "( 4Z? 4 (#' <...> R=' 'b! S, '-
56'(8 , ?E4 $= 5 ' =$ "( V M( R$64$ R( ='6 S$».
«% 5 $6"'B S(4'6( » '5 '94 8 " E 36( "( '36 M"' 8(34("-
"' ' 4(459 3'8'B.
150
- D=( !(#' 3"9, 9 58' =Z, '" R W "$ S $( , - ='3'4-
M$4 8(M3 (8 Y$&$='6. - X$5 '4 B (8 , 'M$4 B5 $,
S ' N ' " 3$ "( #'3 59. >(3! '" "( 8$4!S : '=$
?='5 ! N (= "3 . 2 'V' $ M( ?E ! ='8$" '8 6 "E-
"(W"(( 6=(89! i$B (8 S '-" ? 3! 3(4!"'( 'S $ !.
- j ' ?E (8 3$ !? - 5 ='5 4 ;= $3 B.
151
R$6(4 R( ='6 S '?4(3"(4.
- C '= "$W &$W(4 54 W '8 3$4( '... <$M( 59, 4 SW( (#'
=( =$ !. ; 9 '#3$ ? 3 #' '6 5'#4$5 !59 5 6$8 , -
= ?$6 4 '" (Y$&$='6), 65 $6$9: - '#3$ 6E =(35 $6 (
8"( V' ! '3"' '5 $"'64(" ( 6 5'6=(8(""'8 "$W(8 ?E-
, 6 5(8(B"'8 4 '?[(5 6(""'8, ' '='( ?E "( 6E&E-
6$4' '4"'#' ?(5 '[$3"'#' ' = A$" 9. <...> R'54 -
W$B ( 8("9, R$6(4 R( ='6 S, 3$B ( 5(?( 3("! $ 36$
5=' , 5=$& 6E (36$ 4 S '-" ? 3! "$B3( (. R(=(?(= (
65( "$W 5'54'6 9, 3$ '3 8$B ( V'='W("! ' "$3 $M-
3E8, $ 8E ' $ 5 ;= $3 (8 ? 3(8...
152
(8 ?$&$='65 8 &$#'='3"E8 3'8'8, =$5 '4'M(""E8 6
= 3A$ 6(=5 $V ' #'='3$ 6 3= #'8 "$ =$64(" .
153
: ?(="$ '= '3'W(4 %3 "A'6'B, '?c96 4, S ' M "
#' '6, 5 '&$?'S(""E8 4 A'8 '3$4 (B = . fV'39, '"$
'?(=" 4$5!, S '?E 6 '54(3" B =$& 4E?" !59 6-
" ! ;= $3 Z. %" " & ' ' 4'" 459, '58' =(4 (B 654(3
( $ 5 ='(" ' $&$459 (8 (( 5 $", '?4 EB 5(='6$ E8
?4(5 '8 S(="'#' W(4 $!) <...>
- > $ '8 54 S$( 9 "( '" 8$Z 6'(#' ?$= "$. %3 "A'6$
'S("! 8 4$ - ?(55 '="', "' '"$ $ V'4'3"' 5 ='#' 5(-
?9 3(=M , S '...
a ' ' =E6' - 6(=W "$ =#("(65 '#' 8$5 (=5 6$, &E-
5 $""EB =$5'S"EB 8$&' ($ 5(='6$ EB ?4(5 W(4 $
='5 ' 6(4 '4( ("); &3(5! & 8 (4!"'( S 65 6' A6( $
#=$ 56( ' (" . 2&6(5 "'( = 55 '( 6'5 4 A$" ( «'B-
'B-'B» 65( ([( 5'V=$" 4'5! 6 7!Z-z'= ( 5=(3 $=89",
(6=((6 #=( '6 - 6EV'3A(6 & X'55 . %?=$ ( 6" 8$-
" ( "$ (=6'( ' =E (: '#3$ "$ 54(3 Z[ B 3("! Y$-
&$='6$ =(35 $649Z N 'B 3$8(, ' $&E6$( 59, S ' 5 4!-
"EB S(4'6( 8'M( 5 '"b & !59.
154
«;= $3 B =(35 $6 4 (B Y$&$='6$ 5 $B"E8 3 64(" -
(8 &$8( 4, S ' '" $ ? 3 ' 5 '"b & 459, 8(M3 (8
$ %3 "A'6$ '5 $6$4$5! 5'6(=W(""' 5 ' 'B"'Z, '-
6S(=$W"(8 . Y$&$='6 5$8 'S 65 6'6$4, S ' 5 '"b & 4-
59, (8 5 $4' 3'5$3"'. «>' (?( =$&! - Y$?E 5 #$4-
59!» - '3 8$4 '" , =$&6$495! 6 =(54(, "( V M( C " -
'6$, &$#'6'= 4 =( 6(4 S(""' =$&69&"', $ %3 "A'6$ "(
5 5 $4$ 5 "(#' 56' V 95"EV #4$&».
***
155
- >' 6$8 8'9 <$ 9, - ='#'6'= 4$ %3 "A'6$, $&$6 "$ "((
36 M(" (8 #'4'6E.
>5 '=( Y$&$='6 ?(& 8"' 64Z?49( 59. «<='6! (#' &$#'=$-
4$5!, $ '4! ' '" 65 '8 "$4 ' "(B; '" 4(# ' 54$3 4
?E 5 56'(Z ='6!Z, "' S '- ' 3= #'( 6 "(#' 65(4 4'5!,
156
S(#' '" " $ "( 3' 5 $4, "$3 S(8 65(#3$ = " 4, S '
6'&8 [$4' 65Z (#' #'=3'5 !.<...> >3= # (8 =(35 $-
6 59, S ' N A(4'8 3=(""E( = '#3$-" ? 3!
'?'6!Z 59 6' = # (#' W( , S ' N #'=3E( # ?E ' 6( 9
"$ (#' 'A(4 , S ' N 8"E( #4$&$ 5 "(M"'5 Z - 3$, 5
"(M"'5 Z '5 $"'69 59 "$ (#' #4$&$V, #'4'6$ (#' &$-
= M 59, '" &$? 3( 59 "$ 8 #, ' $ ' 9 ! "( 65 EV-
"( 6 "(8 "(#'3'6$" (. %" 4'6 4 5$8'#' 5(?9 "$ 659 '#'
='3$ « '5 E3"EV» 8E549V, 'S"' ?(5 (#' 3=$&" 4. g8
$&$4'5! "'#3$, S ' 6 %3 "A'6'B =' 5V'3 (=(8(-
"$, S ' 6 6E=$M(" (( 4 A$ ='96494'5! S '- ' '5'-
?(""'(, S ', 8'M( ?E !... 7' '" '?E "'6(""' ' $4
"'#'Z 4 5 =(M( $4 & ?$8 #='& 4 5(?( 4$ '8».
(\("9 " '#3$ '5'?(""' "( &$" 8$4 N ' 5 =(M( & ?'6
5M$ E( 4$ .) %" =(W$( (V$ !, $ '"$ «?4(3"(( ».
%" 61" 4 "$ "((. %"$ &$ " 4$ #'4'6 "$ 5 " =(-
5(4 5 =(5 4$ "$ #= 3 = , '?"$M(""E( 3' 4' (B.
%"$ $&$4$5! ?4(3"(B = 56( ( '3 "' 'B 4$8 E, &$6(-
W(""'B 6E=(&"'Z ? 8$M"'Z 5( 'B. l =' '( ?(4'(
4$ !( ' =E6$4' (( 65Z 56' 8 89# 8 5 4$3 $8 ;
(36$ 6 3"(4 5! '"S (( "'#, 'M( 5 =([(""EV.
- <$ &$S(8? X$&6( 6$8 8("9 "( 6(5(4'? 24 6E 3 8$( (, S ' '?
6$5 &3(5! M$4( ! "( ? 3 ?
- d 6 N '8 ?(M3(".
%3 "A'6$ '8'4S$4$.
157
3( ! "( '36 M"'. - g6#(" B >$5 4!(6 S, S ' M( 6E 8'4-
S (?
- i$ S ' 8"( 5 $&$ ! 6$8? % 4Z39V 6''?[( M$4( ! "( 5 ' , $ '?'
8"( '3$6"'.
<...>
Y$&$='6 65 $4 '4 " 4 ' "'. %"' =$&'8 5' 5 '8 =$5-
$V" 4'5!... %" "( 'M 3$4, S ' '"' $ 4(# ' ' 6'=9-
4'5!; = '8 (#' = 3='M$4 . D(8"$9, 89# $9 "'S!
#49" 4$ 6 '8"$ 5 56' 8 'S S(="E8 "(?'8, 54$?'
W 8(6W 8 3(=(6!98 56(M 8 &$ $V'8 6'4!"'#', S 5-
'#' 6'&3 V$. <...>
%" " S(#' "( ' 6(S$4 ' 5 459 "$ 5 4. <...>
158
$6$4$5! "( '36 M"'Z, 4 W! &=(3 $ ='6'39 $4!A$8
' 56' 8 = $8, ' '=E( 54(# $ ' 5E6$4 "'S"'B V'-
4'3. ; Y$&$='6, S$5$ 36$ 5 5 9, 6(=" 459 5(?( 6
5 $4!"Z 5 8' =E8 ' ='5E 5$ '#$8 , 6&c(='W(""EB
#=Z8EB».
%" ?E5 =' '?(=" 459, ?='5 4 "$ "(( 'M =$Z[ B 6&'= -
, 5V6$ 6 (( '?( = , 6"(&$ "' = 64( (( 5(?( "$
#= 3!.
%"$ "( ' S$5 '56'?'3 4$5! & (#' '?c9 B; "' 8#"'6(-
"!( 5 5 9 '"$ M( 5 '94$ 3$4( ' 6 #4 #493(4$ ' -
3$ "$ Y$&$='6$. %" =6$" 459 "(B... - >E 8("9 "( '"9-
4 , - ='W( $4$ '"$ 5 '=' 4 6E8 5 #'8. <$&$4'5!,
W$#" '" ([( =$&, '"$ ?E 65 = " 4$... Y$&$='6 &$ 5 4
# ?E 6EW(4».
***
> 19-B #4$6( Y$&$='6 < =5$"'6 (&M$Z & 7 '4!5 '-
#'. (R'964(" ( C " '6$ 5'&3$( '8 S(5 B Nbb(
V 3'M(5 6(""' 54 W '8 = #4$M(""' "( = (84(8'.)
\E ='6(3(8 = 3"9 - = 3"9 '54( =(V 4( =$&4 -
5' 5 $= $8 Y$&$='6E8 . «Y$&$='6 6E5 " 459 & $-
=$" $5$, $ ;= $3 B 6E 9" 4 #'4'6 &-&$ 5 "E 56'(#'
'6$= [$ 6 3$4 "$ =E4(S ( #'5 '35 '#' 3'8 $ 6E-
5' '#', V 3'[$6'#' S(4'6( $, 5 6&c(='W(""E8 6'4'5$-
8 '" 8 '=4 "E8 "'5'8, '3( '#' 6 5 $=EB 6'(""EB
159
5Z= "$=$5 $W . %" 5 '94, =$5 ' E= 6 "'# , = 4
34 "" Z = ? [ = 459 ' 5'4"A$.
160
7$5 '9[$9 3=$8$ "$S "$( 59, '#3$ g6#(" B 6"(&$ "'
5'? =$( 59 (V$ !, V' 9 '?([$( 6(=" !59 3'8'B S(-
=(& 8(59A.
***
161
- <$ 'B 6E! - ='8'46 4$ '"$, (=(? =$9 $4!A$8 '
A6( $8. - 2 S ' 6$8 8("9 54 W$ !? >E 5 $ 8 8"E8
3$8$8 =$&#'6'= 8(4 .
162
3 N4! A(4 59 =98' 6 =' 6" $. Y$&$='6 «5 4
([( =$& , "( A(495!, '3$6 4 = M " .
***
163
6 S(8 O(" S 'B, $ &$ (8 - 8(M3 ?=$ !98 < =5$"'-
6E8 , '#3$ R$6(4 R( ='6 S '=M(5 6(""' ='5 7 '-
4$9 R( ='6 S$ M(" !59 "$ O(" S (. ^3(5! (5 ! ' ("'
8'=$4 & ='6$" 9, '8 M( "( 54 W '8 V 3'M(5 6("-
"'#'. R$6(4 R( ='6 S =(W$( (V$ ! &$ #=$" A , 3 W$
(#' '8(= 6(4$. \E ([( 8 8'4( "' 65 =( 859 5 " 8 6
N 4'#(, "' 6 '?[(8 D =#("(6 5 " 8 =$5 ='[$459.
164
?(""' 9; 8E 'M 4 , 5 $4 ; 8E '?$ - S(8 A(=(8'-
" !59? - 8"E: 5"$S$4$ 8E &$ " (=(5'6$4 3= # 3= #$,
4Z?' E 5 6' ?E4' 6'&? M3("'... $ ' '8...
***
- <'8 ?
- C(?(.
165
-7 ?
- 7( ?E4'.
- <$ M( N ', Y'M( 8'B! >=$S - "( 8(( $ 'B "('?V'3 8'B
6([ !
166
« - 7 , 5 $5 ?', - '6 '= 4 Y$&$='6. - a ' '-A$=5 .
:'6'=9 , A$= 'M( '5([$Z 8 =$Z[ V.
167
- 2 3'6'4!"'! - ='8'46 4 '" ' 5 459 "$ '3 W .-
D( (=!... (8"' $... ;""$ C(=#((6"$ V' 6EW4$.
***
168
# 4 , 6E 8'M( ( 65 =( ! S(4'6( $ 4( ' '4' 9 3(-
59 , M( 5'65(8 5(3'#' $ ?E 5 =$3$Z[(#' '3$#-
='B, "' ([( =$5 6'#', &9["' '3( '#' 5 (8 '5'?("-
"E8 ' (S$ '8, ' '=EB 3$( 59 S(4'6( '3" 8 4 W!
3'4# 8 =(?E6$" (8 6 6E5W V 54'9V '?[(5 6$. a ' R$-
6(4 R( ='6 S. %" (V$4 & \'5 6E &$ #=$" A 349 '-
=$64(" 9 &3'='6!9, '5 $459 "$ M (4!5 6' 6 i=(&3(-
"(, #3( &"$( 59 ?'4!W( 5 $"#4 S$"$8 5 ='(&M 8
= 55 8 . <...>
169
)
1821 - 1881
170
34 ""E8 5 'W$8 4 (=$ ="EV ?$"$4!"'5 (B. >
«R=(5 4(" "$ $&$" » X$5 '4!" '6 "( &6(5 "'
'S(8 ? 6$( 5 $= V - ='A(" [ A (( 5(5 = . C =$-
6(34 6'5 ! 6 '?=$&( "( 8'4 8'#' 54(3'6$ (49 8(34(""'
'3? =$( 59 "(8 6 '"A( '"A'6 &$5 $649( (#'
?4 S"' 5'&"$ !59 6 5'3(9""'8, $ ' '8 4Z?'6! ?4$#'-
='3"'B ='5 = 6'3 (#' 3 V'6"'8 6'&='M-
3(" Z, S ' 6 1866 #., '#3$ " #$ ?E4$ "$ 5$"$, "( $-
&$4'5! 5 '4! "(6(='9 "' 'W4E8, $ ( (=!, '#3$
='56([(""EB S $ (4! "( 5 4'"(" '?'4![$ !59 ' "'-
5 (4!"' ?4$#'='3"EV ='5 ' . %3"$ ' = 3"'5 !
8'9 5'5 ' 6 '8, S ' "( 65( S $ (4 , ' '=E8 9 5(B-
S$5 '?=$[$Z5!, 3'5 $ 'S"' ='56([(""E( 4Z3 . d ?E
5 $&$4, S ' 3'?=$9 =( ! & " V "( ' 4 S$( "$5 '9[ Z
4 (=$ = ' 5(63'4 (=$ =E, 8- ' i'5 '(65 B,
'"(S"', ' $M( 59 " (=(5"(( V 3'M(5 6(""((, S(8
659 $9 3=(?(3("! 6='3( $8(= $"5 V 5 '= S(5 V ='-
8$"'6 4 6([ AE 5 "( = 9&$ (4!"E8 "$&6$" (8 «% -
"E"( 6'6( » '8 '3'?"EB 6&3'=.
***
171
26$"$ <$=$8$&'6$ ? B5 6 ' A$ - V' 9 26$" "( ?E4
"$5 '9[ 8 ' A( ? BA(B, "', &"$9 ' #' '69[(859
=(5 4(" "( =(3' 6=$ 6 (#', 5 $4 5' S$5 " '8.
R' 8"(" Z N V = '6, i'5 '(65 B, 5'?5 6(""EB
' (A ' '='#' ?E4 ? S(='8, 65Z M &"! 8 S 459
'V'M 8 '8 4( 5'8 6 "E. <$ ?E ' " ?E4',
i'5 '(65 B "(5'8"(""' 5 =$3$4 "(6=$5 (" (B 5
3( 5 6$ ?E4 '36(=M(" $ "5 6(""'8 "(3 # -
N 4( 5 . 7(5S$5 !9, 6E $6W ( "$ (#' 3'4Z '&M(,
5 # ? 4 ?'4(&"(""'( 5'5 '9" ( (#' 3 V$ '?'5 = 4
"(3 #.
C"$S$4$ i'5 '(65 B S 459 6 8'5 '65 '8 $"5 '"(, $
&$ (8 6 >'(""'- "M("(="'8 S 4 [( 6 R( (=? =#(. %"
?E4 =$6"'3 W(" 6'(""'8 3(4 , "' ' (A 8(S $4 ' 6'-
(""'B $=!(=( 349 5E"$. 7' 6 S 4 [( '" ' 3$6$4
?'4!W Z S$5 ! 6=(8(" & S(" Z 4 (=$ =E. R'54(
' '"S$" 9, $ 65( 6E 5 " N '#' S(?"'#' &$6(3(-
" 9, '" ' 54 M 4 5 '4! ' '4$#$4'5! 6 3( $= $8(" (. >
1844 #. '" '5 $6 4 54 M? A(4 '8 '569 4 5(?9 4 -
(=$ =(. g#' (=6$9 " #$ «Y(3"E( 4Z3 » (1846) '=$-
& 4$ = '6, S $ (4(B. C [(5 6 ( 8"'M(5 6'
4(#("3 ' '8, $ '"$ ?E4$ 65 =(S("$. i= # i'5 '(65 '-
#', 5$ (4! i8 = B := #'='6 S, #'6'= 4 (#' ' $&$ !
= ' 5! 7( =$5'6 , 6 ' 6=(89 &3$6$6W(8 "$ ?'4((
64 9 (4!"EB 4 (=$ ="EB M ="$4 «C'6=(8("" ». 7(-
=$5'6 (#' = 9 (4!" A$ ;63' !9 R$"$(6$ 5 =' 4 6
=(3$ A M ="$4$ 4 (=$ ="EB 5$4'", 3$ ?E4 6V'-
M 65( 4 (=$ ="E( &"$8(" '5 '#' 6=(8(" . D =#(-
"(6, $ 654(3 &$ " 8 D'45 'B 6V'3 4 6 S 54' (#' '-
5 '9""EV #'5 (B 68(5 ( 5 = $8 4(6'#' "$ =$64(" 9
j(="EW(65 8 i'?='4Z?'6E8. 7$ (S$ $ !59 6 «C'-
6=(8("" (» ?E4' 3'5 $ 'S"', S '?E 5'5 $6 ! 5(?(
89. i'5 '(65 B ' 3$4 ='8$" 7( =$5'6 , $ "'S!Z 6 '-
5 (4 "( 8'# ' 3(4$ !59 ' 3 ="EV =(3S 65 6 B: «%"
? 3 58(9 !59 "$3 8' 8 ?Y(3"E8 4Z3!8 ?», - 6(=-
3 4 '" =' 5(?9. 7' 6 S( E=( S$5$ =$ (#' =$&? 3 4
7( =$5'6 := #'='6 S. %" 6'=6$4 5! "(8 6 '8"$-
, &$3 W 4 5'S"E8 ='55 B5 8 'A(4 98 , =$55 $-
&$4 , S ' 5(4 S $ ! = ' 5! 6(S(='8 "( 8'#4 ' '-
=6$ !59, ' $ "( ='S4 (( 3' '"A$. % &?E $ S 65 6
'" =(W 4 =$&? 3 ! $6 '=$ "( 8(349 " 5( "3E
5''?[ ! (8 ' 56'(8 6 (S$ 4(" . «7 S ' M(, S ' '"
5 , N ' '6$M"(( 5"$», - =(W 4 '" .
172
7( =$5'6 ' 3$4 = ' 5! Y(4 "5 '8 , '?c96 6 = N '8,
S ' ='3 459 "'6EB :'#'4!. «:'#'4 6$5 =$5 , $
#= ?E», - 5 V' &$8( 4 Y(4 "5 B. 7' ='S $6 «Y(3-
"EV 4Z3(B», = W(4 6 $ 'B M( 6'5 '=#, ' S$5 ' =(-
?'6$4, S '?E (#' =(35 $6 4 "'6'8 $6 '= , 5$8 '?-
= W 4 "$ "(#' ' ' '8 4 8(" '6. i'5 '(65 B ='-
54(& 459 ' =$3'5 ; «Y(3"E( 4Z3 » ?E4 "$ (S$ $"E 6
"( =$5'65 '8 «C'6=(8("" (». f5 (V ?E4 '#='8(", "',
5'M$4(" Z, "( ='3'4M (4(". g#' 6 '=$9 '6(5 !
«i6'B" » (1846) - 4 SW$9 , '"(S"', &"$S (4!"' ?'-
4(( 5'6(=W(""$9, S(8 «Y(3"E( 4Z3 », - ?E4$ = "9 $
3'6'4!"' V'4'3"'. 7' i'5 '(65 B M( 5 (4 6'&'8" !
' 5(?( "(6(5 ! S ' , "$ 6"EB, "(' (5$""EB, 4'V' 6'5-
$""EB, "( =$& 8 3= 459 '5 $6 ! 5(?9 6 #4 '(
'4'M(" ( (=(55'= 459 5' 56' 8 "'6E8 3= &!98
' 4'"" $8 . D =#("(6 ='&6$4 (#' =E['8 "$ "'5
= 55 'B 4 (=$ =E.
173
&E#=$4 3' =(3(4$ M(5 ' B b$=5: '?c96 4 , S ' V
M3( 58(= "$9 $&"!, = 6(4 "$ 4$A, =$&3(4 3' ?(-
4!9 (=6 Z $= Z &" '6 = 69&$4 5 '4?$8. 2
4 W! &$ (8 &$S $4 "$5 '9[ B = #'6'=. %3 " & = -
#'6'=(""EV 5'W(4 5 8$. R(=(M 6$" 9 N '#' 3"9 '5 $-
6 4 #4 ?' B 54(3 6 3 W( i'5 '(65 '#' " '#3$ "(
$3 4 5! & $89 .
174
S (4!"E( &8("(" 9 ' 5=$6"(" Z 5 Z"'W(5 8
=$B" 8 6ǭ$8 . D( (=! (#' '4 S(5 '( =(3'
&6 S$4' $ « =$6'54$6 (, 5$8'3(=M$6 ( "$='3"'5 !»
- = $, "$ ' '=EV 3(=M$4'5! =($ A '""'( 54$69-
"'b 4!5 6'. C'A $4 &8 &$ $3"EB 4 ?(=$4 &8 5 $4
349 "(#' 6' 4'[(" (8 &$ $3"'B &$=$&E 3!96'4!5 8
"$6$M3(" (8, = &6$""E8 =$&= W ! 54$69"5 B V= -
5 $"5 B 8 =. C(#'3"9 "( ' '=E( $ M( ' "'59 59
b$W &8 4 '88 " &8 , 6 39 6 " V ! 65('?[(#'
5 $5(" 9.
175
5$8'B 56'(B 58(= i'5 '(65 B M 4 5=$6" (4!"' 5 '-
'B"'. «Y(5E» 8(4 '#='8"EB 5 (V. >5 '=( '54( V
'964(" 9 (8 =(34'M 4 (S$ $ !59 6 '"5(=6$ 6-
"'8 M ="$4( «:=$M3$" "», ' '=EB &3$6$4 "9&! \(-
[(=5 B. R(=(3 58(= !Z '" =$?' $4 "$3 6 '=E8 '8'8
='8$"$ «Y=$ !9 <$=$8$&'6E», ='54$6 6W(#'59 ?'4!W(
65(V '5 $4!"EV ='8$"'6.
7' ([( ?'4!W Z &6(5 "'5 ! '4 S 4$ (#' =(S! "$ ' -
=E $89 " $ R W " 6 \'5 6( 6 1880 #. ^$ N 8
#=$"3 '&"E8 5'?E (8 5 '94$ 5 =$5 "$9 4Z?'6! X'55
R W " . @ SW ( 5$ (4 19 6. = "94 6 "(8 S$-
5 (. 7' 5$8EB 'W(4'849Z[ B 5 (V '4 S 4$ =(S!
i'5 '(65 '#'. C ! (( 56'3 4$5! '8 , S ' R W "
(5 ! 6E=$M(" ( = 55 '#' "$A '"$4!"'#' 3 V$ 5 (#' 65(-
8 ="'B ' &E6S 6'5 !Z, ' '=EB S ' ' 4 $( 59 "$
3($4E 3= # V "$='3'6, "' 3 V'6"' '58E54 6$( =(-
'?=$M$( V. > N 'B 5 '5'?"'5 i'5 '(65 B 6 3(4
56 3( (4!5 6' 65(8 ="'B 8 55 = 55 '#' "$='3$. j $9
=(S! 5(#'3"9, = 3"' '"9 ! = S " (( '#4 W (4!"'#'
5 (V$. 7' (54 65 '8" !, S ' 6 N ' 6=(89 659 g6=' $
=' 6'5 '94$ ='5 = 55 '#' 5$8'5'&"$" 9 8'# [(5 -
6$, 8E 4 SW( 'B8(8, $ Z ? =Z S 65 6 6E&6$4$ N $
=(S! 6 $ = ' S(5 V 3 W$V 54 W$ (4(B. j(=(& #'3, 6
1881 #., "(&$3'4#' 3' 58(= ;4( 5$"3=$ II, i'5 '(65 B
8(=, &$54 M 6 65('?[(( = &"$" ( 'S $" (.
***
176
(B, =$55'6$4 56' V 8"'#'S 54(""EV 3( (B ' =$&"E8
= Z $8 =$?' "E8 3'8$8 6 '54(35 6 " '#3$ "(
= " 8$4 S$5 9 6 V 5 3!?(. C(" 8(" $4!"$9 5 $=$9
3(6$ 8'M( '=8 ! 56'(#' ' #$9 4$ '85 6$8 ' =$-
6 ! 4(89"" A . C(" 8(" $4!"EB '4 " '#3$ "(
=' 5 i"9 8$ (= ?(&M$4'5 "' =$5 =$6 59 5'
56' 8 5' (=" '8. C $4 " 4Z? 4 3( (B. f @(" "$ 5-
'=#$4$ =E3$" 9 ' (=$, '5'?(""' «D=$6 $ $». k(4EB
6( 5$ (4 6'5 (6$4 ='5 Z M &"! ?(3"9 '6. D$
6' , '#3$ 8E #'6'= 8 ' 5(" 8(" $4 5 $V - ' X S$=35'-
"(, X 55', i'5 '(65 '8, - 8E 8((8 6 6 3 "(' =$63$"-
"'( =$&3 6$" ( 5$8EV '?ES"EV S 65 6, $6 '8$ S(5
6E&E6$Z[(( 6 S $ (4( (5 (5 6(""'( 5'5 =$3$" ( i'5-
'(65 B $ "( 58'# &?$6 !59 ' 64 9" 9 5(" 8("-
$4!"EV ='8$"'6 &$ $3"EV 3( ( 6'6. 28(""' 5("-
8(" $4 &8 6'5V'3 '"b4 , ' '=EB '" $ 4Z-
? 4: '5 $6 ! #(='9 6 " & (4!"'( '4'M(" ( &-
64(S! & "(#' 8$ 5 8 8 5'5 =$3$" 9. <'#3$ '54( 6'&-
6=$[(" 9 & C ? = "$S$4 5'&=(6$ ! 3( i'5 '(65 '-
#': 5 $5(" ( S(=(& #=(V ' $9" (, N S(5 '( =(6'5-
V'35 6' 5 =$3$" 9 58 =(" 9, "( =' 64(" ( &4 , &$-
[ $ 56'?'3"'B 6'4 "( b 4'5'b5 , $ "=$65 6(""', ,
"$ '"(A, #4$6"EB 3'#8$ , =' 6' '5 $649Z[ B N#' -
5 S(5 Z $" V= 5 $"5 Z g6=' ?=$ 5 -
V= 5 $"5 'B X'55 , - '#3$ 65( N 3( (3'5 '"$4!"'
=$&'?=$""E( 6 5' "9V S(?" '6) V4E" 4 6 (#' ='8$-
"E, 5 4!"'( &$ $3"'( 64 9" ( 65( ([( '5 $6$4'5!,
V'S( 59 5 $&$ !, S ' i'5 '(65 B, $ "("$6 3(6W B
^$ $3, ?E4 5$8E8 (6=' (B5 8 & = 55 V 5$ (4(B.
2" (=(5"' ='54(3 ! 4 (=$ =" Z ='3'54'6" Z (#'
#(='(6. g#' 4Z? 8(A, #(='B 3=(6"(= 55 '#' b'4! 4'=$
26$" W $-3 =$S' , ' '='#' ?=$ !9 5S $Z ?(5 '4 '-
6E8 = 3 = '8, "$ 5$8'8 3(4( 3!96'4!5 &6'=' 4 6.
C'6(=W(""' ?(55'6(5 "EB, "( 'N S"EB 8$4' = 64(-
$ (4!"EB , '4 A( 6'=9Z[ B $B"'( '=M(5 6' '-
6$=5 6$ "$3 5 4'B 8'# [(5 6'8, 26$" W $-3 =$S' ,
5E" 56'(#' "$='3$, (=(M 6W(#' 5 '4! ' "(5S$5 B, S '
5 4 V6'B V6$ 4' ?E "$ 3(59 ' 3= # V "$='3'6, $ "
5 =$""' - =' ' "9&9 \EW "$, #4$6"'#' #(='9 ='-
8$"$ i'5 '(65 '#' «23 ' », '4'M (4!"'#', S 5 '#',
"(6 ""'#' 3 =$S $, 5 'S$Z[(#' 58 =(" (, 5$8'' =(-
S(" ( 3 W(6"EB 8 =. f "9&9 \EW "$, 6 56'Z 'S(-
=(3!, (5 ! 6" , "(3$6"' 5'&3$""EB 5'6=(8(""E8 5'6( -
177
5 8 5$ (4(8 \ V$ 4'8 ^'[(" ', - ?'3='#' 3(? -
4$, M 6 [(#' "$ &$36'= $V '4 A(B5 '#' ' $4 $="'#'
#'5 3$=5 6$, #3( 54$?' 8 ( 5 $4' '54(3" 8 = ?(M -
[(8 S(4'6( $.
178
#' '6$"' 5 $ ! 6(4 S$BW 8 = 55 8 3=$8$ =#'8, "' '"
"( "$W(4 56'(#' 5 $4 ='8$" 5 '8. X'8$" «Y=$ !9
<$=$8$&'6E» 65(#3$ $&$459 8"( "(6(='9 "' =$&='5-
W(B59 !(5'B 349 "(5 '4! V 5 '4" (4(B 5 'S"' =$5-
5S $""'B '?5 $"'6 'B =( 6 & '8: « = #4EB 54(3 '
8' ='B =Z8 "$ 5$3'6'8 5 '4(», ' "', =$5 =$W(""'(
M(4 'B =$5 'B, S '?E 65( 6E#493(4' $ , 54'6"' 5"$-
= M 5 9( 5'4"A(, 5 , '5 (W"' 6"(5(""EB 5
=$&8$V ?='W(""EB =$?'S 8 5A("E.
***
***
179
R= " 8$95! &$ =$?' , V 3'M" 5 $6 5(?( ' =(3(-
4("" Z &$3$S . %" '3? =$( #(='(6, 6=(89 8(5 ', $
&$ (8 "$V'3 ( '5'?E( '?5 '9 (4!5 6$, ' '=E( '-
&6'49 3(B5 6 Z =$&6 6$ !59 (5 (5 6(""', ' (5 ! ?(&
659 '#' "$5 4 9 "$3 8$ (= $4'8, =$&6 6$ !59 (5 (5 -
6(""' 4'# S"' & 5'S( $" 9 6&$ 8'3(B5 6 9 [("-
"EV 8 6 V'3 5 4. \ =, =$3 N '#' 5'&3$""EB, 8'M(
?E ! 5'6(=W(""' "(=($4!"E8 - "$ = 8(=, 8 = <$b
4 :'#'49, - "' (5 ! '3"' "( =(8(""'( 54'6 (, ' '-
='( 8E 6 =$6( ' "(#' =(?'6$ !: ' $ '" 5 [(5 6 ( ,
N ' 8 = 3'4M(" 6E&E6$ ! 3'6(= ( S $ (49 4 &= -
(49. C'6(=W(""' "(6$M"', "$ = 8(=, S ' l( 5 =
66'3 6 !(5 ("! ' A$ :$84( $. 7(6$M"', 5'#4$5 859
4 8E 5 = $8 , 6(=M3$Z[ 8 , S ' 5'6=(8(""
l( 5 =$ 6(= 4 6 = 6 3(" 9 'N '8 '" ' =$63$"-
"' = ?(#$( " 8 6 56' V 3=$8$V, 4 3' 5 8, S '
= &=$ - 5A(" S(5 $9 54'6"'5 !. C '#' 8'8(" $, $
3 V ? '#' '='49 '9649( 59 6 =$#(3 , 8E 6(= 8 6
"(#' "( 5'8"(6$(859, S ' l( 5 = ?E4 6 =$6( 53(4$ !
(#' 3(B5 6 Z[ 8 4 A'8. > 5 ["'5 , '34 ""$9 8(=$
$4$" $ (5 ! 5 ( ("! "( 'V'M(5 $6 '=$ 5'&3$""'#'
8 8 =$, $ '#' 3' "(#' " '#3$ "( ?E4', S ' ([(
6$M"(( - (#' 3'5 '6(="'5 !. R=(34$#$Z 6$8 'A(" ! 8 =
i'5 '(65 '#' 5 N 'B 'S &=(" 9. ^$ (8, '?=$[$95!
V 3'M(5 6(""'8 =' &6(3(" Z, "(4!&9 &$?E6$ !, S '
5 55 6' - ?'M(5 6(""$9 #=$. a 36$ N4(8(" $ - ?'-
M(5 6(""'5 ! #=$ - =$6"'A(""E. %"' ?'M(5 6(""',
?' 8(""' '"' = ?4 M$( S(4'6( $ Y'# , 3(4$9 &
"(#' 5 ""'#' '4"' =$6"'#' 6'=A$. R= 65(8 '8 5-
55 6' - #=$, '5 '4! '"' '5 $( 59 5 55 6'8 4 W!
3' (V '=, ' $ 8E '8" 8, S ' 6 '"A( '"A'6 N ' 65(-
#' 4 W! 6E8E5(4, S ' $ (='6 "$ 5A("( "( ? 6$Z ,
"E8 54'6$8 , ' $ M$5 4 ' 6=$[(" ( "( 8(W$Z
"$8 6(= !, S ' 8E, S $ (4 4 &= (4 , S$5 6 (8 6
5 5"'B &$V6$ E6$Z[(B #=(; $ '4! ' =$6"'6(5 (
"$= W$( 59, 8E 6 3 8, S ' "$ 5A("( "$S "$( =$&6'=$-
S 6$ !59 "(4( $9 8(4'3=$8$, $ 6 " #( - 4(3("9[(( 3 -
W ? B5 6', ' '='8 8(5 ' 5 '=(( 6 #$&( (. 2 '#3$
"$5 ' 3$( S 65 6' "$54$M3(" 9, 3'6'4!5 6 9 3 -
W(6"'#' =( ( $ - 54'M"'( '[ [(" (, ' '='( 6E&E6$-
( "$5 5 ""'( =' &6(3(" ( 5 55 6$. 7$8 6(3! "(
6" W$Z " ' 6=$[(" 9, " M$5$ ='6$6E( b "$4!"E(
5A("E =(V 6(4 S$BW V "$ 56( ( !(5: 58(= ! <'=3(4 ,
180
? B5 6' :$84( $ 5$8' ? B5 6' % (44'. \E 5'3='#$-
(859, "' 6 N 'B 3='M (5 ! &6(5 "'( "$54$M3(" (. \E
6'5V [$(859 "( # ?(4!Z #(='(6, "' 65( '?(M3$Z[ 8
#(" (8 l( 5 =$. d ?E V' (4, S '?E 6E 'A(" 4 «R=(-
5 4(" ( "$ $&$" (» «^$ 5 & '3 '4!9» (1864)
8(""' 5 N 'B 'S &=(" 9: (=(6(W 6$( 4 N5 ( S(-
5 '( "$54$M3(" (, ' '='( 6E 5 E E6$( (, 5' ='6'M-
3$9 i'5 '(65 '#' 6 (#' (W(5 6 9V 6 #4 ?! ?'4!"EV
3 W, 65(#3$ 4 '"' (=(6(W 6$( 3= # ( S 65 6$ -
3='M! ' 6=$[(" 9 "(&3'='6EB " (=(5 '3='?"'-
5 98 =(5 4(" 9? > 3= # V (#' ='8$"$V =$6"'6(5 9
8(M3 N5 ( S(5 8 3'5 M(" 98 N4(8(" $8 #'-
4'6"'B V='" ([( 8("!W(.
I. + ,
j( E=( 96"EV 54 S$9: "9&! \EW " 6 «23 ' (», C8(=-
39 '6 6 «Y=$ !9V <$=$8$&'6EV», < = 44'6 6 «Y(5$V»
7(44 6 «f" M(""EV '5 '=?4(""EV».
181
1) <4$55 S(5 B 54 S$B =(35 $649( 5'?'B "9&! \EW ". %"
S$5 ' 6 $3$( 6 N 5 $ S(5 ( 5'5 '9" 9, 5 4'"(" 8 5 -
A &8 , "$3(4(" '=$& (4!"'B 5 '5'?"'5 !Z 5'5 =$3$" Z,
S ' '&6'49( (8 " 6"' #$3E6$ ! "$8(=(" 9 ' = -
M$Z[ V. %" (3$" S"' $ =$ (", ?4$#'3$=9 S(8 3'5 # "(-
6(='9 "EV 5 (V'6 6 $44 #=$b . > 3( 5 6( 5 " 8 S$5 ' 54 -
S$4 5! = $3 , 6=$S = W4 &$ 4ZS(" Z, S ' '" "( &-
4(S 8EB « 3 ' »...
4) e$=$ (= 7(44 "( 5 '4! " (=(5(" 349 '" 8$" 9 = ='3E
N 4( 5 , '" " S(#' "( 3'?$649( '8 , S ' =$5 =E6$Z
= =(3E3 [ V 54 S$9.
II.
f #("(=$4$ 26'4# "$ & «23 ' $» 5 $=S(5 B 8$=$&8,
5 # ?4(""EB $4 '#'4 &8'8. a ' M$4 '(, ?(&' 6( 5 -
6(""'( 5 [(5 6', 6(S"' 49"S$[(( 3("!# "$ 6E 6 :
«d ' 3$8, (B-?'# , ' 3$8». <'#3$ (#' 4 S$Z 6' 4M , '"
"$ 8 " (=9( 59, "' M( 5"'6$ = " 8$( 59 &$ 5 $-
='(. 28(""' N $ $ '4'# S(5 $9 5 4'""'5 ! 6=$"!Z
4 SW( 65(#' V$=$ (= & ( 5'5 '9" ( (#' 8$, $4 '#'-
4 &8 "(8$4' 5 '5'?5 6 ( =$5 $3 4 S"'5 .
III. ,
1) @ &$ e'V4$ '6$ 6 «Y=$ !9V <$=$8$&'6EV», 3(6'S $ 14 4( ,
S$5 S"' $=$4 &'6$""$9, $=$4 S 5 '=(( 65(#' '='M3(" 5-
(= (B 8'M( ?E ! 6E4(S(" =$&6( S ' S 3'8... %"$ "( ' 4(-
$8 =$&6 $, 'S("! 6 (S$ 4 (4!"$, ' ( 4 6$, 6&?$48'W"$,
5 =$3$( "'S"'B 4 V'=$3 'B - 65( 5 8 '8E 6 'S"'5 5'' -
6( 5 6 Z 4$55 S(5 '8 54 S$Z 5 (= . R' "'S$8 (B 5"9 59
S(= . ; 3"(8 '"$ 8(S $( , $ ? 3( S " ! &4' =$&= W(-
182
" (. %"$ 'V' "' 5 $( 59 6 =$&8EW4(" 9 ' "(3$6"' 54 S 6-
W(859 ' A( ? B5 6(, 6 ' '='8 '?6 "9Z i8 = 9 <$=$8$&'-
6$: «65(8 "=$6 59, S ' '" ? 4», . 3.
IV. . ,
R5 V' $ '6 5=(3 #4$6"EV #(='(6 ='8$"'6 8"'M(5 6':
C $6='# " - 54 S$B "=$65 6(""'B "( '4"'A(""'5 , X'-
#'M " - M(= 6$ N=' '8$" , X$5 '4!" '6 - 54 S$B 6=(-
8(""'#' '8 "(" 9 =$55 3 $, 26$" <$=$8$&'6 - ([(
'3 " "("'=8$4!"EB. >5( N ' 54 S$ , 56 3( (4!5 6 Z[ (
' =$5 $3( 4 S"'5 . 2 (5 ! ([( 8"'M(5 6' 3= # V = -
8(='6, 6 4ZS$9 "(5 '4! V 5'6(=W(""' ?(& 8"EV (=-
5'"$M(B.
183
5'6(=W(""' 54'M 6W 8 59 V$=$ (=$8 , $ 8 '"
'5 $Z 59, ?(& '5'?EV (=(8(", $ ?E " 8("94 5! '?-
5 '9 (4!5 6$. 7$ = 8(=, 6 54 S$( 5 X$5 '4!" '6E8 6
«R=(5 4(" "$ $&$" » 8E 6 3 8, $ S(4'6(
= V'3 6'&8'M"'5 #$=8'" 5 6"(W" 8 8 ='8,
S ', 6 ='S(8, ='9649( 59 '4! ' 6"(W"(, 6" =(""(
X$5 '4!" '6 8$4' 8("9( 59, $ '5 $4!"E( #(=' i'5 '-
(65 '#' '#' 8("!W(. g3 "5 6(""'(, S ' =$&6 6$( 59 6
" #(, "$V'3 59 6 36 M(" , 6"(&$ "' 56'=$S 6$( ,
' 4'"9( 59 6 5 '='" , &$V6$ E6$9 6 56'B 6'3'6'=' 65(
"'6EV #(='(6 "'6E( '?5 '9 (4!5 6$, - N ' " = #$. X$&
"$65(#3$ 54'6 859, S ' i'5 '(65 B - =(M3( 65(#'
$6 '= 3( ( 6"EV ='8$"'6, #3( $M3EB (=5'"$M,
=(35 $6W B (=(3 "$8 , '5 $( 59 (8 M( 5$8E8 3'
'"A$, 5' 56' 8 54'M 6W 8 59 = 6ES $8 S(= 'S-
$8 ; 65( #(=' 6 '8 4 "'8 ='8$"( 3(B5 6 Z , $
' E "E( W$V8$ 5 E 6 54'M"'B W$V8$ "'B $= .
\$5 (= V'='W' &$ = S(""'#' 5ZM( $, i'5 '(65 B =(-
=$5"' 8(( &$64$3( ! 6" 8$" (8 S $ (49, 8(4' '3-
6'3 (#' =$&69& $8 5 &$6 3"E8 5 55 6'8 3(=M
S $ (49 6 "$ =9M(" . 7' (54 6E (=(S $4 " # ,
' '= Z M( ='S4 '3"$M3E &"$( ( 65( &$8E54'6$-
E( "('M 3$""'5 5ZM( $, 6E 'S 65 6 ( (, S ' "( 5-
E E6$( ( =(M"(#' "$ =9M(" 9.
« » (1866)
R'5 '4! i'5 '(65 B 8(( 8$5 (=5 &$ = ! 5Z-
M( 5 '8'[!Z "(3'#'6'=(""'5 (B "$8( '6 3(=M$ !
S $ (49 6 "$ =9M(" , = 55 ( W '4!" W '4!" -
AE 6$Z 59 (#' " #$8 "$=$6"( 5 O(" 8'='8 < (-
='8, > '='8 :Z#', i ("5'8 D =#("(6E8. \"( ?E4'
36("$3A$ ! 4( , '#3$ 5'=' 9 ! 4( '8 "$&$3 9 6 (=-
6E( ='S(4 «R=(5 4(" ( "$ $&$" (» =(W 4, S '
N ' 8'# S$9 6'4" Z[$9 " #$. d (=(S $4 ((, '#3$
8"( ?E4' 19, 6 'W8$="E( #'3E :=$M3$"5 'B 6'B"E 6
X'55 , '"94, S ' '"$ &$ 9" $, "(5 (= 8' 5(" -
8(" $4!"$ 3 ="' "$ 5$"$. > 28 4( 9 6"'6! 6&9459 &$
"((, $ $ 5$4 '#3$ " # , #3( '8 "$459 i'5 '(6-
184
5 B. d (=(S $4 (( 6 S( 6(= EB =$&, #' '695! 4( A -
98 6 $8(= $"5 V " 6(=5 ( $V. 2 4 W! 5'65(8 "(-
3$6"' 9, "$ '"(A, '"94, S ' 8("9 $ '='? 6 "(B.
2&c9", =([ "$, &-&$ ' '='B, '-8'(8 , 65( 5''= M(-
" ( N S(5 N5 ( S(5 =$&6$4 6$( 59, "$V'3 59 6
10-B #4$6( S( 6(= 'B S$5 . > "$S$4( 5A("E ' $9" 9
? BA$ X$5 '4!" '6 ' =E6$( 349 5(?9 ?4$#'3$=9 C'-
"( 7'6EB ^$6( . %"$ S $( (8 ' 6'5 =(W(" @$&$=9.
j ' M, ' $ "( 4'V'. 7' &$ (8 54(3 ( b=$&$, "( 8(Z-
[$9 5(?( =$6"EV ' #4 '5 6' 65(B 8 ='6'B 4 (=$ -
=(: «%#$=' M( 3$6"' '#$5$4 6 = 6'8 '356(S" (,
5 4' '56([$9 6 N 'B " [("5 'B '8"$ ( ? BA
?4 3" A , 5 =$""' 5'W(3W V59 &$ S (" (8 6(S"'B " -
# ». «f? BA$ ?4 3" A$» «6(S"$9 " #$» - $ 'B =(-
#'4!" ! a ' 4ZS(6$9 b=$&$ ='8$"$ S"' 3'5 '-
(65 B = '= S(5 B 6E6(= . % S(#' '"$ $ =(M(
54 V? % S(#' '"$ $ #= ?$ ?(&6 5"$?
185
***
186
S ' 7!Z '" 3= # 8 6(4 8 S("E8 54(3'6$4' ?E
= "(5 6 M(= 6 5' " S(4'6(S(5 V M &"(B, ' $M 5!
N S(4'6(S(5 ( M &" '8(V'B "$ V ' =E -
98. R'&M( '" 'S(8 - ' &$?E6$( '? N V ?4$#'3( (49V
='3$ S(4'6(S(5 '#', 5'5=(3' 'S 6 56'( 6" 8$" ( "$ 5'-
6(=W(""' "'8 3($4(. >5( (#' [(54$6"E( 5 =(84(-
" 9 5'5=(3' 'S("E "$ 7$ '4('"(, 6 ' '='8 '" 6 3
5 4!" Z 4 S"'5 !, =$69[ Z '4 'B, '58(6W Z « '-
3'?=$ !» 64$5 !, '4! ' M3 [ Z '#', ' « '58(( ».
D$ "(&$8( "' =' 5V'3 5 $S' ' S(5 '4Z? 6'#' ?4$-
#'3( (49 S(4'6(S(5 6$ S(5 '4Z? 6'8 =$" -
64$5 '4Z?A . R(=(8("$, 3'5 'B"$9 ?'4(( [$ (4!"'#'
5 V'4'# S(5 '#' $"$4 &$, S(8 8'# =(3 = "9 ! 6(S"'
'=' 6W B59 i'5 '(65 B.
187
(C8(=39 '6 6 «Y=$ !9V <$=$8$&'6EV», O(3! $ 6 «Y(-
5$V», X'#'M " 6 «23 ' (») "( 6 56'(8 8(.
188
" 6W$9 "$ ? 4!6$=(, 3'?='3( (4!"$9 ='5 $ C'-
"9 - 65( '" 5(5 =E & (3 "'B 3'5 '(65 'B 5(8! &$4$-
8E6$Z[ V = #(=' "!. C =$5 "$9 ?(M3(""'5 ! i'5-
'(65 '#' 6 '8, S ' b & S(5 '( 5 =$3$" ( 58 =(" (
5 =$649Z S(4'6(S(5 Z = ='3 , '=(" 59 6 (#'
4 S"'B =$#(3 : 3'4M"' ?E !, '" S 65 6'6$4, S ' M 6-
W B 6 "(8 56'?'3'4Z?(A, ? " $=!, "3 6 3 $4 5 &-
=93"' 5 W(6$459 &$ #'3E, ='6(3(""E( 6 C ? = , =$-
4 = ='3" Z "( '5=(35 6(""'5 !, "' '="' 5S $4,
S ' 6(=" 459 ' 3$ « 5 =$64(""E8».
« ,» (1864)
a '6(5 ! 8'M"' ?E4' ?E 5S(5 ! ' 5$" (8 4 " S(-
5 '#' 54 S$9 5 96"E8 =$&"''?=$&"E8 5 8 '8$8
8$" =(54(3'6$" 9. \'B " (=(5 "(B '#=$" S(" 5-
54(3'6$" (8 5 49. ^3(5! 9=S$BW 8 '?=$&'8 =(35 $6-
4("E (8E i'5 '(65 '#', (#' 5 (=(' E " '"$A .
a ' 6 " N55("A 9 3'5 '(6[ "E. <5 $ , '"$ 'S("!
3$S"' (=(6(3("$ "$ $"#4 B5 B 9&E :(=" . R(=6$9
S$5 ! 5'5 ' & 11 "(?'4!W V #4$6, 4 =$&3(4'6. > '-
=$9 S$5 ! 636'( 34 ""(( (=6'B 5'5 ' & 10 ?'4((
34 ""EV #4$6, 5'3(=M$[ V =$&"E( =' 5W(5 6 9 3 $-
4'# . R(=6$9 S$5 ! =(35 $649( 5'?'B 8'"'4'#, "' 8'-
"'4'#, =(3 '4$#$Z[ B = 5 5 6 ( 6''?=$M$(8EV 54 -
W$ (4(B. 7$ =' 9M(" 65(B N 'B S$5 S(4'6( &
'3 '4!9, =$55 $&S , '?=$[$( 59 ?4 (, '-
6 3 8'8 , 3'8'='[(""E8 b 4'5'b$8, S $ (498 #$&(
, $ '" V "$&E6$( , «"'=8$4!"E8 4Z398». R=(3 '4$-
#$( 59, S ' N 6''?=$M$(8E( #'5 '3$ #4 89 59 "$3 " 8,
$ '" 5 (W"' $= = ( V "$58(W &3(6$ (4!5 6$ 5
'8'[!Z 4'6 V 6(= ' , '" =$ $ ='S V V [=(-
" B, &8EW4(""EV (#' 9 '?E &$8(S$ (4!"E8 8'8. a $
6''?=$M$(8$9 $ 3 '= 9 '35 (# 6$( (#' 5 (= S(5 '(
3'&"$" (, 3'&"$" ( ' 5'5 '9" (#' 5'?5 6(""'B 5 (=-
&$""'B 3 W . ^$8( ! (, S ' 6 =$55 $&( 3$Z 59 55E4 "$
M 6' =( ([ [ ( 5'?E 9 1860-V ##. 7' 569&! 5 " 8
58 "$9 349 =$&6 9 b$? 4E &"$S(" 9 "( 8(( . R'-
58' = (, $ '5 $( 6 N '8 54 S$( D'45 'B: 5''?[$9
S $ (498 6 "$S$4( «;""E <$=(" "'B», $ ( "'6'5
6E M 6$( C 6$ %?4'"5 B & =("" V #$&( , '" V$-
=$ (= & ( #(='9 '3"'6=(8(""' 5 =(4(5 "'B 5 '= -
S(5 'B 4 5(63' 5 '= S(5 'B 'S"'5 !Z $&E6$( "$
189
' =(3(4(""'( 6=(89 ='5 =$"5 6'. f i'5 '(65 '#'
68(5 ' V$=$ (="EV S(= 6=(8(" 6E5 $Z '?[ (
=$55 M3(" 9.
190
R='5 ' , #=(V = " 8$( 59 "$ 6(= . :=(V &3(5! - 4 -
(=$ ="$9 54'6"'5 !, 6='3( (V, S ' 5 '4!& Z $6 '-
=E 5(" 8(" $4!"EV #' S(5 V ='8$"'6, ' '=EV "$-
S $459 i'5 '(65 B. > 3$""'8 '6(5 6'6$" 5$8$ ' -
64(S(""'5 ! (8E, ' 64(S(""'( '"9 ( #" 5"'#' '-
5 $ '54(3'6$6W(#' &$ " 8 $3(" 9 =(35 $64("E
"( ?(& = S 34 6'B 5 4E, 6 8$"(=(, &'?=$M$Z[(B V$-
=$ (= S(4'6( $ & '3 '4!9. (R'6 '=9Z: 6$M(" 5$8
5 4! &4'M(" 9.) < '"A 2-B #4$6E 8E &"$(8, S ' S(-
4'6( & '3 '4!9 "$S$4 5$ ! 8(8 $=E, S '?E '6(-
3$ ! 8 = ' =$3'5 9V $3(" 9.
191
'" 8'# ?E = "9 ! M &"!. %" [( ' =(3(4(" 9 349 5(-
?9, [( , $ 'B ?E 9=4E = 4( ! 5(?(, "$ = 8(=
«4(" 9B» 4 « '" B &"$ ' 6 4$b (», [( 4Z?'B
=ZS' , 4Z? Z &$A( . 7' &$S(8 '" [ 59 '3E5 $ !
9=4E 349 5(?9, N '#' i'5 '(65 B "( ' =E6$( . j(4'-
6( , ' '='#' '" = 5 ( , ' ='5 8$"!9 , $ 'B- ' 4 -
?' =( ("A '&"'5 . R'5=(35 6(""E( '3=$M$ (4
i'5 '(65 '#', $ b=$"A &5 B M ="$4 5 C$= =, ='-
3'4M$Z ' 5E6$ ! 6 '8 M( 3 V( ' 5(B 3("!. > "$-
S$4( 7-B #4$6E (5 ! V'='W B '?=$&S 5 49 i'5 '(6-
5 '#' (?4(5 9[( (=(6(3(""EB :(=" ' '35 ='S" ,
53(4$""'8 :$="( ). «7' 65w N ' &'4' E( 8(S E. %,
5 $M (, ' N ' (=6EB '?c96 4, ' (=6EB ='6'&-
#4$5 4, S ' S(4'6( ' '8 '4! ' 3(4$( $ '5 , S '
"( &"$( "$5 '9[ V 56' V " (=(5'6; $ S ' (54 ? (#'
='56( !, ' =E ! (8 #4$&$ "$ (#' "$5 '9[ (, "'=-
8$4!"E( " (=(5E, ' S(4'6( ' S$5 M( (=(5 $4 ?E
3(4$ ! $ '5 , ' S$5 M( 5 $4 ?E 3'?=E8 ?4$#'='3-
"E8, ' '8 S ', ? 3 S ='56([(""E8 '" 8$9 "$-
5 '9[ ( 56' 6E#'3E, 8(""' 6 3(4 ?E 6 3'?=( 5'?5 -
6("" Z 56'Z 6E#'3 , $ &6(5 "', S ' " '3 " S(4'6( "(
8'M( 3(B5 6'6$ ! &$&"$8' =' 6 5'?5 6(""EV 56' V
6E#'3, 54(35 6(""', $ 5 $&$ !, ' "('?V'3 8'5 5 $4
?E 3(4$ ! 3'?='? % 84$3("(A! ' S 5 '(, "(6 ""'( 3 9!
3$ '#3$ M(, 6'- (=6EV, ?E6$4', 6' 65( N E59S(4(-
9, S '? S(4'6( 3(B5 6'6$4 '4! ' & '3"'B 56'(B
5'?5 6(""'B 6E#'3E? j ' M( 3(4$ ! 5 8 44 '"$8 b$ -
'6, 56 3( (4!5 6 Z[ V ' '8, $ 4Z3 &$&"$8', '
(5 ! 6 '4"( '" 8$9 56' "$5 '9[ ( 6E#'3E, ' 5 $649-
4 V "$ 6 '='B 4$" ?='5$4 5! "$ 3= # Z 3'='# , "$
= 5 , "$ $6'5!, " (8 " S(8 "( = " M3$(8E( '8 ,
$ $ ? 3 ' 8(""' '4! ' "( M(4$9 $&$""'B 3'='# ,
=98', 56'(6'4!"' ='? 6$4 3= # Z, = 3" Z, "(-
4( Z, ' E5 6$9 (( S ! "( 6 ' (8 $V. >(3!, &"$S ,
8 3(B5 6 (4!"' N ' =985 6' 56'(6'4 ( ?E4' = -
9 "(( 659 'B 6E#'3E...»
192
> 'B M( 7-B #4$6( S(4'6( & '3 '4!9 ( 4 (#' 5'&3$-
(4!) '?= W 6$( 59 "$ "'6EB = # 3(B, 569&$""EV 5
'"9 (8 «6E#'3$». «; S ' (54 $ 54 S 59, - #'6'=
'", - S ' S(4'6(S(5 $9 6E#'3$... 3'4M"$ 8(""' 6 '8
5'5 '9 !, S '? 6 "'8 54 S$( 5(?( V 3'#' 'M(4$ !, $ "(
6E#'3"'#'?» >5( N ' ?(5 '"(S"' =$5 4E6S$ '. X$3'5 !
$3(" 9 " M(" 9 '4 '8 "( '?c95"9Z 59, 'S"' $
M(, $ 6E#'3$ "(6E#'3"'#' '4'M(" 9. 7' A(4EB =93
"'6EV 3 W(6"EV &4'8'6 54EW 59 6 8 S (4!"EV = -
&"$" 9V, &$ '4" 6W V '54(3 Z[ ( 5 =$" AE.
7' #(=' i'5 '(65 '#' 6E? =$Z S '-" ? 3! ?(& 8"'(,
3 ' 5 '( 4 $# ?"'( - =$&= W(" ( 58(= !, 4 W! ?E
N ' ?E4 V 5'?5 6(""EB 6E?'=. a ', 8(M3 ='S 8, '3 "
& 8' 6'6 =(5 4(" 9 X$5 '4!" '6$.
> 9-B #4$6( S(4'6( & '3 '4!9 ='3'4M$( ' =$63E-
6$ !59. >"'6! 6'&" $( (8$ =$&= W(" 9. \'M( ?E !,
#'6'= '", S(4'6( 4Z? =$&= W(" ( V$'5 ?'4!W(
5'& 3$" 9? \'M( ?E !, 659- ' A(4!, ' '='B S(4'6(-
S(5 6' 5 =(8 59, '4! ' &$ 4ZS$( 59 6 '3"'B N 'B
193
?(5 =(=E6"'5 ='A(55$ 36 M(" 9, $ "( 6 (( 3'5 M(-
" ? >(3! 8'M( ?E !, S(4'6( 4Z? "( '3"' ?4$#'3("-
5 6 (. «C =$3$" ( - 3$ 6(3! N ' (3 "5 6(""$9 = S "$
5'&"$" 9». \'M( ?E !, 8E 6 (=6E( '5'&"$(8 5(?9
4Z3!8 , 4 W! 'S 65 6'6$6 ?'4!.
194
5(?(, 65(#3$ ' 5 $4 9 (=6EB». a ' 3'6'3 4' (#' 3'
?(W("5 6$. %" = &"$( 59 6 = 5'5 , "' 6(=M3$( ,
S ' 4Z?'B '=93'S"EB S(4'6( 6 "$W( 6=(89 3'4M("
?E ! = 5'8. > $ '( 6=(89? > 1840-( 4 6 1860-( ##.?
25 '= S(5 , '4 S(5 , 5'A $4!"' - N ' 36( "( 'V'-
M ( N 'V . 1844 #. - (= '3 =($ A , =$&# 4$ 3(5 ' &-
8$. 1864-B, '#3$ 5$4 5! N &$ 5 , - 6=(89 (=(-
8(", ='56([(" 9, 6(4 V =(b'=8. 7' 8 = i'5 '(65 '-
#', "(58' =9 "$ = 8( E 6=(8(" , - 5(=EB 8 = 3 W(6-
"'?'4!"EV, #3( " S(#' "( 8("9( 59, ='8(, ?E ! 8'M( ,
' ='9 6'(""'#' 8 "3 =$ - '" =( "$9 3( $4!, "('M -
3$""' ='8(4! " 6W$9 6 ( 5 (.
7(5 '4! ' 5 =$" A '569[("E (8, '#' "$W S(4'6( &
'3 '4!9 "$&E6$( ='8$" $8 . C'6=(8(""EB S $ (4!
"( 8'M( '"9 ! '3 ( 5 $, "( 6" " 6 6 #$&( " Z '-
4(8 50-V 60-V ##. ='W4'#' 6( $. i'5 '(65 B
S(4'6( & '3 '4!9 96"' 8(Z 6 6 3 «4M( 3($4 -
5 '6», ' (5 ! 4Z3(B, ' '=EV M$M3$ 3'?=$ =$5' E
=( =$5"' M 6$( 59 5 $=!(= &8'8 5 =(84(" (8
8$ (= $4!"E8 ?4$#$8. (C4$69"'b 4E '?6 "94 &$ $3-
" '6 6 ' 4'"(" 3'4$8, $ "( 3($4$8.) >5( N ' &-
4'M("' 3'5 $ 'S"' $""' 8$""', "$8 " S(8
'#= M$ !59 6 N ' 8$". \E &"$(8, S ' S(4'6( &
'3 '4!9 =$3 'B, 6 '3 "'S "'S!Z =(3$( 59 «=$&-
6=$ », 349 S(#' «V'3 ' 659 8 (8"E8 8(5 $8».
(<$ "( 65 '8" ! C("-R=(, #'5 '3 "$ & ='8$"$ X 55'
«•4 9», ' '=EB 'S"' $ M( &$ =$459 6 3$4!"(B
'8"$ ( 6 3'8( #=(V$, #3( '" =(3$6$459 6'&4 9" 98
?(4'#' 6 "$, 5S $9 (#' 6'3'B, $ &$ (8 ' $&E6$459 6
'?c9 9V une crature [ $3W(#' 5'&3$" 9 (b=$"A.). -
R= 8. (=(6.], $ '" 6E=$M$459. D$ ' 5E6$4 #=(V 6
5(" 8(" $4!"EV ='8$"$V.)
195
$ "$ 3 N4! 4 "$ 'V'='"E 5 =( ( '8 5(=3(S"E8
6(=3' =(W$( "( 5 $ ! (8 3'='# . D'#3$ 'b A(=
' W6E= 6$( (#', $ =(& "'6EB 89S . %" 3(4$( ([(
'3" ' E =(#=$3 ! (8 !, (8 3$( 59 5'V=$-
" ! =$6"'6(5 ( - '" =(& ' 5 $4 6$Z 59 4(S'8
4(S ='V'39 3= # 8 8' 3= #$ «5'6(=W(""' "$ =$6-
"'B "'#(». j(4'6( & '3 '4!9 6 6'5 '=#(. %" 3'5 #
56'(#' (3 "5 6(""'#' = 8b$!
196
i= #'B W '4!"EB = 9 (4! 5 '8(3 B"E8 8("(8 O(=-
b S " - 6 4!#$="EB, S6$"4 6EB 5 ?c( "(8(A '#'
=' 5V'M3(" 9. (7 M"' 5 $&$ !, S ' i'5 '(65 B 5 E-
E6$4 5'6(=W(""' $ '4'# S(5 Z "("$6 5 ! "(8A$8,
'49 $8 (6=(98, S ' 6 3"' & (#' 5'S "(" B.) D=( B
?E6W B '3"' 4$55" , ([( '3 " 'b A(=5 B S ", -
D= 3'4Z?'6. 2 &3(5!, 6 3= # V =' &6(3(" 9V i'5 '-
(65 B 654(3 &$ =$3 A (B 18 6. 3$( 56' 8 #(='98 #'-
6'=9[ ( b$8 4 . 7$W S(4'6( & '3 '4!9, 4Z? 6-
W B, $ 8E &"$(8, "$=E6$ !59 "$ '5 '=?4(" 9, =$-
W 6$( , S '?E (#' = #4$5 4 "$ '?(3.
- \"( $M( 59, '? N '8 " ' "( 6 =$6( 5 3 !, - 6'&=$-
& 4 9 5 3='M!Z 6 #'4'5(, 'S"' Y'# &"$( S ' 54 S -
4'5!. - 28(""' ' '8 - ' 9, 8'M( ?E !, ( (=! V'S ,
S ' =(M3( ?E4 "( 6 4$3$V.
197
- 7 , ' 6$5 'B8( ... 6'&6EW(""'5 - 'N ... - 58(V" 459 D= -
3'4Z?'6.
^6(= '6$ ' '='? 4', "' '" "( V' (4 &$8( !.
- 7 - - , $ $ 6$W( 5'3(=M$" (?
198
- <$ '( N ' 5'3(=M$" (?
- D' (5 ! M-M$4'6$"!(?
d M$5"' =$5"(4.
- i'6'4!"', #'5 '3$, 3'6'4!"'! - &$ = S$4 65(64$5 "' ^6(= '6.
199
- i(B5 6 (4!"' #4 ', 8E 5'?=$4 5! 6 3= M(5 'B '8-
$" , S '? ='6'3 ! 6 6'9M 3'?='#' = 9 (49, $ 6E
5S $( (5!, - &$#'6'= 4 D= 3'4Z?'6, #= ?' '?=$[$95!
' 8"( '3"'8 . - >E "$8 5$8 6S(=$ "$ ='5 4 5!, "(
=$55 =$ 6$B ( M( '?[(B #$=8'" ... <...>
200
- %S("! 6$8 ?4$#'3$=(".
- 7( -5, &$ N ' ' ='M( ?!Z ! - 6&6 &#" 4 O(=b S ".
...d ?E4 3' '#' &8 S(", 3' '#' &4'8$", S ' V' ! &$-
=(&$ !59, $ ' '"S !! f 8("9 ?E4$ 4 V'=$3 $; 58'S("-
"E( ' '8 6'4'5E = 5'V4 ' 4? 6 5 $8.
- ;#$! 3 N4!- ' "( 56'B ?=$ ! - 93'6 ' ='W (4 O(=b S ".
201
- %? 3(4 ? >-6E! \ -"9! ^"$B (, 8 4'5 6EB #'5 3$=!,
S ' 6E " '#3$ " = $ V '?5 '9 (4!5 6$V "( 8'-
M( ( 8("9 '? 3( !!
« » (1868)
> «23 ' (» 3(B5 6 ( '4'M (4!"EB #(='B i'5 '(65 '-
#'. a ' - "9&! \EW ", "$3(4(""EB 3'?=' 'B 65(-
='[(" (8, $ 8 '?4$3$4 '3 " 4 W! e= 5 '5. \EW-
" 56(=Vc(5 (5 6(""' S 65 6 (4(": '" S 65 6 ( 65(,
S ' =' 5V'3 5 3= # 8 4Z3!8 , 3$M( (54 V =$&3(-
202
49Z '#='8"E( =$55 '9" 9. D$ '6$ (#' 3 V'6"$9 8 3-
='5 !, '" 8$" ( 5'5 =$3$" ( S M 8 #'=(5 98.
<"9&! \EW " - 5$8$ S 5 ' $, 5 =(""'5 !, ' ='6("-
"'5 !, S ' "( &?(M"' = 6'3 (#' 5 '4 "'6(" 98 5
6"(W" 8 8 ='8, "$5 6'&! 54'6"E8 5 55 6(""E8.
g#' 4Z?9 65(, '#' '" 65 =(S$( "$ 56'(8 , 3$M(
X'#'M ", (#' # ' ( S(5 B ? BA$. C =$5 "' 64Z?-
4(""EB 6 #4$6" Z #(=' "Z, 7$5 $5!Z O 4 '6" ,
=(6" Z[ B (( "9&Z, '" 6 '"A( ='8$"$ 6 5 $( (#'
6 56'B 3'8, #3( '4! ' S ' &$=(&$4 56'Z 6'&4Z?4("" Z,
?4$#'3$=9 8EW "5 'B 3 V'6"'B S 5 ' ( = 8 =9( 59
5 M &"!Z '?=( $( 5 ' '(" ( ' 5 =$5 (B, ? W Z[ V
6 (#' 3 W(.
7( 5 '5'?"EB M(" !59, ' S(8 $6 '= #'6'= ?(& '? "9-
'6, "9&! \EW " (8 "( 8("(( =$&=E6$( 59 8(M3
36 89 M("[ "$8 . %3"$ & " V - ;#4$9, "( '='S"' S 5-
$9, =$5 6$9, 5 =(""99 3(6 W $. %"$ "( V'S( 8 -
= !59 5 ' = M$Z[ 8 8 ='8, 6(="(( - 5' 56'(B S$5 !Z
3'S(= ?'#$ '#' &"$ "'#' S(4'6( $, ' '='B #' '6$"'
6EB &$8 M &$ 8'4'3'#' $= 5 ' =$ $ ='M ! 5 " 8
5S$5 4 6 Z M &"!. ;#4$9 5$8$ "( &"$( , S(#' 8(""' '"$
V'S( , "' '"$ "( 'V'M$ "$ 56' V 5(5 (= 56'Z 5(8!Z,
'"$ «5 8$5W(3W$9» 6 V'='W(8 58E54(, ' i'5 '(65 '8
('" 96"' =(3 'S $( 5 8$5W(3W V 4Z398 "'=8$4!-
"E8). 2"E8 54'6$8 , N ' 4 S"'5 ! « [ [$9», '3 V'-
6'=(""$9. <"9&! \EW " 3' "( ' '='B 5 ( (" ((
8$ ! - (3 "5 6(""E( 4Z3 , ' '=E( '" 8$Z ((, "' (5-
4 ='5 '3 W"$9 8$ ! 4 W! '?(5 ' '("$ (( "( 'V'M(-
5 !Z, ' \EW " S 65 6 ( (( 89 [ Z59 3 W . %" M$-
M3( 5 $5 ((, ' =E6 (=(3 "(B =$6 4!"EB !,
5'#4$W$( 59 M(" !59 "$ "(B.
203
V (4!"$9 , "(58' =9 "$ 56'( $3(" (, "( '3 "'
S 5 $9 7$5 $5!9 O 4 '6"$, '3"$ & (V "(6'&8'M"EV,
6E3 8$""EV, =$&3=$M$Z[ V #(=' "!, ' '=E8 (5 =9
=' &6(3(" 9 i'5 '(65 '#'. >5( S 65 6$ N 'B "( '5 -
M 8'B M("[ "E 6E=$M$Z 59 6 =(6'5V'3"'B 5 ( (" :
3'?=' $, #=(V'6"'5 ! (( ?(5 =(3(4!"E. %"$ '?8$" $
5 $=E8 =$&6=$ " '8, ' '=EB, 53(4$6 (( 56'(B 4Z?'6-
" A(B ='M 6 5 "(Z "(5 '4! ' 4( , ( (=! M(" 59 "$
'=93'S"'B M("[ "(. j '?E &?$6 !59 ' "((, '" ?(&
4 W" V '4(?$" B =(W$( 6E3$ ! 7$5 $5!Z O 4 '6"
&$8 M &$ 56'(#' 5( =( $=9.
204
S '?E '" '?=(4 5S$5 !( 5 ;#4$(B, '" M( "( ' 5 $( ((,
?'95!, $ ?E '"$ "( « '# ?4$» (4Z? 8'( 6E=$M(" (
i'5 '(65 '#'). 7' '#3$ ;#4$9 5 =$ 6$( 5 $"3$4 5 A(-
4!Z '5 '=? ! 7$5 $5!Z O 4 '6" 6 (( 5'?5 6(""'8
3'8(, 7$5 $5!9 O 4 '6"$ "( 6 3 3$4!"(BW V = -
S " M(= 6'6$ ! 5'?'B =$3 5' (=" AE =(W$( 6(&
"9&9 \EW "$ 6 \'5 6 . > '54(3"ZZ 5( "3 5 (-
= S"$9 M("[ "$ 6"'6! 8("9( =(W(" (, "( M(4$9, S '-
?E '" « '# ?» ' (( 6 "(, ?(#$( =98' &- '3 6("A$
5 X'#'M "E8, 8'4'3E8 A'8, ' '=EB ='8$ E6$( 5
"(Z '4! ' S ' '4 S(""'( 5'5 '9" (. <"9&! \EW "
(3( 654(3 &$ " 8 6 \'5 6 . C4(3 Z[ B (= '3 V
M &" 5 5"' 5 =E '3 3E8 'B $ "5 6(""'5 . i'5-
'(65 B "( ' =E6$( S $ (4Z, S ' 8(""' =' 5V'-
3 4' 6 \'5 6(, 4 W! 6=(89 ' 6=(8(" ='"99 8"'#'&"$-
S (4!"E( $ "5 6(""E( "$8( . 2 X'#'M ", "9&!
\EW " 'V6$S("E $ ( S(5 8 5 =$3$" 98 &-&$
7$5 $5! O 4 '6"E, ' '=$9 6(3( 5(?9 65( ?'4((
?(&=$55 3"'. %" 3$M( 5 $"'69 59 ?=$ !98 6' e= 5 (,
'?8("96W 5! "$ (4!"E8 =(5 $8 . D(8 5$8E8 $6 '=
3$( "$8 '"9 !, S ' X'#'M " V'S( ?(=(S!59 ' 5'-
?4$&"$ ? B5 6$ & =(6"'5 .
205
M$""'5 , V'='W(#' '"$ ?(& =(S"EV 8$"(=, "' "'-
#3$ '"$ 6(3( 5(?9, $ =$&c9=(""$9 ' ' $.
« $» (1872)
Y(5E» - ='8$" ' = 55 V (=='= 5 $V, &$8EW49Z[ V
b$ S(5 ? 6$Z[ V '3"'#' & 56' V '6$= [(B. @(-
6$9 = $ '?c96 4$ (#' =($ A '""E8 =' &6(3(" (8.
7' 68(5 ( 5 (8 6 ='8$"( 6 3(4 #4 ?' '( ='" "'6(-
" ( 6 V$=$ (=E 4Z3(B, 5? EV 5 '4 5'?5 6(""E8
3(98 , ' '=E( &$6(4 V 6 =95 " , #3( '" '# ?-
4 . %?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ (B&$M:
«\(4 B, '" B 3'M3! ='" A$4 65Z ' =(5 "'5 !, '-
#4'[$9 659 B ' ?4(5 659 B ' ("' '?=$[$9 65(
6 '3" 3E8" Z, 56 "A'6 Z ?(&=$&4 S" Z 8$55 . i$6"'
M( ?E4 3("!, $ $&$4'5!, 65( ([( "( =$556(4'». (7$ -
=' '54( ? B5 6$ @(?93 "EV.)
206
# . R=(35 $6499 '#' 4 "'#' #(='9, '" =$ ' ' -
5E6$( (#' 6"(W"'5 ! &$ (8 'S " '#3$ "(B "(
6'&6=$[$( 59. D$ M( 6 3 $4'#$V ' 5 5 6 Z =(8$=-
, ' '=E8 '?ES"' '4!& Z 59 3= # ( $6 '=E: $&$-
" 9 "$ M(5 , 6ǭ 4 4Z? Z 3= # Z 3( $4!, V$=$ (-
= & Z[ Z '?5 $"'6 .
207
Z"'5 , ' '=EB 6=$# 5 "$54$M3(" (8 '8 "$4 65Z
(#' M &"!.
208
"E8 349 = 8 6"EV 6 '='5 ( (""EV ='8$"'6 '"-
A$ 18-#' "$S$4$ 19 6.
209
7' M( '"$ = " M3("$ ( ! 5 «Mein Lieber Augustin» 6
'3 " $ . g( &6 $ - ' #4 (BW 8 '?=$&'8 (=(V'-
39 6 «Augustin», '"$ 5 4'"9( 59, '#$5$( . 2&=(3 $
4 W!, ='=E6'8, '54EW 59 ' 9 ! «qu?un sang impur»,
"' ' S$5 M( =('? 3"' (=(5 'S 6 #$3("! B 6$4!5.
%"$ 58 =9( 59 5'6(=W(""': N ' hZ4! O$6=, =E3$Z[ B
"$ #= 3 Y 58$= $ ' 3$Z[ B 65(, 65(... 7' M(
56 =( (( «Augustin»: 54EW$ 59 5 4E( &6 , S 65 -
6 ( 59 ?(&8(="' 6E '( 6', ?(W("5 6' 5$8'V6$4!5 -
6$, =(?'6$" 9 8 44 $=3'6, '" V 5 #$=, W$8 $"5 '#'
&$4'M" '6; «Augustin» (=(V'3 6 "( 5 '6EB =(6».
« , $» (1880)
Y=$ !9 <$=$8$&'6E» - 6(4 '4( "EB = 8(= 3( ( 6-
"'#' M$"=$, ' '=EB i'5 '(65 B '="' =$&=$?$ E6$4
6 3= # V ='8$"$V. X'8$" N ' 34 ""EB (?'4(( 1000
5 =$" A) 4Z?' E "EB. > "(8 8"'#' = 8(S$ (4!"'#',
3$M( "$&6$" 9 #4$6. C ' 5 $&$ !, S ' $6 '= "( '4! '
V'='W' '" 8$( 65Z 6 (6$ '5 ! b$" $5 S"'5 !
56'(B " # , "' $ ? 3 ' 65( 6=(89 '3S(= 6$( ((,
'33=$&" 6$9 S $ (49, 5 '4!& 9 $M3 Z 8(4'S!, S '-
?E '35 (#" ! (#' 4Z?' E 5 6'. i'5 $ 'S"' ?='5 !
V' 9 ?E ?(#4EB 6ǭ "$ '#4$64(" (. <$ 9 M( 5 $&$4,
"$&6$" 9 #4$6 "('?ES"E = 6'39 6 &$8(W$ (4!5 6',
S(4'6( , "(&"$ '8EB 5 ='8$"'8, 8'M( ?E ! 4(# ' 66(-
3(" 6 &$?4 M3(" (, 6''?=$& 6, S ' (=(3 " 8 "( ='8$",
$ 5 '=(( 4 ?=( ' $ '#'- ' N 5A(" = S"'#' 6'3(6 49.
:4$6$ 3: «25 '6(3! #'=9S(#' 5(=3A$. > 5 V$V». :4$6$ 4:
«25 '6(3! #'=9S(#' 5(=3A$. > $"( 3' $V». :4$6$ 5:
«25 '6(3! #'=9S(#' 5(=3A$. «>6(=V 9 $8 ». ^$ (8 6'
6 '='8 '8(, #4$6$ 5: «7$3=E6 6 #'5 "'B», #4$6$ 6:
«7$3=E6 6 &?(», #4$6$ 7: «2 "$ S 5 '8 6'&3 V(». 7( '-
'=E( &$#'4'6 '=$M$Z 5 =$""E8 8("!W (4!"E-
8 : «^$ '"!9S '8». Y'4!W$9 S$5 ! "$&6$" B #4$6 ' -
3$4(""' "( (=(3$( V 5'3(=M$" 9, $ , "$ = 8(=:
«g[( '3"$ '3'=6$""$9 =( $A 9». %" ?(558E54(""E.
2 "$ '"(A, "( ' '=E( #= 6E( &$#'4'6 5 V 3'?='-
3 W"E8 '3 = " 6$" (8 "$3 S $ (4(8 6'5 = " 8$Z 59
$ "$&6$" 9 Z8'= 5 S(5 V =$55 $&'6. @ W! 6 W(5 'B
S$5 , $ " 5 =$""', 5$8'B 54$?'B S$5 " # , "$&6$-
" 9 #4$6 5'' 6( 5 6 Z V 5'3(=M$" Z.
210
D$ '33=$&" 6$9, "$58(W" S$9, V =EB $6 '= "$8(-
=(""' &$64( $( S $ (49. %3"$ ' N ' = (8 "( (3 "-
5 6(""EB. %" 65( 6=(89 6E 5 6$( =$&"''?=$&"E(
5=(35 6$, S '?E ='? 3 ! '33(=M$ ! S $ (4!5 B
" (=(5. R'58' = (, $ '" '?c95"9( "$&6$" ( #'='3$,
#3( 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ ='8$"$ =' 5V'3 (#' 3(B5 6 ( ('"
= 6'3 (#' '4! ' 6 5$8'8 '"A(): «C ' ' = #'"!(65
( $ , 6E, "$&E6$( 59 "$W #'='3' , 9 3'4#' 5 =E6$4 (#'
89)». a $ '5 '9""$9 '#493 $ "$ S $ (49, '#3$ 6 "(8
6 39 , 5 '3"'B 5 '='"E, M(= 6 , 349 ' '='B 5$ (4!
&$#' '6 4 $ $", '3"'6=(8(""' 'V' " $, ' ' '='-
#' 5$ (4! ?(M , ( 499 54(3E, $ &$#"$""EB &$9A, -
$ '( ' "'W(" ( S $ (4Z 5' 5 '='"E 5$ (49 6 $-
'B- ' 8(=( 3( & = 55 'B 4 (=$ ="'B =$3 A .
R W " 6 «g6#(" %"(# "(», :'#'4! 6 «\(= 6EV 3 -
W$V» S$5 ' "(6&"$S$B '?=$[$Z 59 S $ (4Z, '='B 5
&6 "(" (8, '='B 5 ='5!?'B 4 W 'B. 7' '3'?"'(
&$ #=E6$" ( 5 S $ (4(8 $ M( &$ 85 6'6$"' & &$ $3-
"EV ='8$"'6 4 , 6(="((, V =(3W(5 6("" A - #'4'6-
"EV V='" . D$ 6' , 6 4 SW V =$3 A 9V N V V='"
i'5 '(65 B = ?(#$( &$?$6"'8 = (8 : 5 '3S(= -
" 'B ' ='6(""'5 !Z '" 6 5$8'8 "$S$4( 5''?[$( , S '
5'6(=W("' =(5 4(" (. «;4( 5(B O(3'='6 S <$=$8$-
&'6 ?E4 =( ! 8 5E"'8 '8([ $ "$W(#' (&3$ O(3'=$
R$64'6 S$ <$=$8$&'6$, 5 '4! &6(5 "'#' 6 56'( 6=(89...
' =$# S(5 'B (8"'B '"S "( 56'(B...» D$ $9 "$='-
S $9 ' ='6(""'5 ! 5' 5 '='"E $6 '=$ - "( ?'4(( S(8
4 (=$ ="EB = (8, A(4! (#' - 5=$& M( &$ " = #'6$ !
S $ (49 N 'B « =$# S(5 'B (8"'B '"S "'B». <" #$
=(35 $649( 5'?'B S"EB 3( ( 6, 4 V' &$ = S("-
"EB #'4'6"EB ='8$", "' 3(B5 6 ( =$&6'=$S 6$( 59
8(34(""'. 25V'3"$9 5 $A 9 $ '6$. <$=$8$&'6-' (A -
#" 5"EB, =$5 "EB 5 $= , '3"$ & (V "( 6E&E6$Z[ V
5'S 65 6 9 M(= 6, [$ (4!"' "$8(S(""EV =(3 58' = -
(4!"E8 $6 '='8 3( ( 6$ 349 ? B5 6$. f "(#' S( 6(-
=' 5E"'6(B - ='( &$ '""EV '3 " "(&$ '""EB, $M3EB
& ' '=EV 8'# ?E ! ? BA(B. \4$3W B, ?4$#'5 "EB
;4(W$ - 96"' '4'M (4!"EB #(='B, "', = "96 '3"$M-
3E 8 = i'5 '(65 '#' (#' =$6 4$, 8E 8'M(8 3' 5-
!, S ' 3$M( ;4(W$ 5 '5'?(" ?E4 ? ! ' A$ V' 9 ?E
=$3 ?=$ $ i8 = 9, ' '='8 ' "$8(=(""' (=(V'3
3'='# , 4 6"(&$ "' 6'55 $6 =' 6 5 4 &4$, ' '=E(
=(35 $649( ' (A, 4 ' 4Z?'B 3= #'B = S "(. CZ-
211
M( =$&6 6$( 59 $ , S ' S $ (4! 3'4#'( 6=(89 6E" M-
3(" #$3$ !, ' M( ? BA$; ?'4(( '#', 3$M( (=(3 5 -
3'8 =(35 $( "(6 "'6"EB - 5 $=W B 5E" ? '#' i8 -
= B, '#3$ $ "$5 '9[ 8 ? BA(B ' $&E6$( 59 "(&$-
'""'='M3(""EB 5E" <$=$8$&'6$, C8(=39 '6.
212
i$4(( 54(3 ( =$5"'=(S 6$9 b=$&$, 5'5 '9[$9 & 8"'-
M(5 6$ 'S( , ' 9 ! M( 6 4 SW V =$3 A 9V 64( $ (4!-
"EV #'4'6"EV ='8$"'6 4 ='6$6EV 3( ( 6'6. R'-
'8, 54'6"' (=(6(39 3 V, $6 '= 5"'6$ &$V'3 , "' M( 5
3= #'B 5 '='"E. «Y'#, - $ 5$8 \ 9 #'6'= 4 ' '8, -
5 '='M 4 8("9 '#3$». a ' 8'#4' ?E '&"$S$ !, S ' (#'
S '- ' '5 $"'6 4' 6 '54(3"ZZ 8 " , "' "( , 5=$& M(
'54( N 'B b=$&E 5 ' 36'( 'S (, $ &$ " 8 =(34'M(-
" (, 54'6"' ?E 5 4 6$Z[(( =(3E3 [((: « $ =$& 6 '
5$8'( 6=(89 ='5" 459 "$ '3=( 56'(8 ?'4!"'B := #'= B
>$5 4!(6 S». D$ b=$&$ ' Y'#(, 68(5 ' '#' S '?E '&"$-
S$ !, $ 8'#4' ' $&$ !59 6"$S$4(, ? 3 ' $"#(4-
V=$" (4! 6'6=(89 '5 $"'6 4 (#' "$ =(5 4(-
" Z, 8'M( $ M( &"$S ! 4 W! ', S ' Y'# =$&? 3 4
5 $='#' 54 # , S '?E ' 58'# 6 3( ! ' '&"$ ! 3 -
=$Z[(#' ? BA . 2 &3(5! "$4 A' " (=(5"EB 8$"(6=: 5
'B 5$8'B 8 " E, $ i8 = B ?(#$( , 3' (#' $=(5 $
"$ ='6 "A $4!"'B 9=8$= (, #3( '" 3$= 459 6 &$# 4
68(5 ( 5 := W("! 'B (' ? B5 6$ 3' $=(5 $ ='V'3 75
5 =$" A), $6 '= $ 5 =' 5ZM( , S ' 54'6''V' 4 6EB
i8 = B " =$& "( 6E3$( 56'(B "(6 "'6"'5 . Y'4((
'#', '#3$ '" 65 '8 "$( 54 # := #'= 9, ' '='#' '"
3$= 4 (5 '8 , ?E ! 8'M( , 3$M( ? 4, i8 = B "
=$& "( "$&E6$( (#' ' 8(" ; ='5 ' «5 $= », S '
4(# ' 8'M"' ' "(5 ' A . R= (8, 'M$4 B, 54 W '8
5 55 6(""EB, 6E3$Z[ B S=(&8(="'( M(4$" ( $6 '=$
'?8$" ! S $ (49, &$5 $6 6 (#' '6(= ! 6 ', S '
i8 = B ' A( ? BA$.
213
" (, S ' i8 = B ? 4 5(?9 "( 6 5(=3A(, $ 8"'#' 6EW(,
$8, #3( V=$" 4$5! 4$3$" $. a ' 6'5 '8 "$" ( ;4(W
5 $4' (3 "5 6(""E8, V' 9 54$?E8 3' $&$ (4!5 6'8 '-
#', S ' i8 = B 6 5$8'8 3(4( 3'5 $4 3("!# =$"!W(, $
&"$S , 6'&8'M"', "( ? 6$4 ' A$. i= #'( '?5 '9 (4!-
5 6', ' '='( 4(# ' 8'#4' ?E =$&=(W ! 65( 5'8"(" 9
5 $5 i8 = 9, "$S 5 ' #"'= = ( 59 $6 '='8. C8(=39-
'6 = &"$459 26$" , 5=(3"(8 ?=$ , S ' "$5 '9[ B
? BA$ - '" S ' '= 3 (8 =(5 4(" 9 '54 M 4$ 9-
M(4$9 ( (4!" A$. 26$" 3(4$( 65( 6'&8'M"'(, S '?E
5 $5 i8 = 9, '3"$ ' N ' 6$M"(BW(( '?5 '9 (4!5 6'
"$ 5 3( "( '8 "$( 59 " =$& g54 ?E 26$" =$55 $&$4
5 3 ' ( (4!" A(, 5 $"'6 ! 5 " " S(#' "( 5 ' 4'
?E. 7$3' ?E4' 4 W! '58' =( ! (( $ 54(3 ( , 5 $"'-
6 !, (5 ! 4 "$ "(B 54(3E ='6 , 5=$6" ! (( b'=8 5
'S(= $" 98 58(= (4!"'B =$"E ? '#'. 7' N ' "( 53(-
4$"', "(8$4'6$M"EB ='8$V 349 3( ( 6"'#' ='8$"$.
214
59 6 5'6(=W(""' " Z, ?(&M &"("" Z 5 V Z. C 8(=(S-
"E( =' E 6'39 S $ (49 6 #=Z8EB 8 = V'4'3"'#'
85 6'6$" 9, ' " EB #(" (8 5 55 6$.
1828 - 1910
« » (1877)
D'45 'B - "( =(6&'B3(""EB = 55 B ='&$ . %5 $6499 6
5 '='"( (#' =(3W(5 6("" '6 R W "$ @(=8'" '6$,
65(V 6(4 V = 55 V 5$ (4(B 8'M"' 6E5 =' ! 6 $-
'B '54(3'6$ (4!"'5 : (=6EB - D'45 'B, 6 '='B - :'-
#'4!, =( B - j(V'6, S( 6(= EB - D =#("(6;. R'V'M( "$
6E 5 "'B 5 5' , =$& 8(( 59, i'5 '(65 B C$4 E-
'6-}(3= " 5' 56' 8 " & 8 'A(" $8 "( '4 S 4
?E 8("9 'V6$4!"EV 4 5 '6.
215
# "$4!"'5 ! '?[(S(4'6(S(5 B 58E54, S ' '"' ' ='-
5 6E (5" 4' (#' S(" (. > 5 ["'5 , D'45 '#'-
8E54 (49 65(#3$ &$" 8$4 4 W! 36( (8E: h &"!
C8(= !. ; N V (8 "( &?(M " '3 " V 3'M" .
***
216
M( =$(8 #4$&$ "( '58(( &$#49" ! 6 8'Z 4 S" Z
M &"!. 7' 6' S ' 9 3'4M(" 5 $&$ !. ^4'=$3"'( 5'5 =$-
3$" ( i'5 '(65 '#', (#' '(" ( M$4'5 !Z " M(""E8
'5 '=?4(""E8 - 65( N ' ?E4 6 '"A( '"A'6 '3"
4 W! N8'A , $ $ '5'?$9 =$&"'6 3"'5 ! 8=$S"'#' V= -
5 $"5 6$, ' '= Z '" 5 '6(3'6$4, " S ! "( 8(W$4$
(8 6(5 M &"!, 6(5!8$ 3$4( Z ' (#' 3($4'6. D'4-
5 'B M(, $ (#' =(35 $6 (4! @(6 ", "$ =' 6, ?E4
'=#$" S(5 "(5 '5'?(" 53(4 ( 5 5'6(5 !Z - M(5 ' '
5 =$3$4, '#3$ M 6' "'( "$S$4' 6=(8(""' '?(M3$4'
3 V'6"'(.
217
="EV '?4$ '6, 8'=$4 5 '8, 6(=M3$6W 8, S ' V -
3'M(5 6(""EB 6E8E5(4 #=(V'6(", $ 5 55 6' ?(&"=$6-
5 6(""', - ?'=!?$ N $ W4$ 6 '3"'8 '8 M( S(4'6( (.
C'S "99 4 , =' '6(3 9 4 , D'45 'B =6$459 "$ (=( '=
65(8 5 "(. > «;""( <$=(" "'B» '" 6'5 '4!&'6$459
'3" 8 8( '3'8, 6 =' '6(39V - 3= # 8, "', 5 '4! ?E
'"S(""E8 " ?E4' (#' 5 55 6' 5 S"E8 (#' 6'&-
&=(" 9, =$63$, ' '= Z '" $ 8 S (4!"' 5 $4 '-
='B S 3'8 "$V'3 4 =98' 5(?9 '3 "'#$8 , ?(& '#'
65(#3$ ?E4$ 5 " 8, ?' D'45 'B-V 3'M" ?E4 N 'B
=$63'B. \("9 58 [$( 4 W! ', S ', 5 '4 " 6W 5! 5
N 'B =$63'B, '" "( 65(#3$ &"$6$4 6 "(B 5(?9. \"(
"=$6 59 '3"$ 5 '= 9: '3"$M3E '3 5 $='5 !, "("$5 -
"E8 3"(8, M( 3$6"E8-3$6"' (=(5 $6 5'S "9 !, '"
6&94 $ Z- ' " # , =$5 =E4 (( "$ #$3, &$ " (=(5'6$4-
59, 64( 59 , 61" 6 "$ '?4'M , 5 3 64(" (8 ='-
S(4: «;""$ <$=(" "$» @!6$ D'45 '#'.
218
3 4 5 "(( 8" 8'-&$#$3'S"'#' 6ǭ$, V' 9 S 3 4'5!,
S ' '" 'S$='6$" ?4( 4E8 3( '=$A 98 M &" . D'45 'B
W(4 5 "( "$ ='4'8, 5 4'" 6 #'4'6 5M$6 4$ ,
= V'3 4 ' '3"'M Z =(5 $, ' 5'?5 6(""'8
56'(8 '3"'M Z.
***
C$8'( 4Z?' E "'( 5'5 ' 6 '8, S ' D'45 'B 3'6'4!"'
"(?=(M"' '?=$[$( 59 5 '?c( 6"E8 6=(8("(8. >" 8$-
(4!"E( S $ (4 &$8( 4 , S ' 6 «>'B"( 8 =(» 3(
=$5 4 54 W '8 ?E5 =', 4 54 W '8 8(34(""', $
M(, $ 6 «\(= 6EV 3 W$V», #3(, "(58' =9 "$ = 5 $4!-
"'( 6" 8$" ( :'#'49 '5 Z8$8 #(='(6, j S '6 6 =$&-
#$= 4( $ =$&# 4 6$( 6 8(36(M!(B W ?(. > «;""( <$=(-
" "'B» $6 '=$ ' 3(4' &$"'5 "$ 5 '4!& 'B 3'='#(
6=(8(" . 7' N 8(4 ( ='8$V " S ! "( 8(W$Z D'4-
5 '8 (=(3$ ! (#' V'3, 5$8 (#' 5 ["'5 !, 5 '4! 5'-
219
&6 S" Z S $ (4!5 '8 6'5 = 9 Z. YE4 3= # ( -
5$ (4 , ' ='6(""' 5 =(8 6W (59 (=(3$ ! N ' 36 M(-
" (: $ , R= 5 = 6'3 #(='9 ='8$"$ «> ' 5 $V =$-
S(""'#' 6=(8(" » "$ '54(3" B 56( 5 B '?(3, ' ,
6 39 56' V &"$ '8EV 6 5(=EV $= $V, 63= # '" 8$( ,
S ' 5(=E( $= - ='5 ' 5(3E( 6'4'5E, S ' N 4Z3
5'5 $= 4 5!, ' $ '" (W(5 6'6$4 6 #4 ?! 56'(B $89-
. 24 '?=$ (, "$ = 8(=, 6" 8$" (, $ iM(B85
iM'B5 '?V'3 59 5 6=(8("(8 6 «f4 55(», '#3$ Y4 8
5 $( 4'S' ? 8$# ' 8'5 $ 8'5 6" & ' @ bb -
& 3 ?4 "5 'B ? V E 6 ' ($" 6(S"'5 . 7' 3$M( N -
5$ (4 "( 3'? 6$Z 59 '#', S(#' 3'5 #$( D'45 'B, (-
=(3$6$9 (S(" ( 6=(8(" $ ?E "(6&"$S$B, 8 8'V'3'8.
>=(89 " V (S( 4 8(34(""((, 4 ?E5 =((, S(8 W4
S$5E 6$W(#' 3(3$, - N ' 6=(89 « ' R= 5 » 4 « '
iM'B5 », $ "( '?ES"'(, "'=8$4!"'( S(4'6(S(5 '( 6=(-
89, ' '='( 3$6$4'5! (=(3$ ! D'45 '8 . 7( 3 6 (4!-
"' 'N '8 , S ' 'M 4E( 4Z3 6 X'55 , ?(5(3 9 &$ 6(-
S(=" 8 S$(8, #'6'=9 ' #(='9V D'45 '#' $ ' 5'6(=W("-
"' =($4!"EV 4Z39V, 'V'M V "$ V &"$ '8EV, ? 3 ' '"
6 =98! $"A(6$4 "$ ?$4 5 < , ;""'B 4 7$ $W(B
4 '?(3$4 5 %?4'"5 8 6 (#' 4Z? 8'8 =(5 '=$"(. j -
$ (498 D'45 'B $M( 59 6(4 $"'8 6'65( "( ' '8 ,
S ' 3= # ( 5$ (4 =93'8 5 " 8 $=4 , $ ' '8 , S '
'" 65(#3$ 5 ' 6='6("! 5 "$8 , 3( 5 "$8 6 "'# , " -
'#' "( '?#'"99 "$ V'3 . e' 9 D'45 'B '5 '9""' = -
5 5 6 ( 6 " #(, '5 '9""' 6 '=#$( 59 6 M &"! (=5'-
"$M(B '?=$[$( 59 S $ (4Z, 6 (V &"$8(" EV #4$-
6$V, ' '=E( 5S $Z 59 (#' W(3(6=$8 , '" "(6 3 8 -
S(#' $ 5 '6' =(?'6$4 ' 5$ (49 O4'?(=, #'6'=9,
S ' 3($4!"EB $6 '= 3'4M(" ?E ! "(&$8( "E8 6 " #(
6 ' M( 6=(89 6(&3(5 [ 8, $ D6'=(A 6' >5(4(""'B.
R'N '8 "$5 ' 3(4' 6'&" $( '[ [(" (, ? 3 ' ='-
8$" D'45 '#' 5$8 5(?9 W( 6'5 =' &6'3 5(?9 &
5(?9 M(, & 5'?5 6(""'B 4' , $ "( ='M3$( 59 '3 (-
='8 M 6'#' S(4'6( $, 6'39[(#' 8 ' ? 8$#(, ' '5 $-
"$64 6$95! &$S(= 6$9 54'6', ' 5 39 6 &$3 8S 6'5
4 'S(5E6$9 &$='5W B [( "'B '3?'='3' .
220
3'6'4!"' S$5 ', '#3$ "$ =' 9M(" 8"'# V, 96"' '-
?'S"EV 5 =$" A '?c95"9( 59, S ' $ "$8 54(3 ( 3 -
8$ ! ' '8 4 "'8 '6'3 4 S ', = 8(= , 3 -
8$( 5$8 D'45 'B ' 6'B"(, 8 =( 5(4!5 '8 V'&9B5 6(,
S$=E (#' 54$?(Z "$S "$( $&$ !59, S ' =(4(5 "E(
"'6E( &"$ '8E(, 5 $6W ( M( S$5 A(B "$W(B M &" ,
63= # ' "9 E "$5, 36(=! &$ (= $ "( ' ='( 59 3' (V
'=, ' $ 6(4 S$6EB $6 '= "( &$6(=W '8 (4!"'#'
(= '3$ "( &4'M "$8 56'Z 'S &=(" 9 "$ ?=$ ,
7$ '4('"$, 5(4!5 '( V'&9B5 6' 4 "( =$5 '4 ( 56' V
N S(5 V =(4 # '&"EV 6'&&=(" B. 7$ = 8(=, 6 " #(
=$&? =$Z 59 5(4!5 'V'&9B5 6(""E( 6' ='5E, 5 $M(8, 6
569& 5 " (=(5$8 @(6 "$, =$B"( 5 S"E( 349 "'-
5 =$"A(6, 6=93 4 6E ? 3( ( 6" $ ! 6 " V 5 '4! '-
" ? 3! #4 ?' '. D'45 'B-V 3'M" 3' 5 $( 'W ? ,
3(499 8 5 '4! ' 5 =$" A, (8 ?'4(( S ' '" (5"' 569-
&$"E 5 ' =(3(4(""E8 5 '= S(5 8 ' =(& '8 5'?5 -
6(""E8 3(98 D'45 '#', ' '=E( 8("94 5! 5' 6=(8(-
"(8 ?E5 =' 5 $=(4 . C(4!5 '( V'&9B5 6' "( 6E&E6$(
"$5 '#' =( ( $, $ (=(M 6$" 9 "$5 ='(" 9 ;""E
4 < ..<...>
***
221
> &"$8(" 'B 5A("(, '#3$ <$=(" " 65 =(S$( (( "$ (-
(=? =#5 '8 6' &$4(, '"$ 63= # &$8(S$( , $ '=S$
"(#' W . X$"!W( '"$ " '#3$ "( '?=$[$4$ "$ " V 6" -
8$" 9, ' '8 S ' " '#3$ "( '#493E6$4$ (#' = S(-
5 , '" ?E4 "(' c(84(8'B S$5 !Z 'B M &" , ' '= Z
'"$ ?(&'#'6'='S"' = " 8$4$. D( (=! 65( &8(" 4'5!.
g( 5 =$5 ! >='"5 '8 - ' ' ?(4'#' 56( $, 6 ' '='8
(( =(M" B 8 = 6 3 59 (B 8(= 6E8 (B&$M(8 "$ 6E-
8(=W(B 4$"( (.
;""$ "( '?ES"$9 M("[ "$, "( ='5 ' '?=$&(A M("5 -
6(""'5 , N ' "$ =$ #4 ?' $9, '4"$9 5'5=(3' 'S(""'#'
5(=!(&"'#' "=$65 6(""'#' S 65 6$, 65( 6 "(B &"$S -
(4!"' #4 ?' ', 6 '8 S 54( (( 4Z?'6!. %"$ "( 8'M(
6(5 36'B" Z M &"!, 6 ' 4 S ( ' 3= #'B #(=' " ='-
8$"$, "9# " Y( 5 . g( =$63 6$9 5 =$5 "$9 "$ =$
"( 3' 5 $( '?8$"$ $B". %"$ " S ! "( 'V'M$ "$
a88 Y'6$= , ='6 "A $4!" Z b$" $&(= , 5(" 8("-
$4!" Z =$5 " A , ='? =$Z[ Z59 63'4! '5E $Z-
[ V59 5 (" '5 (498 S(=(3 Z[ V59 4Z?'6" '6. ;""$
' 3$( >='"5 '8 65Z M &"!, =(W$( 59 =$55 $ !59 5
'?'M$(8E8 5E"'8 - "(58' =9 "$ (=&$" 9, ' '=EV (B
N ' 5 ' - (&M$( 5 >='"5 8 5"$S$4$ 6 2 $4 Z, '-
'8 - 6 (#' 8(" ( 6 k(" =$4!"'B X'55 , V' 9 N $ «' -
=E $9» 569&! 3(4$( (( ?(&"=$65 6(""'B M("[ "'B 6
#4$&$V ?(&"=$65 6(""'#' 56( $. (> ' =(3(4(""'8 58E54(
' "(B 8'M"' 5 $&$ !, S ' '"$ '5 [(5 6 4$ 8(S a88E,
' '=$9 V' (4$ 5?(M$ ! 5 X'3'4!b'8, "' a88$ "( &"$(
8 =$55 $6$" 9 5 5E"'8, N 'B 8$4("! 'B M("[ "(
"(6(3'8E #=E&(" 9 5'6(5 .) <'"S$( 59 (8, S ' ;""$
>='"5 B 6'&6=$[$Z 59 6 #'='3. @ A(8(="'( '?[(5 -
6' W' ='6$"' "( 5 '4! ' (( 569&!Z, 5 '4! ' '4"E8
=("(?=(M(" (8 56( 5 8 = 4 S 98.
> ' 6=(89 $ ;""$ "(5( "$ 5(?( 65Z 9M(5 ! '?[(5 -
6(""'#' "(#'3'6$" 9 ('"$ " M("$ '5 '=?4("$, =$5-
' $"$ «=$&3$64("$»), >='"5 B, 8 MS "$ "( 'S("!
#4 ?' B, ?(&3$="EB 6' 65(8, "' 56( 5 B, '4! ' 6E #-
=E6$( ' 5 $"3$4$, (#' = #4$W$Z '65Z3 , '" = -
M 59 6 6 V=( 56( 5 'B M &" , 65 =(S$( 59 5 ?E6W 8
3= &!98 , (#' =(35 $649Z 6"(W"( = 4 S"E8 3$8$8,
' '=E( "$ 8 " "( '5 $" 59 =93'8 5 ' '&'=(""'B
;""'B. %" 65( ([( 4Z? ;"" , "' '3S$5 (#' 9"(
222
5 '= 56( 5 8 =$&64(S(" 98, 6=(89 ' 6=(8(" '"
"( ' $&E6$( 5(?( 6 " V. ;""$ 5 '4 '6E6$( N 8(4-
( &8("E $ &"$ (#' 'V4$M3(" 9 "(B. %"$ S 65 -
6 ( , S ' 8'M( ' (=9 ! (#'.
223
X93'8 5 N 8 #4$6"E8 #(='98 3(B5 6 Z 3= # ( (=-
5'"$M . C 6$ %?4'"5 B, 4(# '8E54(""EB, " S(8"EB
?=$ ;""E; (#' M("$ i'44 , ='M3(""$9 }(=?$A $9,
3'?=$9, 5(=!(&"$9, 55 =$3$6W$959 M("[ "$, '3"$ &
3($4!"EV #(=' "! D'45 '#', 659 M &"! ' '='B ' 3$"$
3( 98 "(5"'5"'8 8 M ; 5(8!9 }(=?$A V, '3"$ &
5 $= ""EV 8'5 '65 V $= 5 ' =$ S(5 V b$8 4 B;
8$ ! >='"5 '#' A(4$9 #$4(=(9 =(35 $6 (4(B ( (=-
? =#5 '#' 56( 5 '#' '?[(5 6$. R( (=? =#5 B 56( =(& '
' 4 S$( 59 ' 8'5 '65 '#'. \'5 6$ - 3'?=EB, 3'8$W" B,
4(" 6EB, $ = $=V$4!"EB, 5 $=EB #'='3, R( (=? =# -
&E5 $""$9, V'4'3"$9, 'b A $4!"$9, 8'3"$9 5=$6" -
(4!"' 8'4'3$9 5 '4 A$, #3( 9 5$8 ='3 459 30 4( 5 5-
9. <'"(S"', "(4!&9 &$?E ! ' <$=(" "(, 8 M( #4$6"'B
#(=' " , 5 V'8, 3'?=' '=93'S"'8 #'5 '3 "(, M(5 ' '8
6 56' V V'4'3"EV 3'?='3( (49V, 3($4!"'8 #'5 3$=5 -
6(""'8 54 M$[(8, '5"'8 ?Z=' =$ (, 4 A(8(=( =$-
"(, 'V' "' = " 8$Z[(8 '33(4!" Z 8'=$4! 56'(#'
= #$. > "E( 8 " E '" 5 '5'?(" "$ 3'?=E( '=E6E,
"$ W =' B M(5 , "' ?E5 =' &$?E6$( '? N '8 =$3
" V "( 8'M( '5 !59 56'(B $=!(='B. f '5 (4
;""E, ([( "( ' =$6 6W(B59 '54( ='3'6 6(=(""'B 6
?4 & 'B 58(= ( ' '=$9, '3"$ ', (( 8 " ( ), <$=(" "
='[$( >='"5 '#' 'M 8$( (8 = 5 5 ""E8
V= 5 $"5 8 58 =(" (8 6(4 '3 W (8. >5 '=( '"
' 9 ! &8(" 59, 5 $"( V'4'3"E8 "( = 6( 4 6E8, "'
6 N ' 8 # ?4 &'5 ! 58(= 65( 8("9( , 6 #4 ? "( 3 W
;""$ 4Z? (#' $ M(, $ >='"5 '#': '?' V &'6
;4( 5(98 , '?$ '" 5"9 59 (B 6' 5"( $ 5 " ((
M &" . g#' 5 =(""'5 ! 3'?=' $ ='349 59 "(3'4#',
'#3$ <$=(" " ' E $( 59 3'? !59 =$&6'3$ ( ' '=EB
"( 'S("! &8(" 4 ?E (#' M &"!, "' $ 8"'#' &"$S 349
;""E) 63= # 5 '4 "( 59 5 "( = 9 "E8 '54'M"(" 98 ,
'" ='5 '-"$ ='5 ' ' $M( 59 3(B5 6'6$ ! 3$4!W(, "
"$ 8 " "( &$3 8$6W 5! ' '8, S ' &"$S 349 ;""E
(#' ' $&. Y'4(( '#', '" "$V'3 3'6'4!5 6 ( 6 56'(B
=$6(3"'5 .
224
65( "( $, S ' 6ES $( "(?=(M"EB S $ (4!. \'=$4! "(
6 '8, S ' ;""$ 3'4M"$ 4$ ! &$ &8(" 8 M (6 &-
6(5 "'8 58E54( $ 8'M"' 5b'=8 4 ='6$ ! 8'=$4!, 4(-
M$[ Z "$ 5$8'8 3"( «\$3$8 Y'6$= »). i(4' "( 6 N '8,
'"(S"', 6 '4"( 'S(6 3"', 'S(8 : '5 $"!59 ;""$ 5
8 M(8, 8(4' 5 =E6 ' 56( $ 56'Z &8(" , (B "( = -
W4'5! ?E 4$ ! &$ "(( " 5S$5 !(8, " M &"!Z. ;""$
"$ $&$"$ "( &$ 56'B #=(V ('"$ 8'#4$ ?E M ! 5 8 M(8
3$4!W(), "( &$ "$= W(" ( '?[(5 6(""EV "'=8, 6(5!8$
6=(8(""EV, $ 65( 54'6"'5 , "( 8(Z[ V " S(#'
'?[(#' 5 6"(6=(8(""E8 , 6(S"E8 &$ '"$8 8'=$4 .
D$ 6 S(8 M( '#3$ "=$65 6(""EB 58E54 ='8$"$? \E
4(#S( 'B8(8 (#', (54 '58' = 8 "$ 3= # Z 4 " Z " -
# 5=$6" 8 5 '= Z @(6 "$ - < 5 5 '= (B >='"-
5 '#' - ;""E. h(" !?$ @(6 "$ '5"'6$"$ "$ 8( $b & -
S(5 '8, $ "( b & S(5 '8 =(35 $64(" ' 4Z?6 , "$ #'-
'6"'5 5$8' 'M(= 6'6$" Z, "$ 6&$ 8"'8 6$M(" .
C'Z& ;""E >='"5 '#' '5"'6$" 4 W! "$ b & S(5 'B
4Z?6 ' '8 '?=(S(". 7$ (=6EB 6ǭ 8'M( ' $-
&$ !59, S ' '?[(5 6' ' $=$4' ;"" &$ 4Z?'6! S(4'-
6( , ' '=EB "( ?E4 (B 8 M(8. <'"(S"', $ '#' ='3$
«8'=$4!» 5'6(=W(""' «$8'=$4!"$», "( #'6'=9 M( ' V -
3'M(5 6(""'B "(3'5 '6(="'5 , 6(3! 3= # V =(35 $-
6 (4!" A 56( $, '#' M( 6E5W(#' '?[(5 6$ 5 '4! '
#'3"' 4Z?'6"EV 569&(B, '4! ' $B"EV, « '3 (8"'B
6 $4!Z». (>5 '8" ( 5 "ZZ 6 $4! a88E 6' 6=(89 ((
='# 4 5 X'3'4!b'8 S(=" Z 6 $4! 6' 6=(89 56 3$-
" 9 5 @('"'8.) 7' S(5 "$9 "(5S$5 "$9 ;""$ "( "$3(6$(
N 'B 6 $4 , S '?E 5 =E ! '?8$". ^$ '"E '?[(5 6$ 6=(-
8(""E, D'45 '#' M( " (=(5 Z 6(S"E( ='?4(8E. 2 6'
(#' "$5 '9[ B "=$65 6(""EB 6E6'3: 4Z?'6! "( 8'M(
?E ! '4! ' b & S(5 'B, ?' '#3$ '"$ N#' 5 S"$, $
N#' 5 S"$9 4Z?'6! "( 5'& 3$( , $ =$&= W$( . ^"$S ,
'"$ #=(V'6"$. D'45 'B-V 3'M" 5 = 5 [(B (8 5 4'B
'?=$&"'#' 6 3(" 9 5=$6" 6$( 36( 4Z?6 , 5 $69 V =9-
3'8 =' 6' '5 $6499 3= # 3= # : b & S(5 Z 4Z?'6!
>='"5 '#' ;""E (?!Z[ Z59 6 5 $V 5 4!"'B S 65 -
6(""'5 , "' '?=(S("" Z ?(&3 V'6" Z) '34 "" Z,
5 ""' V= 5 $"5 Z ( $ (( "$&E6$( D'45 'B) 4Z-
?'6! @(6 "$ < , 'M( S 65 6("" Z, "' = N '8 5-
'4"("" Z #$=8'" , S 5 ' E, 5$8'' 6(=M(""'5 ,
"(M"'5 , =$63E 5(8(B"'#' 5'#4$5 9.
225
a #=$b & Y ?4 : «\"( ' 8[(" (, ;& 6'&3$8» (#'-
6'= :'5 '3!). «R'54$" ( X 849"$8», #4. 12, 5 . 19.
j ' N ' &"$S ? >'- (=6EV, '?[(5 6' "( 8(4' =$6$
5 3 ! ;"" , 6'-6 '=EV, ;""$ "( 8(4$ =$6$ "$ $&E-
6$ ! >='"5 '#', 5'6(=W$9 5$8' ? B5 6'.
***
226
5 '8 V'&9B5 6(. i(B5 6 ( ='8$"$ "$S "$( 59 6 b(6=$4(
1872 #. ='3'4M$( 59 3' Z"9 1876 #.: ='V'3 6 '?-
[(B 54'M"'5 S( E=( 5 '4'6 "'B #'3$. %"' (=(8(-
[$( 59 & \'5 6E 6 R( (=? =# =$&6 6$( 59 6 S( E=(V
'8(5 !9V ( '8(5 !( 5 $='B #=$b " >='"5 'B '3 \'-
5 6'B $ M( #=$( ' =(3(4("" Z ='4! 6 " #(, V' 9 8E
(#' " =$& "( 6 3 8).
227
S$B"' 5'W(3W (59 4Z3 ?'4(( 569&$"E 8(M3 5'?'B,
S(8 '" , S4("E 5(8! 3'8'S$3AE %?4'"5 V. h("$ "(
6EV'3 4$ & 56' V '8"$ , 8 M$ =( B 3("! "( ?E4'
3'8$. i( ?(#$4 ' 65(8 3'8 , $ ' (=9""E(; $"#-
4 S$" $ '55'= 4$5! 5 N '"'8 'B "$ 5$4$ &$ 5
= 9 (4!" A(, ='59 = 5 $ ! (B "'6'( 8(5 '; '6$=
W(4 6S(=$ 5' 36'=$, 6' 6=(89 5$8'#' '?(3$; S(="$9 -
V$= $ S(= ='5 4 =$5S( $.
«i$, 3$, $ N ' ?E4'? - 3 8$4 '", 65 '8 "$9 5'". - i$,
$ N ' ?E4'? i$! ;4$? " 3$6$4 '?(3 6 i$=8W $3 (;
"( , "( 6 i$=8W $3 (, $ S '- ' $8(= $"5 '(. i$, "' $8
i$=8W $3 ?E4 6 ;8(= (. i$, ;4$? " 3$6$4 '?(3 "$
5 ( 49""EV 5 '4$V, 3$, - 5 '4E (4 : Il mio tesoro,
"( Il mio tesoro, $ S '- ' 4 SW(, $ (- ' 8$4("! (
#=$b "S , '" M( M("[ "E».
228
= ='3 C 6E S(=(& = &8 (#' 5"$. a ' 5 '5'? =(3-
5 $6 ! %?4'"5 '#': 8E &"$ '8 859 5 " 8 S(=(& (#' 5'".
2 ([( 5'" 5 8$4("! 8 'Z[ 8 M("[ "$8 ? 3( =$-
& (4!"' "( 'V'M "$ 5'" 5 ?'=8'S [ 8 8 M S '8, '-
'=EB = 5" 59 ;""( >='"5 '8 .
***
- >' $ !
229
- ;V, N ' <$=(" " ? - 5 $&$4 >='"5 B.
- 7' ;4( 5(9 ;4( 5$"3='6 S$, 8'(#' &"$8(" '#' &9 9, 6(="',
&"$(W!. g#' 6(5! 8 = &"$( .
230
«...63= # "(5 '4! ' S(4'6( 5 5 #$""E8 4 A$8 ='-
?(M$4 8 8'. R='?(M$4 "$S$4!" 5 $"A 6 56'(B
"('?E "'6(""'#' A6( $ b =$M (. (j(="'B =$5"'B.)
%S(6 3"', S '- ' 54 S 4'5! "('?E "'6(""'(». %" &-
"$Z , S ' 5 '='M ?E4 ' 4 !9", ' 4 54 W '8 &$ $"
' 5 4!"'#' 8'='&$, "( 54EW$4 3 [(#' "$&$3 '(&3$,
(#' =$&3$6 4'. ;""$ 5 =$W 6$( , "(4!&9 4 S '-
" ? 3! 53(4$ ! 349 63'6E - "(#' ?'4!W$9 5(8!9;
>='"5 B 61" 4 "$ "(( 5 $&$4 8$ (= , S ' '" 5 '='
6(="( 59. R' '8 8E &"$(8, S ' '" (=(3$4 200 = ?4(B
349 5(8! '# ?W(#'. (%?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ &$8(W-
$6W(#'59 5 '='M$. a $ 58(= ! 5'(3 "9( 5 3!?E ;""E
>='"5 '#'. >5( N '3='?"'5 "('?V'3 8E 349 '-
" 8$" 9 V 36'B"'#' 5"$.)
- >' 58(= !- ' M$5"$9! - 5 $&$4 $ 'B- ' #'5 '3 ", ='V'39
8 8'. - :'6'=9 , "$ 36$ 5 $.
- j ' 5 '?'B, ;""$? - 5 ='5 4 '", '#3$ '" ' c(V$4 "(5 '4! '
5' 5$M(".
231
='# 6 6$#'"(. %"$ 5(4$ "$ 56'B 3 6$"S , =93'8 5 ;"-
" W 'B ((( #'=" S"$9), '#493(4$5! 6 '4 56( ( 5 $4!-
"'#' 6$#'"$. «C4$6$ Y'# , &$6 =$ 6 M C(=(M ;4( -
5(9 ;4( 5$"3='6 S$, 'B3( 8'9 M &"!, V'='W$9
= 6ES"$9, '-5 $='8 ».
232
V' (4'5! #'6'= ! N =(S!; S $4$ 4 '"$ ' '8, $
4(3 \(= (V$4$ 6(=V'8 &$ 5 $(B 3=$&" 4$ "(6(5
3 6494$ 65(V 56'(Z 58(4'5 !Z, (B V' (4'5! N ' 3(4$ !
5$8'B. 7' 3(4$ ! "(S(#' ?E4', '"$, (=(? =$9 56' 8
8$4("! 8 = $8 #4$3 B "'M S( , 5 4 6$4$5! S -
$ !. (YE4$ 4 '"$ V'='W 8 S $ (4(8 5 "$W(B 'S
&=(" 9? 7( "$ '8 "$( 4 (( 5' (=(M 6$" ( '8 , S '
=' 5V'3 6 " #(, 3= # Z #(=' "Z, a88 ?)
233
6 "S 6$Z[ (59 '4EW . %"$ S 65 6'6$4$, S ' #4$&$ ((
=$5 =E6$Z 59 ?'4!W( ?'4!W(, S ' $4!AE "$ = $V
"'#$V "(=6"' 36 M 59, S ' 6 #= 3 S '- ' 3$6 3EV$-
"!( S ' 65( '?=$&E &6 6 N '8 '4(?4Z[(859 '-
4 8=$ ( 5 "('?ES$B"'Z 9= '5 !Z '=$M$Z ((. 7$ "((
?(5 =(5 $""' "$V'3 4 8 " E 5'8"(" 9, 6 (=(3 4
(3( 6$#'", 4 "$&$3 (5=$6" ( N ' 6E=$M(" ( 5 6$M-
"'B 8( $b'='B 6 =$55 $&( «C8(= ! 26$"$ 24! S$»), 4
6'65( 5 ' . ;"" W $ 4 '34( "(( 4 S M$9? «j '
$8, "$ = S (, W ?$ 4 N ' 4 &6(=!? 2 S ' 5$8$ 9 ?
d 5$8$ 4 3= #$9?» gB 5 =$W"' ?E4' ' 3$6$ !59 N '8
&$?E !Z. 7' S '- ' 6 9# 6$4' 6 "(#', '"$ ' =' &6'-
4 8'#4$ ' 3$6$ !59 (8 6'&3(=M 6$ !59. %"$ '3"9-
4$5!, S '? ' '8" !59, ' " 4$ 4(3 5"94$ (4(= "
( 4'#' 4$ !9. 7$ 8 " '"$ ' '8" 4$5! '"94$, S '
6'W(3W B V 3'B 8 M 6 34 ""'8 "$" '6'8 $4! ', "$
' '='8 "(3'5 $6$4' #'6 AE (([( '3 " W = V 6 ((
"$5 ='(" ), ?E4 5 ' " , S ' '" 58' =(4 "$ (=8'-
8( =, S ' 6( (= 5"(# 6'=6$4 5! &$ " 8 6 36(=! (54$?EB
"$8( ); "' ' '8 ' 9 ! 65( 58(W$4'5!... \ M N ' ...
= "9459 #=E& ! S '- ' 6 5 ("(, 5 $= W $ 5 $4$ =' 9-
# 6$ ! "'# 6' 65Z 34 " 6$#'"$ "$ '4" 4$ (#' S(=-
"E8 '?4$ '8; ' '8 S '- ' 5 =$W"' &$5 = (4' &$5 -
S$4', $ ? 3 ' =$&3 =$4 '#'- ' ('?=$ ( 6" 8$" (
"$ N ' '4 5'"); ' '8 =$5"EB '#'"! '54( 4 #4$&$,
' '8 65( &$ =E4'5! 5 ("'B. ;""$ 'S 65 6'6$4$, S '
'"$ ='6$4 4$5!. 7' 65( N ' ?E4' "( 5 =$W"', $ 6(5(4'.
:'4'5 ' $""'#' ('?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ N ' W = V)
&$"(5(""'#' 5"(#'8 S(4'6( $ =' = S$4 S '- ' (B "$3
V'8. %"$ '3"94$5! ' '8" 4$5!; '"$ '"94$, S '
'3c(V$4 5 $"A S ' N ' ?E4 '"3 '=. %"$ '-
='5 4$ ;"" W '3$ ! (B ' 9 ! 5"9 Z (4(= "
4$ ' , "$3(4$ V "$ =$6 4$5! 36(= .
234
5 4'""E = 5E6$ ! 964(" 98 = ='3E S(4'6(S(5 (
56'B5 6$), =$3'5 "' &$56 5 $4 V' (4 '3V6$ ! "(-
5 ((, "' '"$ 5 4!"'B = 'B 6&94$5! &$ V'4'3"EB 5 '4-
? , = 3(=M 6$9 4$ !(, 5 5 4$5! "$ 4$ b'=8
&$W4$ &$ 6$#'". >( (= ?E4 5 4(" "$ =E4(S (, "$ 4$ -
b'=8( &$ 6$#'"$8 ?E4' &$ W!(».
235
...2, 6&96W 5! = 'B &$ V'4'3"EB 5 '4? , '"$ '3"9-
4$5! "$ 5 ("! ?E5 =' 6'W4$ 6 5(" 6$#'"$. <...>
> R( (=? =#(, '4! ' S ' '5 $"'6 459 '(&3 '"$ 6E-
W4$, (=6'( 4 A', '?=$ 6W(( (( 6" 8$" (, ?E4' 4 A'
8 M$. «;V, Y'M( 8'B! ' S(#' "(#' 5 $4 $ ( W ?» -
'3 8$4$ '"$, #4939 "$ (#' V'4'3" Z =(35 $6 (4!-
" Z b # = '5'?(""' "$ '=$& 6W ( (( ( (=! V=9[
W(B, '3 =$6W ( '49 = #4'B W49 E».
***
236
$" $4'"$V, 5 3(4 5 '"! $8 "$ "'#$V "$ 5 $8(B ( ,
6 3$6 @(6 "$, &$ = S$4 (8 :
- f 8("9 '"! '6 "( , - ' 6(S$4 @(6 ", 3 64995! N 'B
58(4'5 =$&69&"'5 6 (( = 5 5 6 " "$ 5( "-
3 "( (=99 (( & 6 3$, V' 9 "( #493(4 "$ "((. %" S 6-
5 6'6$4, S ' 5'4"A( = ?4 M$4'5! "(8 . %"$ ?E4$ "$
#4( , ' '5 $6 6 & ( "'M 6 6E5' V ?' " $V,
6 3 8' ='?(9, $ 4$5! "(8 . % S$9""' 8$V$6W B = -
$8 = # ?$6W B59 &(84( 8$4!S 6 = 55 '8 4$-
!( '?#'"94 ((. %"$ $ 4$5! "( 5'65(8 6(=3'; 6E" 6
= & 8$4("! 'B 8 b E, 6 5(6W(B "$ 5" = (, '"$
3(=M$4$ V "$#' '6( , #4939 "$ @(6 "$, ' '='#' '"$
&"$4$, 4E?$4$5! (8 56'(8 5 =$V . <'#3$ '6'='
'"S 459, '"$ 3$4$ 5(?( '4S' = #'Z "'M 'B '3-
$ 4$5! =98' }(=?$A '8 ; , V6$ 6W 5! &$ "(#'
= 'B, 4E?$95!, 6" 4$ @(6 " . %"$ ?E4$ =( =$5-
"((, S(8 '" 6''?=$M$4 ((. <...> "' S ' 65(#3$, $ "(-
'M 3$""'5 !, '=$M$4' 6 "(B, N ' ?E4' 6E=$M(" ( ((
#4$&, =' V, 5 ' 'B"EV =$63 6EV... <...>
- i$, 9 '#3$- ' 5' 5 =$5 !Z $ $459; 8"( V' (4'5! 3'B 3' 5'-
6(=W("5 6$.
237
- >E 65(, $M( 59, 3(4$( ( 5' 5 =$5 !Z, - 5 $&$4$ '"$,
4E?$95!. - \"( $ V'S( 59 '58' =( !, $ 6E $ $(-
(5!. 7$3(6$B ( M( '"! , 3$6$B ( $ $ !59 68(5 (.
«<$ $ !59 68(5 (! 7( M(4 N ' 6'&8'M"'?» - 3 8$4 @(6 ", #4939
"$ "((.
238
5$ (49, 65(#3$ '38(S$Z[(#', S ' 6 54(3 Z[ B 8'8("
=(3 = 8 (#' M 6E( 4E.) - X$&6( 6$5 (5 ! 8(36(-
3 ? - = ?$6 4$ '"$, 6 '4'?'=' $ '6(=" 6 "(8 56'Z
=(4(5 " Z #'4'6 4E?$95!». D( (=! 8E (=(V'3 8
&"$8(" 'B 5A("( 5 8(4'8. R'54( '?(3$ < @(6 "
"$ 8 " ' $&E6$Z 59 '3" . «...< , '3'B39 =$5-
5 $64(""'8 $= 'S"'8 5 '4 , 5(4$ , 6&96 6 = 8(-
4' , 5 $4$ S(= ! 8 ' "'6'8 &(4("'8 5 " =$5V'-
39[ (59 = # .
«<$ M( 9 '5 $" 5! '3 "... ?(& "((?» - 5 M$5'8 '3 8$4
'" 6&94 8(4' . - R'5 'B (, - 5 $&$4 '", 5$395! 5 '4 .
- d 3$6"' V' (4 5 ='5 ! 6$5 '3" 6([!.
- R'M$4 B5 $, 5 ='5 (.
%"$ 61" 4$ "$ "(#' 5(=!(&"', ' '8 ' (=4$ "$V8 -
=(""EB 4'? "$ = 5 $4$ S $ !. 2&=(3 $ '"$ 61-
3E6$4$ "$ "(#', 5 =$W 6$9 "(#' 6ǭ'8: «D' 4 N ',
S ' 9 3 8$Z?»
239
- <$ '( N ' 54'6'? - 5 $&$4 '", $&E6$9 "$ ", ' '=E8 '&"$S$-
4'5! 54'6' " '#3$.
- a ' 54'6' &"$S " '#3$, - 5 $&$4$ '"$, - "' N ' "(-
=$63$! %" ?E5 =' 5 (= "$ 5$""'(, '3$4 (B 8(4
65 $4. %"$ "$ 5$4$: , 9, ", 8, , '. <...>
***
240
' 3' (=6'#' = $ (( (=6("A$». j ' M( N ' &$ b' '-
#=$b ? < = 8(= : «\ M (6 'W4'8, =$5 =$W(""'8 '
= #$45 (, 5 ='5 (A 8, "' 3= S(""E8 6 3'8) "$-
6([$( M(" 6 =$&#$= ='3'6» 4 «\ 55 5 e(&(" 6(4!3
b' '#=$b = ( 5(5 = \N= , ' =E5 6$Z[ Z ='M(" A
3(& "b A = Z[ 8 5=(35 6'8».
241
- 7( , N ' M$5"'! d 8= , 8= ! R'3 , '3 ! - &$ = S$4$
'"$, ' 9 ! '54EW$459 ' M( " "$ S ' "( 'V'M B
= .
7', S ' ? '" " #'6'= 4 , '" &"$4, S ' ( (=! 65( '-
# ?4'. R= 54'" 6W 5! #'4'6'B = '4' (, '" 5 '94 6
5'5(3"(B '8"$ ( 54EW$4 S '- ' " '#3$ "( 54EV$"-
"'( 8: 6 &#, =(6, '" &"$4, S ' N ' = S$4' ', S ' ?E-
4' =(M3( < . fM( =(?(" $ '" 3$6"' "( M(4$4. %" (-
(=! "("$6 3(4 N '#' =(?(" $. %" 3$M( "( M(4$4 ( (=!
(( M &" , '" M(4$4 '4! ' =( =$[(" 9 N V M$5"EV
5 =$3$" B.
- i' '=! j ' M( N '? j ' M N '? Y'M( 8'B! - 5 $&$4 '", V6$ $9 &$
= 6'W(3W(#' 3' '=$.
242
6 3 "$ =9M(" 9 ' &6 , 6EV'3 6W(8 ' 3$.
(^3(5! "$S "$( 59 =$5' $ 65(#' ' 5$""'#'.) %" = -
$4 #'4'6'B 3(=(6 ='6$ , S 65 6 9, S ' 5(=3A( (#'
=$&=E6$( 59. fM$5"EB = "( 8'4 $4, '" 53(4$459
([( M$5"(( , $ ?E 3'B39 3' '54(3"(#' =(3(4$
M$5$, 63= # &$ V. @(6 " "( 6(= 4 56'(8 54 V , "'
"(4!&9 ?E4' 5'8"(6$ !59: = &$ V, 54EW$4$5! -
V$9 5 ( "9, W(4(5 '=' 4 6E( 3EV$" 9, (( =(=E-
6$Z[ B59, M 6'B "(M"EB, 5S$5 4 6EB #'4'5 V'
=' &"(5: «<'"S("'». %" '3"94 #'4'6 . Y(55 4!"'
' 5 6 = "$ '3(94', "('?ES$B"' =( =$5"$9 -
V$9, '"$ ?(&8'46"' 58' =(4$ "$ "(#' V' (4$ "( 8'#-
4$ 4E?" !59. 2 63= # & '#' $ "5 6(""'#' M$5"'-
#', "(&3(W"(#' 8 =$, 6 ' '='8 '" M 4 N 36$3A$ ! 36$
S$5$, @(6 " 8#"'6(""' 'S 65 6'6$4 5(?9 (=("(5(""E8
6 =(M" B, '?ES"EB 8 =, "' 5 9Z[ B ( (=! $ 8 "'-
6E8 56( '8 5S$5 !9, S ' '" "( (=("(5 (#'. 7$ 9" E(
5 = "E 65( 5'=6$4 5!. XE3$" 9 54(&E =$3'5 , ' '-
=EV '" " $ "( =(36 3(4, 5 $ 'Z 5 4'B '3"94 5! 6
"(8, '4(?49 65( (#' (4'... f $6 "$ '4(" =(3 '5 (-
4!Z, '" 3(=M$4 =(3 # ?$8 = M("E A(4'6$4 ((,
= $ N $ 54$?E8 36 M(" (8 $4!A(6 ' 6(S$4$ "$ (#'
'A(4 . (>59 #4$6$ "$5E[("$ 6(4 '4( "E8 '?=$&-
$8 . >5( b # =E =(S , ' '=E( 65 =(S$Z 59 6 "(B, "(-
&$8( "' (=(V'39 6 '6(5 6'6$" (. 7' ( (=! 8E #' '-
6E 5=$6"(" Z, '3E 'M 6$Z[(8 ' =E6' .) ; 8(M3
(8 $8, 6 "'#$V '5 (4 , 6 4'6 V = $V @ &$6( E R( -
='6"E, $ '#'"( "$3 56( 4!" '8, '4(?$4$5! M &"!
S(4'6(S(5 '#' 5 [(5 6$, ' '='#' " '#3$ =(M3( "(
?E4' ' '='( $ M(, 5 (8 M( =$6'8, 5 'Z M( &"$-
S (4!"'5 !Z 349 5(?9, ? 3( M ! 4'3 ! 5(?( '-
3'?"EV». R'&3"(( 8E ' 8( 8 '?=$& 56( $, 65 EV 6$Z-
[(#' (=(3 5$8' ? B5 6'8 ;""E. C8(= ! - '56'?'M3(-
" ( 3 W . R'N '8 ='M3(" ( =(?(" $ ='M3(" ( 3 W
(6 58(= ) '3 "$ '6' 5' =9M("E 5 $B"'B, M$5'8
=$5' 'B. X'3E < 58(= ! ;""E 5V'39 59 6 N 'B 'S-
(.
***
243
«@(6 " W(4 ?'4!W 8 W$#$8 ' ?'4!W'B 3'='#(, = -
54 W 6$95! "( 5 '4! ' 56' 8 8E5498 ('" "( 8'# ([(
=$&'?=$ ! V), 5 '4! ' 3 W(6"'8 5'5 '9" Z, =(M3(
" '#3$ 8 "( 5 E $""'8 . (<=(5 !9" ", 5 ' '=E8 '"
=$&#'6'= 459, 5 $&$4 '? '3"'8 8 M (, S ' ' M 6(
=$3 56'(#' ?=ZV$ S ' =$3 ?=ZV$ M ! "(4!&9, " M"'
M ! 6' 89 5 "E, Y'#$, 3 W .) <...> «7( M(4 9 "$-
W(4 =$&=(W(" ( 65(#', "( M(4 '"S("E ( (=! 8'
5 =$3$" 9?» - 3 8$4 @(6 ", W$#$9 ' E4!"'B 3'='#(.
<...> %" &$3EV$459 ' 6'4"(" 9 , "( 6 5 4$V 3
3$4!W(, 5'W(4 5 3'='# 6 4(5 5(4 6 (" '5 " "$ "(-
5 'W("" Z =$6 . %" 5"94 5 ' "'B #'4'6E W49 4(#,
'?4' ' 6W 5! "$ = , "$ 5'S" Z, 4' W 5 Z 4(5" Z
=$6 .
> '8(5 !( @(6 "$ (#' 5(8!9 #'5 ' =$649Z 59 "$ " .
^$ (8 '" 6'&6=$[$Z 59.
244
7' S$, ' ?(4(9, ' S(="(9, $ ?E5 =' "$36 #$4$5!,
S ' "$3' ?E4' ([( = ?$6 ! W$#$, S '?E 3' 3'M39 '-
5 ( ! 3'8'B. R(=(3'6E( ((, S(="E( " & (, $ 3E8 5
' ' !Z, '?4$ $ 5 "('?E "'6(""'Z ?E5 =' 'B ?(M$4
' "(? . i' 3'8$ ([( ?E4' W$#'6 36(5 , $ M( '3"94-
59 6( (=, 659 Z 5( "3 8'M"' ?E4' M3$ ! 4 6"9.
-;\ 9?
245
7$# ?$9 6 (=(3 #'4'6 ?'=95! 5 6( ='8, ' '=EB 6E-
=E6$4 "(#' 4$ ( ='#$ (4!"$9 ?'=!?$ ='3'4M$( -
59), @(6 " M( '3?(#$4 <'4 M( 6 3(4 S '- ' ?(-
4(Z[((59 &$ 3 ?'8, $ 63= # 65( 65 EV" 4', &$#'=(-
4$5! 659 &(849 $ ? 3 ' "$3 #'4'6'B =(5" 4 56'3
"(?(5. % =E6 '54( 4(""E( #4$&$, @(6 " 5 6'&! # 5 Z
&$6(5 3'M39, ' 3(4 6W Z (#' ( (=! ' <'4 $, 5 M$-
5'8 6 3$4 =(M3( 65(#' 5 =$""' &8(" 6W Z 56'( '-
4'M(" ( &(4(" Z 8$ W &"$ '8'#' (8 3 ?$ 6 5(=(-
3 "( 4(5$. (C=$6" ( 5 N &'3'8 5 $S( , #3( >='"5 B
63= # '" 8$( , S ' « '4'M(" ( (#' &8(" 4'5!», '#3$
4'W$3!, (=(4( $9 $"$6 , 54'8$4$ 5(?( 5 " .) «7( -
M(4 =$&? 4'?» - (36$ 5 (4 '3 8$ ! @(6 ", $ , 65(
?E5 =99 ?E5 =99 36 M(" (, 8$ W $ 3 ?$ 5 =E4$5!
&$ 3= # 8 3(=(6!98 , '" 54EV$4 =(5 $6W(#' "$
3= # ( 3(=(6!9 ?'4!W'#' 3(=(6$.
- Y'M( 8'B! Y'M( 8'B, S '? "( "$ " V! - ='#'6'= 4 '".
«C'?=$4 8' =E( (4(" ...» (\' =E( ' 3'M39? 7( '-
"9 "'. %?=$ ( 6" 8$" (, $ ='4 6"'B 3'M3! =(-
246
6=$ 459 6 8 4E( 5(=3A 8' =E( (4(" . C 4E = ='-
3E ' 5 4 (=(3 8'# [(5 6'8 5(8(B"'B M &" . D='-
#$ (4!"$9 'W ? $ 58(" 4$5! 4E? 'B 5S$5 4 6'B 5(-
8! .)
***
>8(5 ' '#' S '?E 3 6 #'5 " Z, & ' '='B 54EW"E
?E4 #'4'5$, '" '5 $"'6 459 "$ (==$5( , '?4' ' 6-
W 5! "$ (= 4$, 5 $4 58' =( ! "$ "(?'. fM( 5'65(8
5 (8"(4', "$ Z#(, 3$ '" 58' =(4, "( ?E4' S. D S
247
5 '94 5 =' 6"'B 5 '='"E. % 3$ 65 EV 6$4$ 8'4" 9
54EW$459 3$4!" B #='8. @(6 " = 54 W 6$459 =$6-
"'8(="' $3$Z[ 8 5 4 6 5$3 $ 498 58' =(4 "$
&"$ '8EB (8 =( #'4!" &6(&3 "$ ='V'39[ B 6 5(-
=(3 "( (#' \4(S"EB R ! 5 (#' =$&6( 64(" (8. (R=(4(-
5 "EB ='6 3S(5 B '?=$&, ' 8(S(""EB '5'?E8 '?$9-
" (8.) R= $M3'B 65 EW ( 8'4" "( '4! ' \4(S"EB
R !, "' 9= ( &6(&3E 5S(&$4 , "', $ '4! ' ' -
V$4$ 8'4" 9, $ ? 3 ' ?='W(""E( $ 'B- ' 8( 'B = -
'B, ' 9 ! '96494 5! "$ (V M( 8(5 $V. (R'"9 "' 4 N '
5=$6"(" (?)
248
«7( , "( "$3' #'6'= !, - '3 8$4 '", '#3$ '"$ ='W4$
6 (=(3 (#'. - a ' $B"$, 349 8("9 '3"'#' " M"$9, 6$M-
"$9 "(6E=$& 8$9 54'6$8 .
a ' "'6'( S 65 6' "( &8(" 4' 8("9, "( '5S$5 4 6 4',
"( ='56( 4' 63= #, $ 9 8(S $4, - $ M( $ S 65 -
6' 5E" . 7 $ '#' 'M( 5Z= = &$ "( ?E4'. ; 6(=$ - "(
6(=$ - 9 "( &"$Z, S ' N ' $ '(, - "' S 65 6' N ' $ M(
"(&$8( "' 6'W4' 5 =$3$" 98 6(=3' &$5(4' 6 3 W(.
***
7$ N 'B 8 5 S(5 'B "' ( '"S$( 59 " #$, ' '=$9 8"(
$M( 59 5 '=(( 3"(6" '6'B &$ 5!Z 5$8'#' D'45 '#', $
"( (#' #(='9. a ' $ ?E &$3" 65(B " # , (( \4(S"EB
R !, 4 " 9 5(8(B"'B M &" @(6 "$ - < . D( (=! (-
=(B3(8 '?=$&$8 M(4(&$ ='6 , ' "'59[ 859 4 "
>='"5 '#' ;""E, ' '=$9 5'&3$( &4'6([ B '" =$5 5
N 8 (8"E8 &6(&3"E8 "(?'8.
249
4(#=$88$, &6([$Z[$9 (( '? N '8, = V'3 6 8'8("
=$# S(5 '#' '?'5 =(" 9 ' "'W(" B 8(M3 "(Z >='"-
5 8 '3 $4 6$( (( 5$8' ? B5 6 .
***
> 5A("$V 5 $S( 6' 6 '='B S$5 8"'M(5 6' ' ='6(""'B
5 86'4 . >'- (=6EV, 9&6 (4!"EB "$8( <$=(" "$. >
$6 4!'"( "$ 5 $S $V 6E5' ' '5 $64(""EB #("(=$4 S -
"'8 6EW( <$=(" "$ 4 S4(" A$=5 'B b$8 4 , '3 = -
" 6$9 "$3 " 8, 5 =$W 6$( : «; 6E "( 5 $S( (?» - "$ S '
<$=(" " 'S (4!"'-36 58E54(""' ' 6(S$( : «\'9
5 $S $ = 3"((». % 6( 5 '3 ( 5 '8, ?' '" 8'M( '&-
"$S$ !, S ' '?9&$""'5 3'4M"'5 "'#' 4 A$ 54'M"(B
5 '= 6"'#' $&$= $, "$8( $( "$ 54'M"'( '4'M(" (
'?8$" '#' 8 M$, ' '=EB 3'4M(" 5 =E6$ ! (#' "$B
&'[=(""EB '8 ='8 55 8(M3 ?=$ '8 $=!(='B.
>$M"' ' 8( !, S ' ;""$ = &"$( 59 6 &8("( 8 M "$
5 $S $V, #3( 4'W$3! 4'8$( 5(?( 5 " .
250
[ 8 M 6' "E8. >(5! '" N 'B #4$6E ' 5 $S $V 5 (( ='-
#$ (4!"'B 4!8 "$A (B ' &'6( 59 6 #4$6$V, #3( =' 5-
V'3 5$8' ? B5 6' ;""E. >&=E6 5 =$5 "'#' #"(6$, "(-
#'3'6$" 9 "$ N =( =$5" Z ?(5 '8'[" Z 4'W$3! 5
'" 'B W((B, ' '= Z '" ? 4 '3" 8 "(4'6 8 36 M(-
" (8, "( '5 (6 &$ "(Z ' 5 6W 5! "$ 5(34' =$"!W(
6=(8(" , '5'?(""' '=$& (4(", (54 5=$6" ! (#' 5
' 5$" (8, 65 =(S$Z[ 859 D'45 '#' "(5 '4! 8
5 =$" A$8 =$"((, '#3$ >='"5 B #' '6 59 5 $S $8:
«'" ?E4 $ 65(#3$ 5 ' '(" 6$M("» - 63= # ' '
=' 49 B, 5 ' '=E8 '" '?= W 459 "$ '6(=M("" Z
'?E4 .
***
;""$ (36$ "( 8(=4$ ' ='3'6. d "( ? 3 =$5 ='5 =$-
"9 !59 ' ' E ( >='"5 '#' ' '"S ! 5 5'?'B '54(
=$&#'6'=$ 5 <$=(" "E8 (( '5 (4 . a ' 54$?$9 5A("$.
<'"(S"', 8' 6E 5$8' ? B5 6$ 4(# ' '?c95" 8E. :4$6-
"EB & " V - 9&64(""'( 5$8'4Z? (, 6(3! 8 M ;""E '-
6(4 5(?9 ?4$#'='3"(( (#'. C$8$ ;""$ "$&6$4$ 56'(#'
8 M$ 569 E8. >='"5 B 5 =(49( 6 5(?9 ' '8 M(, '-
S(8 '5 '=?4(""EB 36'=9" " ='W4'#' 6( $ 6E&E6$4
56'(#' '? 3S $ "$ 3 N4! - "( &$ (8, S '?E ? !, "'
"$ =' 6: S '?E ' 6E5 =(4 4 6 "(#'. : ?(4! ' =
251
=' 6" $ (=(S(= 6$( '5 '=?4(" (. g54 ?E >='"-
5 B 8(=, '" ' '85 4 ?E &$ 5(?9 #=E&(" 98 5'6(5
3= # V 4Z3(B. g54 ?E 6EM 4, '" =$&=93 4 ?E 5 '4(
6 6'&3 V, 5'V=$" 6 M &"! =' 6" , (8 5$8E8 - " -
& 6 (#'. D$ '6$ '3' 4( $ 65(V 3 N4(B, V' 9, '"(S"'
M(, ?E6$4 54 S$ , '#3$ '?$ 3 N49" $ M(4$4 ? !
3= # 3= #$.
***
252
5 , 64Z?4(""'B = 69&$""'5 , 6$M(" 9 "$5 '9[(#'
?4$M("5 6$. ;""$ >='"5 B 6 39 #"( [ B, S 3'6 [-
"EB "'S"'B 'W8$= 5 M$5"E8 ='6 3S(5 8 '3='?-
"'5 98 .
253
' '=E( 56(M ( 5 $=E( 6 (S$ 4(" 9 "(?=(M"' "$-
5 (V (=( $5'6$"E "$ 8 "'B 5A("( "$W V 5"'6. >=(89
' 6=(8(" ='? M3$Z[ B59 8'&# '?"$= M 6$( '5 ='-
6' 58E54$ 6' 6S(=$W"(8 5"(; (54 N ' "(S ' 'S("!
9= '( 4 V' ! 6 S(8- ' 5'6 $3$Z[(( 5 #4 ? ""E8
4$5 $8 "$W(#' 5'&"$" 9, '#3$ 5'" 8'M( 5'5 $6 !
(3 "'( A(4'( '6 '=9 !59, 6'&'?"'649 !59, S ' ='-
5V'3 ;""E.
<$ '6E M( 6 (S$ 4(" 9, ' '=E( 5'" 6E"'5 "$ 5A(" ?
%S(6 3"', S ' '" 'V [("E & "$W(B 3"(6"'B M &" ,
"' = "94 "'6E( b'=8E 6E6(=" E "$ &"$" N 5-
(= 8(" $ '='8- '5 $"'6[ '8, $ 6'65( "( 6("5 8 &$-
(B" '8. <'W8$= ;""E >='"5 '#' = " 8$( '?=$&
5 =$W"'#' 8 M S $ 5 =EM(B ?'='3'B, 5 4'" 6W(#'59
"$3 8(W '8, ' 'W$[(#'59 6 "(8 S '- ' ?'=8'S [(#'
'-b=$"A &5 , V' 9 ' 6 3 N ' = 55 B ='4( $= B.
j '?E '"9 ! 5 55 6' D'45 '#', 6$M"' '?=$ ! 6" -
8$" ( "$ ', $ 5 =' 59 5'", "$ 5'(3 "(" ( '?=E6 '6,
& ' '=EV N ' 'W8$= 3'4M(" 5'5 '9 !; '5 ='(" (
"$S "$( 59 5 V (=6'B 65 =(S , '#3$ M(4(&"'3'='M"'-
#' 5 '='M$ =$&3$6 4' "$58(= !. d =(34$#$Z ='58' -
=( ! 65( ' =E6 , #3( 65 =(S$Z 59 N4(8(" E, & ' '=EV
5'5 $64(" N ' '?[ B 5'". a b'=8''?=$& Z[ ( 6 (-
S$ 4(" 9 9 "$&E6$Z 5'5 $649Z[ 8 5"$.
>'5 '8 "$" ( ' =$&3$64(""'8 5' =E ' "$ 3"( 'W8$=$,
' '=EB =(54(3 ( ;"" . g#' M( 6 3 >='"5 B (V' 9
"( 6 $ V '3='?"'5 9V). <$ 6E#493(4 =$&3$64("-
"EB? >'- (=6EV, '" 6(5! &$ $" &-&$ 8'='&$ 'N '8
"( &$8(S$( '(&3$, ' '=EB = 6(& ;"" >='"5 '#'.
a $ «&$ $""'5 !» ' $&$"$ (=(3 (8, $ =' 5V'3
"(5S$5 "EB 54 S$B, = '8'[ $ V &'?=$& (4!"EV
5=(35 6: 6' - 6 (S$ 4(" ( >='"5 '#' "$ 5 $"A (=(3
= ?E (8 '(&3$, #3( (3( ;""$: «C 6'&! 8'='&"EB
$= 6 3"(4 5! =$?'S ( 6 '4 W ? $V, 6 89# V 6$4("EV
5$ '#$V, (=(V'3 6W ( S(=(& =(4!5E &$# ?$Z[ V59 -
(B» - '#3$ =' $ 459 $='6'&, 8'M"' ?E4' 6 3( !
4$"9Z[(#'59 8$W " 5 $, '?69&$""'#' &$ "3(6(4'#'.
254
%?=$ ( 6" 8$" (: N ' "(5S$5 "EB - (=6'( &6("',
569&$6W(( >='"5 '#' ;"" . ;""$ &"$( , S ' >='"5 B
3$4 3("!# 5(8!( 5 '='M$ 4 W! =$3 "((, N ' (#' (=-
6EB '3$=' (B, $ &$8 M"99 M("[ "$ "( 3'4M"$ = " -
8$ ! '3$= ' '5 '='"" V. C '='M$ =$&3$6 4' '#-
='8"'B 8$55'B M(4(&$. 2 6' (=6E( 6 (S$ 4(" 9 >='"-
5 '#' = = ?4 M(" '(&3$: «C4EW$459 56 5 $='-
6 $ "$ 3$4!" V =(4!5$V (=(36 M(" ( S(#'- ' 9M(-
4'#'». %S("! 9= ' &'?=$M("' 3='M$" ( 4$ b'=8E.
***
255
= W(S"EB», « ='W(S"EB», "' '&3"(( '" 6E=$5 ( . C'-
? =$95! ' " ! 8'5 '65 B 3'8 i'44 , ;""$, ?'=95! 5
6"(&$ "' '35 6W 8 54(&$8 , 5 4'"9( 56'( =$5-
=$5"(6W((59 4 A' "$3 8$4("! 8 8(W'S '8, 6 ' '=EB
'"$ 4$3( "'S"'B S( S ?$ 5 '6E( 4$ . %"$ ' -
='( N ' =$5"EB 8(W'S( , '#3$ 5 =' 59 6 6$#'"(,
S '?E 6E" ! '3 W(S , $"#4 B5 B ='8$" "'M 349
=$&=(&$" 9 ? 8$# , $ &$ (8 =$5"EB 8(W'S( (=(V'3
6 = (( 54 M$" , &(6$Z[(B (=(3 "(Z. a ' '54(3-
"99 6([!, ' '= Z '"$ ='"9( , ?='5$95! '3 '(&3, S(-
=(& S( E=( 5 '4'6 "'B #'3$ (6 8$( 1876-#'), '#3$ 8(-
W'S( , ' '=EB '"$ 5 $=$( 59 ' 69&$ !, "$ 8 " &$-
3(=M 6$( ((.
«D', S ' 'S A(4EB #'3 349 >='"5 '#' 5'5 $6494' 5-
4ZS (4!"' '3"' M(4$"!( (#' M &" , &$8(" 6W(( (8
65( =(M" ( M(4$" 9; ', S ' 349 ;""E ?E4' "(6'&8'M-
"'Z, M$5"'Z (8 ?'4(( '?6'='M (4!"'Z 8(S 'Z
5S$5 9, - N ' M(4$" ( ?E4' 3'64( 6'=("'. Y4(3"EB, 5
3='M$[(Z " M"(Z S(4Z5 !Z, '" 5 '94 "$3 "(Z 8'-
494 5 ' ' !59, 5$8 "( &"$9, 6 S(8 S(8.
256
=E6$4 'A(4 98 (( 4 A' 4(S ». D$ =$&6 6$( 59
(8$ 58(= , ' '=$9 6 (=6E( &$&6 S$4$ 6 ' 8 #, '#3$
&$ $""EB 5 '='M ' $4 '3 '(&3, "$ ' '='8 ;""$
= (V$4$ 6 \'5 6 .
***
«j ' &$ 6&3'=!» - '3 8$4 >='"5 B 61" 4 "$ S$5E. (%"
' $&3E6$4 ;""(.
257
='6 S, 'M(6$6 = '8, '3"94 = W49 ( ='W(4.
>='"5 B 6 3(4, $ '", "( '#493E6$95!, 5(4 6 $=( ,
= "94 6 ' "' 4(3 ? "' 4! 5 =E459. >='"5 B 6'-
W(4 6 (=(3"ZZ. Y='6 (#' ?E4 "$V8 =("E, #4$&$
?4(5 (4 &4E8 #'=3E8 ?4(5 '8. <...>
- j ', 8'B 3= #?
7' '"$ "( '&6'4 4$ 5(?9 (=(? !. D', S ' '"$ #'6'= 4$, ?E4'
54 W '8 6$M"' 349 "((.
258
$ 'B M( M$5, "$ '4"96W B (#' 3 W . - %" ' 'W 59
= #'6$= 6$( '-b=$"A &5 , 5 '='-5 '=' , &"$(W!,
#=$55 = ( : «II faut battre le fer, le broyer, le p(trir...» 2
9 ' 5 =$V$ &$V' (4$ ='5" !59, ='5" 4$5!... "' 9 ='-
5" 4$5! 6' 5"(. 2 5 $4$ 5 =$W 6$ ! 5(?9, S ' N ' &"$-
S . 2 <'="(B 8"( #'6'= : «X'3$8 , ='3$8 8=( (,
='3$8 , 8$ W $...» (%"$ 8=( "( ='3$8 . %"$ 8=(
«='3$8 » 3 W , = ='M3(" 6(=E.) <...>
***
259
9 " A '"$ 55'= 59 5 >='"5 8, ' '8 '" 8 =9 59
=(W$Z (V$ ! & \'5 6E 6 '8(5 !( >='"5 '#' 6 k("-
=$4!"'B X'55 6 '"(3(4!" 4 6' 6 '=" , $ (B
V' (4'5!. >='"5 B M(4$( (V$ ! '&M( &-&$ 56' V 3(4,
' '=E( (8 "('?V'3 8' &$ '"S !, "' &$ (8 5'#4$W$-
( 59. (%" ='3$( 4'W$3! 3'8, = "$34(M$[ B 8$ (-
= .)
7( 'S"'5 ! >. 7$?' '6$: D'45 '#' =(S! 3( ' 5 ??' ( 6'5-
=(5("!(. - R= 8. =(3.
260
R= 8(="' 6 = S$5$ ' '4 3" '"$ (3( i'44 %?-
4'"5 'B 6 4(# '8 36 V8(5 "'8 N $M( 5 S(='8 O(3'-
='8 "$ '&4$V, 8E ='54(3 8 V'3 (( 8E54(B. Y 3(8
= 3(=M 6$ !59 $ '#' 4$"$: ' '4' W(5 S$5'6 '"$
= (&M$( 3'8'B "$V'3 ' 6( "$ 56'Z (4(#=$88 -
>='"5 B W( , S ' '" "( 8'M( ?E ! 3'8$ =$"!W( 3(-
59 6(S(=$. %"$ =(W$( (V$ ! "$ &$#'='3"'8 '(&3( 3'
5 $"A %? =$4'6 $ 6 8(" ( (#' 8$ (= , S '?E "$B
>='"5 '#', $ (54 '" "( 6(="( 59 "(B 6 #'='3, =(W$(
(V$ ! 3$4!W(, "( 6$M"' 3$, " '#3$ ?'4!W( "( 6 -
3( !59 5 " 8. R'(&3 ' ?E6$( 6 6'5(8! S$5'6 6(S(=$,
S(=(& 36$3A$ ! 8 " '"$ M( 6 %? =$4'6 (. <= #'8
'4"' "$='3$, 3(4' =' 5V'3 6 6'5 =(5("!(, =$&"'-
'?=$&"E( 6 (S$ 4(" 9, =$&3" S"E( ? 3" S"E(, (-
=( 4( $Z 59 5 (( 3=$8$ S(5 8 =$&3 8!98 . > %? =$-
4'6 ( (( 65 =(S$( S(= \ V$ 4$, ' '='#' '"$ '54$-
4$ 5 &$ 5 'B, '" 6"'6! = "'5 ' 6( ' >='"5 '#',
&6([$Z[ B ((, S ' ' "( 8'M( 6(=" !59 3' 3(59
S$5'6 6(S(=$. ;""$ &"$( 54 # , S ' 8'4'3$9 3$8$, "$
' '='B #=$b "9 >='"5 $9 V'S( M(" ! 5E"$, "$V'3 -
59 6 '8 M( 8(" . >59 5 $A 9 =(35 $649( 59 (B
3!96'4!5 'B " = #'B, "$ =$64(""'B =' 6 "((. %"$
=(W$( ' '"S ! 5 5'?'B ?='5$( 59 '3 '4(5$ #= &'-
6'#' '(&3$ 6 N ' 95"EB 8$B5 B 6'5 =(5"EB 6(S(=
1876 #., S(=(& 45 4( '54( 58(= a88E Y'6$= .
261
>(="(859 '54(3"(8 3"Z ;""E. \'5 6$, 6'5 =(5("!(
1876 #. R'54( =(""(#' 3'M39 '#'3$ ='95" 4$5!:
«h(4(&"E( ='64 , 4 E =' $='6, #'4EW 8'5 '6'B,
'4(5$ 'M , 8(3! M(5 ! N $M(B - 65( 9= ' ?4(-
5 (4' "$ 8$B5 '8 5'4"A(». D= S$5$ 3"9, 6'5 =(5("!(,
\'5 6$.
R'54( " S(8 "( '"S 6W(B59 65 =(S 5 i'44 , '#3$ '"$
54 S$B"' 6 3 59 5 < , '"$ (3( 3'8'B. R' 3'8'B
5"'6$ "$S "$( 59 ' ' 5'&"$" 9. g( 8E54 36 M 59 '
54 S$B"'#' ((3 " S"'#') 3=$8$ S(5 '8 ('?[(8 ).
D'45 EB = 89"EB #'5 '3 " = " 8$( (( &$ 56'Z &"$ '-
262
8 Z, = '3" 8$( 4'5"9[ Z59 W49 "$3 4E5'Z 4'5-
"9[(B59 #'4'6'B, ' '8 ?(M3$( 59, S ' '" 'W ?59. «%"
3 8$4, S ' '" 8("9 &"$( . ; '" &"$( 8("9 $ M( 8$4',
$ ' ?E ' " ?E4' "$ 56( ( &"$( 8("9. d 5$8$ "(
&"$Z. d &"$Z 56' $ ( E, $ #'6'=9 b=$"A &E. >'
8 V'S( 59 N '#' #=9&"'#' 8'='M("'#'. a ' '" &"$Z
"$6(="'(, - 3 8$4$ '"$, #4939 "$ 36 V 8$4!S '6, '5 $-
"'6 6W V 8'='M(" $, ' '=EB 5" 8$4 5 #'4'6E $3
=$4 '"A'8 '4' ("A$ ' "'( 4 A'. - >5(8 "$8 V'-
S( 59 54$3 '#', 6 5"'#'. 7( '"b( , ' #=9&"'#' 8'-
='M("'#'. 2 < $ M(: "( >='"5 B, ' @(6 ". 2 '"$
&$6 3 ( 8"(. 2 "("$6 3 8("9. 2 65( 8E "("$6 3 8
3= # 3= #$. d < ,< 8("9. >' N ' =$63$. DZ ! ",
coiffeur... Je me fais coiffer par DZ ! "... d N ' 5 $M
(8 , '#3$ '" = (3( , - '3 8$4$ '"$ 4E?" 4$5!. 7'
6 M( 8 " '"$ 65 '8" 4$, S ' (B "( '8 ( (=! #'-
6'= ! " S(#' 58(W"'#'. - i$ " S(#' 58(W"'#', 6(5(-
4'#' "( . >5( #$3 '. ^6'"9 6(S(="(, (A N ' $
$ =$ "' =(5 59! - 'S"' ?' 59 6E='" ! S '- '.
^$S(8 N A(= 6 , N ' &6'" N $ 4'M!? D'4! ' 349 '-
#', S '?E 5 =E !, S ' 8E 65( "("$6 3 8 3= # 3= #$, $
N &6'&S , ' '=E( $ &4'?"' ?=$"9 59».
263
d 'M( 3 8$4$, S ' 4Z? 4$ (#', 8 494$5! "$3 56'(Z
"(M"'5 !Z. ; M 4$ M( 9 ?(& "(#', ='8("94$ M( (#' "$
3= # Z 4Z?'6! "( M$4'6$4$5! "$ N ' ='8(", ' $
3'64( 6'=94$5! 'B 4Z?'6!Z». 2 '"$ 5 ' 6=$[(" (8
'3 8$4$ ' '8, S ' '"$ 8(4$ 6 6 3 , #'6'=9 5(?( '
« 'B 4Z?6 », - 56'Z 4' 5 Z 5 =$5 ! >='"5 '8 .
264
5 $"A , ='V'39, 5 ='5 4, (3( 4 '"$. \$4!S , ='-
3$6(A 6$5 , "( 5 5 $4 5 "(( #4$&. «Y'M( 8'B, 3$
8"(?» - 65( 3$4!W( 3$4!W( V'39 ' 4$ b'=8(, 3 -
8$4$ '"$. f '"A$ '"$ '5 $"'6 4$5!. i$8E 3( ,
65 =( 6W ( #'5 '3 "$ 6 'S $V #='8 ' 58(96W (59
#'6'= 6W (, &$8'4 4 , '#493E6$9 ((, '#3$ '"$ '=$6-
"94$5! 5 " 8 . %"$ 5 '= 4$ W$# ' 'W4$ ' " V
=$Z 4$ b'=8E. R'3V'3 4 '6$="EB '(&3. R4$ b'=8$
&$ =954$5!, (B ' $&$4'5!, S ' '"$ (3( ' 9 !. 2
63= #, 65 '8" 6 ' =$&3$64(""'8 S(4'6( ( 6 3("! ((
(=6'B 65 =(S 5 >='"5 8, '"$ '"94$, S ' (B "$3' 3(-
4$ !. YE5 =E8, 4(# 8 W$#'8 5 5 6W 5! ' 5 ("!-
$8, ' '=E( W4 ' 6'3' $S =(4!5$8, '"$ '5 $"'-
6 4$5! '34( 6 4' ! 8 8' (( ='V'39[(#' '(&3$. %"$
58' =(4$ "$ " & 6$#'"'6, "$ 6 " E A( "$ 6E5' (
S # ""E( '4(5$ 8(34(""' $ 6W(#'59 (=6'#' 6$#'"$
#4$&'8(='8 5 $=$4$5! ' =(3(4 ! 5(=(3 " 8(M3 (-
=(3" 8 &$3" 8 '4(5$8 8 " , '#3$ 5(=(3 -
"$ N $ ? 3( =' 6 "((.
265
" !59; "' S '- ' '#='8"'(, "( 8'4 8'( '4 " 4' (( 6
#'4'6 ' $[ 4' &$ 5 " . «:'5 '3 , ='5 8"( 65(!»
- ='#'6'= 4$ '"$, S 65 6 9 "(6'&8'M"'5 ! ?'=!?E.
\ M S' , = #'6$= 6$9 S '- ', =$?' $4 "$3 M(4(&'8. 2
56(S$, = ' '='B '"$ S $4$ 5 '4"("" Z =(6'#, '?-
8$"'6, #'=9 &4$ " # , 65 EV" 4$ ?'4(( 9= 8, S(8
'#3$-" ? 3!, 56( '8, '56( 4$ (B 65( ', S ' =(M3(
?E4' 6' 8=$ (, &$ =([$4$, 5 $4$ 8(= " ! "$65(#3$
' V4$».
23
>5( 58(W$4'5! 6 3'8( %?4'"5 V, "' 6' 64$3(" 9V D'4-
5 '#' A$= '4"EB '=93' . <=$5'S"$9 $"'=$8$ #4$6-
"EV 3(B5 6 Z[ V 4 A =$&6'=$S 6$( 59 M( 6 (=6'B
S$5 ='8$"$. i6'B5 6(""$9 = ='3$ ;""E ='56(S 6$-
( M( 6 'B ='4 , ' '= Z '"$ #=$( = (=6'8 '96-
4(" 6 3'8( ?=$ $, '#3$ 56' 8 $ '8 M("5 'B
8 3='5 !Z 6'55 $"$64 6$( 6 "(8 8 = 6 ' M( 6=(89,
$ &4$9 '?'4!5 (4!" A$, =$&? 6$( ='8$" S(5 Z
4Z?'6! 8'4'3'B 3(6 W . YE5 =' 6E?=$6W 5! &
M$4 '#' '4'M(" 9 5 '8'[!Z 3'='#'B 5(5 =E,
%?4'"5 B, 56( 4'6'4'5EB ?'"6 6$" 5 64$M"E8
#4$&$8 , M( = 65 =(S( 5 @(6 "E8 >='"5 8
5 '4"9( ='4! 5 5"'#' 56( 5 '#' 3 4'8$ $, ' '=$9
(8 ' 6(3("$ 6 ='8$"(. \"'M(5 6' 'N S(5 V '?=$&'6
(=(3$Z "(M"'5 ! E4 '5 ! @(6 "$ < - 5"$S$4$
?(&' 6( "E(, "' ' '8 6'&6EW$Z[ (59 3' '45 '65 '#'
3($4$ 4Z?6 , = 3"'#' ?'M(5 6(""'#', ' (5 ! ?=$ $
='M3(" 9 3( (B. @(6 " 3(4$( =(34'M(" ( "(
6'6=(89, "' '"' = "'5 < '?4(#S(" ( '54( ((
"( 3$S"'#' ='8$"$ 5 >='"5 8 - 56'(#' ='3$ "( 4ZM(B
64Z?4(""'5 , ' '= Z '"$ (=(=$5 ( 68(5 ( 5
Z"'5 !Z. >='"5 B, '=$& (4!"' =$5 6EB, "'
S(=(5S = '=("$5 EB S(4'6( , S=(&6ES$B"'
'?V'3 (4!"EB, "' ?(& 659 '#' $4$" $, 8 4EB, "' 3'-
6'4!"' &$ =93"EB, ='9649( "( ' '= Z ?(5S 65 6("-
"'5 ! < , ' '=$9 6 '54(35 6 4(# ' 8'M(
(=(B 6 ?(&3 W ( 3$M( M(5 ' '5 !. f64(S(""EB
S $ (4! ' 8( , S ' '=M(5 6 Z[ B 64Z?4(""EB 6
(=6'B S$5 " # "( '- ' & 8'4'3EV 4Z3(B, $ 6(-
4 S$6EB <$=(" " 5 "( =$5 6E8 W$8 . \E '3V'3 8
266
#4$6"'B 8'=$4 " # : ?=$ <$=(" "EV, #3( "( 5 "-
"'B 4Z?6 , $ M( #=(V'6(", $ 4Z?'6! ;""E >='"-
5 '8 . ^3(5! M(, 6 (=6'B S$5 &$='M3$( 59 (8$ N 'B
=$# S(5 'B 4Z?6 , 65 4(" (8 "(B 54 M$ =
5 = M(5 ( &8("E, ' '=E( D'45 'B =' 6' '5 $6-
49( 3= # 3= # :
267
(( 65 =(S 5 >='"5 8 ' E 4$3 ! 3(4$ &8("" -
$-?=$ $, - 3 ="'B &"$ . g( 'V6$ E6$( "( '"9 "$9 (-
S$4!. %3 " ='V'M B #'6'= 3= #'8 , S ' 6"(&$ "$9
58(= ! - 5$8$9 4(# $9. ;""$ 54EW N b=$& , '"$ &$-
$3$( (B 6 3 W , S '?E 6 '54(35 6 6E=$5 6 "(S '
?'4!W((.
. ,
e='"'4'# 9 6 «;""( <$=(" "'B» '5 ='("$ "$ " $4!-
"'8 349 8 ='6'B 4 (=$ =E S 65 6( 6=(8(" . i'5 '-
"$4!"' & S 6 (=6 Z S$5 ! " # (34 "(?'4!W ( #4$-
6E, 5'5 $649Z[ ( 135 5 =$" A), S $ (4! '5 $( 59 6
?(M3(" , S ' =("" (, '4 3(""E( 6(S(=" ( S$5E
"$ =' 9M(" ' =$B"(B 8(=( A(4'B "(3(4 M &" "(-
5 '4! V (=5'"$M(B &'?=$M("E 5 & 8 (4!"'B '?-
5 '9 (4!"'5 !Z. \E '5 $"'6 859 "$ =($4!"EV 5'?E 9V,
"' =(M3( 8(5 "' ? 3( '#'6'= ! ' '8, $ '#3$
(39 #(=' " # .
<$ '6 ?E4 =$5 '=93' 3"9 6 5'5 '9 (4!"EV 8'5 '65 V
4 ( (=? =#5 V 3'8$V 6 70-( ##. ='W4'#' 6( $? ^$6-
=$ , ' '4' 3(69 S$5'6, 5'5 '94 & S$9 4 'b(, V4(-
?$ 5 8$54'8 4 , $ %?4'"5 V, $4$S$. @(# B 4$"S
8(M3 36 89 =(89 S$5$8 , $ &$ (8 5E "EB '?(3 ' '4'
'4'6 "E W(5 '#', 5 = 55 8 4 (='8 b=$"A &5 8
6 "$8 . >(S(=" B S$B 5 ='#$8 , 6$=("!(8 =$&"E8
= 55 8 4$ '85 6$8 '3$6$459 8(M3 3(69 !Z 3(59-
!Z S$5$8 , '54( S(#' 5(8!9 3$494$5! 6 56' ' ' ,
"' "$ ?'4(( 4(# '8E54(""E( (( S4("E 8'#4 &$6(=W !
3("! M "'8 6 #'='3( 6 '3 ""$3A$ ! S$5'6 6(S(=$ 4
3$M( '&M(.
268
i(B5 6 ( ='8$"$ "$S "$( 59 6 6'5(8! S$5'6 =$, 6 9 -
" A , 11 b(6=$49 ( ' 5 $='8 5 4Z) 1872 #. a $ 3$ $
" #3( "( '8 "$( 59, "' (( 4(# ' 5 $"'6 !.
1) R'4 S(5 ( 5'?E 9 "$ $" "( =(A 'B 6'B"E, ' '=E(
'8 "$Z 59 6 '54(3"(B S$5 ='8$"$, = ='S 6$Z (#' '-
"(A Z4Z 1876 #. >='"5 B 5 $"'6 59 4Z?'6" '8 ;""E 6
3( $?=( 1872 #. a &'3 "$ 5 $S $V =' 5V'3 6 $6# 5 ( 1873
#. >='"5 B ;""$ ='6'39 4( ' & 8 1874 #. 6 2 $4
4( ' 1875 #. - 6 8(" >='"5 '#', ' '8 6 "'9?=( '" (3 6
\'5 6 , #3( ;""$ '"S$( M &"! 5$8' ? B5 6'8 8$B5 8 6'5-
=(5"E8 3"(8 1876 #.
2) > 6-B #4$6( (=6'B S$5 #'6'= 59, S ' @(6 " ='6(4 36$ 8(-
59A$ (5 5(=(3 "E ' 9?=9 3' 5(=(3 "E 3( $?=9 1871 #.) 6 \'-
5 6(, &$ (8 (=(?=$459 6 &$#'='3"'( 8(" ( "$ 36$ 8(59A$ 6
b(6=$4( 6(=" 459 6 \'5 6 . j(=(& = 8(59A$ '&3"(B 6(5"'B
"$S "$Z 59 3=$8$ S(5 ( 5'?E 9 " # (#4$6$ 12, S$5 !
6 '=$9).
269
6(S(= }(=?$A 8; ' $3$(8 3$ M3(8 (#' (#4$6$
12). %" '9649( 59 (#4$6$ 13) 6 5(8! = 3A$ !, 6 54(-
3 Z[(B #4$6( ' 5$"$ 65 =(S$ @(6 "$ 5 >='"5 8. 7$
=' 9M(" 3(59 $ 5 =$" A (#4$6E 12 - 14) 8E '5 $(8-
59 "$(3 "( 5 @(6 "E8 < . @(6 " V'3 ' '4' 3(69-
S$5'6 6(S(=$. >='"5 B '5 $( 59 ([( = 8(="' "$
S$5. }(=?$A ( ?(5(3 Z (=(3 5"'8 (#4$6$ 15), 6 16-
B #4$6( ' 5$"', $ ' '"S 4 3("! >='"5 B ( = ?4 & -
(4!"' 3' '4 "'S ). ^3(5! S $ (4! &$8( , S ' '5 $-
' 6(S(=$, '54( '#' $ @(6 " ' 3$( }(=?$A V,
? 3( ' 5$" '&M(. D(8 6=(8("(8 N ' (=6EB 3("!
='8$"$, 9 " A$ 11 b(6=$49, 6 16-B #4$6( 349 >='"5 '-
#' '3'W(4 '"A , '" =( ' 5 '54( M "$ 6 #'5-
" S"'8 "'8(=(; %?4'"5 B M( &$6(=W$( N ' 3=$8$-
S"EB ? ="EB 3("! 6 "'S"'8 =(5 '=$"(.
270
R' '8 8E &$?(#$(8 S ! 6 (=(3: S( 6(=#, 17 b(6=$49
1872 #., - '54( ?$4$ ;""$ (&M$( 6 R( (=? =#, 3$
'"$ = ?E6$( "$ 54(3 Z[(( =' (#4$6E 29 - 31), ' '-
4' '3 ""$3A$ S$5'6 =$, 6 9 " A 18 b(6=$49. a $
9 " A$ A(4 '8 ' 5$"$ 6 #4$6$V 31 - 33, #3( D'45 'B
6'5 '4!&'6$459 'S"'B V='"'4'# (B 5 (A $4!"' 349 '-
#', S '?E ='" S(5 8 '4 "$8( $8 (=(3$ ! =$5 -
5$""'( ' 8 " $8 5 [(5 6'6$" ( <$=(" "$, 6 '54(35 -
6 =$&= W(""'(.
>5 =( 6 ;"" "$ 6' &$4(, '" ' S$5 M( (&M$( =(35(-
3$ (4!5 6'6$ ! 6 '8 ( , 6'&6=$[$( 59 6 S( E=( S$5$
3"9, 6 9 ! S$5'6 '" M3 #'5 (B '?(3 , '" (&M$(
' '4' 5(8 "$ &$5(3$" ( 5'6( $, 6'&6=$[$( 59 6 3(69 !
= 3A$ !, !( S$B 5 M("'B, 6'&6=$[$( 59 6 56'B $? -
"( ='6"' 6 '4"'S! 6V'3 6 5 = M(5 Z 5 $4!"Z. >
'54(3"(B, 34-B #4$6( >='"5 B 6'&6=$[$( 59 3'8'B 6
M( 9 " A . 2& N '#' =$ '#' $"$4 &$ V='"'4'#
6 3"', S ' D'45 'B 5 '4!& ( 6=(89 $ V 3'M(5 6("-
"EB "5 = 8(" 65(#3$ '-=$&"'8 6 =$&"EV A(49V.
X$&8(=(""EB V'3 M &" %?4'"5 '#' 6 (=6EV 9 #4$-
6$V '3S(= 6$( '3"''?=$& ( (#' ? 3"(B: 5 6'5!8 S$-
5'6 =$ 3' '?(3$ = 8(="' 6 '4'6 "( 9 '#' 6(S(=$
(#' M 6' "'( 5 [(5 6'6$" ( "( 8'M( '8=$S ! 3$M(
"(5S$5 !( M("E. R(=6$9 S$5 ! "$S "$( 59 5 ' 5$" 9
N '#' '3"''?=$& 9 5 88( = S"' &$6(=W$( 59 ?'4((
6(4 S$6E8 "( '5" (4!"E8 =$5 '=93 '8 3"9 <$=(-
" "$, W = "$ %?4'"5 '#'. >" =("" B (=(6'=' 6 M &-
" ;""E " 5 '4! ' "( 8("9( =$5 5$" 9 (( 8 M$, - 6E-
'4" 6 56' 54 M(?"E( '?9&$""'5 65( $38 " 5 =$-
6"E( 3(4$, '" =(5 ' 'B"' 5 ( (""' ' =$649( 59 6
5 $4!"Z, 3$?E '4 S ! 56'Z '=A Z &$ '""EV 5 = -
M(5 V =$3'5 (B. «>=(89» @(6 "$ (=(? 6$( =$&8(-
=(""EB =$5 '=93' %?4'"5 '#' =(& 8 =E6 $8 6 V='-
"'4'# S(5 'B $"6(, 5' $""'B D'45 E8, ' '=E( (=(-
3$Z "(=6" Z, '=E6 5 Z "$ = . 2 "$ '"(A, 8E &$8(-
S$(8 '=$& (4!" Z #$=8'" Z, ' '= Z 9649Z 5'?'B
36( V$=$ (="E( 5A("E (=6'B S$5 : 6(S(=" B ?$4, #3(
8(S $ (4!"$9 < 'S$='6$"$ ;""'B, "'S"'( (W(-
5 6 ( ;""E 6 R( (=? =# 5 8(4! $Z[ 8 6 (( 5'&"$"
= S 34 6E8 b$" $& 98 . a 36( 5A("E 6'&36 #$Z
36( 6" =("" ( '4'""E 6 '8 &3$" , #3( «6=(89» %?-
271
4'"5 '#' «6=(89» <$=(" "$ '?=$& Z 36$ b4 #(49.
<'8 '& A 9
272
"'B V='"'4'# S(5 'B '54(3'6$ (4!"'5 , 5V'3"'(
6=(89 - b(6=$4! 1872 #.
j$5 ! 6 '=$9 5'5 ' & 35 #4$6 "$S "$( 59 349 65(V
S$5 " '6 6 5(=(3 "( 8$= $ '#' M( 1872 #., "' &$ (8
8E 5 $"'6 859 56 3( (498 4Z?' E "'#' 964(" 9: =(-
#'4!" >='"5 B - <$=(" " - ;""$ ='M 6$( 56'Z
M &"! ?E5 =((, S(8 '3 "' B @(6 " 4 '3 "' $9 < .
a ' =(4(5 "$9 3( $4! 6 5 = =( ='8$"$ - $=E M 6
?E5 =((, S(8 '3 "'S . g54 61" ! "$ 4 " Z < ,
8E 6 3 8, S ' '3 "' $9 3(6 W $, S$V" [$9 6 \'5 6(,
15 8$= $ ='V'3 '58' = &"$8(" '#' 3' '=$, "' "(-
58' =9 "$ (( 5'?5 6(""E( ?(3E, '"$ '8'#$( "9"S !
6EV$M 6$ ! W(5 (=EV 3( (B i'44 , &$?'4(6W V 5 $=4$-
"'B (84$3W(8 65(#' 36$ 8(59A$), $ &$ (8 6 "$S$4(
$ =(49 1872 #. ='3 (4 6'&9 < "$ "(8(A B -
='= C'3(". %? N '8 =$55 $&E6$( 59 6 (=6EV =(V #4$-
6$V 6 '='B S$5 . D'4! ' 6 30-B #4$6( 8E 54(3 (8 &$
}(=?$A 8 6 C'3(", #3( 6=(89 D'45 'B '4"'5 !Z
6E4(S 6$Z < . R9 ! #4$6 '6(5 6 Z '? N '8 4(S(-
" , &$ (8 6 '"A( Z"9 1872 #. < 6'&6=$[$( 59 6
X'55 Z, 6 8(" ( %?4'"5 V-}(=?$A V, =$5 '4'M("-
"'( "( '3$4( ' '8(5 !9 @(6 "$. 7$ N '8 '?=E6$( 59
4 " 9< 6' 6 '='B S$5 .
273
< , "$V'39[(B59 6 :(=8$" . D$ 8 '?=$&'8, 6 '"A(
6 '='B S$5 8E "$?4Z3$(8 4Z?' E " Z $= " : <
@(6 " ' 5 $Z 6' 6=(8(" "$ 14 4 15 8(59A(6 '
>='"5 '#' <$=(" "EV. R'6 '= 8, S ' $=E 36 M 59
?E5 =((, S(8 '3 "'S . > =( !(B S$5 , 5'5 '9[(B &
33 #4$6, 8E "("$3'4#' '5 $(859 5 @(6 "E8, ' '8 68(-
5 ( 5 " 8 "$"'5 8 6 & i'44 6 8(" %?4'"5 V (-
=(3 = (&3'8 < , "$ '"(A 6 12-B #4$6( 4( '8 1872
#. @(6 " 9649( 59 =(4(5 "'( 6 3(" ( - < (3( 6
$=( ( 5' 5 $"A , 6'&6=$[$95! & :(=8$" . > 54(-
3 Z[ V #4$6$V 8E ' $&E6$(859 6 R( (=? =#( 5 >='"-
5 8 <$=(" "E8 '54( 5A("E 5 $S( (4( ' 1873 #.), $
&$ (8 ' 9 ! 6'&6=$[$(859 5(" 9?=Z 1872 #. 6 8(" (
@(6 "$, & ' '='#' '" 6 ' 9?=( 1872 #. "( '"9 "' &$-
S(8 (&M$( 6 :(=8$" Z, O=$"A Z ;"#4 Z. \"( ?E
V' (4'5! '3S(= " !, S ' D'45 'B 6 &$ = 3"(" . g#'
4Z?'6" '?8$" EB 8 M M 6 ?E5 =((, '" 5 4!"'
' (=(3 4 '3 "' Z < '3 "' '#' @(6 "$: 6 (=-
6EV 16 #4$6$V S( 6(= 'B S$5 5 ' M( 5(=(3 "$ & 8E
1873 #. D'45 'B " #3( "( '?8'46 459, 5 '4! ' 6=(8("
@(6 " ='6(4 &$ #=$" A(B, =$&" A$ ?'4(( S(8 6 #'3
8(M3 6=(8("(8 @(6 "$ - < >='"5 '#' - ;""E ='-
5 $( '4! ' 6 '3"'B V='"'4'# S(5 'B =(8$= ( 6 11-B
#4$6( 6 '='B S$5 , #3( 5 $&$"', S ' ;""$ 5 $4$ 4Z?'6-
" A(B >='"5 '#': A(4EB #'3 >='"5 B 3'? 6$459 N '#',
"$ '"(A '"$ 53$4$5! - "$ N ' ='8(M ' @(6 " < -
' 5 $Z ' " V. 7' S $ (4! "( 8'M( = 5 $4!"'
54(3 ! &$ 6=(8("(8 6 ='8$"(, 3$M( $4$" 4 6E( S $-
(4 =(3 ' ?E6$Z "$5 '4! ' 6" 8$ (4!"E, 'N '8 8E
&$?4 M3$(859, 5S $9 S 65 6 9, S ' N &'3E 5 S$5 -
(8 >='"5 '#' ;""E '4"'5 !Z 5 "V='" & ='6$"E 5
N &'3$8 , #3( S$5 6 Z @(6 " < , =$&"''?=$&-
"E( 5'?E 9 N V M &"(B =' 5V'39 = 8(="' 6 '3"'
' M( 6=(89. j $ (4! 6(=(", S ' 8E (=(36 #$(859 6
='5 =$"5 6(: & :(=8$" 6 k(" =$4!" Z X'55 Z, &
3(=(6" 6 R( (=? =# 4 6 \'5 6 '?=$ "', "' '" 6'-
65( "( '5'&"$( , S ' 8E 36 M(859 6' 6=(8(" : ' &$-
?(#$(8 6 (=(3 68(5 ( 5 >='"5 8 ;""'B, ' 6'&6=$[$-
(859 "$&$3 5 @(6 "E8 < .
274
#'. > 6-B #4$6( <$=(" " = (&M$( 6 \'5 6 ' 56' 8
'?[(5 6(""E8 3(4$8, 6 N ' M( 6=(89 5Z3$ = ?E6$(
@(6 " '54( '(&3 &$ #=$" A . %?4'"5 B 6 9-B - 13-B
#4$6$V 5 =$ 6$( 5(?9 '?(3 6 (=6 Z "(3(4Z 9"6$=9
1874 #., #3( 6"'6! 65 =(S$Z 59 @(6 " < . X'6"' S(-
=(& 36$ #'3$ '54( "$S$4$ ='8$"$ =' 5V'3 5A("$ 5
8(4'8, $ 6$8 '35 $&E6$( N ' 6=(8(""'B $&$ (4!;
"' 349 S $ (49 < ( '58' = ( "$ "( ' '=E( $-
&$" 9 6 (( =$&#'6'=( 5 @(6 "E8 &$ 4'8?(="E8 5 '4'8,
'#3$ '" W 8(4'8) 'S(8 - ' ='W(4 '4! ' #'3. 2
6' S ' 3 6 (4!"': (5 ! =$&" A$ 8(M3 b & S(5 8
6=(8("(8 ;""E 3 V'6"E8 6=(8("(8 @(6 "$.
< S( 6(= 'B S$5 , 'S"' 6 5(=(3 "( " # , 65( 7 5 3(?
' 9 ! '5 $64("E 6 '3 " 6=(8(""'B =93, $ 6 "$S$4(
" # , 6 b(6=$4( 1872 #. 7$5 4 9"6$=! 1874 #. '
8'(8 $4("3$=Z $4("3$=Z ;""E, "' 5'#4$5"' $-
4("3$=Z S $ (49 < 3( 65(#' 4 W! 1873 #. >'
6 '='B '4'6 "( S( 6(= 'B S$5 (#4$6E 17 - 23) ;""$
S ! "( 8 =$( ' ='3'6 6 R( (=? =#(, &$ (8 =' 5V'-
3 6=(8(""'( = 8 =(" ( <$=(" "$ 5 >='"5 8,
>='"5 B E $( 59 ' '"S ! 5 5'?'B. j$5 ! S( 6(= $9
&$ $"S 6$( 59 6 8$= ( 1874 #. ;""$ '=E6$( 5 8 M(8
68(5 ( 5 4Z?'6" '8 (&M$( 6 2 $4 Z. j$5 ! 9 $9 5'-
5 ' & 33 #4$6.
275
8$= 1875 #. < N '8 6=(8(" >='"5 B ;""$ 6(=" -
4 5! 6 R( (=? =#, ='6(39 #'3 6 2 $4 . %S$='6$ (4!-
"$9 5A("$ 56 3$" 9 5 5E"'8, ' '='8 1 8$= $ 5 '4" -
4'5! 10 4( . >5 '=( '54( N '#' '"$ 5 >='"5 8 (&M$(
6 (#' &$#'='3"'( 8(" (, =$5 '4'M(""'( "( '3$4( '
8(" B %?4'"5 '#' @(6 "$.
276
'(&3'8, S ' >='"5 B. >=(89 3(B5 6 9 8'M"' 4(# '
5 $"'6 ! ?4$#'3$=9 8"'#'S 54(""E8 '8 "$" 98 6'-
(""EV 5'?E B. C4$69"( & >'5 'S"'B g6=' E, 5(=?E
?'4#$=E, 5=$M$4 5! 5 = $8 . a ' =' 5V'3 4' 6 $6# -
5 ( 1876 #., S(=(& #'3 X'55 9 65 6 6'B" 5 D =A (B.
>='"5 B 6' #4$6( 3'?='6'4!"'#' '4 $ ' ?E6$( "$
b='" . C(=#(B 6 '8 M( '(&3( (3( @(6 "E8, N '
'?5 '9 (4!5 6' 569&E6$( "$5 "( '4! ' 5 >='"5 8, "'
5 @(6 "E8. R'54(3" ( #4$6E '569[("E 5(8(B"'B
M &" @(6 "EV 6 3(=(6"( '?=$[(" Z @(6 "$ Y'#
' $& ( D'45 '#'.
277
%?=$&"'5 ! 8'M"' ' =(3(4 ! $ : 5$ (4! 5=(35 6$8
9&E $ ='? M3$( S $ (49 S 65 6' A6( $, '?4 $,
&6 $, 36 M(" 9 4 4Z?'( "'( S 65 6', 6E&E6$9 6 (#'
6''?=$M(" '?=$&E 6E8EW4(""'B M &" , ' '=$9 5 $-
"( 349 "(#' 5 '4! M( M 6'B, $ (#' 5'?5 6(""'( 6'5-
'8 "$" (. i49 5'&3$" 9 N V 9= V '?=$&'6 5$ (49
(5 ! W =' B 5 ( = = (8'6, "$S "$9 =$ 8 6E=$& -
(4!"E8 N ( '8 '"S$9 ' 'S(""E8 = 8(=$8
&'?=$& (4!"'#' 8$5 (=5 6$ 54'M"E8 8( $b'=$8 .
278
6) R'N S(5 ( 5=$6"(" 9. D'45 'B =(3 ' 5 '4!& ( V, #'6'=9
' S 65 6$V: "$ = 8(=, =(4(5 "E( ' 5E4 =$55(9""'8 56(-
?$?'S ( "$ ?$4 6 5A("(, '#3$ < $ $( 59 "$ $ (.
> ='&( D'45 '#' 3$4( ' "( 65( = (8E ' "'59 59 96"'B '?-
=$&"'5 . 2"'5 $&$ (4!"E( 5=$6"(" 9 "(&$8( "' (=(V'39 6
"$& 3$ (4!"E( " '"$A 5 V 8"'#'&"$S (4!"E8 '6 '=$-
8 , 6E=$M$Z[ 8 ' "'W(" ( D'45 '#' 5 $A 98 "$-
5 ='(" 98 4Z3(B. D '5'?(""' 6$M"' 6E3(4 ! =98E( -
6(=M3(" 9, ' =E6$Z[ ( #4$6E: «%?4'"5 B 6 W '4( S 459
V'='W'...» 4 : «>='"5 B "( &"$4 5(8(B"'B M &" ...»
«..."' 349 @(6 "$ $ M( 4(# ' ?E4' &"$ ! (( 6 N 'B '4 (,
$ ='&$" 6 =$ 6(. >5( '56([$4'5! (Z. %"$ ?E4$ 4E? $,
'&$=96W$9 65( 6' = #. \(5 ', #3( '"$ ?E4$, ' $&$4'5! (8
"(3'5 "'Z 569 E"(B... %" 5'W(4 6" &, &?(#$9 '3'4#
58' =( ! "$ "((, $ "$ 5'4"A(, "' '" 6 3(4 ((, $ 5'4"A(,
"( #4939». (:4$6$ 9.) «%" S 65 6'6$4, S ' 5'4"A( = ?4 M$-
4'5! "(8 ». (:4$6$ 9.) « $ 5'4"A( &$W4' &$ S , 4 A' ((
=$ 4' 65Z 56'Z 4$5 '6'5 !». (:4$6$ 9.) «D$ $= "... ' S$5,
$ "$ = M "$V, '4'M 6 '3" (=( 4( ("" Z $= '3-
V6$ 6 3= # Z, $= 6 "». (:4$6$ 10.) «%"$ "( 8'#4$ 6(= !
N '8 , $ "( 8'#4$ ?E 6(= ! '8 , S ' 6 $ '( ?E ' " ?E4'
6=(89 349 9 4( " V 3( (B 5$8E8 4 SW 8 #= W $8
3'4M"E ?E ! &$=9M(""E( 5 '4( E». (:4$6$ 12.)
;""$: «R'8"Z &"$Z N ' #'4 ?'B 8$", 6='3( '#', S ' "$
#'=$V 6 l6(BA$= . a ' 8$", ' '=EB ' =E6$( 65( 6
?4$M(""'( ' 6=(89, '#3$ 6' -6' '"S 59 3( 5 6', & N '-
#' '#='8"'#' = #$, 5S$5 4 6'#', 6(5(4'#', 3(4$( 59 ! 65(
M( M(...» (:4$6$ 20.)
279
«7' 6' =( N '8 6 3 ?$?'S , '4! ' S ' A( 6-
W(B59 &$ =$6 #' '6'B, 6' -6' 65 '=V" 6, =$&6(=-
" ! =$3 M"E( =E4!9». (:4$6$ 23.)
%?=$&(A '3'?4(" 9:
%?=$&(A 8( $b'=E:
280
494, ?'4!W "5 6' & " V 54 M N S(5 8, $ "( N5 ( -
S(5 8 A(498. 2"E8 54'6$8 , (#' 5=$6"(" 9 4 $=-
"E, b " A '"$4!"E, $6 '= 6'5 '4!&'6$459 8 "( 349
5 4(" 9 '?=$&"'5 , "( 349 ' =E 9 "'6'#' #4$ &=(-
" 9 "$ 4 " Z 5A(" , "' 349 '#' S '?E '3S(= -
" ! 56'Z "=$65 6("" Z '& A Z. R'N '8 9 "$&E6$Z
V '45 '65 8 N S(5 8 8( $b'=$8 4 5=$6"(-
" 98 - N S(5 ( $ (#'= 6E=$M("E = '8'[
5=$6"(" B. R'6 '=9Z, N 5=$6"(" 9 8( $b'=E - S 5 '
=$ S(5 (, ' (5 ! 3'6'4!"' ' '5 ("(4E(, '5 ='(-
"E '" 65(#3$ ' '3"'B 'B M( 5V(8(. CV(8$, b'=8 4$
$ '6$: «%" S 65 6'6$4 5(?9, $ S(4'6( , ' '=EB...» >
(=6'B S$5 5=$6"(" 9 "$&E6$( 59 S 65 6', &$ (8 54(-
3 ( 5=$6"(" (: « $ S(4'6( , ' '=EB...» .3. R= 6(-
3 "(5 '4! ' = 8(='6. (@(6 " =$&8EW49( ' ?=$ (.)
«7$ $M3'8 W$# '" 5 E E6$4 ', S ' 5 E $4 ?E S(-
4'6( , 4Z?'6$6W B59 4$6"E8, 5S$5 4 6E8 V'3'8 4'-
3'S ' '&(= , '54( '#' $ '" ?E 5$8 5(4 6 N 4'-
3'S . %" 6 3(4, S ' 8$4' '#', S '?E 5 3( ! ='6"', "(
$S$95!, - "$3' ([( 5''?=$M$ !59, " "$ 8 " "( &$-
?E6$9, 3$ 4E !, S ' '3 "'#$8 6'3$ "$3' #=(5 ,
S ' "( = 6ES"E8 = $8 ?'4!"', S ' '4! ' 58' =( ! "$
N ' 4(# ', $ S ' 3(4$ ! N ' V' 9 'S("! =$3'5 "', "'
'S("! = 3"'». (j$5 ! 9 $9, #4$6$ 14.)
281
&$( , '#3$ 'B8(W!, $ 4(M N ' 4$ !(». (j$5 ! 6 '-
=$9, #4$6$ 34.) «D( (=! '" (<$=(" ") 5 E E6$4 S 65 -
6', '3'?"'( '8 , $ '( 5 E $4 ?E S(4'6( , 5 ' 'B"'
='W(3W B "$3 =' $5 !Z ' 8'5 63= # 6 3$6W B,
S ' N ' 8'5 =$&'?=$" S ' $8 S "$». (j$5 ! 6 '-
=$9, #4$6$ 8.)
«<$ ?E , ' '="' ' 5 6 #'4'6 , '" M3$4 '? V$, ' '-
=EB, '" S 65 6'6$4, ?E4 "$3 " 8 '3"9 ». (j$5 ! 6 '-
=$9, #4$6$ 10.)
282
( ,)
C5E4 "$ 5 =$" AE 3$Z 59 ' &3$" Z: D'45 'B @. 7. ;""$ <$-
=(" "$. - \.,
N 1. " -
.
C4'6' 3'8 (6 3'8(, 3'8'S$3AE, 3'8$) '6 '=9( 59 6'-
5(8! =$& 6 W(5 =(34'M(" 9V. a ' 9M(4'6$ EB
'=M(5 6(""EB '6 '= 3'8, 3'8, 3'8, &6 S$[ B $ '-
#=(?$4!"EB &6'" "$3 '?=(S(""'B 5(8(B"'B M &"!Z ('3-
"$ & #4$6"EV (8 " # ), - ' ='6(""EB 5 4 5 S(-
5 B = (8 (5. 23).
N 2. , " ,
%?4'"5 B 5 "(5 '4! 8 3= &!98 , 6 '8 S 54( >='"-
5 8 , 6(='9 "', ;4$? "E8, 3$( '?(3 6 S(5 ! &"$8(" -
'B (6 AE (58. = 8. 75); N = 9 "E( 4$"E ' E-
6$Z (#' 5'" (=( 4( $Z 59 5 '54(3" 8 #$&( "E8
"'6'5 98 : '" ?'4!W'B 4Z? (4! '4 S(5 'B 8(W$-
" "E. > N ' 6=(89 (b(6=$4! 1872 #.) (4!"5 $9 #$&( $,
6EV'3 6W$9 6 i$=8W $3 ( (5 '4 A$ >(4 '#' #(=A'#5 -
6$ :(55("5 '#', 6V'3 6W(#' 6 5'5 $6 :(=8$"5 'B 8 (-
= 6 1866 #.), 3(494$ ?'4!W'( 6" 8$" ( $ "$&E6$(-
8'8 ;4$?$85 '8 6' ='5 (N 8 (=8 "'8 '?'&"$S$4
$8(= $"5 ( =( ("& >(4 '?= $" '54( :=$M-
3$"5 'B 6'B"E, 6 V'3( ' '='B ?E4 "$"(5(" ='" $8(-
= $"5 '8 8'=5 '8 b4' ). > =(& 4! $ ( i$=8W $3 ,
;4$? " ;8(= $ 58(W$4 5! 6 5"( %?4'"5 '#' (5. 23).
N 3. IL MIO TESORO
«\'( 5' ='6 [(». C4'6$ & ' (=E \'A$= $ «i'" h $"»
(1787), ' '=E( '( i'" % $6 ', (=5'"$M, &"$S -
(4!"' ?'4(( "=$65 6(""EB ' ' "'W(" Z M("[ "$8,
S(8 %?4'"5 B (5. 23).
283
N 4. 7' 6(3! ' $ '"$ ?E4$ "$5 6 3'8(, 9 "( '&6'494
5(?( " S(#'. 2 V M( 65(#' ', S ' '"$ M(...
N 5. . , . -
N 6. , ,
N 8. .
\$ 6(B '" 8$( , S ' V'&9 " V'S( ='6(= ! =($ A Z M("E '-
54( 55'=E (5. 27).
N 9. ,
C $=EB 54 #$ 6E=$M$( 59 ='5 '"$='3"', Z "E8, V' 9
5 ' (" '8 b$ $4 &8$, 54'6'8 (5. 27).
284
N 11.
:(=' ='8$"$ 3 6 (4!"' S$5 ' =$5"(Z , "A'6(Z ,
?$#='6(Z , ' =E6$Z 59 = 89"A(8 .3. ( , "$'?'=' ,
?4(3"(Z ), S ' 6''?[( ?E4' 56'B5 6(""' 4 (=$ =(
N '#' 6=(8(" . \'M"' ?E4' ?E 5 (A $4!"' '#'6'= ! '
'8, S ' 4Z3 19 6. 8'#4 =$5"( ! ?4(3"( ! 'V' "(B
&$8( "(B, S(8 "E"(, ?' S(4'6(S(5 6' ?E4' 8'4'M(. 7$
5$8'8 M( 3(4(, D'45 'B 65(#' 4 W! 54(3 ( 5 $= ""'B
4 (=$ ="'B =$3 A , 6 ' '='B 6"(&$ "EB = 89"(A
54 M 4 56'(#' ='3$ '3'8 4 &"$ '8 3 W(6"'#' 6'4"(-
" 9. 7' 65( =$6"' $6 '= 54(# $ (=(?$=[ 6$( , = (8
'?"$= M 6$( 96"'( "(5'' 6( 5 6 ( 5 ' =E6 $8 , #3(
N $ '5'?(""'5 ! '?=( $( A(""'5 ! =($4!"'5 ! "3 -
6 3 $4!"'B S(= E ("$ = 8(=, ;""E).
N 12.
< A$, = '?=( $Z[(#' 4(5 6 g=# W'6( ( '8(5 !( %?-
4'"5 '#'), &'6 X9? " "E8; '" '96 59 6' 6 '='B S$5-
, 6 #4$6( 16 (5. 28).
N 13. 3 $ 2 22
R' 5 $='B 5 5 (8(, = "9 'B 6 X'55 6' 65(8 8 =(,
V'='W$9 (S$ ! =(?'6$4$ =' E6$ ! ? 8$# 64$#'B.
R'N '8 '4! ' S ' ' (S$ $""$9 #$&( $ ?E4$ 5E='B (5.
28).
N 14.
f8(=(""'-4 ?(=$4!"$9 #$&( $, ' '= Z S $4 %?4'"-
5 B, - 'S(6 3"', «X 55 ( 6(3'8'5 », 6EV'3 6W (
(M(3"(6"', "$S "$9 5 1868 #. (5. 28).
285
N 15. 2
> 862 #. ".N. XZ= , "'=8$"35 B 6' ", =(36'3 (4!
6$=9#'6 (5 $"3 "$65 '#' 4(8(" ), (=(5( Y$4 B5 '(
8'=( '5"'6$4 (=6 Z = 55 Z 3 "$5 Z "9&(B (862 -
1598). ^$ (8 '54( C8 "'#' 6=(8(" "$ =(5 '4( 6'A$-
= 4$5! 3 "$5 9 X'8$"'6EV (1613 - 1917), ='3 8("((
3=(6" B, S(8 XZ= '6 S . > #("($4'# = 55 '#' 36'-
=9"5 6$, 5'5 $64(""'B i'4#'= '6E8, &$ 5$"E '4! '
60 5(8(B5 6, =' 5V'3 6W V ' XZ= $ ='5 [(5 6'-
6$6W V 3' 1855 #. C=(3 " V (5 ! %?'4("5 (. >(='-
9 "', D'45 'B "(5 '4! ' "(?=(M"' (=(3(4$4 N b$8 -
4 Z 6 %?4'"5 V (5. 29).
N 16.
2(=(8 9 Y(" $8 (1740 - 1832), $"#4 B5 B Z= 5 ,
iM(B85 \ 44! (1773 - 1836), W' 4$"35 B N '"'8 5 ;
V # 8$" 5 S(5 ( 3( 6E&E6$4 5 8 $ 6 = 55 '8
'?[(5 6( (5. 29).
286
7( ' '=E( & 6$5, "$6(="'(, 65( ([( "(3' 8(6$Z , '-
S(8 8E 5 D'45 E8 '8 "$(8 '3'?"E( 5 9 . j '?E
8$# 9 5 55 6$, V 3'M(5 6(""EB 6E8E5(4 $&$4 5! =(-
$4!"E8 , V 3'M" "'#3$ '8([$( V 6 '5'? Z 5 '-
= S(5 Z 5 5 (8 ' 5S( $, 55E4$95! "$ $ 'B-4 ?'
b$ , ' '=EB 8'M"' 4(# ' ='6(= ! 6 ? ?4 ' ( (,
N 'B A $3(4 44Z& B. C4 S$B 5 #=$b'8 Y(B5 '8 8'M(
54 M ! 6(4 '4( "E8 = 8(='8 6 5 '=( ' $ "$&E-
6$(8'B =($4!"'B M &" $ "$&E6$(8'8 6E8E54(. C
'3"'B 5 '='"E, 8(( 59 5 '= S(5 B b$ : "( B b'"
Y(B5 , #'5 3$=5 6(""EB 3(9 (4! 3 4'8$ , '5 $6 4
36$ '8$ 6'5 '8 "$" B, #3( '" 5 ?'4!W'B '?5 '9 (4!"'-
5 !Z (=(S 549( 65( '5 =' 8"E( =( 4 '4 S(-
5 ( $4$8? =E, = 3 8$""E( 8 &$ 3'4# ( #'3E (#'
'4 S(5 'B $=!(=E. C 3= #'B 5 '='"E, (=(3 "$8
C 6$ %?4'"5 B, 5 #'4'6E 3' 9 5'&3$""EB D'45 E8, -
65 $( 6' ='5: ' M( & " V ?'4(( M 6'B, ?'4(( =(-
$4!"EB, ?'4(( 3'5 '6(="EB - "$5 '9[ B, "(6E3 8$""EB
#=$b Y(B5 4 6E8EW4(""EB "9&! %?4'"5 B? 7(-
58' =9 "$ 56' 8(8 $=E - 8"'#'54'6"E(, 9# S (, '4-
"E( &? EV 4 W(, 8 4(BW B Y(B5 $ "$65(#3$ '5-
$459 "("$ =$4!"'B 54'6"'B b # ='B; 8(M3 (8
$ " '#3$ "( 5 [(5 6'6$6W B %?4'"5 B - ?(558(= -
"EB, M 6'B S(4'6( . C $M ?'4!W(: 5$8 Y(B5 54(# $
'M 6$( , ' $3$9 6 '45 '65 B 6E8EW4(""EB 8 = (5.
29).
287
N 19. , , 2
N 20.
g[( '3"' 8("!W (4!"'-4$5 $ (4!"'( 89, '?=$&'6$"-
"'( ' '?ES"'#' «D$"9» 4 «D$"(S $». %?4'"5 B 5'-
(3 "9( (#' 5' 54'6'8 «3'S ='S $» (5. 28).
N 21.
%?4'"5 B, $ 659 B 6E5' ' '5 $64(""EB 54 M$[ B,
8'# 5 '= ! =$558' =(" ( 3(4 4 ' '"S ! 5 6'4' -
'B 3$M( '64 9 ! "$ 5V'3 5'8" (4!"'#' 3(4$. > -
& ='5 (49 8'M"' 5=$6" ! 5 6 & '8 '"#=(558("
6 A(49V '5'?'#' ?4$#' = 9 5 6'6$" 9 5 (#' 5 '='"E. g5-
(5 6(""', 5=(3 ='5 (4(B ?E4' ?'4!W( ='5 '4Z3 -
"'6, S(8 $= 5 ' =$ '6 6E5' ' '5 $64(""EV 4 A, $
$ 3= &!9 %?4'"5 '#' 4 4Z3 (#' = #$ 8'#4 ' ='-
5 ! (#' '? 54 #( &$ '?(3'8 4 S(=(& '?[(#' &"$ '8'-
#' (5. 31).
N 22. 3
> 3'8$V = 55 V #'5 '3 S$5'6[ (&3(5! N ' "(8(A)
= V'3 4 =$& 6 "(3(4Z, '?ES"' ' 9 " A$8, S '?E
='6(= ! &$6(5 "$5 '4!"E(, "$5 (""E( 3(3'65 (
S$5E. > N '8 ' =E6 ( "$&6$" 3("! "(3(4 , '#3$ "$S -
"$( 59 3(B5 6 (. i49 ='8$"$, #3( 6=(89 #=$( 5 '4!
6$M" Z ='4!, S$5'6[ - 5$8'( '3V'39[(( 4 A', S '?E
"$ 56'B 4$3 «&$6(5 » 3(B5 6 ( (5. 34).
N 23. ,
> "$S$4( 70-V ##. ='W4'#' 5 '4( 9 '3 " = ?4! 5'5 $6-
494 = ?4 & (4!"' = S( 6(= 3'44$=$, "' ' $-
(4!"$9 5 '5'?"'5 ! 3'44$=$ (1 = ?4! 30 ' .) ?E4$ 6
' =(3(4(""'8 58E54( 6EW(, S(8 5(#'3"9. := ?' #'6'=9,
288
#'5 3$=5 6(""'( M$4'6$"!( 6 W(5 ! E59S = ?4(B 6 #'3,
' '='( 4$ 4 %?4'"5 '8 6 1872 #. 5'' 6( 5 6 ( S(-
E=(8 E59S$8 9 5 $8 3'44$=$8 6 '8 M( #'3 (N ' '
=$B"(B 8(=( 9 "$3A$ ! E59S 3'44$='6 5(#'3"9, ?(&
'W4 "E) (5. 34).
i'44 ?'4!W( 65(#' '?(5 ' '("$ (8, S ' '"$ 3'4M"$
='3 ! S(=(& 8(59A (5. 35). ^3(5! 54EW 59 96"EB ' -
&6 =$&8EW4(" B %?4'"5 '#' "$ M( (8 (5. 25).
N 25. " ,
@ ?(=$4!"'5 ! 6 '" 8$" D'45 '#' "( 5'6 $3$( 5 &$-
$3"E8 3(8' =$ S(5 8 3($4$8 5 5 ""E8 4 -
?(=$4 &8'8 ='#=(55 6"EV 54'(6 =(M"(B X'55 . «@ -
?(=$4!"'5 !» %?4'"5 '#' $ = $=V$4!"$, &$8( 8, S '
%?4'"5 B &$V6$S(" =$5 ='5 =$"(""E8 =$5 5 5 8
=(3=$55 3 $8 (5. 36).
N 26.
%?4'"5 B 5"94 56'B 3M$ (=('3(459 6 'b A $4!"EB ( '
(5 ! 6 &(4("EB 5Z= ) (5. 36).
N 27.
N 28. -2
7(8(A B $8(=-Z" (= = ?4 & (4!"' 5'' 6( 5 6 (
$"#4 B5 '8 =(35 $6 (4Z '='4(65 'B $4$ E. %3 "
& 8"'#'S 54(""EV = 55 V = 36'="EV S "'6, 3'6'4!-
"' 'S( "EB, 3$Z[ B ?$"$4!"E( = 6 4(# , $ , "$-
= 8(=, =$6' '5([$ ! = 36'="E( ?$4E. := "(6 S
#'=3 59 (8, S ' ?4$#'3$=9 N '8 S " '" 5 ' "$ ?'-
4(( 6E5' 'B 5 (" '?[(5 6(""'B 4(5 " AE, S(8 (#'
'44(#$, 5 $=EB 54 M$ $ 7 " (5. 37). R'54(3"(#' "(
54(3 ( $ !57 "E8, ' '='#' '8 "$( < .
289
N 29.
e' 9 6E5W ( S(?"E( &$6(3(" 9 349 M("[ " "$S$4
'9649 !59 4 W! 6 1859 #., 3(6 W & 36'=9"5 V 5(-
8(B, '3'?"EV }(=?$A 8, '5 $4 6 '3 " & 2"5 -
'6 ?4$#'='3"EV 3(6 A, 5'&3$""EV 6 18 6., 4 '4 -
S$4 '?=$&'6$" ( 3'8$ 5 # 6(="$" $8 = V'39[ 8
S (498 . R='#=$88$ 5'5 '94$ & [$ (4!"'#' & S(-
" 9 b=$"A &5 '#' 9&E $ 4 (=$ =E, $"A(6, 8 &E ,
= 5'6$" 9. >' 8"'# V 5(8!9V, '5'?(""' 6 R( (=? =#(
\'5 6(, "$=93 5 b=$"A &5 8 & S$4 $"#4 B5 B
9&E .
\'4'3E( M("[ "E & ' = M(" 9 < " '#3$ "( 6EV'-
3 4 "$ 4 A ?(& # 6(="$" 4 8$ (= . 2V 8'M"'
?E4' 6 3( ! 6 ' =(3(4(""EB 56( 5 B S$5 "$ ' =(3(-
4(""'8 8'3"'8 ? 4!6$=(, '#3$ &$ " 8 54(3'6$4 4$-
(B - 349 &$[ E 349 =(5 M$.
N 30.
D'45 'B '?=$& ( b$8 4 Z 56'(#' #(='9 (= 55 '#' $= -
5 ' =$ $, =''?=$&'8 ' '='#' 54 M 4 8'4'3'B D'45 'B)
' 56'(#' 5'?5 6(""'#' 8(" «@(6». D'45 'B =' &"'-
5 4 56'( 89 $ «@w6», $ "( «@(6». <...> @!6'6
N 31. $ « $»
X 55 ( ( $ b=$"A &E "(8AE), '?=$[$95! ?4 &-
8 &"$ '8E8, #'6'=9 8 « E» (b=$"A &5 '( tu, "(8(A-
'( du) 68(5 ' «6E». e' 9 '?ES"' « E» 54(3 ( &$ 8(-
"(8 5'?(5(3" $, "(=(3 ' 65 =(S$( 59 5'S( $" ( 5
b$8 4 (B, 3$M( 5 8("(8-' S(5 6'8 (5. 38).
290
N 32. , , $
N 33. , ) -
,
R' 8'3( '#' 6=(8(" , @(6 ", 6'&8'M"', ?E4 6 V'='W'
5W 'B ='5 '="'B = (, ' 3(4$""'B ' =$Z (5!8'B,
$ ' '8 (=('3(459 6 5Z= (=(3 6(S(=" 8 6 & '8
}(=?$A 8 (5. 40).
N 34.
289 A$; '3=$& 8(6$( 59 V'='W B, "' "( W $="EB
=(5 '=$", #'3"EB 349 3= M(5 '#' '?(3$ (5. 40).
N 35. $ , , -
291
6 «C(4(&"(65 '8» =$B'"( 'B M( <$W "5 'B # ?(="
(5. 42).
N 36.
D'45 'B 8(( 6 6 3 R=(5"("5 ( = 3E 6 \'5 6(, #3( & 8'B
?E4 $ ' (5. 41).
N 37. $
C'#4$5"' 8'(8 5 'S" («Mode in Costume», by
R.Turner Wilcox, New York, 1948, 5. 308), 4 4'6E(
=$5"E( " M" ( Z? S 4 '4!&'6$4 5! ?'4!W 8
5 (V'8 8'4'3EV $= M$"' = ?4 & (4!"' 6 1870 #.
- 8'5 '65 ( 8'3" AE, '"(S"', '3=$M$4 $= M-
5 'B 8'3(. f < , 6(='9 "', ?E4 '4' "9"E( 4 '-
M$"E( '4 5$ 'M "$ #'6 $V.
N 38. < $ ) )-
N 39. , , ,
C'#4$5"' Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (Leipzig, 1882),
5 [(5 6'6$4 S("EB ' 8(" X$B8'"3 iM$ '? > =5
(1800 - 1845) '8 '& '= 16 6. :("= V <"$ 5 ( 4
<"$ 5 " 5). d "( "$W(4 <(B5$, "( #'6'=9 M( ' R= $-
5'6(, =(3 'S $Z 3 8$ !, S ' D'45 'B '5 =' 8"' 6E-
3 8$4 N 6(=(" A 8(" b 4'5'b'6-8$ (= $4 5 '6 5
=$63' '3'?"E8 ='A(" "E8 ' "'W(" (8 - '3"$ = 5-
5 $9 b$8 4 9 "$ = "(8(A V (5. 45).
292
N 40.
C "(&$ $89 "EV 6=(8(", '#3$ ?(=A'6 Z '5 ! 4'W$3
5 '4!&'6$4 349 &#' '64(" 9 '4'&!(6, 8$4!S W
Z"'W = 5 =$5 4 5! #=$ ! "$ 4!3 &$8(=&W V =(
?'4' . a ' 5 '= ?E4 S=(&6ES$B"' ' 49=(" 6 5 $='B
X'55 , $ 1870 #. 5 $4 8'3"E8 8 MS ", M("-
[ ". <'"! & 5 $4 5 = #4E8 4 '5 =E8 "'5$8
= 69&E6$4 ?' " 4' "' = =( 494 5 (A -
$4!"E8 &$M 8$8 , W $8 4 6 " $8 , = 6 "S -
6$Z[ 8 59 '38( (. a ' ?E4' 3' '#', $ '96 4 5!
5 (A $4!"E( ?' " , ' '=E8 =( 4 5! '"! (5.
48).
N 42.
7'6 S' 6 "( 4ZM V '"! $V 8'# '6E49 !, A( 4995!
&$ 5 " &(4("'#' =(54$, 6 (V M( 5$8EV =(54$V
3$8E 8'#4 $ $ !59 5 '8'[!Z 56' V 3= &(B 4 4$ -
"EV $ $4![ '6 (5. 48).
N 43.
\'4'3'B S(4'6( , 5E" 36'=9" "$, "$3(4 "$ $ ' '5-
Z8 ='5 '4Z3 "$ 4 5 4 &'6$""EB ='5 '"$='3"EB
293
"$=93 - 6E5' ( 5$ '# , '=' Z '3 '95$"" Z = ,
'6(S!Z W$ (5. 49).
N 44. , , $
.- $ , $ ?
a ' "(?'4!W$9 'W ? $ D'45 '#', "', $ M( #'6'= 4'5!
=$"!W(, "$ =' 9M(" 65(B " # 6=(89 @(6 "$ «' -
5 $( » ' 6=(8(" 3= # V (=5'"$M(B (5. 52). R'?E6$6
%?4'"5 V (#4$6$ 4), 8E &"$(8, S ' ?E4$ 9 " A$,
'&3"(( N ' '3 6(=39 55E4 "$ 6'5 =(5("!( (5. 52).
N 45. « 2» «+ <»?
«a=8 $M» '89" , "' ' 6(=#" , '5 '4! ='8$" -
5 (36$ 4 '3'?$( =( 4$8 ='6$ ! '3 " & 4 SW V 8'-
5 '65 V =(5 '=$"'6 (#3(, 5'#4$5"' (6'3 (4Z Y(3(-
(=$ 90-V ##., ' (5 ! "$ 36$3A$ ! 4( '&M(, V'='W B
'?(3 ?(& 6 "$ 5 ' 4 36$ = ?49 36$3A$ ! 9 ! ' (( ,
4 $= 3'44$='6). D'45 'B '8 "$( '? N '8 68(5 ( 5
6E8EW4(""'B «;"#4 (B» ='5 ' 349 '#', S '?E 3$ !
'"9 ( ' (#' 4$55(. 7 M"' 5 $&$ !, S ' '?(3$4 6
=(M"(( 6=(89 '?ES"' 8(M3 9 !Z W(5 !Z S$5$8
(5. 52).
N 46. ,
@ S"E8 N $M$8 "$"9 E8 , "( 5S $9 $=( (&$-
=E $9 '495 $ "$ '4(5$V, 6 ' '='B (&3 4 %?4'"-
5 B), ?E4 6 '5"'6"'8 Z "E( 5$" "$ 36' V. C"(#, '
' '='8 $ 4 5! 5$" , 4(M$4 "$ 4 A$V \'5 6E R(-
(=? =#$ = ?4 & (4!"' 5 "'9?=9 3' $ =(49 (5. 53).
N 47. $
D$ "$&E6$( 59 "$='3"'5 ! - = ?4 & (4!"' = 8 4-
4 '"$ M (4(B ?E6W(B X'55 B5 'B 8 (= , 6 '5"'6"'8
Z= 5 '#' =' 5V'M3(" 9 #4$6"E8 '?=$&'8 8 5 4!8$-
294
"(, '5 $ 8'"#'4'- $ $=5 V &$6'(6$ (4(B 13 6. 2&
<$&$"5 'B # ?(=" "(5 '4! ' E59S 6 19 6. (=(?=$-
4 5! 6 \'5 6 R( (=? =#, #3( "( ' '=E( & " V 54 -
M 4 'b A $" $8 (5. 53).
N 49. , $
^3(5! N ' '?'?[(""EB . D'45 'B-8'=$4 5 5 E E6$4
' 6=$[(" ( 6E8E54 (V' 9 D'45 'B-V 3'M" ?'4!W(
6E3 8$4 =$63' '3'?"EV (=5'"$M(B, S(8 ' ?E ' "
?E4' 3' "(#', &$ 5 4ZS(" (8 l( 5 =$), 6 56' V "$-
?='5 $V '" S$5 ' = ?(#$4 '34 ""E8 8("$8 68(5 '
54(# $ &$6 $4 ='6$""EV, ' '=E( '" = 3 8E6$4 6 '-
54(35 6 . :'4 AE" - W =' ' &6(5 "$9 b$8 4 9, 6
3$""'8 54 S$( D'45 'B 96"' "( &$?' 459 ' =(6=$[(-
" (#' 6 :'4!A'6$ 4 @ AE"$ (5. 54).
N 50. $
O4("5? =#5 ( 5 = AE = 6'& 4 & :(=8$" ( &
l4(&6 #-:'4!W (B"5 '#' "9M(5 6$, =$5 '4'M(""'#' "$
'?(=(M!( C(6(="'#' 8'=9, Z# ' i$" ), 5 1859-#'
' 1879 #. 8 '=#'6$4$ '8 $" 9 6' O4("5? =#( "$
3$ 5 'B #=$" A(. \(4 ( '5 ("35 ( 5 = AE 5 1765 #.
= 6'& 4 & ;"#4 S(=(& ?(4!# B5 B #'='3 %5 ("3(.
2 b4("5? =#5 ( '5 ("35 ( 5 = AE ?E4 =(3 '5 !Z
6 70-( ##. 6E5' ' A(" 4 5! ='55 B5 8 # =8$"$8 (5.
54).
295
89, 5'=' 4( 5 5 9, V4(?$ ! [ ?E4' $ M( &E5 $"-
"', $ 4$ '8 !59 b=$"A &5 8 W$"!98 (5. 54).
N 52. " , 2
Y =# "35 ( 6 "$, ?(4'( =$5"'(. Y(4'( 6 "', &6(5 -
"'( $ W$?4 , =' &6'39 6 6'5 'S"'B S$5 O=$"A ,
'S"((, 6 3=(6"(B ='6 "A Y =# "3 9, #3( =$5 '4'-
M("E 3=(6"(BW ( 6 "'#=$3" 6 g6=' (. > "' "Z
("$&6$" ( 8(5 $) C("-h'=M, 'S(6 3"' =(34'M(""'(
'b A $" '8, 3(4$Z & 6 "'#=$3$, 6E=$[ 6$(8'#' 5(-
6(= ' Y'"$, 6 A(" =( Y =# "3 (5. 55).
N 53.
CE= (4 5 V4(?'8 "$ &$ 5 8(M3 (=(8("$8 ?4Z3 (5. 55).
R W "5 (5 V &6 S$ $ :
296
N 55.
d =( ([ =' 4 "$Z,
N 56.
> '?&'=( "(3(4!"EV "'6'5 (B 6 «Pall Mall Budget» &$ 29
3( $?=9 1871 #. 9 ='S(4 54(3 Z[((: «> C$" -
R( (=? =#( 8 (=$ '= &3$4 $& ' "$?'=( =( = '6 "$
1872 #. & =$5S( $ W(5 ! S(4'6( "$ 1000 349 65(B X'5-
5 B5 'B 8 (= , 6 4ZS$9 R'4!W . a ' '?ES"EB =( -
= 5 B "$?'= 8'M( 6(4 S ! $=8 Z b4' 3' 3'4M-
"EV =$&8(='6». a $ &$8( $ 'S "( 569&$"$ 5 ( 5 '8,
"' " (=(5"$ 5$8$ ' 5(?( (5. 59).
297
1943). d "( "$W(4 N 'B $"$V='" S(5 'B A $ E 6 $= -
=(, "' '"$ 8'M( ?E ! 6 '4"'8 ( 5 ( (5. 60).
N 58. +
N 59. 2 , $ ...
, « »
> 3 $4'#( &6(5 "'#' $b "5 '#' b 4'5'b$ R4$ '"$ (427
- 347 ##. 3' ".N.) "(5 '4! ' = Z[ V =$&#'6$= 6$Z '
4Z?6 . %3 " & " V = '= S(5 =$&3(49( 4Z?'6! "$
&(8" Z, S 65 6("" Z "(?(5" Z, 56'?'3" Z ' S 65 -
6(""EV M(4$" B. i= #'B 6'5 (6$( @Z?'6! (( 6'=(-
" 9, =( B, C' =$ , #'6'= ' 4Z?6 , 6E=$M$Z[(B
5 =(84(" ( =$5' ( <...> (5. 61).
N 60.
a ' 4 (=$ ="EB '?(3 5 ' 36$3A$ ! W(5 ! = ?4(B,
6 4ZS$9 «S$(6E(», 'N '8 3'49 @(6 "$ 5'5 $6 4$ 13
= ?4(B ( = 8(="' 10 3'44$='6 6 ' 6=(89). i6'( 8 M-
S " 6&94 36( ? E4 W$8 $"5 '#', "(8"'#' 6'3
' =$B"(B 8(=( '3" ? E4 ?(4'#' 6 "$ (5. 62).
298
N 62. .
3
> 1870 #. 6 \'5 6( ' =E4'5! (=6'( 6E5W(( M("5 '(
S(?"'( &$6(3(" (: @ ?9"5 ( =5E. >''?[( N ' ?E4'
6=(89 N8$"5 $A = 55 V M("[ ". \'4'3E( M("[ "E
5 =(8 4 5! 56'?'3(, ' '='B =$"!W( "( &"$4 , 5=(-
3 ='S(#' - '8 , S '?E 5$8 8 6E? =$ ! 5(?( 8 M$
((#' 6E? =$4 ='3 (4 ) (5. 64).
N 63. ,
%3 " & ?$4!"EV $"A(6 '#' 6=(8(" («#'5 '3$ "$S -
"$Z 5 4(6'B "'# , 3$8E - 5 =$6'B, 5 '4!&9 , "'# 68(-
5 (, '6'=' = #'8» .3.). CE" D'45 '#', C(=#(B
@!6'6 S, 6 56' V &$ 5 $V '? «;""( <$=(" "'B» #'6'-
= : «i$8E '5'?(""' 3'='M 4 8$& = 'B: "$ "(( $6$-
4(=E = #4$W$4 (V 3$8, ' '=E( 8 ?'4!W( "=$6 -
4 5!» («@ (=$ ="'( "$54(35 6'», . 37 - 38, 5. 572)
(5. 64).
N 64. < , ,
<$4 #$ =$5 '4'M("$ Z# ' \'5 6E ' "$ =$64(" Z D 4(
(k(" =$4!"$9 X'55 9) (5. 68).
N 65.
N 66.
X$&#'6'= ( }(=?$A V) ' 5 '4'6(=S(" 6 (=6'B S$5-
, #4$6$ 14, 6 ' '='8 @(6 " = ( «5 = &8»,
>='"5 B =(34$#$( 5 E $ ! 5 '4E, $ < [( $-
'B-" ? 3! 5 '4, - 65( N ' '4 S 5 =$""'( ='3'4M(-
" ( 6 S( 6(= 'B S$5 , 6 #4$6( 13, '#3$ @(6 " <
299
? 3 5$ ! 8(4'8 "$ 4'8?(="'8 5 '4(, =$&#'6$= 6$9 5
'8'[!Z 4Z?'6"'#' W b=$. >E&E6$" ( 3 V'6, 5 '4'-
6(=S(" (, 8 &E $4!"E( "5 = 8(" E, (=(4( $Z[ ( 5
8(5 $ "$ 8(5 ', ='S ( 5 =$""E( $?(==$A 8$ (=
3 V$ 5 V'='W' ' 4$S 6$(8E8 8(3 8$8 , 6([$Z[ 8
6 # "' S(5 '8 =$"5( ' 8(" 8(=W V, ?E4 6 '
6=(89 8'3"'B = V' !Z (5. 71). e' 9 $"A Z[$9 8(?(4!
= 6 3(" 9 5 $=E $ 8 =, V 6'&='M3(" ( =' &'W-
4' 6 3(=(6("! ( e$B356 44, S ' 6'&4( X'S(5 (=$, W $
7!Z-z'= , #3( 6 1848 #. 5(5 (= O' 5 54EW$4 5
'5 (B 4 "EV $"$ '8 S(5 V $5 $"!( . 7(58' =9 "$
=$&'?4$S(" 9, 5 = &8 'V6$ 4 6(5! 8 =, 1870 #.
659 g6=' $ 6=$[$4$ 5 '4E. <'8 ( , &?=$""EB @'"3'"-
5 8 '?[(5 6'8 ' & S(" Z «5 = S(5 V 964(" B»,
"(3$6"' 5''?[$4, S ' "$ '3"'8 5($"5( 8(3 8 •8 ?E4
'3"9 "$ 27,5 5$" 8( =$. > 3= #'B S$5 " # 8E
65 =( 8 8 5 (=$ •8$ 6 3= #'8 '?4 S!( 6 3 8, $
5 = &8, 6 W =(34'M(""EB >='"5 8 6 (=6'B
S$5 , 5 =$""E8 =$# S(5 8 '?=$&'8 '64 9( "$
=(W(" ( <$=(" "$ 5 3!? (#' M("E (5. 71).
N 67.
C6( 5 $9 #=$ 8'4'3EV 4Z3(B 6 X'55 , $ 6'&8'M"', 6
3= # V 5 =$"$V: #=' 65 $Z 6 = #, 65( 3(=M$ 6(-
=(6 , ' ' '='B 5 $Z '4(S ' ' '3"'#' #=' $
3= #'8 , $ ' , ' 6'3 , 5 '9 6 A(" =(, E $( 59 ' #$-
3$ !, 6 S! = '"' ' $4' (5. 72).
N 68. ,
\$"(=$ '?=$[(" 9 "9# " }(=?$A 'B 8 M - 5 $='-
8'3"EB «8'5 '6 &8». ^$8( ! ( $ M(, S ' "9&! "$&E-
6$( 56' V 3'S(=(B «<$ ("! $» «i$W("! $» "$ 5 $=EB
= 55 B 4$3, "( = ?(#$9 $"#4 & ='6$""E8 "'6'8'3-
"E8 5' =$[(" 98 «< » «i'44 » (5. 74).
N 69. 2
a 8 5 [(5 6 (4!"E8 8"'M(5 6(""'#' S 54$ #= ?'6$-
EB "9&! "$&E6$( 8'4'3EV 6(= ' =$V'6, "(3$4( V
b$ '6$ EV. %"' "( 'S("! '3V'3 >='"5 '8 , ' '='-
300
#', '-6 3 8'8 , 8(( 6 6 3 ' (A < ; >='"5 B,
6'&8'M"', [(54$6(" b= 6'4(", "' ='8( '#' '" S(5-
'4Z? 6, 8(" "$5 'BS 6. j $ (4! 54EW 4Z?'-
E "'( NV' N '#' = S 34 6'#' 54'6$ 6 b$8 4 $= -
8$V(=$ («DZ ! "- $b(=»): ='(&M$9 (=(3 58(= !Z
' 4 A$8 \'5 6E, ;""$ 5 '4!& =$55(9""E8 6ǭ'8
' 6E6(5 ( 5 N 8 8("(8, (( '=$M$( "(4( '( "(5'' -
6( 5 6 ( = 55 'B '8 S(5 'B b$8 4 S' '="'8 b=$"-
A &5 '8 5 [(5 6 (4!"'8 « $b(=», 6 54(3 Z[((
8#"'6(" ( '"$ M( 3 8$( ' '8, S ' 8'M( =$&64(S!
>='"5 '#' N 'B W 'B (5. 73).
N 70. <
R$M(5 B g#' 28 (=$ '=5 '#' >(4 S(5 6$ '= 5, 6'("-
"$9 W '4$ 349 ' =E5 '6 ?4$#'='3"EV = 55 V b$8 -
4 B, '5"'6$" 6 1802 #., =('?=$&'6$" 6 1865 #. (5. 75).
N 72. ,
>' &$4 7 '4$(65 'B, 4 R( (=? =#5 'B M(4(&"'B 3'-
='# 6 5(6(="'B S$5 \'5 6E. a $ 3'='#$ ?E4$ '-
5 ='("$ 6 1843 - 1857 ##. C '=EB '(&3 ='V'3 4 =$5-
5 '9" ( ' R( (=? =#$ 3' \'5 6E (' '4' 400 8 4!) &$
36$3A$ ! S$5'6 6 1862 #. &$ = "$3A$ ! - 6 1892-'8 #.
>E(V$6 & R( (=? =#$ ' '4' 8 S$5'6 6(S(=$, ;""$ = -
?E4$ 6 \'5 6 "$ 54(3 Z[ B 3("! S ! '&M( 11 S$5'6
(5. 76).
N 73. ! " ,
j(4'6( " M( &6$" (8 - 54 #$, 54 M$[ B, '=#'6(A -
'?=$[$459 4'6$""E8 '5'?$8 ( "9&!98 4 #=$-
b$8): «>$W( 5 9 (4!5 6'!» <"9&! %?4'"5 B (5$8 -
301
«5 9 (4!5 6'») '?=$[$( 59 >='"5 '8 #= 6'-
' ='6 (4!5 6(""E8 '"'8, $ ?E &'?=$M$9 'M 4'-
#' 54 # , "$5 $649Z[(#' Z"'#' W$4' $9 4 , S ' ?'4((
6(='9 "', 5 ( (""'#' ' A$ 5(8(B5 6$, ?(5(3 Z[(#' 5'
6&?$48'W"E8 V'4'5 9 '8 (5. 76).
N 75.
a 8 $4!9"5 8 54'6'8 («?'M(5 6(""$9») "$&E6$4
&"$8(" EV (6 A ("$ = 8(=, la diva Patti). > 1870-( ##.
6' O=$"A 3= # V 5 =$"$V $ "$&E6$4 b= 6'4!-
"EV $ = 5 6$=!( (, "' &3(5!, 9 3 8$Z, 8(( 59 6 6 3
6$M$(8$9 (6 A$ 4 $ = 5$. a $ «3 6$», ' =$M(""$9
=$&8"'M(""$9, = " 8$( S$5 ( 6 5"( %?4'"5 '#', 6
'8 5$8'8 5"(, ' ' '='#' '" ='5E $( 59 6 8 S$5'6 -
=$, 11 b(6=$49, 6 9 " A . ^3(5! M( %?4'"5 B =$&#'-
6$= 6$( ' "(B («"'6'B (6 A(») "$ 5 $"A 5 #=$b "(B
>='"5 'B 6 5 ??' "(( =' 12 b(6=$49. 2 "$ '"(A, 6 9
S. 30 8. 6 M( 5 ??' '" #'6'= 56'(B 5(8!(, S '
>='"5 B '4! ' S ' &$(&M$4, S '?E 5 =$6 !59 '? '?(-
3(, ' '=EB '" 3'4M"E 3$ ! "$ 54(3 Z[ B 3("! 6
S(5 ! &$#=$" S"'B &"$8(" '5 . <$M( 59, D'45 'B " -
$ "( 8'M( =(W !, 3'4M(" 4 N ' = (8 ?E ! 'b -
A $4!"E8 4 3= M(5 8 (5. 77).
302
8(""' ='? M3$Z[ V ( 6 (S$ 4(" 9, & ' '=EV 6 '-
54(35 6 6'&" "( "'S"'B 'W8$= ;""E >='"5 '#'.
C 6'&! 8'='&"EB $= 58 "' 6 3"(Z 59 &$ $""E( b -
# =E, M(4(&"'3'='M"E( =$?'S (, $ S ! '&M( - &$ -
$""EB, ' =E EB "((8 8$W " 5 . C8(= ! M(4(&"'3'-
='M"'#' 5 '='M$, ' '= Z '3#' $64 6$( D'45 'B, ='-
5V'3 "$ 82-B 5 =$" A(: «C '='M, ?E4 4 '" !9" 4
54 W '8 &$ $" ' 5 4!"'#' 8'='&$, "( 54EV$4
' '36 #$(8'#' &$3'8 '(&3$, (#' =$&3$6 4'». >='"-
5 B 6 3 '?(&'?=$M(""'( (4' &$8(S$( 8 M $ 5
8(W '8 S(=(& 4(S', 6EV'39[(#' & '(&3$ (;""$, 6'&-
8'M"', 'M( 6 3 (#'). a ' &= (4!"'( 6 (S$ 4(" (
([( 5 4 59. D(8$ «M(4(&$» ( ' ' '='8 ?!Z = -
W$ 6 "'S"'8 'W8$=() $ M( =(35 $( &3(5! 6 '?=$&(
5' =95$(8'B 4$ b'=8E, '3=$# 6$Z[(B ' S 3'6 ["'-
#' 6(5$ (5. 78).
N 77. ,
7$ &"$8(" 'B b' '#=$b 36 V (=6EV =$"5 '" "("-
$4!"EV '(&3'6, 65 =(S$Z[ V59 "$ 6(=W "( R='8'" '-
= , W $ • $, 6 3"', S ' $='6'&$, 3 [(#' ' M(4(&-
"'B 3'='#(, =' 9" 6W(B59 "$ &$ $3 ' C$"-O=$"A 5 ',
= ?$ 8(( '" 5''?=$&" Z b'=8 , '#3$ $ $='6'-
&$, 3 [(#' ' 3'='#( •" '" R$5 b ( =' 9" 'B
&$ $3 ' %8$V ), &9["$9 3E8'6$9 = ?$ 6("S$"$ 5-
=' 4'6 (4(8. %?$ $ = ? 5 '4!&'6$4 5! 6 = 55 V
$='6'&$V. C'#4$5"' " #( <'44 "!'"$ «Chemins de Fer
Russes» («X 55 ( M(4(&"E( 3'='# », R$= M, 1868),
7,5-8( ='6'#' $='6'&$ 5 '='#' '(&3$, 3 [(#' & R(-
(=? =#$ 6 \'5 6 , ?E4$ =98$9 = ?$ 6E5' 'B 6 2 8 30
58, ' (5 ! "$ 30 58 ?'4!W( 3 $8( =$ 36 M [ V59 '-
4(5, S!( 36 M(" ( 5 $ 'B M 6'5 !Z &'?=$& 4 D'45 'B
(5. 78).
N 78. " + $
j $ (4Z "('?9&$ (4!"' 58' =( ! "$ ;"" #4$&$8
>='"5 '#', "' 349 (V, ' V'S( 'A(" ! 65( 3( $4
8$5 (=5 6$, "('?V'3 8' 5(?( S( ' =(35 $649 ! 6"(W-
"'5 ! #(=' " . ;""$ ?E4$ 3'6'4!"' '4"'B M("[ "'B,
"' 5 3 6 (4!"' &9["'B b # ='B 5 4ZS (4!"'
4(# 'B 'V'3 'B. @ A' ((, 'S("! 56(M(( M 6'(, ?E4'
303
=( =$5"', S(="E( 6!Z[ (59 6'4'5E - 3'6'4!"' "( '-
54 W"E, $ 5(=E( #4$&$ ?4(5 (4 $&$4 5! (8"E8 '
# 5 EV =(5" A. g( 6ǭ 8'# 56( !59 S$= Z[ 8 56(-
'8 4 = " 8$ ! 5(=!(&"'( #= 5 "'( 6E=$M(" (. f
"(( = 89"E( # ?E ('"$ V "( =$5 ), '4"E( = ,
&9["E( &$ 95 !9 8$4("! ( 5 . R'M$ ( N"(=# S-
"', $ 36 M(" 9 ?E5 =E. >5( 6 "(B $&$4'5! N4(#$" "E8
"( '33(4!"E8 (5. 79).
N 79. ! !
i6$ 56( 5 V S(4'6( $, ?4 & ( &"$ '8E( 4 '3"' $W-
" , 8'# "$&E6$ ! 3= # 3= #$ ' b$8 4 3$M( 5
$&$" (8 4$: #=$b, "9&!, ?$='", - '5 $6499 8("$
4 4 S 349 '5'?EV 54 S$(6. <'#3$ >='"5 B '?=$-
[$( 59 C 6( «%?4'"5 B», '" = ?(#$( "(5=$6-
"(""' ?'4(( " 8"'B b'=8( '?=$[(" 9, S(8 (54 ?E
"$&6$4 (#' ' ' S(5 6 (5. 80).
N 82. 3 $.
\E 8'M(8 =(3 '4'M !, S ' 8(""' Y'?= [(6E 3$6$4 ' 5$-
8EB ?$4 (5. 89).
304
N 83. $
>" 8$ (4!"' & S 6 5 $ !Z «R$= M5 ( 8'3E "$ b(6-
=$4!» 6 #$&( ( «@'"3'" 44Z5 =(B (3 "!Z&» 1872 #., 8E
6 3 8, S ' toilettes de promenade (36$ $5$4 5! &(84 ,
$ 6(S(="(( 4$ !( ' $"S 6$4'5! 34 ""E8 6$3=$ "E8
W4(Bb'8. %5'?(""' 8'3"E8 5S $459 ?$=V$ , 3$8E
"$3(6$4 4$ !9 & « '='4(65 '#'» S(="'#' ?$=V$ $ '-
6(=V Z? & b$9, ' '='S(""'B = M(6'8 W$" 4! , $
6'4'5E =$W$4 ? ( '8 A6( '6 (5. 95).
N 84.
C(=#(B D'45 'B 6 56' V &$ 5 $V (58. N 63) ' 5E6$(
'=93' $"A(6 "$ ?$4 , "$ '8 "$Z[(8 ' 5$""EB 6
='8$"(: «..."$S "$459 ?$4 5 4(# '#' 6$4!5$. ^$ (8 54(-
3'6$4 S( E=( $3= 4 , ' '8 8$& = $ 5 b # =$8 ...
R'54(3" 8 $"A(8 ?E4 ' 4!'" - $3= 4! 5 =$&"E8
b # =$8 , "$ = 8(= grand-rond (?'4!W'B V'='6'3),
chane (A( !) 5 66'3"E8 $"A$8 - 6$4!5'8, 8$& = 'B,
#$4' '8, #='55b$ (='8 3=.».
305
C'#4$5"' &$8(S$" Z 6 (=(6'3( \'3, "$='3"EB ($ =
( 4 , 'S"((, ($ =, ' '=EB b "$"5 = Z S$5 "E( 4 -
A$) ?E4 '=#$" &'6$" 6' 6=(89 \'5 '65 'B 6E5 $6
1872 #. - 6 \'5 6( 6 '= ?E4 '4! ' #'5 3$=5 6("-
"E( ($ =E (5. 96).
N 86. , $
%"$ ' $&$4$ @(6 " "(5 '4! ' 3"(B "$&$3. >(5! ?$4
(5 N 'B 3 6 (4!"'B $ &'B: «63= # 8 &E $ '5 $"'6 -
4$5!») (=(3$( "$5 ='(" ( 5'5 '9" ( < (5. 97).
N 87. =(4(5 "$ 6(=3$9 W(9 5 " 'B M(8S #$, =(4(-
5 "E 6!Z[ (59 6'4'5E =$55 =' 6W(B59 = S(5 , =(-
4(5 "E #=$A '&"E( 4(# ( 36 M(" 9 8$4("! V "'#
= , =(4(5 "' N ' =$5 6'( 4 A' 6 56'(8 'M 64(" ;
"' ?E4' S '- ' M$5"'( M(5 ' '( 6 (( =(4(5
N 88. 3
>(3 [ B 6 $"A( 3'4M(" '5 '9""' 54(3 ! &$ 65(8
?E ! 65( 6=(89 "$S( , S '?E '3#'"9 ! &$ '&3$6W V,
'35 $&E6$ ! &$8(W $6W 859, '3 $4 6$ ! "(6" 8$-
(4!"EV, 5 #"$4 ! ' S [ 859 "$ 8(5 (, 58' =( ! &$
'3#' '6 'B "'6'B b # =(, 54(3 !, S '?E $M3EB
$"A Z[ B 5 '94 5 =$6 4!"'B 5 '='"E ' 56'(#' $= -
"(=$, '3$6$ ! &"$ , (54 $= "(=$8 " M"' ='3(4$ !
'3"' ' M( 36 M(" (. D$ 8 '?=$&'8, '" 6E" M3("
6E '4"9 ! '?9&$""'5 «"$358' =[ $», $ M( $
6(3 [(#', "$5 $6" $ = '6'3 (49. >5( N ' 3(4$(
<'=5 "5 B, "' &"$S (4!"' $ S"(B 89#S( (5. 99).
N 89. - ,
306
6$M$Z[$9 8 M$ M("$ & 8([$"5 'B 5(8! (5. 102). <'-
#3$ i'44 , #'6'=9 ' 56'(8 8 M(, "$&E6$( (#' ' 8(" -
' S(5 6 , '"$ 8(( 6 6 3 5'65(8 3= #'( - '"$ 6E? =$-
( 5$8EB b'=8$4!"EB "(B =$4!"EB 5 '5'? '?=$[(-
" 9, S '?E '3S(= " !, S ' '" S M (.
N 90. $, " ,
C '5 ='B "'5 $4!# S(5 'B "(M"'5 !Z '" 65 '8 "$(
'8"$ E 6 ='3'6'8 8(" , #3( 3( !8 '" &$" 8$4 5! 5
"$5 $6" '8 4 # 6(="$" 'B (5. 106).
N 91. $
> "'S"EV =(5 '=$"$V 495$4 (4 AE#$"(. <=$5 6E(
AE#$" '4!&'6$4 5! '#='8"E8 5 (V'8 = 55 V -
4.
N 92. $
f3'?"E( 3(=(6("5 ( 5$" 6E#493(4 $ , 54'6"' N ' '6(= "$
'4'&!9V (5. 107).
N 93.
> '5'?"9 ( @(6 "$ ' 4 3='69"E( #'44$"35 ( (S ,
6 $M3'B '8"$ ( 5 '94$ (S!, 6 3'8( ?E4 36'B"E( ' -
"$, ='4'M(""E( 6$ 'B 8(M3 =$8$8 (5. 110).
N 94.
iM'" D "3$4! (1820 - 1893) - $6 '= " # «D( 4' $,
=$558$ = 6$(8$9 $ ='3 36 M(" 9» (1864). a ' ?E4'
(=6'( ' 49="'( &4'M(" ( ( 4'6'B 8(V$" S(5 'B
('= , ' '='( 6 "$S$4( 60-V ##. ([( "( ' $4' 6 S(?-
" (5. 110).
N 95.
D= &6'" $ "$ ='55 B5 V M(4(&"EV 3'='#$V 6 70-V ##.
='W4'#' 6( $ =(6=$ 4 5! 6 "$A '"$4!" Z =$3 A Z.
R(=6EB &6'"' , ' '=EB 3$6$4 &$ S( 6(= ! S$5$ 3' ' -
V'3$ '(&3$, ='5 ' "$ '8 "$4 $55$M =$8 ' '(&3 (;
307
6 '='B &6'"' , S(=(& 3(59 ! 8 " , =(3 =(M3$4 ' 5 '-
='8 ' =$64(" '(&3$; 5=$& M( '54( =( !(#'
&6'" $ $='6'& 3$6$4 56 5 ' 4E6$4 63$4! (5. 114).
N 96.
:= ?' #'6'=9, 6 '54(3"(B =( ='W4'#' 6( $ 6 8 =(
#'5 '35 6'6$4' 36$ =(35 $64(" 9 '? 3'?5 6$V "'S"EV
(W(5 6 B: $8(= $"5 $9 5 5 (8$ R 4!8$"$ 5 (,
(=(#'='M(""E8 &$"$6(5 $8 , 6 ' '=EV "'# $55$-
M ='6 56 5$4 $ ' $4', 5 5 (8$ \$""$ 6 g6=' (,
#3( 8'M"' ?E4' =$&6$4 !59 6 =(54(; "' 6 1872 #. 6$-
#'" 1-#' 4$55$ ( ' '=EB D'45 'B "$&E6$( N6b(8 &8'8
«5 $4!"EB 6$#'"») 6 "'S"'8 '(&3( \'5 6$ - R( (=? =#
?E4 5 ='(" = 8 6"', 964995! S(8- ' 5=(3" 8 8(M3
4!8$"'65 'B '"5 = A (B 5 5 (8'B «? 3 $=$»
'4 '6" $ \$""$. > "(8 ?E4 ?' '6'B '= 3'=, $4(-
E, 3='69"E( (S , $ $ M( ' =E E( 4$ b'=8E, ' '-
=E( D'45 'B "$&E6$( « =E4(S $8 », - $8? ='6 ([( "(
5 [(5 6'6$4', 'N '8 5"(# 4( (4 S(=(& =$B" ( 36(= ,
'#3$ '"3 '=E 5 ' " (=(V'3 4 & 6$#'"$ 6
6$#'". > 5 $4!"EV ' 3(4(" 9V # 494 5 6'&"9 , '" ?E4
'4 ' #'='M("E ' '5 $4!"'#' 6$#'"$, & '45 '65 '#'
' 5$" 9 6 3"', S ' '3"' ( &$" 8$4 W(5 ! $55$-
M ='6 ($ "( S( 6(=', $ 6 ?'4(( '&3" V 5 $4!"EV 6$-
#'"$V). l(5 ! 3$8 6 «5 $4!"'8» ' 3(4(" 5 3(4 , ' -
" 6W 5! 6 =(54$V, ='( "$ =' 6 =' V, 8(M3 ='-
6' '4'M"E8 =(54$8 8(5 $ ?E4' 3'5 $ 'S"', S '?E
6E 9" ! "'# . > 1892 #. <$=4 Y(3( (= #'6'= , S ' 6
(=6' 4$55"EV 6$#'"$V "$ N 'B 4 " 5 [(5 6'6$4
=(54$, ' '=E( 8'M"' ?E4' =$5 4$3E6$ ! "$ "'S!, "'
'" "( &'?=$M$( N '#' =(6=$[(" 9 6 '3='?"'5 9V;
$ ?E ' " ?E4', 6 1872 #. '3'? ( '4"'A(""'#' 5"$,
= ' '='8 8'M"' 6E 9" ! "'# , "( =(3 '4$#$4' '-
5 (4(B. j '?E '"9 ! "( ' '=E( 6$M"E( '?5 '9 (4!5 6$
"'S"'#' (W(5 6 9 ;""E, S $ (4! 3'4M(" ' S( 4 6'
=(35 $649 ! 5(?( 6' S ': D'45 'B ?(& =$&?'=$ "$&E6$-
( 4ZW(6E( 5 3("!9 6 6$#'"( ' «3 6$"S $8 », '
« =(54$8 ». %?$ "$&6$" 9 =$6 4!"E - 3 6$" 5 $M3'B
5 '='"E ( 3(4 459 "$ = =(54$. ;""$ 5 3 , '6(=-
" 6W 5! 4 A'8 5(6(= 6 =$6'8 #4 ' "$, 8'M(
6 3( ! ' "$ 54(6$ "$ =' 6. C4(6$ ' "(( 5 3 (( #'=-
" S"$9 ;"" W $ ( ' '=$9 (W(5 6 ( 6 '8 M( 6$#'"(,
308
$ "( 6 '=E8 4$55'8, $ 6' 6=(89 '(&3 6 \'5 6 ). C
3= #'B 5 '='"E, ([( 6'5 'S"((, 5$8'#' ='V'3$ 6 4(-
6'B S$5 6$#'"$, 6'55(3$( '45 $9 5 $= V$, 5 E E-
6$Z[$9 "( 3'?5 6$ ' 58("E M$=E V'4'3$. R=98' "$-
=' 6 ;""E 5 $=$9 ?'4!"$9 3$8$ 4$3E6$( 59 5 $ !,
36( 3= # ( &$" 8$Z 8(5 $ "$ =' 6, ;""$ '?8(" 6$-
( 59 5 " 8 =$ 8 =( 4 $8 (5. 114).
N 97. )
> 1872 #. N ' b'"$= 349 (W(5 6 B - = 8 6"'(
= 5 '5'?4(" ( 5' 56(S'B 6" = , =(b4( '='8 8(-
$44 S(5 'B = S 'B, ' '= Z 8'M"' ?E4' = =( !
'34' ' " M(4(&"'3'='M"'#' =(54$ (5. 114).
N 98.
^3(5! =$&6'=$S 6$( 59 ([( '3"$ A( 'S $ 6 (S$ 4(" B,
' "'59[ V59 &$ $""'8 5 '='M (« $ ? 3 ' =$&3 -
=$4 '#'- '») 6(3 [ V 5$8' ? B5 6 ;""E (« =$5-
"EB '#'"! '54( 4 #4$&$, ' '8 65( &$ =E4'5! 5 (-
"'B»). C'""'B ;""( $M( 59, S ' M$4 B 5 ' " S '-
' #=E&( 6 5 ("(, N $ $= "$ '?(="( 59 "'S"E8 'W-
8$='8 5 ' 'W$[ 859 S '- ' 5' = W$Z[ 8 8 M S '8
(5. 116).
N 99.
C $"A 9 Y'4'#'( =$5 '4'M("$ "$ '4 ' \'5 6E 6
R( (=? =#. > 1870 #. $8 ?E4$ 20-8 " "$9 '5 $"'6 $
65 '=( '54( '4 "'S , S '?E $55$M =E 5 (4 6E !
'5 E6W B S$B 6 ? b( ( (58. $ M( N 72) (5. 116).
N 100. ," ,
> 1853 #. '96 4$5! 6(=3$9 W49 $ 5 " & 'B 4!(B,
5 '"5 = ='6$""$9 $"#4 B5 8 W49 " '8 f 4!98'8
Y$ 4(='8. a ' ?E4 (=6EB 6$= $" ' (4 $, 4 3(=? -
#=$b i(=? "$3(6$4 5(=EB ' (4' 5 S(="'B 4(" 'B, ' -
=$64995! "$ $"#4 B5 ( 5 $S . <' (4' ?E4 W =' '
=$5 ='5 =$"(" 6 70-( ##. ='W4'#' 6( $. fW <$=(" "$
309
" M"' 5S(5 ! =( ! 8 " '8 6 =93 «3 ="EV 6([(B»,
6E&6$6W V ;""E «"( = 9 "'( S 65 6'» (5. 118).
N 101.
C '='"" 3 V'6"'#' '4 S(5 '#' (3 "5 6$ 65(V
54$69" (5(=?'6, ?'4#$= .3.) 5 X'55 (B 6' #4$6( (5.
122).
N 104. $
7$ =' 9M(" 65(#' ='8$"$ D'45 'B "(5 '4! ' =$& 6'&-
6=$[$( 59 S 3(5"E8, =$6 4!"E8 & ?$8 >='"5 '#'.
<'#3$ '" 4E?$( 59, 5 4'W"E( & ?E '?=$& Z ='6"EB
=93 A6( $ 54'"'6'B '5 , "' (=(3 (#' 5S(&"'6(" (8
5' 5 =$" A ='8$"$, 6 6'5!8'B S$5 , (#' 5'&3$ (4!, "$-
$&E6$9 >='"5 '#', 6(="(( - (#' 6(4 '4( " Z 6"(W-
"'5 !, "$#=$M3$( (#' 8$5 (=5 ' 5$""'B & ?"'B ?'-
4!Z (5. 129).
N 105. $ ,
$
> '"A( 22-B #4$6E W(5 'B S$5 i'44 %?4'"5 $9
58' = , $ >='"5 B, ;""$ 36'( #'5 (B #=$Z 6
("" 5. >=(89 3(B5 6 9 - Z4! 1875 #., ("" 5, 6 '-
'=EB '" #=$Z 6 &$#'='3"'8 8(" >='"5 '#', - ([(
310
8'4'3$9 #=$. g( 6 1873 #. =(34'M 4 8$B'= f "#b 43 6
;"#4 . %"$ 8(4$ 8#"'6(""EB 5 (V, M( 6 1875 #. 6
"(( 5 $4 #=$ ! 6 X'55 ;8(= (. > ;"#4 ("" 5
S$5 ' "$&E6$Z 4' "- ("" 5'8 (5"$S$4$ 6 "(#' #=$4
"$ =' ( "EV 4'[$3 $V, 6(=3EV 4 ' =E EV 3(=-
"'8), S '?E ' 4 S$ ! ' 5 $= ""'B #=E, 6 ' '= Z #-
=$Z 6 5 (A $4!"EV ("" 5"EV &$4$V "'#3$ "$&E6$-
Z «Court Tennis». «Court Tennis» '8 "$( 59 l( -
5 =$ C(=6$" (5$. C $= ""E( '='4 #=$4 6 "(#',
EV 9 &$3EV$95! 6 # 4 V &$4$V. ; 6' 4' "- ("" 5,
'6 '=9Z, - "$W$, 5'6=(8(""$9 #=$. ^$8( ! (, $ [$-
(4!"' ' 5E6$( (( D'45 'B: #=' , =$&3(4(""E( "$
36( '8$"3E, 5 '9 ' '?( 5 '='"E #' "$ 9" 'B 5(
"$ [$ (4!"' 6E='6"(""'B =' ( "'B 4'[$3 ( 5 '&'-
4'S(""E8 =$ ( $8 6 = $V (8"( "=$6 59 « '&'4' $»
- ' &6 '='4(65 '#' =' 5V'M3(" 9 N 'B #=E ?4$-
#'='3"'#' (( 6'&='M3(" 9). % 5$"E =$&"E( = (8E
#=E. >='"5 B (#' $= "(= C6 9M5 B « #=$4 'S("!
V'='W' 5(=!(&"'. %" &'= ' 54(3 4 &$ 4( 9[ 8
" 8 89S'8, "( '=' 95! "( 8(W $9, 4'6 ' '3?(#$4
"(8 , 6EM 3$4 =EM' , 8( ' 6(="' '33$6$9 89S
=$ ( 'B, (=( 3E6$4 &$ 5( ». Y'Z5!, S ' 5 '=((
65(#' N ' ?E4 «56(S ». R$= "(= ;""E ' b$8 4 >(-
54'65 B, ' '='#' @(6 " "(5 '4! ' "(3(4! "$&$3 6E-
W6E=" 4 & 56'(#' 3'8$, #=$4 V M(, S(8 '5 $4!"E(.
D =(4(5 "$9 3( $4!: 8 MS "E 5 =$&=(W(" 9 3$8 5"9-
4 5Z= #=$4 6 = ?$W $V. i'44 659 #=$ $&$-
4$5! "("$ =$4!"'B - 6&='54E( 4Z3 ?(#$Z &$ 89S'8,
$ 3( . >='"5 B - ?'4!W'B ' 4'"" $"#4 B5 V
8$"(= = S 3. f64(S(" ( ("" 5'8 ([( =$& 3' $&E6$-
( N '. \(M3 ='S 8, N $ #=$ ?E4$ &"$S (4!"' ?'4((
5 ' 'B"'B 6 70-( ##., S(8 5(#'3"9. \ MS "E '3$6$4
=(W (4!"E8 3$='8, 3(=M$ =$ ( 6(= $4!"' "$
='6"( #4$&, M("5 $9 '3$S$ ?E4$ 54$?(B.
N 106.
:(=' ='8$"$ = "$34(M$ = 55 'B =$6'54$6"'B 4 ,
'S"((, 6'5 'S"'- =$6'54$6"'B A(= 6 , ' '=$9 ' 3(4 -
4$5! ' (3 "'B V= 5 $"5 'B A(= 6 E59S 4( "$&$3.
<'#3$ 8E 6 (=6E( 65 =(S$(859 5 '3"'B & 6 '='5 ( ("-
"EV #(=' "!, #=$b "(B @ 3 (B, '"$ ='9649( " (=(5
'?c(3 "(" Z A(= 6(B $ M(, $ "$?'M"$9 3$8$, #'5-
311
'M$ l $4!, &'?=$M$Z[$9 V= 5 $"5 '( ?4$#'S(5 (,
' 64 9" 9 ' '='B < 65 '=( &?$6 59 6 C'3("(. 7'
$ 9 5 $&$4, '5"'6"'( 6(=' S(" ( 6 " #( - =$6'54$-
6 (. i'44 < }(=?$A ( V ='3 (4 5'S( $Z
=$3 A '"" Z '?=93'6 Z 5 '='" =(4 # 5' 5 $='8'3-
"'B 3'?='3 W"'B 6(='B, ' '= Z '3'?=9( D'45 'B. >
70-( ##., 5'S "99 ='8$", '" ([( "( ='" 59 M# S(B "(-
"$6 5 !Z '?=93'6'B 5 '='"( =$6'54$6 9. >("S$" (
< @(6 "$ 569[(""'54 M (4! &'?=$M("E 5
?'4!W'B 5 8 $ (B. 28(""' 6' 6=(89 6("S$" 9 @(6 ",
' '=EB #'3$8 "( ?E6$4 6 A(= 6 5S $4 5(?9 $ ( -
5 '8, S 65 6 ( (=6E( 5V6$ ='M3(" 9 6(=E, V
6"'6! 58("9Z 5'8"(" 9, "' 6 '"A( " # 8E 6 3 8,
S ' '" (=(M 6$( 6" =("" B (=(6'=' , '?=( $( ?4$-
#'3$ !, D'45 'B 3(4 $ "' 9"( (#' 6 5( '45 '6-
A(6.
« » (1884 - 1886)
> $M3'8 S(4'6( ( 6 'B 4 "'B 5 ( (" =' 6'3(B-
5 6 Z 36( 5 4E: ' =(?"'5 ! 6 (3 "(" M$M3$ '?-
[(" 9 5 4Z3!8 , - ' '=E( = "9 ' "$&E6$ ! « " ='-
6(=5 (B», ' (5 ! " (=(5'8, "$ =$64(""E8 6 5(?9,
6" =(""(B M &" 3 V$ 6''?=$M(" 9, «N 5 =$6(=5 -
(B» - " (=(5'8, "$ =$64(""E8 "$ 6"(W" B 8 = 4Z3(B
'59&$(8EV A(""'5 (B. >'&!8(8 ='5 'B = 8(=. f" -
6(=5 ( 5 B S("EB - 9 8(Z 6 6 3 ='b(55'='6,
5 3(" '6 - 8'M( 5'S( $ ! 6 5(?( '?$ $S(5 6$. %" 8'-
M( ?E ! " M"E8 S(=6(8 3 W'B '?[(5 6$, = N '8
" M"EB S(=6! ? 3( 6(5 ?'=!? 5 '?[ (4!"E8 S(-
4'6( '8. C 3(" , '4 S 6W B 4 M(4$Z[ B '4 S !
'6EW("" Z 5 ("3 Z, 8'M( 5'&"$ (4!"' 4 ?(55'&-
"$ (4!"' 5 =(8 !59 $ "$&E6$(8'8 4 3(=5 6 . @Z-
3 =$&"EV (8 (=$8(" '6 5 4'"9Z 59 =$&"E8 =(W(" -
98, '3" V 6" =("" B 8 = '5 '9""' '3(=M 6$( 6(=V
"$3 6"(W" 8, 3= # V - "$'?'=' . 7' 349 "$5 6$M(" 5$8
b$ ?'=!?E 8(M3 36 89 «9» 6 '3"'8 S(4'6( (, ?'=!?E
8(M3 " ='6(= '8 N 5 =$6(= '8. d &"$4 5 3(" '6,
'? =(6$(8EV M$M3'B &"$" B, 5$8' #4 ?4(""EV, 5 =$5 -
312
"' 64(S(""EV 4Z? 8E8 =(38( '8, ' '=E( "(=(3 '
&$ E $4 W , 5 $5$95! ' W 8$, 3'4( $6W(#' & '?[(-
M 9, "' 6 "E( 8 " E V '3'4(6$4' 5 $3"'( S 65 6',
M(4$" ( = 5'(3 " !59 '?[(8 6(5(4!Z, 'B "$
6(S(= " 4 65 =(S 5 3= &!98 ' 4'M ! " # =$-
3 '8 $" .
313
54(3'6$ (4!"', '" M 4 6 58(= . ; $ $ '54( 58(=
3'4M(" 6'55 9 ! Y'M(5 6(""EB 56( M &" , ' '" 8(=
349 "'6'B M &" , h &" 5 ?'4!W'B ? 6E.
>'-6 '=EV, "$3' '8" !, S ' =$55 $& "$ 5$" 6 8$= (
1886 #., '#3$ D'45 '8 ?E4' ' '4' 60- '" 6(=3'
6(='6$4 6 '45 '65 '( '4'M(" (, 6(=M3$6W((, ? 3-
' 5'S "9 ! W(3(6=E 4 (=$ =E - #=(V'6"'. %" 6(=3'
=(W 4, S ' (54 '#3$-" ? 3! 6'&!8( 59 &$ (=' '54(
6(4 V #=(V'6 56' V &=(4EV 4( , «>'B"E 8 =$»
«;""E <$=(" "'B», ' ? 3( 5$ ! 4 W! ='5 '3 W"E(
=$55 $&E 349 "$='3$, ?4$#'S(5 6E( ' S (4!"E( 5-
'= 349 3( (B, "$& 3$ (4!"E( 5 $& '8 '3'?-
"'(.
> «C8(= 26$"$ 24! S$» ' 3(4' ' $3$Z 59 "(
6 '4"( S 5 '5(=3(S"E( ' E $ '#' ='3$, '='3 6-
W ( '?=$&AE 5(63'"$='3"'#' 5 49, "' 6 A(4'8 '?(M-
3$( V 3'M" . a ' =$55 $& - 5$8'( 9= '(, 5$8'( 5'-
6(=W(""'( 5$8'( 54'M"'( =' &6(3(" ( D'45 '#'.
<...>
314
f '45 '65 '#' 5 49 (5 ! '3"' 56'('?=$&"'( 56'B5 6',
' '='( 8'M"' "$&6$ ! « ' 5 '8 5 "E "$ '[ !».
h(4$9 6'5 =' &6(5 8E54! 4 S 65 6', '" ? 3( 'S(=-
S 6$ ! '" =E N 'B 8E54 , S 65 6$ 4 =(38( $ 3'
(V '=, ' $ '4"'5 !Z "( 3'64( 6'= 59 56' 8 6'5-
5'&3$" (8, 56' 8 &4'M(" (8. a ' = (8 6 4ZS$( 6
5(?9 $ "$&E6$(8E( V 3'M(5 6(""E( '6 '=E, 4
4' " Z A( 'S '6 '=9Z[ V59 6(=M3(" B, 54(-
3 Z[ V '3"' &$ 3= # 8, - $M3'( '54(3 Z[(( 6E=$& -
(4!"(B, S(8 =(3E3 [((, 65( ?4 M( &"$S(" Z, '-
'='( 6 4$3E6$( 6 "(#' D'45 'B. %" ='36 #$( 59 "$
'[ !, =$&=E6$( 6"(W"ZZ '?'4'S 54'6$ =$3 (#'
6" =(""(#' 58E54$, 'S [$( 58E54'6'( &(="' =(34'-
M(" 9, 4( b=$& , '6'=$S 6$9 (( $ 59 , "$[ -
E6$( "$ 4 SW Z b'=8 349 6E=$M(" 9 56'(B 8E54 ,
69&$( 6 =95 "( =(34'M(" B, #=$( 54'6$8 , =$5-
'4 '6E6$( =$5 '45 '6E6$( V. i= #$9 '5'?(""'5 !
(#' 5 49 - 9= '5 !, 56(M(5 ! 3( $4 , 5'S"E(, M 6' 5-
"E( 8$& 349 (=(3$S (5 (5 6$ M &" . D$ 6 80-( ##. 6
X'55 "( 5$4 " '. a ' =$55 $& =(36([$( = 5-
5 B 8'3(=" &8, =$5A6( W B (=(3 5 S"'B ?$"$4!"'B
5'6( 5 'B N='B. g54 6 "(8 '='B 54EW$ 59 ' #'4'5
"=$6' S (4!"'B ?$5" , (8 ='"& (4!"(( &6 S$ '-
N S(5 $9 " '"$A 9 "$ =9M(""EB 6" =("" B 8'"'-
4'# #(='9 - ' 5$8EB ' ' 5'&"$" 9, ' '=EB $6 '=
66(4 ([( =$"!W(, 6 5A("$V '54(3"(#' (W(5 6 9 ;"-
"E.
^$8( "$9 '5'?(""'5 ! =$55 $&$ - ', S ' '#3$ "$S "$( -
59 '6(5 6'6$" (, 26$" 24! S M( 8(= 6. %3"$ ' 8(M3
8(= 6E8 (4'8 4Z3!8 , '?5 M3$Z[ 8 N 58(= !
'#493E6$Z[ 8 ' 'B" $, =$&" A$ "(6(4 $, '5 '4!-
, 5 'S &=(" 9 D'45 '#', 5 [(5 6'6$" ( N V 4Z3(B
=$6"'A(""' 58(= &$M 6', $ "( M &" . > 5$8'8 "$S$4(
8E '?"$= M 6$(8 '3" & 8"'#'S 54(""EV (8 =$55 $&$
- ?(5S 65 6("" Z 'W4'5 !, ?(558E54(""'5 ! ?(&3 W-
"'5 ! M &" #'='35 '#' S "'6" S(5 6$, 6 ' '='B 5$8
26$" 24! S 5'65(8 "(3$6"' = " 8$4 M 6'( S$5 (.
g#' 5'54 M 6AE #$3$Z ' '8, $ (#' 58(= ! '64 9(
"$ V (=(8([(" 9 ' 54 M?(. «D$ S ', 54EV$6 '
58(= 26$"$ 24! S$, (=6$9 8E54! $M3'#' & #'5 '3,
5'?=$6W V59 6 $? "( (, ?E4$ ' '8, $ '( &"$S(" (
315
8'M( 8( ! N $ 58(= ! "$ (=(8([(" 9 4 '6EW(" 9
5$8 V S4("'6 4 V &"$ '8EV.
«D( (=!, "$6(="', '4 S 8(5 ' l $?(49 4 > "" '-
6$, - '3 8$4 O(3'= >$5 4!(6 S. - \"( N ' 3$6"' '?(-
[$"', $ N ' '6EW(" ( 5'5 $649( 349 8("9 6'5(8!5'
= ?4(B = ?$6 , ='8( $"A(49= ».
316
"( =$6 4!"' '3$6$6W B59 '3 (#' 5 3("!(8 " &("!-
B b. R=$5 '6!9 O(3'='6"$ V' (4$ =(3 =(3 !
(#', S '?E '" 5(4 "$ 3= #'B 5 4, "' "$W4$ N ' =(3 -
=(M3(" ( "( 5'' 6( 5 6 Z[ 8 56'(8 '4'M(" Z
=$&3 8$4$. C$395! "$ N ' b, R( = 26$"'6 S 65 '8-
" 4, $ 26$" 24! S 5 =$ 6$4 N #'5 " Z 5'6( '-
6$459 5 " 8 '? N '8 5$8'8 ='&'6'8 5 &(4("E8 4 5 !98
=( '"(. C$395! "$ 3 6$" ='V'39 8 8' 5 '4$ (6''?[(
659 #'5 "$9 ?E4$ '4"$ 6([ A 8(?(4 ), 63'6$ &$A(-
4$5! S(="E8 = M(6'8 S(="'B 8$" 4 B &$ =(&!?
5 '4$. R( = 26$"'6 S = '3"9459, S '?E ' A( !,
'56'?'M3(""EB '3 " 8 b 5 $4 6'4"'6$ !59 '3 $4-
6$ ! (#'. >3'6$ 5$8$ 5 $4$ ' A( 49 ! 56'( = M(6',
R( = 26$"'6 S ' 9 ! 5(4, = 3$6 6 ? " '6$6W B59 '3
" 8 b. 7' 63'6$ "( 65( ' A( 4$, R( = 26$"'6 S
' 9 ! '3"9459, ' 9 ! b &$? " '6$4 3$M( [(4 -
" 4. <'#3$ 65( N ' '"S 4'5!, '"$ 6E" 4$ S 5 EB ?$ -
5 '6EB 4$ ' 5 $4$ 4$ $ !. <...>
<'#3$ 26$" 24! S ' 6'4( D'45 '#' ' 3E6$( 6ǭ'8
56'Z M &"!, '" 6 3 , S ' 6E5W 8 6&4( '8 (#' 5S$5 !9 6
N 'B M &" ( (=(3 (8, $ "$S$4$5! (#' 58(= (4!"$9
?'4(&"!) ?E4' "$&"$S(" ( "$ 6E5' Z 3'4M"'5 ! 6'&-
8'M"'5 ! 5"9 ! 3'='# Z ? =M $&" Z 6$= = 349 5(?9
56'(B 5(8! . C4'6' «? =M $&"EB» 9 ' =(?49Z 6
'?E6$ (4!5 '8 58E54(, $ "( 6 4$55'6'8. d 8(Z 6 6 3
6$= = , ' '=$9 8'#4$ ?E '=$& ! 4'5 '( 6''?=$-
M(" ( S(4'6( $ 80-V ##. ' "'5 (4!"'B ='5 'W!Z, 65(-
6'&8'M"E8 '?=9 W $8 , ?(&3(4 W $8 =$W(-
" 98 . (C(#'3"9W" B '?E6$ (4! 8(S $( ' 5 ( 4( 5 $-
4 , 6 3(' =$3 ', &$8$5 ='6$""EV '3 " M"E( '4
='S ( "(8E( =(38( E '? V'3$.)
317
d 5 $&$4, S ' N ' ?E4$ 6(=W "$ '?E6$ (4!5 '#' 5S$5 !9
26$"$ 24! S$, "' $ '4! ' '" 3'5 # ((, "$ "(#' '?-
= W 4$5! 58(= !. >(W$9 #$=3 " $6 5 4(5 " AE, '"
58(= (4!"' '6=(3 4 4(6 Z 'S (N ' 8'B 3 $#"'&, 6
=(& 4! $ ( "(#', 6(='9 "', "$S$459 =$ 'S ), "'
D'45 'B, "( M$4'6$6W B 6=$S(B 6''?[( 8(3 A " ,
"$8(=(""' (8" , 6E36 #$9 3= # ( =(3 '4'M(" 9:
?4 M3$Z[$9 'S $, M(4 3'S"$9 ?'4(&"!, 3$M( 54( $9
W $, ' '=$9 M " $ "( 8'M( ?E ! 54(6$, V' 9 '"$
'8 "$( 59 "(5 '4! ' =$&. R'&M( 26$" 24! S 8=$S"'
W , #'6'=9, S ' "$ N 'B #$=3 "( '", $ "$ W =8(,
' (=94 M &"!.
***
318
"'B, "' 5 4!"'B '5 !Z. :(=$5 8 '" 8$( M$4((
8 =$Z[(#' 26$"$ 24! S$, "' M$4'5 ! (#' 56( 4$ ?(5-
5 =$5 "$.
«:(=$5 8 3(4$4 N ' 4(# ', 'V' "', ='5 ' 5 3'?=' 'B,
' '=$9 8 494$ 26$"$ 24! S$. ^3'='6!(, 5 4$, ?'3-
='5 ! M &" 6' 65(V 3= # V 4Z39V '5 '=?494$ 26$"$
24! S$; '4! ' 5 4$ ?'3='5 ! M &" :(=$5 8$ "(
'#'=S$4$, $ 5 ' $ 6$4$. <...> :4$6"'( 8 S(" ( 26$"$
24! S$ ?E4$ 4'M!, - $, 65(8 'S(8 - ' = &"$""$9
4'M!, S ' '" '4! ' ?'4(", $ "( 8 =$( , S ' (8 "$3'
'4! ' ?E ! 5 ' 'B"E8 4(S !59, '#3$ S '- ' 6EB-
3( 'S("! V'='W((. <...> '" 6 3(4, S ' " ' "( 'M$-
4(( (#', ' '8 S ' " ' "( V'S( 3$M( '" 8$ ! (#'
'4'M(" 9. %3 " '4! ' :(=$5 8 '" 8$4 N ' '4'M(-
" ( M$4(4 (#'. <...> %3 " :(=$5 8 "( 4#$4, ' 65(8
6 3"' ?E4', S ' '" '3 " '" 8$4, 6 S(8 3(4', "( 5S -
$4 " M"E8 5 =E6$ ! N '#', ='5 ' M$4(4 5S$VW(#',
54$?'#' ?$= "$. %" 3$M( =$& =98' 5 $&$4, '#3$ 26$"
24! S ' 5E4$4 (#':
319
5$8'( 6=(89 26$" 24! S ='6$4 459, 6 3$4 56( , (8
' =E4'5!, S ' M &"! (#' ?E4$ "( ', S ' "$3', "' S '
N ' 8'M"' ([( ' =$6 !. %" 5 ='5 4 5(?9: S ' M(
« '», &$ V, = 54 W 6$95!. D '" 'S 65 6'6$4, S '
= (#' A(4 ( '- '. %" ' =E4 #4$&$ 61" 4 "$
5E"$. g8 5 $4' M$4 ' (#'. h("$ '3'W4$ "(8 . %"
61" 4 "$ "((. %"$ 5 ' =E E8 = '8 5 "(' (= E8
54(&$8 "$ "'5 [( (, 5 ' S$9""E8 6E=$M(" (8 58' -
=(4$ "$ "(#'. g8 M$4 ' 5 $4' ((. «i$, 9 8 S$Z V, -
'3 8$4 '". - 28 M$4 ', "' 8 4 SW( ? 3( , '#3$ 9 8-
= ». %" V' (4 5 $&$ ! N ', "' "( 6 5 4$V ?E4 6E#'6'-
= !. «> ='S(8, &$S(8 M( #'6'= !, "$3' 53(4$ !», - '-
3 8$4 '". %" $&$4 M("( 6ǭ'8 "$ 5E"$ 5 $&$4:
2 63= # (8 5 $4' 95"', S ' ', S ' '8 4' (#' "( 6E-
V'3 4', S ' 63= # 65( 6EV'3 5=$& , 5 36 V 5 '='", 5
3(59 5 '='", 5' 65(V 5 '='". h$4 ' V, "$3' 53(4$ !,
S '?E 8 "( ?'4!"' ?E4'. <...> «<$ V'='W' $ ='-
5 '», - '3 8$4 '". <...>
320
%" 6 9" 4 6 5(?9 6'&3 V, '5 $"'6 459 "$ '4'6 "( 6&3'V$, ' 9-
" 459 8(=».
.
1860 - 1904
i(3 ;" '"$ R$64'6 S$ j(V'6$ ?E4 =$?'8 - &$ 3500 = ?-
4(B 6E 4 '" 5(?9 56'Z 5(8!Z. % (A ?E4 8(4 8
4$6'S" '8. %" =$&'= 459 6 1870-( ##., '54( S(#' 659
5(8!9 (=((V$4$ 6 \'5 6 ; '3 " j(V'6 '5 $459 6 D$#$"-
='#( ("$ Z#'-6'5 ' ( X'55 ), S '?E &$ '"S ! # 8"$-
& Z. 7$ M &"! = V'3 4'5! &$=$?$ E6$ ! 5$8'8 . % '"-
S 6 # 8"$& Z '5("!Z 1879 #., '" 'M( (=(? =$( 59 6
\'5 6 '5 $( 6 " 6(=5 ( .
C6' (=6E( =$55 $&E j(V'6 "$S$4 5'S "9 !, S '?E '-
8'S! 5(8!(, "$S( '"$ ?E "( 6E $4$5! & " & (4!-
"'B ?(3"'5 . %" & S$4 8(3 A " , ' '"S 6 \'5 '6-
5 B " 6(=5 ( , 5 $4 '8'[" '8 (&3"'#' 4( $=9 6
"(?'4!W'8 ='6 "A $4!"'8 #'='3(. ^3(5! "$S$4 '" 5'-
? =$ ! 5' ='6 [" A A(""(BW V "$?4Z3(" B, 6=$S 9
=(5 !9", 5 $4 6$95! 5 $=8(B5 8 'b A(=$8 (6 #'-
='3 ( 5 '94 '4 - 6 «D=(V 5(5 =$V» "$= 5'6$"E '= -
=( E N V 6'(""EV) ?(5S 54(""E8 =(35 $6 (498
(&3"'B ='55 B5 'B #4 W , ' '=EV '" '&3"(( 6'55'&-
3$4 6 56' V '=' V =$55 $&$V. a "(?'4!W ( Z8'=(-
5 (S$ $4 5! 6 =$&"''?=$&"EV 4 5 $V, S$5 ' = "$3-
4(M$6W V =(& ' 6=$M3(?"E8 '4 S(5 8 "$ =$64(-
" 98.
C$8 j(V'6 " '#3$ "( &$" 8$459 '4 S(5 'B 3(9 (4!-
"'5 !Z, "( ' '8 S ' ?E4 ?(&=$&4 S(" S$5 ='-
5 '#' "$='3$, - '" "( 5S $4 '4 S(5 Z 3(9 (4!"'5 !
56' 8 =(3"$&"$S(" (8: '" 'M( 54 M 4 "$='3 , "' "$
56'B 4$3. :4$6"'B '?[(5 6(""'B 3'?='3( (4!Z 349 "(#'
321
?E4$ 5 =$6(34 6'5 !, 65Z M &"! '" 5 =(8 459 6'&6E-
5 ! 56'B #'4'5 =' 6 659 'B "(5 =$6(34 6'5 , "'
'4! ' $ 5$ (4!. R=(M3( 65(#' '" ?E4 "3 6 3 $-
4 5 '8 V 3'M" '8. R'N '8 &$64(S! (#' 6 '4 S(-
5 Z $= Z ?E4' "( $ - ' ='5 ': 56'B =' (5 ='-
6 "(5 =$6(34 6'5 M(5 ' '5 '" 6E=$M$4 '-
56'(8 . %?E "'6(""' = , ' '=E( W ' j(V'6(,
'6 '=9Z , S ' 8 5'6(=W(""' "( '"9 "', 'S(8 '" 6
1890 #. =(3 = "94 ' $5" Z '8 (4!" Z '(&3 "$
C$V$4 ", #3( & S$4 M &"! $ '=M$".
322
>''?[( 659 '( 5 =' (4!5 6' 64( $( (#', $ $ '"',
' (#' =(35 $64(" Z, 65(#3$ 6(4 S 6$( 5 88 S(4'-
6(S(5 '#' 5S$5 !9.
323
$ $ 6 '54(3" ( #'3E M &" 54$6$ (#' ?E4$ ' 5 -
"( #=$"3 '&"'B. «Y(& b("'8("$4!"'B '?[ (4!"'5 ,
?(& '5 '9""'B 'V' E 9 W$ !59 5 4Z?E8 S(4'6( '8, ?(&
M# S(#' (#' " (=(5$ ? '#=$b 98, "=$6$8, =$&#'6'-
=$8, ='b(55 98 5' (" E59S 4Z3(B '", '"(S"', " -
'#3$ "( 5'&3$4 ?E 'B #=$"3 '&"'B N"A 4' (3 = 5-
5 '#' ?E $ 6'5!8 3(59 EV 3(69"'5 EV #'3'6, ' '=$9
"$&E6$( 59 8(4 8 =$55 $&$8 j(V'6$.
324
5$3», «i939 >$"9», «D= 5(5 =E» 5 $4 =$&3" '8 "(
'4! ' 349 $6 '=$, "' 349 65(B = E. C8(= (4!"'
?'4!"'B j(V'6 = 5 5 6'6$4 "$ =(8!(=(, 6 3(4 6'5-
'=M(""EV &= (4(B, "$54$3 459 5 (V'8 56'(B !(5E,
$ &$ (8, '54$?(6W B $ " '#3$ =(M3(, 6(=" 459 6
56'( 94 "5 '( (3 "(" (. g#' M("$ %4!#$ <" (=, '3-
"$ & 6(3 [ V, 9 ?E 3$M( 5 $&$4 - (=6$9 $ = 5$ ($ -
=$, &=(3 $ "("$3'4#' = (&M$4$ "(8 6 d4 . Y=$
N ' "( ?E4 5S$5 4 6E8.
> 1904 #., 5'65(8 54$?EB, '" 65( M( = (V$4 "$ =(8!(-
= «> W"(6'#' 5$3$». ^= (4 "( 'M 3$4 (#' 6 3( !,
'964(" ( N ' 6E&6$4' #='8'6E( $ 4'3 58(" E. D'#3$
8'5 '65 $9 N4 $ = "94$5! (#' S(5 6'6$ !. :'6'= 4 5!
?(5 '"(S"E( =(S . %" ?E4 $ 54$? N ' ?E4' $ 96"',
S ' 6 &$4( '3"94 5! = : «C$3 (5!, 5$3 (5!...
R 5 ! ;" '" R$64'6 S 593( ».
>5 '=( '54( '#' '" 6 '54(3" B =$& '(V$4 4(S !59 -
( (=! 6 Y$3("6(B4(=, 6 "(8(A B l6$=A6$4!3. <'#3$
'" = ?E4 6 :(=8$" Z, M ! (8 '5 $6$4'5! = "(3(4 .
2 Z49 1904 #. '" 8(= 63$4 ' 56'(B 5(8! 3= &(B,
5=(3 S M V, 6 S M'8 #'='3(.
***
325
" V? R'5 $6! 8' V "$ '6(5, $ ( M( ? 3 #4$3 (. >
5'V ?E V 3$ " '8».
326
#'3"9, ' :'=! '#' '5 $"( 59 '3"' 89, $ j(V'6 ? 3(
M ! 5 '4! ', 5 '4! ' ?(=(&'6E( ='[ , &$ $ E
5 =$5 ! 6'=S(5 6 ».
***
7 '3 " 5$ (4! "( 5'&3$4 5 '4! ='#$ (4!"EV, "' ?(&
#=$"$ 5(" 8(" $4!"'5 , (=5'"$M(B, ' '=EV 8'M"'
' =(3(4 ! '3"'B A $ 'B & =$55 $&$ «7$ '36'3(»:
«2 "( '"9 "', - 3 8$4$ '"$, - &$S(8 =$5' , N = -
6( 4 6'5 !, #= 5 "E( 8 4E( #4$&$ Y'# 3$( 54$?E8, "(-
5S$5 "E8, ?(5 '4(&"E8 4Z398, &$S(8 '" $ "=$69 -
59». >' 5 $=EB 5' 5 B & =$55 $&$ «R' 3(4$8 54 M-
?E», 6(=5 &$ 6(=5 'B ?=(3 [ B ' 5"(# ' " S 'M-
"E8 ?(558E54(""E8 '= S(" 98, ' '=EV '" "( 8'M(
"( V'S( '"9 !. >' 8'4'3'B S(4'6( & '6(5 «\'9
M &"!», W(3W B & Z "'#' 3'8$, S '?E 5 $ ! " [ 8
8$49='8, ' '8 S ' "( 6E"(5 &$ V4'#' M(5 ' '#' 5$-
8'3'6'4!5 6$ ='6 "A $4!"'B M &" 5 (( #" 5"E8 3'-
8$8 , ' '=E( (#' ' (A, $=V ( '=, 6E5 =' 4 "$ 4 A$V
#'='3$. <$ 'B 5$ (4! 3(=M$459 ?E ' 5'?4$&"$ =$-
# S(5 'B $=$44(4 : ' (A 5 =' 3'8$, 5E" '?=(S(" V
=$5 !. ; j(V'6 "(3'5 # 3$M( "$8( " ! "$ N ' '?-
5 '9 (4!5 6', "( ' S ' '3S(= " ! (#', =$&=E6$9 (8
5$8E8 $"! '6(5 6'6$" 9. >' 6 =$55 $&( «i'8 5 8(-
&'" "'8» V= $9 3(6 W $, S!( 89 '-$"#4 B5 "(
6E#'6'= !, V= $9 \ 5Z5!, &9?" [$9 6 '" 'B = ?$W-
( '5(""(B "'S!Z, #(='B =$55 $&$, "$ 3E6$Z[ B "$
(( 54$?E( 4(S $4! '; $ 6 '"A( - (( #'=9[(( ' "'
327
#$5$Z[$9 64Z?4(""'5 !. >' 5 $= & «7'6'B 3$S »,
' '=EB "( '" 8$( [( " Z 694 Z 3'?=' S 3$ '6$-
'#' '8([ $, = N '8 ?4$#'54'6499 (#' ' 65(#'
5(=3A$; $ '#3$ 3'S $ ?$= "$, 8$4("! $9 &?$4'6$""$9
3(6'S $ 5 '4!"'B 6"(W"'5 !Z, =E3$( , 'S 65 6'6$6
6=$M3(?"'5 ! =(5 !9", '" 6E" 8$( & $=8$"$ '# =(A
5 "$4 W 8 ='W $8 5 ( (B, = #'6$= 6$9: «7(
4$S!, 3( 'S $, $ ' 8$8("! $ ' A 'M$4 59, $ ' (A
= ?!( », - "$5 5'&3$( 59 'S"'( =(35 $64(" ( '
"=$6$V, A$=9[ V 6 (#' 5'?5 6(""'8 3'8(, V' 9 $6 '= " -
S(#' "( '?c95"9( "( '3S(= 6$( . >' 3(=(6("5 $9
S (4!" A$ & =$55 $&$ «7$ '36'3(», ='#$ (4!"E(
#=(&E ' '='B ' 3(4' =(=E6$Z V$?E 4 ' 4
6'&" AE, #= ?', V' ! 3'?='3 W"' &'6 [(#' (( «>$-
5 4!(6"$». ; @ $ & 5$8'#' '=$& (4!"'#' (#' =$55 $-
&$ «> '6=$#(» - =' $9 "$ 6"$9 =(5 !9" $, ' '-
='B ? 6$Z #'4("! '#' 84$3("A$. ; $ V'='W =(3E-
3 [ B N &'3, '#3$ =(?("' ([( &3'='6, 6(5(4 8'4'-
3$9 8$ ! #=$( 5 " 8 - ' 'B3( 36(= , ' 4'" 59 (8
&3$4 5 $M( : «^3=$65 6 B (, 7 b'= ;" 5 8ES», $
' '8 ?='5 59, = M8( 5(?(, 4$5 '6' = S $9. ;
"(5S$5 "EB ?='39#$ 6 '8 M( S 3"'8 =$55 $&(, #'6'=9-
[ B 5 @ 'B ' 56' V 5 =$"5 6 9V ' X'55 . %3"$M3E
='(&M B #'5 '3 ", "$6(="'( - '4 S(5 B 55E4!"EB
& \'5 6E, 65 =( 4 (#' #3(- ' "$ >'4#(, 6 3(4 '?"'5-
, V 3'( 4 A' &$ 4$ $4: «aV, #'6'= , V4(? 6'B S(=-
"EB, 3" 6' S(="E(...»
328
***
329
V'65 8. \ = 349 "(#' 58(W'" (S$4(" '3"'6=(8(""',
"', "( &$8( 6 (#' &$?$6"'5 , 6E "( 'B8( ( (#' (S$-
4 , ' '8 S ' '" "(=$&3(4!"E.
330
>. 7$?' '6 5"$S$4$ "$ 5$4 «"( ?(5 ' ' 4 (#'» ='-
3'4M 4 b=$& . g( 5 ' = 6(5 , V' 9 $6 '= (( 6E-
S(= " 4: «?(5 ' ' 4 (#' 8("!W(, S(8, 5 $M(8, <'"=$-
3$, '#3$ ' ( $ 5''?[$( O'=3 \(3' 5 O'=3) ' E5 -
6$4 54'6' & 36 V 5 '4'6 "'B 54'#'6 - "( ='5 ' &
36 V 4 =(V, $ 8(""' & 36 V 5 '4'6 "'B, - ' '='(
(8 =(35 $6494'5! $?5'4Z "' "('?V'3 8E8 6 '"A(
$ '#'-" ? 3! ' 5$" 9. 2 '", <'"=$3, ?E4 5'6(=W(""'
=$6, '5 '4! $ '6$ ?E4$ = ='3$ (#' 3$=$. ; j(V'6
' '"S 4 ?E N b=$& , "$ 5$6 «#3(- '» 4 « '#3$- '»,
3$M( "( &$3 8$459 ?E ' 56'(B '"A'6 (; = N '8 j(-
V'6 6(4 B 5$ (4!, S(#' "( 5 $M(W! ' 5 $= "( <'"-
=$3(».
331
R'4 & ='6$""EV = '6 ?(5 4' ', S ' N ' "(
= "$34(M$4 ' =(3(4(""'B '4 S(5 'B $=
S ' $6 '= "( 5"$?3 4 (#' S( 'B '4 S(5 'B ='#=$8-
8'B. 7' 6 '8- ' 65( 3(4'. Y(5 '8'["E( " (44 #(" E
j(V'6$ "( ?E4 " (=='= 5 $8 , " 5'A $4-
3(8' =$ $8 , " ? 3 [ 8 ?'4!W(6 $8 , " (8 "E8
& ?(5S 54(""EV S4("'6 ?(5S 54(""EV ='55 B5 V $=-
B. >$M"', S ' S"EB S(V'65 B #(='B - "( 3$S4 -
6EB &$[ " '?[(S(4'6(S(5 'B =$63E, 6'&4'M 6W B
"$ 5(?9 ?=(89, ' '='#' '" "( 8'# " 6E"(5 , " 5?='-
5 !. >5( S(V'65 ( =$55 $&E - N ' "( =(=E6"'( 5 ' E-
$" (, "' 5 ' E $( 59 6 " V S(4'6( , &$#493(6W B59 "$
&6(&3E. %" 65(#3$ "(5S$5 (" 3(4$( "(5S$5 "E8 3= -
# V; 4Z? "( ?4 M" V, "( (V, ' =93'8, $ 3$4!" V.
C =$3$" 9 "(#='6 6 S M'B 5 =$"(, $B5 '#' 4 ,
=$4!5 '#' =$?'S(#' 6E&E6$Z "(#' ?'4!W( 5(=3(S-
"EV 8 , S(8 "( 3$S 5'5(3$ 4 "(5S$5 !9 M("E. j(V'6
&64( $4 '5'?'( 5$ (4!5 '( "$54$M3(" ( & b 5$-
A 8(4!S$BW V =$&"'6 3"'5 (B N '#' 3'6'(""'#', 3'-
=(6'4ZA '""'#' $ = 55 V " (44 #(" '6. D$ ( 4Z-
3 8'#4 8(S $ !, "' "( 8'#4 =$6 !. %" =$&? 6$4
56' S M ( M &" , ?E4 #4 E, 54$?E, 5 ( 4 6E, 5-
(= S"E; "' &$ 65(8 N 8 j(V'6$ 54EW 59: ?4$#'54'-
6(""$ 5 =$"$, 5 8(6W$9 '='3 ! $ 'B S(4'6(S(5 B
. %" 5 $4 6'&8'M"'5 , &?(#$4 3(B5 6 B, "(
5 $4 "'S$8 , 6E3 8E6$9 8 =E, ' '=EV "( 8'#4
'5 =' !; "' 5$8' 5 [(5 6'6$" ( $ V 4Z3(B, '4"EV
E4 '#', 4$8(""'#' 5$8'' =(S(" 9, 3 V'6"'B S 5 ' E,
"=$65 6(""'B 6E5' E, '3"' ', S ' $ ( 4Z3 M 4 ,
6'&8'M"', M 6 5(BS$5 #3(- ' 6 5(#'3"9W"(B ?(&M$-
4'5 "'B '34'B X'55 - N ' '?([$" ( 4 SW(#' ? 3 -
[(#' 349 65(#' 8 =$, ?' & 65(V &$ '"'6 R= ='3E,
6'&8'M"', 5$8EB &$8(S$ (4!"EB - 6EM 6$" ( 54$?(B-
W V.
332
C $M ?'4!W(: S(4'6( , =(3 'S $Z[ B j(V'6 i'5-
'(65 '#' 4 :'=! '#', " '#3$ "( 5 8(( '"9 ! 5 [-
"'5 ! = 55 'B 4 (=$ =E = 55 'B M &" , S ' #'=$&-
3' 6$M"((, 5 ["'5 ! 4 (=$ ="'#' 5 55 6$ 6''?[(. f
= 55 V ?E4$ #=$: 3(4 ! &"$ '8EV "$ $= 5 '='"-
" '6 =' 6" '6 j(V'6$. 7( 4Z? 6W V (#' 5S $4
4Z3!8 "( '#' 5'= $. d ' 3 W 5'6( Z 6$8 'S$[(
&$#493E6$ ! 6 " # j(V'6$ (3$M( 6 (=(6'3$V, ' '=E8
'" '36(=#4 5!), S '?E, &$?E6$95!, (=(M ! N 5 $-
&'S"E( 5"E $ , $ '" ?E4 &$3 8$"E. > 6( EW [ V
5 4'B :'4 $b'6 '4(&"' 65 '8" ! ' V= V i$6 3$V.
f"E4E( (B&$M , 693W ( 6E, 5 4'"(""E( 63'4! 3= -
S$Z[( #=9&"EV 3'='#, 5(=E( 6'='"E, ='=(&$Z[ ( 5(-
='( "(?', 6'5 '8 "$" (, 6"(&$ "' '6(96W(( 6 5$8'8
&$ =$ (&"'8 #4 - 65Z N ='#$ (4!" Z 5 4'5 !, 65Z
N S 3" Z 54$?'5 !, 6(5! N ' S(V'65 B 6'= ' 4 6'-
"(6&=$S"EB 8 = 5 ' 5?(=(S! 5=(3 ?4 5 $" 9 8'# S V
"$#4EV 8 ='6, ' '=E( 5 49 "$8 ' 4'"" ' $4 -
$="EV #'5 3$=5 6.
« » (1899)
j(V'6 6V'3 6 =$55 $& «i$8$ 5 5'?$S 'B» ?(& 5 $. %"
"( 8(W $( . > (=6'8 M( $?&$A( '9649( 59 #4$6"$9 #(-
=' "9, 8'4'3$9 ?4'"3 " $, ='# 4 6$Z[$959 ' "$?(-
=(M"'B d4 E, 6 <=E8 , "$ j(="'8 8'=(, 6 5' ='6'M3(-
" ?(4'#' W A$. 2 54(3'8 ' S$5 M( 9649( 59 #4$6"EB
#(='B : ='6. <=$5'S"' ' 5$"$ (#' M("$, ' '= Z '" 5
3( !8 '5 $6 4 6 \'5 6(: 9M(4$9 b # =$, (8"E( ?='-
6 , = 6ES $ "$&E6$ ! 5(?9 «8E549[(B M("[ "'B».
C=$& &$8(S$(W! 8$# Z 3( $4(B, '3? =$(8EV $6 '='8,
- 8$"(=$ M("E "( ' =(?49 ! "$ 5!8( "( =' &"'5 -
8 Z ? 6 «c» ', $ '"$ "$&E6$( 56'(#' 8 M$ '4-
"E8 34 ""E8 8("(8. > 5'S( $" 5 6E=$& (4!"'B
6$M"'5 !Z (( 4 A$ 5 "$6 5W 8 ?='698 =98'B
'5$" 'B '?( N S(= E =' &6'39 " M"'( $6 '= 6 (-
S$ 4(" (: 5 ='6$9 M("[ "$ 5 6(=3E8 b(8 " 5 5 8
333
5'A $4!"E8 3(98 , ' '= Z 8 M, '3"$ ', 6 #4 ? "(
3 W 5S $( & 'B, "(3$4( 'B ?(5 $ "'B. 2 ' '8
(5 (5 6(""E8 $M( 59 (=(V'3 3$6"(B "(6(="'5 (B
: ='6$ (#' ' "'W(" Z M("[ "$8: «" &W$9 =$5$» -
$ '" V "$&E6$( , "' ?(& N 'B " &W(B =$5E "( 8'M(
5 [(5 6'6$ !. >5 '4!&! #'6'= 59 ' '8, S ' ='55 B5 (
='8$"E 6'65( "( ?E4 $ 8 4(# 8 , $ 6 8' $55$-
"'65 '8 R$= M(. C4'M"'5 ='?4(8E "( &?(M"' 6'&-
" $4 N V '=93'S"EV, "(=(W (4!"EV 8'5 6 S(B,
' '=E( 9M(4E "$ '3c(8, "' M (54 '3" 8 59, '
5 $Z 59 6 '8 (4!"E( 54'M"'5 . ^$ (8 (8 M(
&9["E8 =98E8 ?='5 '8, 5 '8'[!Z (=(V'3"'B
b=$&E « 6' '3"$M3E», 8E 6'&6=$[$(859 3$8( 5 5'-
?$S 'B >5( 6 "(B, 3$M( = S(5 $, #'6'= 4' (8 , S ' '"$
5 S$( . C'?4$&" = 4ZS(" 9, - V' 9 '" ' 3$6$4 5(?(
' S( 6 '8, S ' N ' 64(S(" ( '3 "' 'B M("[ "(, ' -
3EV$Z[(B "$ 8'3"'8 8'=5 '8 ='= (, '5"'6$"' "$ '-
W4EV 5 '= 9V, ' ?'4!W(B S$5 6E3 8$""EV, - 5'-
?4$&" = 4ZS(" 9 '4 $( (#' '3'&6$ ! 5'?$S , '-
'=$9 (8 5$8E8 5 $"'6 59 569& Z[ 8 &6("'8 8(M3
" 8 . %?$ '" 5 39 6 #'='35 '8 =(5 '=$"(.
- i"(B 9 !».
334
6 "A $4!"EV #'='3'6) - (8 "( 5 S"', $ = (3( 5Z-
3$: «;V, 5 S"'! $V, E4!!» R'3 8$(W!, S ' '" & :=(-
"$3E = (V$4» ("$&6$" ( '5'?(""' &$8$"S 6'( 349 = 5-
5 '#' 6''?=$M(" 9). %5 $4!"$9 S$5 ! V ?(5(3E, 349 '-
'='B N '#' N &'3$ ?'4(( S(8 3'5 $ 'S"', (=(3$"$
M( '56(""'. 2 6' (=6EB ='?4(5 S(V'65 'B 5 5 (-
8E (=(3$6$ ! '?5 $"'6 "$ ?'4(( 6E=$& (4!"E8
3( $498 = ='3E: «6'3$ ?E4$ 5 =("(6'#' A6( $, $ '-
#' 89# '#' ( 4'#', ' "(B ' 4 "E W4$ &'4' $9 '-
4'5$». D' , ' M 4 '#3$-" ? 3! 6 d4 (, &"$( , "$-
5 '4! ' 'S"' N ' ' 5$" ( 5'&3$( 6 (S$ 4(" ( 4( "(-
#' 6(S(=$. a $ (=6$9 S$5 ! =$55 $&$ &$ $"S 6$( 59 (8,
S ' : ='6, '3 " 6 56'(8 #'5 " S"'8 "'8(=(, 3 8$( '
"(B, 4'M$5! 5 $ !, 6E&E6$( 6 6''?=$M(" (( '" Z
54$? Z W(Z =$5 6E( 5(=E( #4$&$. 2 &$8( ! (, S '
'4! ' ( (=!, 6 6'5 '8 "$" #(='9, j(V'6 3$( &= -
8E( ' =(3(4(""E( S(= E #(=' " , =(6'5V'3"' 5'6-
$3$Z[ ( 5 M( &"$ '8E8 "$8 "(5 '4! ' 694E8 8$-
"(=$8 6E=$M(" (8 5 "$ 4 A(.
335
'5 ! "(( 6 "'8(=(. %" 5 $4 4Z?'6" $8 . %"$ 5 -
3(4$ 5 =$5 [(""E8 6'4'5$8 , 6 59[ 8 ' 5 '='"$8
4 A$, 6 "E4'B '&( #=(W" AE 5' 5 $= ""'B $= "E.
7$ 5 '4( 4(M$4 $=? &. : ='6 ' =(&$4 5(?( 4'8' ! 5 $4
"( 5 (W$ (5 !. a ' =($4 5 S(5 B W = V - ([( '3 "
S"' S(V'65 B = (8. %"$ =$55 $&E6$( (8 ' 56'-
(B M &" 6 3$4( '8 #'='3(, & ' '='#' '"$ = (V$4$,
: ='6$ "$S "$Z 54(# $ 9#' ! (( "$ 6"'5 !, 58 [(-
" ( 54(&E. D'4! ' 5(BS$5 8E &"$(8 b$8 4 Z (( 8 M$
- b'" i 3(= A, - 6(='9 "', "(8(A '#' =' 5V'M3(" 9.
336
D=( !9 S$5 ! '#= M$( "$5 6 8'5 '65 Z M &"! : ='6$.
X'5 'W! 6(5(4'B = 55 'B & 8E, 3'8$W" ( 3(4$, '?(3E 6
4 ?$V =(5 '=$"$V - 65( N ' (=(3$"' 5 ?'4!W'B M -
6'5 !Z. ^$ (8 A(4$9 5 =$" A$ '569[("$ 5 =$""'8 '?-
5 '9 (4!5 6 : '" "( 8'M( &$?E ! 3$8 5 5'?$S 'B. f "(-
#' 8"'#' 3= &(B, "' '8 (4!"'( M(4$" ( =$55 $&$ ! '
56'(8 = 4ZS(" "( "$V'3 6EV'3$. <'#3$ : ='6
54 S$4'5! #'6'= ! "(' =(3(4(""' (6 5$8'8 '?[(8 6 -
3() ' 4Z?6 M("[ "$V, " ' "( 3'#$3E6$459, S ' '"
8(4 6 6 3 , '4! ' (#' M("$ '3E8$4$ (8"E( ?='6
#'6'= 4$: «D(?(, i 8 = B, 5'65(8 "( 3( ='4! b$-
$».
337
4 SW B "'8(= 6 8(5 "'B #'5 " A(, j(V'6, 68(5 ' '#'
S '?E ' 5E6$ ! (#' "$5 ='(" ( 4 "$#"( $ ! ?(& '-
#' = 3"'( 3 W(6"'( 5'5 '9" (, '5 $( $ "$5 '9-
[ B V 3'M" : '" &$8(S$( 5(=EB '6(=, 53(4$""EB &
5'43$ 5 '#' 5 "$, S(=" 4!" A , 'M( 5(= Z ' E4 ,
5 65$3" '8 5' W49 'B 6 '3"9 'B = ( ' ? 'B #'4'-
6'B. >' 65(; $ ? 3 ' ?E " S(#' '5'?(""'#', "' N '
5$8'( 6$M"'( 6 '34 ""'B 4 (=$ =(. > N '8 M( 58E5-
4( V'='W$ 3= #$9 3( $4! - 5 $M(" ( "(8(A 'B b$8 -
4 b'" i 3(= A 6 5 $V W6(BA$=$. f&"$6 $3=(5, : ='6
' =$649( 59 3$ 58' = "$ 3'8. 7$ =' 6 9"( 59
&$?'=, E $""EB #6'&398 . «% $ '#' &$?'=$ ?(-
M W!», - #'6'= : ='6 5$8'8 5(?(, &3(5! "$V'3
&$6(=W(" ( 8' 6 '3"''?=$& 9 5(='5 , "$S$ EB '6-
='8, S(=" 4!" A(B "(#=$8' "E8 W6(BA$='8. 7('M -
3$""E( 8$4("! ( '6'=' E 4(# '5 ! $5$" B - 6'
S ' '3" 8$( j(V'6$ "$3 65(8 = 55 8 ='&$ $8
3' ='6"9 :'#'49 D'45 '#'.
338
j( 6(= $9 '54(3"99 #4$6 $ (=(3$( $ 8'5b(= $B-
"EV 56 3$" B 6 \'5 6(. <$ '4! ' '"$ = (&M$4$, '"$
'5E4$4$ "(8 , : ='6 , S(4'6( $ 6 =$5"'B W$ (.
%3"$M3E '" W(4 "(B, 5 " 8 ?E4$ (#' 3'S!. %"$ "$-
=$6494$5! 6 # 8"$& Z, N ' ?E4' ' 3'='#(. \(34(""'
$3$4 = "EB 8' =EB 5"(#. : ='6 #'6'= 4 56'(B 3'S(-
= , S ' (=8'8( = ' $&E6$( "(5 '4! ' #=$3 5'6 6EW(
" 49, "' (8 "( 8("(( 3( 5"(#. %?c95"(" ( 5'5 '94' 6
54(3 Z[(8: « ( 4' '4! ' "$ '6(=V"'5 &(84 , 6
6(=V" V M( 54'9V $ 8'5b(=E 5'65(8 3= #$9 (8 (=$ -
=$». 2 ' $ '" W(4 #'6'= 4, '" 65( 6=(89 3 8$4 ' '8,
S ' " '3"$ 3 W$ "( &"$( , 6(='9 "', " '#3$ "( &"$-
( '? N V $B"EV 56 3$" 9V. g#' 58 [$4', S ' 4'M"$9
5 '='"$ (#' M &" - 54 M?$ 6 ?$" (, V'M3(" ( 6 4 ?,
55'=E, 5'A $4!"E( '?9&$""'5 - ?E4$ 96"'B, 6 ' 6=(-
89 $ 5 ""$9 "$ ?'4(( " (=(5"$9 =9 $4$5! &$
N 'B 4'M!Z.
339
«R4(S , "$ ' '=EV 4(M$4 (#' = , ?E4 ( 4E
6&3=$# 6$4 . %" 'S 65 6'6$4 5'5 =$3$" ( N 'B M &-
" , ([( $ 'B ( 4'B =$5 6'B, "', 6(='9 "', M(
?4 & 'B '8 , S '?E "$S$ ! ?4( " ! 69" !, $ (#'
M &"!. ^$ S ' '"$ (#' 4Z? $ ? %" 65(#3$ $&$459
M("[ "$8 "( (8, (8 ?E4, 4Z? 4 '" 6 "(8 "( (#'
5$8'#', $ S(4'6( $, ' '='#' 5'&3$6$4' V 6''?=$M(" (
' '='#' '" 6 56'(B M &" M$3"' 5 $4 ; ' '8,
'#3$ &$8(S$4 56'Z 'W ? , ' 65(- $ 4Z? 4 . 2 "
'3"$ & " V "( ?E4$ 5 " 8 5S$5 4 6$. >=(89 W4', '"
&"$ '8 459, 5V'3 459, =$55 $6$459, "' " =$& "( 4Z-
? 4; ?E4' 65(, S ' #'3"', "' '4! ' "( 4Z?'6!. 2 '4!-
' ( (=!, '#3$ "(#' #'4'6$ 5 $4$ 5(3'B, '" '4Z? 4
$ 54(3 ( , '-"$5 '9[(8 - (=6EB =$& 6 M &" ».
340
("3("A '&"E8 =$55 $&$8 :'=! '#' 4 D'8$5$ \$"-
"$.
j( 6(= '(: =$55 $& '5"'6$" "$ 5 5 (8( 6'4", "$ ' ("-
$V '#' 4 "'#' "$5 ='(" 9. g54 8 = :'=! '#' 5'-
5 ' & 8'4( 4, ' &3(5!, j(V'6$, (=(3 "$8 8 =
6'4", $ "( S$5 A 8$ (= , S ', 5 $ , #'=$&3' ?4 M(
5'6=(8(""'8 "$ S"'8 =(35 $64(" Z ' 5 ='(" 65(-
4(""'B.
l(5 '(: =$55 $& 6 3(B5 6 (4!"'5 "( '"S$( 59, '-
5 '4! 3' (V '=, ' $ 4Z3 M 6E, "( 349 " V 6'&-
8'M"'#' ' =(3(4(""'#' &$6(=W(" 9 V "(5S$5 B, 4
"$3(M3, 4 8(S $" B.
C(3!8'(: $M( 59, S ' =$55 $&S 65( 6=(89 &' 65(V
5 4 5 =(8 59 '38( ! 3( $4 , $M3$9 & ' '=EV 6
"'B ='&( $&E6$4$ ?E "$ '6'=' 6 =$&6 3(B5 -
6 9: "$ = 8(=, 36'( # 8"$& 5 '6 6 ($ =( 8'#4 ?E '3-
54 W$ ! '?c95"(" (, 'W4 ?E 54 V , 4 S(=" 4!" -
A$ 8'#4$ '&"$S$ ! 5!8', 8("9Z[(( (S(" ( =$55 $&$.
7' 8(""' ' '8 , S ' N 8(4'S "( 8(Z &"$S(" 9,
?(558E54(""E, '" =$B"( 6$M"E 6 5'&3$" $ 8'5b(-
=E 8(""' N '#' =$55 $&$.
341
« » (1900)
i(B5 6 ( =$55 $&$ «> '6=$#(» =' 5V'3 '46( $ "$-
&$3 - =$55 $& ?E4 "$ 5$" 6 1900 #. \(5 ' 3(B5 6 9 -
= 55 '( 5(4' f 4((6'. C(4' N ' ?E4' &6(5 "' 4 W! (8,
S ' « $ - ' "$ '8 " $V... 5 $= 3!9S' 6 3(4 5=(3
&$ 5' &(=" 5 Z = 5 $4 (5 ! (( 5 M$3"'5 !Z; (#'
'4 $4 , 3(=#$4 &$ = $6, "' '" 54'6"' ' 'S("(4 ' "$-
54$M3(" 9: " S(#' "( S 65 6'6$4 '4! ' (4. Cc(4 65Z
= , $ 6 ?$" ( ?E4' b " $ S( E=(. 2 ='W4' M 8"'#'
6=(8(" 5 (V '=, 3!9S' 3$6"' 8(=, $ =' = 65w
'8" 4 . h &"! 4 ?E4$ $ ?(3"$ &3(5! 4 4Z3 "(
8(4 '38( ! " S(#', ='8( N '#' "(6$M"'#' 5'?E-
9, =' 5W(3W(#' 3(59 ! 4( "$&$3, $ '4! ' =' 5(4'
f 4((6' " S(#' 3= #'#' "( =$55 $&E6$4 ». 24 6(="((,
='8( N '#' "(S(#' ?E4' =$55 $&E6$ !. > N '8 N &'3(
' =$B"(B 8(=( 54EW$4$5! 6(5(4$9 S(4'6(S(5 $9
4E? $. >5( '5 $4!"'( ?E4' "( '4! ' ? 3" S"E8, "'
&4E8 - 5(='( '5 "'( #"(&3' '?8$"$ "(5 =$6(34 6'5 .
«>' 65(8 5(4( ?E4' '4! ' 36$ '=93'S"EV 3'8$, $-
8(""EV, =E EV M(4(&'8; 6 '3"'8 '8([$4'5! 6'4'5 -
"'( =$64(" (, 6 3= #'8, 36 VN $M"'8, $ =$& =' 6
A(= 6 , M 4 kE? ", := #'= B R( ='6, ( b$"5 B
8([$" "». %?$ N V 3'8$ - '? $4 [$ &4$. >5( 6 =$5-
5 $&(, &$ 5 4ZS(" (8 3( (B @ E - M("[ "E-
'3='5 $, =(35 $649( 5'?'B =93 '54(3'6$ (4!"EV
'?8$"'6, =93 8$5' .
342
"(6(5 $ ; 5 "!9: 'S(8 - 65 '=( 5 $"( 95"'. C $=EB
:= #'= B, 63'6(A, M(" 459 6"'6!, "'6 Z M(" (#' &'6
>$=6$=$: «g36$ '"$ '5(4 4$5! 6 '8"$ (, 6 6(=V"(8
N $M(, $ 65( ='56( 4(4' 6 3'8(, 'S"' 6' 65( ' "$
?E4 65 $64("E "'6E( 5 ( 4$.
343
D=( B '?8$". (C = M(5 $9 &8("$.) ; 5 "!9 "( '4! '
'?8$"E6$( ' $ (4(B 6 4$6 (, '"$ $ M( '?8$"E6$(
8 M$ 5 '3" 8 & N V b$?= $" '6.
344
='? $9 4E? $ "( 5V'3 4$ "(( 5 4 A$, #4$&$ 58' =(-
4 '-3( 5 - 3'6(=S 6' 5 4Z?' E 5 6'8.
> '=$9 #4$6$ &$ $"S 6$( 59 ([( '3" 8 W = V'8 6 V$-
=$ (=( ;" 5 8$. %" b$4!W 6 "$5 6'&!: 5 " 8 54 S -
4'5! "(S ' M$5"'(, '" "( 8(4' 5 =E6$( N '. «R'54(
58' = " "$&"$S 4 3("! 56$3!?E. R' '8 5(?9 3'8$
;" 5 8 65( V'3 4 ' '8"$ $8 '56 5 E6$4 4 M(,
63= # 65 '8" 6 ' S(8- ', &$3 8E6$459 #493(4 6 '4
"( '36 M"', ='"& (4!"', 'S"' 6ǭ'8 V' (4 ='-
" " ! #4 ?' ' 6 &(84Z. %" "( 6E=$M$4 " 3'6'4!5 -
6 9 ' '#', S ' M(" 59, M(" 59 5 '=', "$ <=$5"'B
:'= (, " M(4$" 9 '6 3$ !59 5 "(6(5 'B, $ '4! ' '-
56 5 E6$4. 2 ?E4' 'S(6 3"', S ' M(" 59 '" '4! ' '-
'8 , S ' N '#' V' 9 ' (A 8$S(V$, ' '8 , S ' 6 3(-
=(6"( $ 'B M '?ES$B: 5E" M(" 59, S '?E 3'8$ ?E4$
'8'[" A$. f(&M$9, '" "( '=' 459 3(=M$4 5(?9 6'-
'?[( "( $ , $ 6 ='W4E( 56' = (&3E, - ?E4 $ - '
'5'?(""' =$&69&(" #'6'= 4 "( ', S ' " M"'».
345
S 54(""EV 5( 6 X'55 . := #'= Z 3$M( 3$( 59 '?8$-
" ! 36 V ?(3"EV 3(6 W( : «<'#3$ '= " V '"S 4 ,
' kE? " &$ 4$ 4 8 "( 3("!#$8 , $ '6$='8 & 56'-
(B 4$6 , '" W4 ' "(#' #= 5 "E(, 3(=M$ 6 = $V
&(4 5' 5 ($= "'6E8 56(S$8 5$=3 "$8 , ' '=E(
?E4 8 5'65(8 "( " M"E, , 6EB39 & 5(4$ 6 '4(, 5(4
"$ ? #'=' 5 $4 4$ $ !. ;" 5 8 = (V$4 &$ = 3"9
3' 56$3!?E, 6' 65(8 "'6'8. 7$ "(8 ?E4 ?4(5 9[ ( =(-
& "'6E( $4'W 68(5 ' #$45 $ =$5"EB W" =' 5
W$= $8 , "$ 4(S$V 6 5(4' $4! ', "( "$3( '( 6 = -
$6$, 'M( "'6'(.
346
7$ 8#"'6(" ( 6'&" $( «3( 5 $9» (8$. «R'54EW$459
=(6'M"EB 3( 5 B 4$S: «\ 4$9 8$8 $, "(5 8("9 ' -
5Z3$, $5$ $!» - «D W( $8!» - = " 4 569[("" ».
^$ (8 '9649( 59 "'6EB (=5'"$M; g4 &$='6 ( ' ='-
&6 [ <'5 E4!) - 4' " '3=93S . a ' ='#$ (4!-
"'( 5 [(5 6', 'S("! 89# B "$ 6"EB "(8"'#' 6E-
M 6W B & 8$ S(4'6( . %" @ $ - '3 "$ '6' 89# (,
='5 E( 3'6(=S 6E( 4Z3 , '?$ '" 'S("! S(4'6(S-
"E, &$ ' 6 " V "( &6'=' 4 6'5 , = 5 [(B &4E8 (=-
5'"$M$8 =$55 $&$. <'5 E4! $ ? 3 ' '3$=(" =(36 3(-
" (8, '" " 6"' 5 =(8 59 =(3' 6=$ ! $ $5 ='-
b , ' '= Z '64(S( &$ 5'?'Z N $ 56$3!?$: «;" 5 8
E, 3( 'S $, 4Z? ( 3= # 3= M , M 6 ( '-?'M(5 ,
3( 'S , A$= A$ "(?(5"$9 6$5 "( '5 $6 . <...> i( 'S-
, 3( 'S , 3( 'S ... - ?'=8' $4 '" ?E5 ='. - ; 5 "!-
ZW $-8$ W $, >$=6$= W $, ? 3(8 M ! 65( 6 8 =(
5'#4$5 , ' '= 8' 4Z?(&"E(...» %" "$&E6$( 4Z-
3(B 8("!W (4!"E8 8("$8 56' V "5 = 8(" '6.
C(3!8'B '?8$". g[( '3"$ '38("$, ([( '3 " '?8$" ' -
"'5 59 6'4'5 "'8 5 $=W "( 6'4'5 "'8 5$=Z:
'" , «54 M 6W ( 68(5 ( M( S( E="$3A$ ! 4( &$ 65(
N ' 6=(89 "( '3 5$6W ( " '3"'B ? 8$# , "( ' 5-
6W ( & 6'4'5 "'#' =$64(" 9 " '3"'#' S(4'6( $ ?(&
'#', S '?E "( '?8$" ! "( '? 3( !, 5 3(4 ( (=!
=93'8, '?$ '45 E(, 5E E(, $&$4'5!, S ' '" M( 3'
$ 'B 5 ( (" =' $4 5! "( =$63'B, S ' 3$M( 'M$ "$
4 A( " V ?E4$ $ $9- ' '5'?(""$9, 8'W("" S(5 $9».
«R=' $4 5! "( =$63'B» - N ' (5 ! '3 " & 4(B 8'-
6'6 =$55 $&$.
347
?E4' 'S("!, S ' 5' 5 $=W 8 & " V '"$ 3$6"' M( "$V'-
3 4$5! 6 ?4 & V ' "'W(" 9V. ; #4 V'B " S(#' "( '" -
8$4, "( #493(4 "$ "((; '" 5 3(4, '4'M 6 "'# "$ "'# ,
(4 '=(V =$5 5E6$4 V $ #='8 ', S ' $&$4'5!,
5 =(494 & 5 '4( $.
7' 6' 5$8 5 $= kE? " 6EW(4 "$ 5=(3 " 6&8$V-
" 4 4$ '8, '3$6$9 &"$ , S ' '" 'M( V'S( 495$ !
= 55 Z, ' 65(8 3'8 6' 36'=( 6 '4 ( ='"(559
# 4 '3'?=(" 9:
>5( N ' '"S 4'5! '&3"', 6' 6 '='8 S$5 "'S . ;" 5 8,
'W$ E6$95!, '?V'3 4 "$ ='[$"!( (6S V 8 &E $"-
'6 3$= 4 $M3'8 ' "'6'8 '4 "" . 2 5 $= ,
"( $S$95!, $ 65( $ - ' 5 $9 "$ '3" "'# , ='6'M$4
#'5 (B #'6'= 4 $M3'8 :
348
' '4' 5 $3$ V'3 4 3(6 W ?$?E, '3( E( '-
=$&3" S"'8 . Y =EB ?E =(6(4, =$3 95! 56'?'3(,
=E4 (=(3" 8 "'#$8 &(84Z. >5Z3 , 66(=V 6" & ,
(4 M$6'='" . ;" 5 8 '#493E6$459 "$ A(= '6!,
5 ='B" Z, ?(4("! Z - (( "(3$6"' '?(4 4 , - 65 '8-
" 4, $ 9 ! 3"(B "$&$3 8'4 459 6 "(B; '#49" 459 "$
W '4 5 &(4("'B =EW(B, "$ =(S , 6 ' '='B '#3$- '
$459 3 4 =E? , =$3'5 ! '4EV" 4$5! 6 #= 3 ,
&$V' (4'5!, S '?E 63= # & &(84 6E='54$ 5 ("$ "(
5 4$ ?E (#' 3$4!W(, '" '5 $459 ?E '4! ' 5 '3" 8
='W4E8». a ' (#' '54(3"99 8E54!.
***
349
w "( = S"EB &$6'3 5 $6 !, ? 3 5$8$ 5(?( S -
V$». :'6'= 58(V$( 59. ; := #'= B R( ='6 S 5 4 A$
' (8"(4 ; 6 3"', "( '"=$6 4'5!. «R' $, #'6'=9 , 9
M 6, "(4!&9 6='&!, "$3' 65(8 68(5 (». ; '"$ #4$&$8
8( " 4$, & ?$8 &$5 = #' (4$... R'3$4 '4$3! - "(
(5 !»
350
4 , S '?E '" "( W4 3' &$6 =$. C $= kE? " ?(&
5Z= $, 6 M 4( (, ; 5 "!9 =E4!A$ '3 ?(=(&'B
4 S$B; #'=(4$ "$ 5 '4( 4$8 $.
351
$4, $ ='S ( $ ( 9 58(W$4 5' 56' 8 ... 2 '#3$- ',
A$=5 6 ( "(?(5"'(, M 6 ?E4 3939 8'B, i8 = B O 4$-
ES, 65(, ?E6$4', &$ '6$='8 (&3 4 ' 6 \'5 6 , ' 6
<=E8. YE4$ "(#' M("$, N $ 5$8$9 M("$, ' $ '",
&"$S , &$ '6$='8 (&3 4, 5 3= # 8 # 494$. l(5 (='
3( (B ?E4'. 2 6' , ?E6$4', 393("! $ $ 6E !( , '
58(( 59: «7 $ , #'6'= , 9 "( =$&?(= , #3( 8' 3(-
, $ #3( S M (». @(# B V$=$ (=, &"$S . D$ 9 (-
(=! "( =$&?(= , $ ( 8("9 3("!# "$5 '9[ ( $-
( b$4!W 6E(. 2 $M( 59, S ' '" 65( b$4!W 6E(.
C4(&E ' ( 4 "(#' ' [( $8; '" 65V4 " 4 ' 'W(4.
7(8"'#' '#'39 '" 4(# 5 $ ! 5" 4 =( ', '54( 5(8
?(55'""EV "'S(B».
***
352
R'(3(8 6 '3" 8 " 3'8'B! < 8'(8 ' A , 8$ (=
'(3(8, 5 $=(5 $" $8 9 "( V'S M !! C'? =$B59!
@ $ #493(4$ "$ "((, ' '=' (6, "( '" 8$4$, "' 63= #
4'6 4$ 6ǭ, $ 'B $ ?='5 4$ "$ =(?(" $, 63= #
'"94$ 659 '8(= 6(4$...
353
5 $4 =$&6(W 6$ ! (#' ' 9 !, 8'4S$, "( 5 (W$. 2 ' $ "(
6(=" 4$5! V$= $ 5 =( , " ' "( =(W$459 6'B 6
V"Z 61" !, S ' $8».
***
354
95!, (=( 4 $4 5! 49# W , 3$M( 8'M"' ?E4' =$&'-
?=$ ! 54'6$: « 2 E $ '6$! 2 E $ '6$!» <$ 'B ?E4
W 8! <$&$4'5!, S ' 65( N 6$= = S$4 (4 "$='S-
"', S '?E " ' "( 5 $4 6 N ' 6(5("" B 6(S(=, S '?E
65(, 3$M( 5(=3 E( 49# W , 3'='M 4 "$54$M3$4 5!
$M3'B 8 " 'B: 6(3! M &"! 3$( 59 '4! ' '3 " =$&!»
- 7( . \E & O =5$"'6$.
- D(?( 3$4(S( 4 ?
- > f 4((6'.
355
"$ 36 V 4( ( ! 5 '5'?"'; $ S(4'6( '4'M("' &"$ !
"( 65(, $ '4! ' '4'6 " 4 S( 6(= !. C '4! ' "$3'
(8 &"$ !, S '? ='M !, 5 '4! ' &"$( .<...>
<'#3$ @ $ 6(=" 4$5! 3'8'B, ' 5 ' "E ([( "( 6E#'-
"94 ; 65( 5 $4 . %"$ 5 3(4$ "$ =E4!A( M3$4$. R(=-
6EB 6EW(4 5 $= ; '" 5=$& , 5 (=6'#' 6ǭ$ '"94,
S ' =' &'W4', 3'4#' "( 8'# 6E#'6'= ! " 54'6$
'4! ' S8' $4 # ?$8 .
356
R'54( $" V 3E «@ $ = 54 M 6$4$ &$ 5 '4'8, ?$-
ZW $, '3"96 6 4 , "$ ' '='B ?E4 5'4("EB =EM ,
5 $&$4 (B:
357
R'4 ?(& 8"EB 5 $= := #'= B, M$4 B, 65(8 &$?E EB,
5$8EB 56( 4EB #'4'5 5 "E 6 =$55 $&(: «%3"$M3E - N '
?E4' 6 95"EB '5("" B 3("!, (=(3 6(S(='8 - 5 $= kE-
? " 5 3(4 ' '4' A(= '6"EV 6'=' , '3"96 6'=' "
56'(B W ?E, 6 3(" ?E4 '4! ' (#' "'5 '&E=( '
b =$M . 7$ 3= #'8 '"A( 34 ""'B 4$6 5 3(4 '3-
=93S g4 &$='6 =93'8 5 " 8 W '4!"EB 5 '='M d '6,
5 $= 4( 5(8 3(59 , ?(& & ?'6. <'5 E4! 5 '='M
=$&#'6$= 6$4 .
- j(#'?
- Y$?$ " S(#', 5 $=$ (4!"$9. > V"(8 3(4( ?(& N '#' "(4!-
&9... ?(& #=(V$ ' (5 !...
358
W ' '" 8'M( '" 8$ !? f3$=! # 59 ' #'4'6( $4 'B -
' "( 'B8( .
359
?E4' 54EW"', $ '" =$&#'6$= 6$4 . >' '54( " V
65 =( 459 '4 ( 5 $= kE? ", 5 $4' 63= # V'-
V'. @ $ R=$5 '6!9 "(8"'M ' ' 5 $4 , , '#3$ 5 $-
= '=$6"9459 5 " 8 , @ $ ' 4'" 4$5! " & ' 5 $-
&$4$:
« » (1896)
> 1896 #. «j$B $» ='6$4 4$5! 6 ;4( 5$"3= "5 '8 ($ -
=( 6 R( (=? =#(, &$ ' S(=(& 36$ #'3$ 8(4$ '#='8"EB
5 (V 6 \'5 '65 '8 e 3'M(5 6(""'8 ($ =(.
360
4(6(, - '5 $6 6W V 4Z? (4!5 B 5 ( $ 4! 6 $= '-
6'B $44((: «%" 64Z?4("E 3= # 6 3= #$, 5(#'3"9 V
3 W 5'4!Z 59 6 5 =(84(" 3$ ! '3 " ' M( V 3'M(-
5 6(""EB '?=$&», - #'6'= S (4! 6E5' 8 5 4(8,
5 '4! 56'B5 6(""E8 = 55 8 '4 " (44 #(" $8. f "(#'
(5 ! 56' = S "E 349 N '#' - '" 5$8 64Z?4(". D(8 "(
8("(( " M"' = &"$ !, S ' 65 4(" ( &4 W"( =98'-
4 "(B"'. j(V'6, $ 2?5(", 65(#3$ 5 =(8 459 6E5 $-
&$ !59 5 '4"'B ' =(3(4(""'5 !Z, $ 8'M"' ?E5 =((.
C'= ", =EV4EB 3'?='3 W"EB '8([ , &$V'3 &$
56' 8 4(89"" '8 D=( 4(6E8; ' "(=6" S$( &-&$
!(5E. X$?'S (, 6'&36 #$Z[ ( 5A(" , '3V'39 5''?-
[$Z , S ' '" 3 $ !59. \(M3 (8 5 $= C'= "
='5 \$W (=(3$ ! ' A ( =$649Z[(8 (#' 8(" -
(8), S '?E '" ' 69&$4 5'?$ "$ "'S!. «:'6'= ( 5 8' 8
' A'8 5$8 », - ' 6(S$( '"$, 3$6$9 (8 ' '=. 2& 8 -
(4!"'-(5 (5 6(""EB V'3 6 !(5(, 5A( 4(" ( "(4( EV
8(4 V 3( $4(B, '3"'6=(8(""' 5'6(=W(""' =$63 6EV -
8(""' &3(5! ' =E6$( 59 S(V'65 B $4$" .
361
&$ D'45 E8 - V$=$ (="' 349 8'4'3EV $6 '='6 '"A$ 90-
V ##., 'V'M V "$ D=( 4(6$.
362
8$», - 8'49Z[( #'6'= 5E".) 7 "$ ='3'4M$( . R=(3-
'4$#$( 59, S ' '"$ - 3 W$, 6([$Z[$9, '#3$ 659 M &"!
8(=4$ "$ &(84(. R= ?4 M$Z 59 ?$#='6E( #4$&$ 3!96'-
4$. ;= $3 "$ 58(( 59 "$3' 65(8, D=( 4(6 6EV'3 & 5(-
?9, = S , S '?E 3$4 &$"$6(5, V'3 . %5 $4!"E(
=( $Z (( 6 '8, S ' '"$ '? 3(4$ 5E"$. 7' '"$ 5$8$
'5 '=?4("$ - $ = &"EB, 5$8'4Z? 6EB 8$4!S W $... V'-
(4 ' S !, $ "$3' 5$ ! S ' " M"' #=$ !. >59
'" '5 ! 6 '8, S ', V' 9 D=( 4(6 V'S( " S 'M !
5 $=E( b'=8E 5 55 6$, (8 "( V6$ $( $4$" $, S '?E
"$B "'6E(. 2 6' S ' 3(4$( j(V'6. < ' ([( '58(4 4-
59 ?E 53(4$ ! #4$6"'#' '4'M (4!"'#' #(='9, ' (5 !
S(4'6( $, ' '=EB 3'4M(" &$6'(6$ ! 5 8 $ &= (-
4(B, - ' ([( '58(4 459 ?E =(35 $6 ! (#' 8$4("! 8
'N '8, "$3(4 6 "$5 '9[ 8 $4$" '8 "$ 8("(( = 64(-
$ (4!"EV (=5'"$M(B !(5E: 6&3'=" Z 5$8'64Z?4("-
" Z$ = 5 &$"9 '#' 5'?'B, S=(&6ES$B"' =(36&9 '#'
5$ (49, S 5 'B 6'3E ='b(55 '"$4$?
363
#3(- ' S $4 '=M(5 6(""'( &$6(=(" (, S ' 3=$8$ =#
3'4M(" 5''?[ ! ?4 ( 'S"E( 3'V'3E 65(V (=5'"$-
M(B, "$S( V "$5 ='(" 9 '5 3' '"A$ "( '"9 -
"E. 7' j(V'6 5 (#' #(" $4!"'B "(?=(M"'5 !Z #$=8'-
" (B ?$"$4!"EV 8(4'S(B 3'5 #$( ?'4!W(#', S(8 &$-
=93"E( =$?E = S ""'-54(35 6(""EV 569&(B.
364
Z5!, S ' 3=$8$ =# ? 3 [(#' ? 3 "( ='5 ' 8(V$" -
S(5 ' ='6$ ! S(V'65 ( = (8E, = 5 [ ( 4 W!
(8 '3"'8 , (#' 3$='6$" Z, $ &"$S - "( '3=$M$(8E(,
"' "$B3 "'6E(, '?([$Z[ ( ([( ?'4!W Z 56'?'3 349
3=$8$ =#$. D( (=! M( '?=$ 859 54(3 Z[(8 3(B5 -
6 Z '58' = 8, $ ( 5Z= = &E '"' #' '6 349 =$&-
3=$M(""'B '&$3$S(""'B ?4 .
;= $3 "$. R( = W$!
C'= ". ;?
;= $3 "$. DE 5 W!?
C'= ". d =$3 ?E 4(S !59, 3$ 6' 3' '= "( V'S( .
365
;= $3 "$. \"( $M( 59, (8 V'='W' ?E '(V$ ! 3$-" ? 3! "$
6'3E.
366
6=(89 6E... 6E=$M$( (5!... $ 8 - ' 5 86'4$8 ... "',
='5 (... (<4$3( S$B "$ 5 $8!Z.) d 54 W '8 ='-
5 $, S '?E '" 8$ ! 6$5». %?=$ ( 6" 8$" (, S ' N $
8E54! ? 3( 8( ! 'S("! &9["'( ='3'4M(" ( - 7 "$
5$8$ =(6=$ 59 6 M 6'B 5 86'4, ' '='#' '"$ 5(BS$5
"( '" 8$( ' '=EB D=( 4(6 5 '4 '6E6$( "( =$-
6 4!"'. D=( 4(6 "( 5 '6' =( $( (( 6 V'4'3"'5 , 6
=$6"'3 W "(8 '54( ='6$4$ (#' !(5E. %" #'6'-
= ' 56' V "( 3$S$V. ^3(5! 54EW 59 54$?EB "$8( "$
'8 4( 5 :$84( $, ' '=EB j(V'6 6"(&$ "' 6E6'=$S -
6$( "$ &"$" , 569&E6$9 3= #'B #$84( '65 B 8' 6 5
D= #'= "E8, S $Z[ 8 "$ V'3 " # . «C4'6$, 54'6$,
54'6$...» - 3=$&" (#' D=( 4(6 3$49( 59.
367
7 "$ ='3'4M$( '6 '=9 ! (8 , S ' '"$ 5 =$3'5 !Z (-
=("(54$ ?E 65( N #'=(5 =$&'S$='6$" 9 =$3 "$-
5 '9[(B 54$6E. D= #'= ", #4939 "$ '&(=' = 8(S$9
'3='?"'5 (B&$M$, #'6'= , S ' (8 M$4! (&M$ !
' 5Z3$. %"$ ' $&E6$( (8 3'8 "$ =' 6' '4'M"'8
?(=(# , #3( M 4$ (( 8$ !.
(R$ &$.)
7 "$ ( '3V'3 =$8 (; '54( "( ' '='#' =$&3 8!9). C'"!
^$"$6(5.
368
8(""' ' '8 , S ' =' #=E6$( ' 5=$6"(" Z 5 5'6(=-
W(""'B ='5 ' 'B (5 (5 6(""'5 !Z 65(B !(5E. \E
&"$(8, '"(S"', S ' '"$ $ = 5$ 65( ='S((, "' S '- '
&3(5! "(4$3"'. D= #'= " = &"$( 59 7 "( 6 '8, S ' "(
S$5 ' 65 =(S$( 8'4'3EV 3(6 W( M( &$?E4 "( 8'-
M( 5(?( =(35 $6 !, $ S 65 6 Z 5(?9 6 6'5(8"$-
3A$ !-3(69 "$3A$ ! 4( , 'N '8 6 (#' =$55 $&$V 8'4'-
3E( 3(6 W '?E "'6(""' b$4!W 6E.
369
i(B5 6 ( III, S(=(& "(3(4Z. C '4'6$9 6 3'8( C'= "$.
D= #'= " &$6 =$ $( , \$W$ =$55 $&E6$( (8 ' 5(?(,
S '?E '" $ 5$ (4! 6'5 '4!&'6$459 (( =$55 $&'8. 2&
(=6EV M( (( 54'6 5 $"'6 59 95"', S ' D=( 4(6 ' -
W$459 "$ 5$8' ? B5 6', "' =$"$ (#' "(5(=!(&"$. %?=$-
( 6" 8$" ( "$ ', S ', 5'#4$5"' =$6 4$8, ' '=E(
8"( 'S("! "( "=$69 59, "(4!&9, S '?E #(='B '# ?$4
8(M3 3(B5 6 98 , "' '" 8'M( "( 3$S"' ' W$ !59 "$
5$8' ? B5 6'; "$'?'=' , "(4!&9, S '?E 5$8' ? B5 6'
5=E6$4'5! 6 '54(3"(8 $ (, '#3$ #(='B V'3 &$ 5A(-
" , S '?E ' '"S ! 5 5'?'B. (>. 7$?' '6 6ES(= " 4
N ' $?&$A.)
d5"', S ' \$W$ 65( ([( 4Z? D=( 4(6$, M(4$9 (#'
&$?E !, V'S( 6EB &$8 M &$ W '4!"'#' S (49. i$4((
8E &"$(8, S ' D= #'= " ;= $3 "$ 5'? =$Z 59 (&-
M$ !. \(M3 7 "'B D= #'= "E8 =' 5V'3 =$&#'6'=.
%"$ 3$= (8 8(3$4!'" 5 6E#=$6 ='6$""E8 "$&6$" (8
'3"'B & (#' " # "'8(='8 5 =$" AE 5 =' . <'#3$
'9649Z 59 ;= $3 "$ C'= ", 7 "$ '5 (W"' V'3 ,
='59 D= #'= "$ 3(4 ! (B "(5 '4! ' 8 " 3' ' c(&-
3$. 7' &$8( ! (, " 54'6$ ' 4Z?6 "( 5 $&$"', D= #'-
= " 6E#493 N3$ 8 #'3 8'8. i(B5 6 ( ='3'4M$( -
59, D= #'= " S '- ' ?'=8'S( =' 5(?9, E $95! 65 '8-
" ! 5 ='S "$ $&$""'B 5 =$" A(. «D 6 3'8( (5 !
8' " M ?» - «f ?=$ $ 6 $? "( (...» %" V'3 , S '-
?E "$B " M"EB '8. >' =( =$5"EB '6'3 3$4 !
(#' 5' 5A("E. C'= " ;= $3 "$ '?5 M3$Z = S "E "(-
3$S"'B ' E 5$8' ? B5 6$ D=( 4(6$: =(6"'5 !,
=$&3"'5 !, #'=3'5 !... <'#3$ '" ='5 6&$B8E, '"$ "$-
S "$( = S$ !, $ =(35 $&E6$4 (( 5E". C'= " 6'&-
? M3(", "(#' = $3' #'4'6' = M(" 9.
370
= 6'3 (( 6 9='5 !. %" #'6'= , S ' =' &6(3(" 9
D= #'= "$ =( 9 (8 ; '"$ &$8(S$( , S ' N ' &$6 5 !,
"$&E6$( (#' " S 'M(5 6'8, '" &4'?"' 55'=9 59; D=( -
4(6 "$S "$( 4$ $ !, '" 5"'6$ 8 =9 59 («R='5 56'Z
#=(W" Z 8$ !»); '" = &"$( 59, S ' 4Z? 7 " , "'
?(&' 6( "', '" ?'4!W( "( 8'M( 5$ !, 65( "$3(M3E
#$54 . 7(='6"'5 ! "$5 ='(" B &3(5! 54 W '8 'S(6 3"$
- N ' 'S 3(8'"5 =$A 9, #3( $M3EB #(='B 6(=(" 5(?(.
C=$& M( '54( N '#' 54(3 ( M$5"$9 ' 4'W"'5 !: 6V'-
3 D= #'= ", (=(6'=$S 6$9 5 =$" AE " # 6 ' 5 $V
5 =' , $ &$ (8 S $( "$ ?4 : «>' ... «g54 (?(
'#3$-" ? 3! '"$3'? 59 8'9 M &"!, ' = 3 6'&!8
((».
371
l$8=$(6 6V'3 , S '?E 5 $&$ !, S ' 4'W$3 '3$"E,
=$55 $&E6$( ' 5 $='8 $ (=(, ' '='#' &"$4 '#3$- '.
<'"(S"', '" 6(=(" 5(?(, $ 6 I 3(B5 6 , "' &3(5! $
? 3 ' =' 5V'3 "(S ' 4Z?' E "'(. \E M( '?=$ 4
6" 8$" ( "$ ', S ' j(V'6 "$W(4 "'6EB = (8, $ 'M -
6 ! 56' V (=5'"$M(B, 6 4$3E6$9 6 V 5 $ $ Z-
" ? 3! #4 Z W , 4 #4 '6$ '( "$?4Z3(" (, 4
"( 8(5 "'( 6'5 '8 "$" (, - 68(5 ' '#' S '?E = " M-
3$ ! 5 =9# 65( 6=(89 '4 '6$ ! ' &'4' (, $ 6=$S(B - '
4Z49V. 7' ( (=! =98$9 ?'# "9 3( (=8 " &8$
85 , ', S ' '"$S$4 $&$4'5! =(4(5 "'B =(8$=-
'B, ' '4!"' = ' =E6$Z[(B V$=$ (= #'6'=9[(#',
5 $"'6 59 "( &?(M"'B 65('?c(84Z[(B S(= 'B, $
5 '5 ! 5 =9# . ^$ 5"$9 " M $ D= #'= "$, 54(&E ;=-
$3 "'B = '8 "$" ' 3("!#$V, ($ =$4!"E( 6'5 '-
8 "$" 9 l$8=$(6$ 5 $4 9=4E $8 , 5 '4! M( "( = 9 -
"E8 , $ '6 '=9Z[ (59 "(4( '5 6 4$55 S(5 V
!(5$V - 6E '" 8$( (, S ' 9 8(Z 6 6 3 : $ $9-" ? 3!
'5 =' $, ' '= Z '6 '=9( #(='B "$ =' 9M(" 65(B
!(5E 6 5$8EB "('M 3$""EB 8'8(" 4 '#3$ (( M3 .
d5"', S ' j(V'6, 5 8(6W B 5'&3$ ! "'6EB 4 SW B 6 3
3=$8E, ' $459 6 8 M( =$55 $64(""E( 5( . i 8$Z,
S ', &"$B '" "(8"'#' ?'4!W( '? V 8"'#'S 54(""EV =$&-
"'6 3"'5 9V, '" "( ' $459 ?E 6 " V. 2 ([( 9 3 8$Z, '"
?E4 "(3'5 $ 'S"' &"$ '8 5 5 55 6'8 3=$8$ =# , "(
='W 3 ='6$4 3'4M"'#' '4 S(5 6$ !(5, ?E4 "(3'5 $-
'S"' 6&E5 $ (4(" 5(?( 6 ' "'W(" "( ' '=EV (V-
" S(5 V = (8'6 N '#' M$"=$.
372
i(8'" N ' '35 (=(#$( "(&$3$S4 6'#' $6 '=$ 8(""' 6
8 " , '#3$ (8 $M( 59, S ' '" 3'5 # 5 (V$. 2
#4$6"'(, 8(""' ( (=!, '#3$, 54(3 9 =$6 4$8 M$"=$,
$6 '= 6(=" 459 =$3 A '""'8 V'3 , "$S "$( 6E= -
5'6E6$ !59 "(S ' 6='3( 4!8 "$A , ?4 $ M3( (5-
4 "( '?9&$ (4!"'B 5A("E ( =(?'6$ ! (( ' j(V'6$ ?E4'
?E 54 W '8), ', ' =$B"(B 8(=(, (( '3'? 9, (S ', $
" 5 =$""', '3"' ' M( - 9 8(Z 6 6 3 5A(" , ' '= Z
M3( &= (4! - 8'M"' "$&6$ ! (( «=(W$Z[(B»), 8("-
"' $ ( 5A("E - 5$8'( 54$?'( 8(5 ' j(V'6$. (>. 7$?'-
'6 6ES(= " 4 N ' $?&$A.)
i'=". :(" 9.
373
i' '= '?c95"9( : ='5 ' 6 (S$ 4(" (, M 6(W! 6 '4 (,
54 6$(W!59 5 "(Z "$S "$(W! 6(= !, S ' 6 5$8'8 3(4(
6'&8'M"$ '3"$ 8 ='6$9 3 W$, 6='3( 'B, 6 !(5(...
<5 $ , #3( ( (=! N $ 8'4'3$9 $ = 5$? (>(5!8$ (5 (5 -
6(""EB (=(V'3.) D=( 4(6 =$55 $&E6$( i'=" ' 7 "(.
f "(( ?E4 ='8$" 5 D= #'= "E8, ?E4 =(?("' , =(?("'
8(=, '"$ "( 'S("! $4$" 4 6$9 $ = 5$, V' 9 6 '4"(
='b(55 '"$4!"$9, #=$( #4$6"E( ='4 , "' #= ?', ?(&-
6 5"', 5 =(& 8 M(5 $8 . YE6$4 8'8(" E, '#3$ '"$
$4$" 4 6' 65 = 6$4$, $4$" 4 6' 8 =$4$, "' '4! '
8'8(" E. i'=" 5 =$W 6$( : «^"$S , 65(- $ (5 ! $-
4$" ?» - D=( 4(6 ' 6(S$( , S ' '"9 ! = 3"'. (%?=$-
( 6" 8$" (, S ' 7 "$ 6 '8 M( '4'M(" , S '
D=( 4(6, '#3$ =(S! 3( ' 6'=S(5 V 3'5 M(" 9V.)
%" ='3'4M$( =$55 $&E6$ !, S ' '65Z3 54(3'6$4 &$
"(Z, 3$ '"$, 3$ '". 7' '"$ " '#3$ (#' ?4 & ' "(
'3 5 $4$. 2"'#3$ '"$ 5$4$ (8 . <'#3$ D= #'= "
?='5 4 ((, '"$ "(8"'#' '8(W$4$5!. R'3 5E6$4$5!
j$B 'B. (%?=$ ( 6" 8$" (, S ' D=( 4(6 &$?E4 ' ='-
5W(5 6 .) %" 3'?$649( , S ' ( (=! '"$ &3(5!, # 49(
#3(- ' 6 '4(, "( =(W$( 59 '3'B " 5 (8 "( M(4$(
=$&#'6$= 6$ !.
i'=". j '-5?
374
S '?E #(=' 3(=M$4 5! 56'?'3"', S 65 6'6$4 5(?9 $
3'8$, 3'?"' 5 =' 4 5!, 5 ! N ' "( 5 $5$( V '
8 4'B 4(" , 8=$S"EV 8E54(B, ?(5 ' 'B"EV 6'5 '8 "$-
" B .3. 2 V' 9 #(=' "( =$55 $4 5! 5' 56' 8 5 =$"-
"'5 98 = 6ES $8 - C'= " 6"'6! '5$ E6$( , D= -
#'= " #'6'= ' =E?"'B 4'64(, ;= $3 "$ 65 '8 "$( '
56' V ($ =$4!"EV = 8b$V, - 65( N ' &6 S ?'4(( (5-
(5 6(""', S(8 b$4!W 6EB 3=$8$ S(5 B '" =(3E-
3 [(#' 3(B5 6 9, ' '8 S ' 6 '4"( (5 (5 6(""', S ' 6
'8 M( 8(5 (, 5 (8 M( 4Z3!8 S(=(& 36$ #'3$ ? 3
'6 '=9 !59 ( M( ='#$ (4!"E(, 8 4E( 5 9 . ;6 '=
3$( "$8 '"9 !, S ' = $ M(5 ' ' ?=$" D=( 4(6$.
>E = 6$Z 59 "'8(=$ 4' '; ;= $3 "$ "( ='S4$
5 =' & 5'S "(" B 5E"$.
375
4Z? D= #'= "$ ' $4 6$( D=( 4(6$ 5 (#' ?(5 =$B-
" 8 S 65 6$8 , $ '" 6 '54(3" B =$& E $( 59 #'6'-
= ! (( '5 $ !59 5 " 8. «d - S$B $», - '6 '=9( '"$ ?(&
659 'B 4'# . - «7( , "( '... R'8" (, 6E '35 =(4 4
S$B ? C4 S$B"' = W(4 S(4'6( , 6 3(4 ' "(S(#'
3(4$ ! '# ? 4... CZM( 349 "(?'4!W'#' =$55 $&$... a '
"( '...» «%5 $"! (5!, 9 3$8 6$8 ' M "$ !...» - #'6'=
D=( 4(6, V6$ $95! &$ '54(3"ZZ 5'4'8 " . >5( N '
53(4$"' =( =$5"'. %"$ ' $&E6$( 59, 6"'6! #'6'= '
56'(B 4Z?6 D= #'= " , ' '=EB $ ?(&M$4'5 "' ?='-
5 4 ((, &$ (8 (=(5 $ 6$( "$ 8'"'4'# & !(5E D=( -
4(6$ 6 "$S$4( I 3(B5 6 9 '5 (W"' V'3 .
376
i'=". 7 S(#'. a ', 3'4M"' ?E !, 6 8'(B 'V'3"'B $ (-
( S '-" ? 3! 4' " 4'. 7( ?(5 ' 'B (5!. (fV'3 6 =$-
6 Z 36(=!, S(=(& '48 " E 6'&6=$[$( 59.) D$ (5 !.
@' " 4$ 5 49" $ 5 Nb ='8. (7$ (6$( .) «d 6"'6! =(3
'?'Z 5 'Z 'S$='6$"...»
377
1868 - 1936
> '6(5 «i( 5 6'» :'=! B 65 '8 "$( ' M &" 6 3'8(
(#' 3(3$ ' 8$ (= "5 'B 4 " >$5 4 9 <$W = "$. 25-
'= 9 3= S$Z[$9!
i(3 ?E4 M(5 ' 8 &6(=#'8, $ 36'( (#' 3( (B, ' '=E8
8$4!S = V'3 459 4(89"" '8, V' ! ?E4 &$ #$-
"E ' A'8, 5$8 6 56'Z 'S(=(3! 65Z M &"! &8E6$4 5!
"$3 M("$8 3( !8 . %?5 $"'6 $ 6 3'8( 54$#$4$5! &
?(5 '"(S"'B ?=$" , ?(558E54(""'B #=E&" , M(5 ' 'B
'= , ' ='6(""'B "$M 6E "E4EV 8'4 6.
378
> 3(59 ! 4( :'=! B "$S$4 &$=$?$ E6$ ! 5(?( "$ M &"!.
%" (=( ='?'6$4 "(8$4' =$?' =(8(5(4: 54 M 4 6
'? 6"'B 4$6 (, 8E4 '5 3 "$ $='V'3(, =$?' $4 '3-
8$5 (=!(8 S(= (M" $ '"' 5A$, &$" 8$459 5'? -
=$" (8 5 $=!9 4'64(B A. R' '8 (8 ' =E459 8 =
" #, '" "$S$4 S $ ! 65(, S ' 8'# 3'5 $ !. C"$S$4$
S $4 65( ?(& =$&?'=$, "' 'S("! 5 '=' "(#' 54'M 459
=( =$5"EB '" B 6 5. C =$5 "' M(4$9 S !59, '"
= (V$4 '5 $ ! 6 <$&$"5 B " 6(=5 ( , "' 65 '=(
'"94, S ' 3$ (8 "( ' $5 !. R'4 " [ 8 '" 'S 459
6 '8 $" ?'59 '6 5 $4 &$ 5E6$ ! 56' A(""(BW (
"$?4Z3(" 9, 65 '=( 'W(4'8 6W ( S $ (4(B '?( V 5 '-
4 A.
379
=(6'4ZA '""EV 5 8 $ 9V. <'='4(" ' ?E4 'S("! 3'?-
=E8 S(4'6( '8, &6(5 "E8, V' 9 6 '='=$&=93"E8 -
5$ (4(8 4Z? 8A(8 " (44 #("A . %" $ =$5 = '-
6$4 5'S "(" 9 :'=! '#', S ' ' "$3'4#' '5 $6 4 4 (-
=$ = (V$4 6 X'5 '6, #3( '=' '( 6=(89 ? =4$S 4
"$ >'4#(. D$ 8 '?=$&'8, ' "Z3! "( <'='4(" ', $ "( '
;4( 5$"3= <$4ZM"EB - '4 S(5 B 55E4!"EB, 5 ' '-
=E8 '" 54 S$B"' '&"$ '8 459 6 D b4 5(, '8'# :'=!-
'8 6'B 6 4 (=$ = . %S$='6$""EB (#' =$5'S"E8
=$55 $&$8 '? 6 3(""'8 6 ?(5S 54(""EV 5 $" 9V,
<$4ZM"EB "$5 'BS 6' 5'6( '6$4 :'=! '8 &$ 5$ ! V 6
'B ='5 '3 W"'B 8$"(=(, 6 ' '='B '" V =$55 $&E6$4.
<'#3$ =$55 $& ?E4 "$ 5$", '" M( ' "(5 "$ (S$ $4 (#'
6 8(5 "'B #$&( (. a ' 54 S 4'5! 6 1892 #., :'=! '8 5-
'4" 4'5! 24 #'3$.
380
"(?'. i= #'B 5 '94, = 54'" 6W 5! b'"$=Z, 9 '?E
'#= & 6W 5! 6 #$&( . < S(=, 5 3(6W B "$ '&4$V N -
$M$, '3'#"$""'#' $=$3"E8 36(=98, 'M( 6(4 5(?9
"('?ES"' - '" 'V' "' 5'#4$W$459 6'& ! :'=! '#' (#'
#'5 (B V' 9 ?E ?(5 4$ "'. >5( N 4Z3 ?E4 '?E "'-
6(""E8 5E[ $8 . :'=! B &$"9459 ?4$#' 6'= (4!"'B
3(9 (4!"'5 !Z. f5 =$ 6$4 ='M3(5 6("5 ( ?4$#' 6'= -
(4!"E( '?(3E 349 ?(3"EV 3( (B, ' =E4 = Z 349
?(&=$?' "EV ?(&3'8"EV 5 ? ?4 ' ( 'B $" "',
=$55E4$4 3(=(6("5 8 =(?9 W $8 $4!?'8E 349 "$-
4( 6$" 9 6E=(&' & M ="$4'6.
381
^3(5! M( '" "$ 5$4 !(5 «\([$"(», &'?=$& 6 5
&$ V4'5 !, ' = M$6W ( (#' 6 3( 5 6(.
%"$ "( '4 S 4$ 'B &6(5 "'5 , ' '=$9 6E $4$ "$
3'4Z (#' 54(3 Z[(B !(5E, «7$ 3"(». «g[( 6 <=E8 ,
5 39 $ - ' 6(S(='8 6 (8"' ( "$ (==$5(, :'=! B 8(S-
$4 654 V ' ? 3 [(B !(5(. %" =$55 $&E6$4, S ' #4$6-
"E8 3(B5 6 Z[ 8 4 A'8 96 59 4$ (B & ?'#$ '#' 3'8$,
' $6W B 6 "'S4(M M( "( 6E?=$6W B59 ' 3$.
Y'4!W( 65(#' '" ?(=(# 6'=' " S' ' b=$S"'B = ?$W
- (3 "5 6(""'(, S ' 569&E6$4' (#' 5 =(M"(B M &"!Z. >
"'S4(M ( ?E4' (5"', '? $ (4 (( "("$6 3(4 3= #
3= #$. 7' 6 '54(3"(8 $ ( "$5 $4$ 6(5"$, 5A("$ &$-
'4"94$5! 5'4"(S"E8 56( '8, "'S4(M" 6E? =$4 5!
& 56'(#' 58=$3"'#' M 4!9, &$?E6$4 ' "("$6 5 ...»
(;.X'5 ". «\$ 5 8 :'=! B».)
***
7$6(="'(, 5(BS$5 8(5 "' 5 $&$ ! "(5 '4! ' 54'6 '?
N '8 3 6 (4!"'8 ($ =(. i' (#' 6'&" "'6(" 9 5$8'(
&E5 $""'( 8("Z, ' '='( 8'#4 '4 S ! ='55 B5 (
($ =$4E, 6 '5"'6"'8 =(34$#$4'5! 5 '4 S"E8 8 (=$-
'=5 8 ($ =$8 . f " V ?E4' 3'5 $ 'S"' 5=(35 6, S '-
?E = 64(S! 5$8E( 3'='#'5 '9[ ( $4$" E, "' 6'$6-
494 V 4Z3 6(5!8$ '"5(=6$ 6"E(, S ' 6 5 55 6(
"(=(3 ' = 6'3 ?'#'5 '#=$" S(""'5 , $ S '
3$M( 4 SW ( '5 $"'6 ' 4 S$4 5! "('?ES$B"'B ?$-
"$4!"'5 !Z. %3"$ ' 349 $4$" 4 6'#' $ (=$ 6E5W 8
3'5 M(" (8 5S $4$5! =$?' $ "$ 8 (=$ '=5 'B 5A("(,
$ $ S$5 "E( ($ =E ='&9?$4 6 ?(3"'5 " $
"( 8'#4 5' (=" S$ ! 5 8 (=$ '=5 8 .
382
<'#3$ C $" 54$65 B 7(8 ='6 S-i$"S(" ' '5"'6$4
56'B "(?'4!W'B ($ =, '4'M(" ( 65 '=( 5 $4' 8("9 !-
59. 2& 3'6'4!"' &$ =93"'#' =(3 = 9 9 ($ = "$S$4
= ?4 M$ !59 '8 , S(8 '" 3'4M(" ?E ! - V=$8'8
'34 ""'#' ' 'S(""'#' 5 55 6$. \'5 '65 B e 3'-
M(5 6(""EB ($ = 5 [(5 6'6$4 5 4ZS (4!"' "$ S$5 -
"E( 5=(35 6$ (#' '5"'6$ (4(B V "(8"'#'S 54(""EV
3= &(B "( " M3$459 6 ?'4!W'8 b "$"5 ='6$" .
:4$6"$9 8E54!, ' '= Z '" 5 =(8 459 6' 4' ! "$ 5A(-
"(, &$ 4ZS$4$5! 6 54 M(" 25 55 6 "( =$3 = ?E4
4 54$6E, "' =$3 6E5W(#' =(3"$&"$S(" 9 5$8'#' 25-
55 6$. >5( ='4 6 5 ( $ 4( 5S $4 5! #4$6"E8 , $M-
3$9 3( $4! = 64( $4$ 5(?( 5 '4! M( = 5 $4!"'(
6" 8$" (, $ 6E?'= !(5E. @ SW ( $ (=E " '#3$
"( ' $&E6$4 5! ' N &'3 S(5 V ='4(B, ' '=E( 8
'= S$4 ' '3"'B = S "(: '" 3'4M"E ?E4 5'' 6( -
5 6'6$ ! V 3$='6$" Z 8'#4 = "(5 "$ ?'4!W B
5 (V. 7 '3"$ !(5$ "( 5 '4"94$5! 3' (V '=, ' $
=(M 55(= "( ?(M3$459, S ' V 3'M(5 6(""'( 6' 4'[(-
" ( 3'5 #4' 5'6(=W("5 6$ 6 $M3'B 8(4!S$BW(B 3( $-
4 '5 $"'6 - "(&$6 5 8' ' '4 S(5 6$ =( ( A B.
>=(8(" "$ " V "( M$4(4 . >''3 W(64(" (, 5' 5 6'-
6$6W(( N '8 6E5' '8 54 M(" Z, 63'V"'6494' $M3'#'
=(35 $6 (49 = E, (54 '5 '='"" ( 5''?=$M(-
" 9, "( 569&$""E( 5 ' 5 '8 6'=S(5 '#' 5'6(=W("5 6$,
5 $"'6 4 5! 349 '#'- ' 6$M"((, '" 4 '"$ 4 W$4 5!
56'(#' 8(5 $ 6 N 'B ($ =$4!"'B '?[ "(. f64(S(""E(
5 4!"(BW 8 6'=S(5 8 '=E6'8 '5"'6$ (4(B ($ =$,
$ (=E, M 6W ( '3"'B '#='8"'B 5(8!(B, 6E 4$3E6$4 5!
"$ $M3'B '5 $"'6 ( $ , 54'6"' N ' ?E4 (3 "5 6(""EB
5 ( $ 4! 6 V M &" . > N '8 #'=(" S 65 6'6$4 5!
'S =(4 # '&"EB 6'5 '=# ='#$ (4!"'( 5$8' 'M(= -
6'6$" (. X$?' $ = E ' 4 S$4$5! 3 6 (4!"'B 54$-
M(""'5 !Z. ; (=E &$?' 4 5! =(M3( 65(#' '? 5 (V(
65(B = E, $ "( ' 56'(8 5'?5 6(""'8. > &$4 &$ =([$-
4'5! 6V'3 ! '54( '3"9 9 &$"$6(5$. ; 4'3 ='6$ !
8(M3 5A("$8 ?E4' "( = "9 '.
383
=$V, 6 6(4 '( 6'=S(5 '( '?c(3 "(" (, 65 '=( 5 $6W((
'?=$&A'8 349 '3=$M$" 9 5 'S" '8 63'V"'6(" 9
&$ $3"EV =(M 55(='6, ' #4$6"$9 & " V &$ 4ZS$4$5! 6
'8, S ' $ (= =(M3( 65(#' 54(3'6$4' &?(#$ ! &$-
5 E6W(B 8$"(=E #=E, "$? 6W V '5 '8 " = (8'6, $
68(5 ' N '#' 65( 56'( 6" 8$" ( 5 4E '" 3'4M(" ?E4
"$ =$6 ! "$ '5 M(" ( 5A(" S(5 '#' (=5'"$M$.
C =(895! ?(3 (4!"' &'?=$& ! 3=$8$ S(5 '#' #(='9,
$ (=, 5 '4"96W B ='4!, 6' 6=(89 =( ( A B 3'4M("
?E4 (=(6' 4' !59 6 6''?=$M$(8EB V$=$ (= 5'-
V=$"9 ! 6 3(B5 6 (4!"'B M &" (#' 8$"(=E " '"$-
A , '3V'39[ ( 54 S$Z, $ 6EB39 "$ 5A(" , =' &"'-
5 ! (#' 54'6$ $ 56' , 54'6"' '" (5 ! N ' S(4'6(
#'6'= ' 5(?9, 6 56'(B (5 (5 6(""'B 8$"(=(.
384
(= $=$ , 6(='9 "', ? 3 "$6( 569&$"E 5 8("(8
N '#' ($ =$.
385
'&6'49( (8 5 $ ! "$5 '9[ 8 &"$ ' '8 4 (=$ =E.
<='8( '#', '" W =' ' 5 '4!&'6$4 56' 569& , 5 =(-
895! '8'S! 4Z398, '36(=#$6W 859 '4 S(5 8 =(-
54(3'6$" 98. C 1921-#' ' 1928 #. '" 5"'6$ M 4 &$ #=$-
" A(B, #4$6"E8 '?=$&'8 6 C'==(" ' - ' S$5 &-&$ '?'-
5 = 6W(B59 ?'4(&" , ' S$5 &-&$ '4 S(5 V =$&"'-
#4$5 B 5 C'6( 5 'B 64$5 !Z. > 1928 #. (#' ' =$6 4 "$
='3 " . C 1928 #. 3' 5$8'B 58(= (1936 #.) '" M 4 6
X'55 , #3( &3$6$4 "(5 '4! ' M ="$4'6, "$ 5$4 "(-
5 '4! ' !(5 =$55 $&'6 '- =(M"(8 8"'#' 4, $ ,
6 ='S(8, 65Z M &"!. > Z"( 1936 #'3$ '" 5 4!"' &$-
?'4(4 8(= "$ ?4$#' 5 ='(""'B 3$S(, =(3'5 $64("-
"'B (8 5'6( 5 8 =$6 (4!5 6'8. C [(5 6 ( 8"'M(-
5 6' 56 3( (4!5 6, S ' '" ?E4 ' =$64(" 5'6( 5 'B $B-
"'B '4 A (B - $ "$&E6$(8'B j<.
386
5 "(6(5 'B. C(=#(B, &3'='6EB A " , 58(( 59 "$3 [(-
3 W"E8 'V'"3= '8 \ (B, '" &$ (6$Z 8"'#'-
54'6"EB =$&#'6'=, = '= S(5 B b$4!W 6EB, ' '=EB
:'=! B '?ES"' 66'3 6 $ V 54 S$9V. \ 9 '?c95"9-
( , S ' '" V'S( 65 ! 6 =(4 # '&" Z 5( ,
?(3"EB S $ (4! 6E" M3(" &$#49" ! 6 #4 ? "E 5 $='B
3'?='B = 55 'B 3 W . i(B5 6 ( (=("'5 59 "$ 3= #'B
'"(A 4' $, #3( 8E 6 3 8 ' A$ 5 (#' 6'&4Z?4(""'B
\$=!(B, \ "'B M("'B. a ' 6'4(6'B, 9= B (=5'"$M,
S$5 ' 65 =(S$Z[ B59 6 ?(44( = 5 (. %"$ - '?'4!5 -
(4!"$9 M("[ "$, &# ?$Z[$959 $ 'W $ ( 4 =E5!)
= M 8$Z[$959 56'(8 4Z?'6" , ' '=EB 5'? -
=$( 59 5 $&$ ! =(S!. \E 6"'6! 54EW 8 "( '4! ' =(& Z
$6 '=5 Z " '"$A Z, "' 'S 6 3 8 (#', ='? =$Z-
[(#'59 5=(3 56' V #(='(6 '3$Z[(#' 8 =( 4 .
«:=(V 3(4$Z, 'S"'. ^"$Z. 7 S ' M?» - #'6'= 5 $= .
- «D9M ' (8 ? ^"$Z. ; 8"(?» C $=$95!, S '?E '?$ 3 $-
4'#$ - 8(M3 \ (B C(=#((8 8(M3 ' A'8 \$=!(B -
&6 S$4 ?'4(( =$63' '3'?"', $6 '= $ ' E "EB 3=$-
8$ =# "( =(8 " 4 &$8( !, S ' #(='B «#'6'= 4 6(3!»,
"$S( S $ (4Z = W4'5! ?E "(3' 8(6$ !, 5 $ 'B 5 $-
" M"' ?E4' '8([$ ! N $=E "$ 4' , 4E6 [ B
' >'4#(, "$69&E6$9 8 =$&#'6'= '? V M &"(""EV '4-
4 & 9V. C 3= #'B 5 '='"E, (54 #(=' 3(B5 6 (4!"' '
3(4' 6'&6=$[$Z 59 56' 8 =$&#'6'=$8, = 3"' '6(-
= !, S ' 4' V 3$-" ? 3! = 4E6( . @Z3 "(
'S("! 5 4'""E 8"'#'54'6 Z, '#3$ '" 36 M 59
5 6'&! 8$" ' W =' 'B '4"'6'3"'B =( (, "' N '
(5 !, ' 8'(8 8"(" Z, #'4EB =($4 &8.
387
'?3(4(""'#' '5 =' 'B &=(" 9 6''?=$M(" (8 (5 '5'?-
"E8 6'= ! S 3(5$ '3 (='8 3$M( "('?=$&'6$""'#'
$6 '=$). C V$9 =$55 3'S"'5 ! 5 =$5 ! 3' $&$ (4!5 -
6$8, S '?E 8( ! 8$4'-8$4!5 B 5 (V, =(? Z ' =(3(-
4(""'#' " (44( $4!"'#' =$&8$V$, ' '=EB :'=! '#'
"$ ='S! ' 5 5 6'6$4. j 65 6 9, S ' ?'#'5 ! (#' 3$=$
V$' S(5 '( "$#='8'M3(" ( 3(B =(? Z S(#'- ' 6&$-
8(", '" 6(S"' 6E 5 6$4 5"'#5W ?$ (4!"E( b$ E, =$-
?' $4 "$ =(& V '" =$5 $V, '?"$M$4 5 '4 "'6(" 9,
5 =(8 459 '=$& ! ' =95 6''?=$M(" (, '5 '4!-
(#' $ "$&E6$(8E( 8'# [(5 6(""E(, "(' =$& 8E(
=$55 $&E 6'3 4 ?4$#'5 4'""'#' S $ (49 ' 659 'B
'?c( 6"'B 'A(" , :'=! B =' &6(4 "('M 3$""'
5 4!"'( 6 (S$ 4(" ( "$ = 55 V, $ &$ (8 &$= ?(M"EV
S $ (4(B. d 56' 8 W$8 54EW$4, $ 8"(BW ( 4Z3
6(=M3$4 , S ' 5(" 8(" $4!"EB =$55 $&(A «i6$3A$ !
W(5 ! '3"$» - 5 ""EB W(3(6=. a 36$3A$ ! W(5 !
&#'(6 =$?' $Z 6 '36$4(, 6 'S(=(3"'B ( $="(; #= -
?E(, "(' (5$""E(, 5 6(="'54'69[ ( 8 M ' = M$Z
'S =(4 # '&"E8 '?'M$" (8 Z" Z ?$=EW"Z, ' '=$9
(M(3"(6"' = V'3 " 8 &$ V4(?'8, $ &$ (8, '#3$ ((
5'?4$&"9( 5'43$ , #4 89 59 "$3 "(B. >' N '- '
' $&$4'5! S $ (4Z S(8- ' "'6E8, V' 9 =
?4 M$BW(8 =$558' =(" ' $&E6$( 59, S ' =$55 $& -
'?=$&S &$ =93"'B 8(4'3=$8E 4 =$3 A '""'#'
4'5 '#' 5(" 8(" $4!"'#' M$"=$ 6 (#' "$ V 3W(8 6$-
= $" (. > "(8 "( " '3"'#' M 6'#' 54'6$, " (3 "'B
'= # "$4!"'B b=$&E, '3" #' '6E( W $8 E, 5 4'W"$9
$ ' $ 5 "(?'4!W 8 '4 S(5 6'8 ' ' , = 8(W$""'B
='6"' "$5 '4! ', S '?E = 64(S! 6" 8$" (.
% 5Z3$ - 65(#' '3 " W$# 3' $ "$&E6$(8'B 5'6( 5 'B 4 (=$ -
=E.
388
" , "
\([$" " - N ' 6&='54EB S(4'6( 5 =$ S"E8 8'8,
'=E5 "E8 , '?[( = "9 E8 " (=(5$8 " &8(""E8
3($4$8 56'(#' 6=(8(" 56'(B 5=(3E. d #'6'=Z
8(""' ' «6&='54'8», 5'4 3"'8 S(4'6( (, $ $ =(?(-
"' 4 '3='5 ' 5 '6$3 $8 8([$" "$ - 65(#' 4 W!
' #$B, '3=$M$Z[ B 8$"(=$8 &$ '"S(""EV '?E6$ (-
4(B; 6(3! ' #$(8 ?E ! 4(#S(, S(8 ?(4'B 6'='"'B.
%?E6$ (4! 8([$" " - 6 $ 'B- ' 5 ( (" 5 "'" 8E: 6
'?E6$ (4( 3= S$( "( 5 '4! ' (#' '65(8(5 "'5 !,
5 '4! ' 5$8$ 6 4!#$="'5 ! "( ' '=EV (#' =(35 $64(-
" B. g#' 8'M"' "$&6$ ! «?4$#'6'5 $""E8» «? =M -
$&"E8». Y4$#'6'5 $""'5 ! =(3 '4$#$( #$4$" (=(B-
" Z, &E5 $"" Z 6 4!#$="'5 !, ' '=$9 ?E6$( V M(
='5 '3 W"'B #= ?'5 . XE#" ! 6 '?[(5 6( - #= ?', "'
=E#" ! 5 $&$ !: «R='W ='[(" 9» - "( ='5 ' 6 4!-
#$="', "' ([( M(8$""'. R'"9 ( «? =M $&"'5 !» 9 &$-
85 6 Z O4'?(=$, $ "( \$= 5$. Y =M $&"'5 ! 6'
b4'?(='65 '8 '" 8$" 56 3( (4!5 6 ( 5 '=(( '
5 4$3( 8$, S(8 ' 5'3(=M 8'8 'W(4! $. Y =M $ - N '
5$8'3'6'4!"EB 8([$" ", 6(4 S(5 6(""EB '?E6$ (4!.
389
\([$"( $Z 59 &$ $5'8 ?$"$4!"EV 3(B, = ?(#$9
&? E8 b=$&$8 4 W(, V =(S! &'? 4 ( 5 4E8 ,
"(6E=$& (4!"E8 54'6$8 . 25 ""EB '?E6$ (4! 6(5!
5' $" & N V &$ =93"EV, ?'# V 8E54(B, ='8( " V
"(#' " S(#' "( . 7' "$3' = &"$ !, S ' 6 $M3'8 & "$5
5 3 N $ &$ 4 W ='6$""$9 5 ["'5 !, 65( 8E 6 '65(-
3"(6"'B =(S = ?(#$(8 54'6$8-W $8 $8, =(6=$[$9
V 6 &"$ b'=8 4E. a ' "( '&"$S$( , '3"$ ', S ' 65(
4Z3 - '?E6$ (4 , "' =(3'5 (=(#$( ' 8$W "$4!"'#'
'?8("$ 4Z?(&"'5 98 . > 3 W"EB 3("! $M3EB 6 '='B
='V'M B "( =(8(""' 5 ='5 6$5: «>$8 "( 'S("! M$=-
'?» 2& N '#' "( 54(3 ( , S ' 6$W 5'?(5(3" - 'W49 .
%" 8'M( ' $&$ !59 '?E "'6(""E8 ' #$(8 4 54'6'-
'V' 4 6E8 "'5 =$"A(8. <'#3$ 6$5 5 =$W 6$Z : «<$
'M 6$( (?» - ' 6( : «R=( =$5"'» 8'M( ='&6 S$ !
"E4E8 W $8 '8, "' "$S" 6E =$5 ='5 =$"9 !59 ' 56'-
(8 &3'='6!(, 6E = 5 ( ( ='54E ! (3$" '8 &$" 3'B.
2"'#3$ ?$"$4!"'5 ! - V'='W B [ 4 "$3(M"$9 4'6-
$ ' =$&#'6'=$ 5 3 =$ $8 . d 65 =(S$4 ='56([(""(B-
W V 4Z3(B - 'N '6, S("EV, ' '=E( 6 $b( '?V'3 -
4 5! 36 89- =(89 54'6$8 : «3$, "( , ?4$#'3$=Z 6$5».
390
W V ' (49V, (W(5 6'6$ ! 6 1-8 4$55( ' ($"5 '#'
4$B"(=$ 5 $ $"'8 6 ?(4'5"(M"'8 (4( 6(4 '-
4( "E8 5(=6 5'8. C'5(35 6' 5 #4$6'B '8 $" (6='-
(B5 8 $= 5 ' =$ '8 8'M( 65 = M ! (8 #'4'6 . 7(-
=(3 ' '" - 5"'?. Y'#$ 5 6' 4 = 6'39 (#' 6 6'5-
'=#: «i'='#$9, 5(#'3"9 9 ?'4 $4 5 #(=A'# "(B!» R'W49
"( 64( $( 59 "( " (=(5 ( 59 5 55 6'8, 6 '8 S 5-
4( 4 (=$ ='B - 659 (#' = ='3$ 5 55 6 6=$M3(?-
"$. 7' '" 5 M$3"'5 !Z '#4'[$( 659S(5 Z "b'=8$-
A Z ' 4 S"' "$ =(" ='6$" 6 S (" #$&( M ="$4'6.
%" =(6"'5 "EB S $ (4! «CN (=3(B 26" "# R'5 » ,
='58$ = 6$9 #$&( , '?ES"' ' 'M3(5 649( 5(?9 5 #(-
='98 (=(3'6 A. R=(35 $6 (4! 5 4!"'#' '4$ 6''?=$-
M$( 5(?9 5 8 $ S"E8 5 3(?"E8 5 '4" (4(8 4
3= #'B 6$M"'B A(B, 5 $M(8, &$8 " E8 V'4'5 9 '8 5
3 W'B =(?(" $ #=' $ 6 #'4!b. g54 N ' S $ (4!" A$
- N3$ $9 8([$"'S $, '"$ 6 3 5(?9 6 ='4 '?6'='M -
(4!"'B, = 89"'B, ?(4' ='B 5( =( $=W (5 6 3 3(6-
S W $, 6 3 W( - ?4$#'S(5 6$9 8$ !, 5'S( $6W$959 &$-
'""E8 ?=$ '8 5' 56' 8 8'4'3A(6$ E8 W(b'8). %?E6$-
(4! "( ' 4 S$( '3"'#' $6 '=$ ' 3= #'#'; S $( '"
8$4' 65(#3$ 5 ' =(3(4(""'B A(4!Z, "' 8'M( 65 !
6 '?[(5 6' ? ?4 'b 4'6 58$ '6$ ! =(4(5 "E(, =(-
4(5 "E( " # : 6 "(#=( & C 8'"E 3( Y'6 $=, i'5 '(6-
5 '#', C'8(=5( $ \'N8$, «i' '=$ h 6$#'» 8$5 (='6
N 'V >'&='M3(" 9. g#' "( 'S("! " (=(5 ( M 6' 5!,
"' =(5 M$ =$3 '" 'V' "' '6(5 6 #'5 "'B =( ='-
3 A >$" :'#$ 4 f 5 4(=$, 6 $B"( =(3 'S $9 8
7'=8$"$ X' N44$.
391
, 3$ 6'3= & 4 23'4$, 3$M( ?$? W $ 5' 65(8 56' -
8 4 S 5 E8 8'=[ " $8 6 3"(( 59 #3(- ' "$ &$3"(8
4$"(, $ 6 5 '='"( ' 65(V, &$4'M 6 ?'4!W ( $4!AE 6
='B8E M 4( $, 5 '?(3'"'5"E8 6 3'8 6E5 59 % (A, '"
M( R$ $W$, '" M( :'=3(4 6EB i$= (4!. \$4!S
3(6'S 6 =( 4$8( "( &8(""' 5E $"E 6(5" W $8 , $
8$4EW(B 65(#3$ ' 5 5 6 Z (=(3" ( & ?E. d " S(#'
"( 8(Z =' 6 6(5" W( ("$ 5$8'8 3(4( '" 'S("!
3 "E8 Z"E8 5'&3$" 98). > '4"( 6'&8'M"', 5 (A -
$4!"'( 554(3'6$" ( '3 6(=3 , S ' ?'4!W "5 6$
8$4("! V $8(= $"5 V #=$M3$" '" (5 !, $ 6 3= #'8
554(3'6$" 3' $M , S ' 65(V 3$S4 6EV 5 3(?"EV
5 '4" (4(B =$5 6EV 3'8'V'&9( 6 3( 5 6( '" ?E-
4 . R'6 '=9Z: 9 "( 8(Z " S(#' =' 6 6(5" W( $
$ '6EV. 7' 9 5S $Z "(54EV$""'B 'W4'5 !Z ', S ' 5
" 8 53(4$4 =( 4$8"E( ='S ( $#(" 5 6$. R' =$55 $-
&$8 'S(6 3A(6, (54 8$4!S ?(& 6(5" W( 4 54(# $
6(5" WS$ EB 3'4M(" '96 !59 "$ (4(N =$"(, (8 "$-
4( 6$Z 5 55 6(""E( 6(5" W , 8 " 8 8 22 W -
6'5(8! "$ $M3'B [( ( 6 "$ "'5 . > '8 5$V 6(5" W-
"$ '8 "$Z 5 4!" Z 5E !. > '3"'8 5(= $4( '" ?E-
4 '?'&"$S("E ='W(S"E8 = M $8 . g54 6(5" WS$-
EV Z"EV #(='(6 '?ES"' #=$Z ?(4' =E( 4 =EM(-
6'4'5E( =$5$6S , ' 8'4'3EV 5 $ "EV 8 MS ", $
=$6 4', (8"E( 6'4'5E # 5 E( S(="E( ?='6 . %
W' 4$"3A$ 3' (4! $ - $ '6$ N6'4ZA 9.
392
f = 55 V (5 !, 6(="((, ?E4' 5 (A $4!"'( "$&6$" ( 349
5$8'3'6'4!"'#' 6(4 S(5 6(""'#' 8([$"5 6$ - 'W4'5 !.
R'W4'5 ! - N ' "( '4! ' 96"$9, "( = =E $9 ?(&3$=-
"'5 !, "' #4$6"E8 '?=$&'8 4'M"$9, '33(4!"$9 &"$S -
(4!"'5 !, '33(4!"$9 =$5' $, '33(4!"EB 8, '3-
3(4!"$9 = 64( $ (4!"'5 !. R= (S$ E6$9 S '- ' 54'-
6'8 « 'W4'5 !», 8E "( ='5 ' 6E"'5 8 N5 ( S(5 '(
5 M3(" (, "' 6'= 8 "=$65 6(""EB 5 3. >5( '34 "-
"'(, S(5 "'(, =( =$5"'( "( 8'M( ?E ! 'W4E8. d -
6(=M3$Z, S ' ='5 'B, "( ='" EB A 6 4 &$A (B S(4'-
6( =(3 ' ?E6$( 'W49 '8, '5 '4! 'W4'5 ! =(3-
'4$#$( 6"(W"ZZ 5 '='" , b$5$3, 6"(W" B 4'5 . j '-
?E =(6=$ !59 6 'W49 $, =(5 !9" " " M"' (=(-
?=$ !59 6 #'='3. <=$W(""EB ' = #$45 3'4M("
= =E ! 8 M(5 6("" Z #'= $"!, S '?E 6'5 '=M(5 6'-
6$4$ "( = =E $9 'W4'5 !.
393
6 3"E( 'W ? , 3' [(""E( ' "(&"$" Z 4
"( '" 8$" Z. a ' '?ES"$9 S(4'6(S(5 $9 54$?'5 ! -
6 '4"( ='5 (4!"$9. C4(3 Z[ B W$# 6 $3 3(4$(
(=(6'3S , 5'&"$ (4!"' =' 5 $Z[ B ( 54'6$
$?&$AE, 6 58E54 ' '=EV '" "( ' = 3 459 6" " ! 4
M( (, S ', ' (#' 8"(" Z, 8'# ' $&$ !59
"( '"9 "E8 4 "( = 4 S"E8 58 "' 6''?=$M$(8'8
S $ (4Z. %" "( ?=(&# ( 5$8E8 '6(=V"'5 "E8
&"$S(" (8 54'6$, ' '='( (#' 54 #$8 =(3'5 $649(
54'6$=!, 4 M(= 6 ( S("'5 !Z =$3 8" 8'B
'S"'5 : '" &$=$"(( #' '6 &"$ ! 8("!W( $6 '=$, 5S $9
= N '8, S ' &"$( ?'4!W(. D=( !( - 5$8'( ?'4!W'( -
&4' 6 A( #=(V' $3(" B "$5 #$( (=(6'3S $, '#3$
'" = " 8$( 59 '4 ='6$ ! = #4$M 6$ ! W(3(6=,
#" 5"' = =$W 6$9 (#', '34$M 6$95! 6 5$8
=(3=$55 3 $8 S $ (4(B. ^$ N ' =(5 4(" ( "$3'
'36(=#$ ! M(5 'S$BW 8 E $8, $ 6 5=(3" ( 6( $ &$
4$# $ .
>' Z[ ( 'W ? (=6'B $ (#'= 6 56'Z 'S(=(3! 3(-
49 59 "$ 36( #= E. 7(3'5 $ 'S"'( &"$" ( "'5 =$""'-
#' 9&E $ 8'M( =(6=$ ! 5$8 Z =$5V'M Z b=$& 6
?4 5 $ (4!" Z =$3 , ' ' '='B "( '8EW494 $6 '=.
«Bien-treral»1 5 $"'6 59 6(=M3(" (8, 8(5 "E8 6 5-
$V 8 MS "E: «e'='W' ?E ! #("(=$4'8», = S(8 6 #(-
"(=$4E N ' ?4$#'3("5 6 ( =' &6(4 b=$"A &5 B (=(-
6'3S «:$84( $», ([( ' ' S(6$6 (#' = N '8 -
='B. 24 M( 6 (=(6'3( j(V'6$ "$ "(8(A B 9&E S -
(4!, (36$ 6'B39 6 4$55, '#= M$( 59 6 S (" ( «56'(B
#$&( E», S ' 3$4' '6'3 6(4 S$6'8 = 5' = W$ !-
59 ' 4$S(6"'8 5'5 '9" W '4!"'#' '? S(" 9 6 3'=(-
6'4ZA '""'B X'55 . 7$ 5$8'8- ' 3(4( j(V'6 8(4 6
6 3 '?E "'6(""EB 4$55"EB M ="$4, 6 ' '='8 S -
(4! ' 8(S$4 ' 5 5 6 Z[ V S(" '6 5 $6 4 ' 8( .
2 "$'?'=' , "(6 ""E( $"#4 B5 ( 6E=$M(" 9 «first
night»2 «public house»3 =(6=$[$Z 59 6 = 55 '8 (-
=(6'3( 6 « (=6 Z ?=$S" Z "'S!» « ?4 S"EB 3'8».
R= 6(3(""EV = 8(='6 3'5 $ 'S"'. %" 58(W"E =(-
M 54 V, "' "( &4'#' 8E54$, S$[( 65(#' 5 '8-
$""'( =(34'M(" ( 5'V=$"9( 56'B 5V'3"EB 58E54 6
'" ( 5 ( A(4'#'.
394
"E( = 5 '8 4 "#6 5 S(5 '#' 3$4! '" &8$, 6"(&$ "'
'=$& 6W 8 (=(6'3S $. D' 4 4(" 6W 5! ?'4(( =(3-
8 &"$S(" (8 54'6$ 68(5 ' 'S(6 3"'#' '3 = 'B
4(M$[(#' («j ' =(3 'S $( (5 ! N5 8'5 - N5 8' 4
Z4(" B M =?» - (=(6'3S ' 6(S$( : «a5 8'»), ' 4
'4'M 6W 5! "$ "( =$6 4!"'( &"$S(" (, ' '='( '
8"'#' =$ "'#' (=(S E6$" 9 ' (S$ $4'5! 6 (#' $89-
, '" 8 3=9( 59 = 3$ ! "('M 3$""EB 4 '3S$5
6(5!8$ &'[=(""EB 58E54 5$8'8 "(6 ""'8 6E=$M(-
" Z 4 ='5 'B 8( $b'=(. d &"$4 '3"'#' 3'?='5'6(5 -
"(BW(#' 'N $, ' '=EB, 5=$M$95! 5 (=(6'3'8, $ &-
"$5 4'6$4 '= # "$4, S ' & «is sicklied o?er with the pale
cast of thought»4, 5'&3$4 «?4(3"EB 4 ""EB 56( ». > 54'-
6( «sicklied» '" 6 3(4 4 ""EB 5(= 5. ; "(8(A B ='-
b(55'=, 5 = 5 [ 8 (8 "$A '"$4!"E8 Z8'='8, 6'&-
" W 8 & '8'" 8 S(5 '#' 5V'35 6$ 3 #''?=$&"'#'
5 =(4 '6'#' '= M 9 =$5 (" 9, ' '=E( '-= 55 "$-
&E6$Z 59 '3" 8 54'6'8 «4 », (=(6(4 W "5 '( «f
4 '8'=!9...» '?'=' '8 «"$ ?(=(# @ '6'#' 8'=9.»
395
9649( 59 5$8'64Z?4(""EB (=(6'3S , ' '=EB '?5 $6-
49( ? 3 $= l(V(=(&$3E "$ 56'B 6 5 5 ='b(55 '-
"$4!"'B 6 = '&"'5 !Z = V'=$W 6$( 56' V M(= 6.
D$ , 6 = 55 V (=(6'3$V l( 5 =$ %b(4 Z ?E4' = -
"9 ' =$W$ ! ?4$#'='3"E8 A6( $8 68(5 ' ='5 EV
=$6, ' '=E( '"$ 5'? =$4$:
Tray, Blanche and Sweetheart, see, they bark at me, ?(&M$4'5 "'
=(6=$[(""'B 6:
396
"(=$&=E6"' 569&$"$ 5 '5'?E8 5 4(8, ' '=E8 '"$ "$-
5$"$: 8"'M(5 6' "(4( EV '6 '='6 '3"'#' '#' M(
"(4( '#' "$=(S 9 &6 S 5 '4! "$69&S 6', S ' 5 $"'6 -
59 $ 8- ' &4'6([ 8 &$#'6'='8. ^3(5! (5 ! ' =E6 ,
' '=E( 6E#4939 6 '4"( "(6 ""E8 , "' 5 ' 61-
" ! = 5 $4!"(( 6E &$8(S$( (, S ' V$'5 = $ 459 6
36 V W$#$V, $ $ '(-" ? 3! 54'6' 4 5=$6"(" ( 6 5$-
"E :'#'4(8 $ , S ' 5$8'( ?(&'? 3"'( =(34'M(" (
63= # 6&=E6$( 59 'W8$="E8 b(B(=6(= '8. ^3(5! (5 !
$ 5 ' E $Z[$959 "( 4ZM(5 !, ' '= Z $6 '= = 8(-
"9( 5'&"$ (4!"', (=(3$6$9 #= ? Z 8$ (= Z "$W V
5"'6. >5( N ' "$ ='S! 5S(&4' 6 S ""'8, ?'B '8 S=(&-
6ES$B"' ='&$ S"'8 $"#4 B5 '8 (=(4'M(" (&$#49" -
( 6 (=(6'3 <4'3$ O 4!3$, S '?E ?'4!W( " '#3$ "(
&$#493E6$ ! 6 "(#'). >' = 8(=, ' '=EB 5'&3$( 8(-
"9 '[ [(" (, ? 3 ' 9 = 5 5 6 Z = ? B5 6( "( 6
5 4$V (#' =(3' 6=$ !: :'#'4!: «...6 36( "(?'4!W (
'8"$ E 5 (=(3"(B 4 V"(B '(- $ 8 8'3"E8
=( ("& 98 , 4$8 'B 4 "'B 6([ A(B, 5 ' 6W(B 8"'-
# V 'M(= 6'6$" B...» O 4!3: «fitted with some
pretentious articles of furniture purchased, etc...»9 ^$ #-
=E6$" ( 5 6(4 8 "( 'S("! 6(4 8 "'5 =$""E8
W(3(6=$8 8'M( = 6(5 '8 , S ' 6 N '8 b$=5(
' $M( 59 &$8(W$""'B " 6 S(8 "( '6 ""$9 =( !9 5 '-
='"$. C'65(8 "(3$6"' '3 " &6(5 "EB = 55 B '8 '& -
'= ' ='5 4 8("9 (=(6(5 "$ $"#4 B5 B 5 V' 6'-
=(" (, ' '='( 5'=' 4( "$&$3 '" '4'M 4 "$ 8 &E .
%" "$5 $ 6$4, S ' (=(6'3 3'4M(" '5'?(""' 'S"' (-
=(3$6$ ! $ 5 S(5 Z 5 '='" ( 5 $. < "(5S$5 !Z,
( 5 N ' ' $&$459 &6(5 "E8 5 V' 6'=(" (8 a3#$=$
R' «<'4' '4$» 6 (=(6'3( <. Y$4!8'" $. j ' =(35 $6-
49Z 5'?'B 8"'#'S 54(""E( (=(6'3E Y$4!8'" $, 4(# '
'"9 ! & (#' 5'?5 6(""EV 5'S "(" B: '" ' 4 S$459
'S $ '4'# S(5 'B "(5 '5'?"'5 !Z "$ 5$ ! V' 9 ?E
'3" 8(4'3 S" Z 5 ='S . R'4!& 95! #' '6E8 "$?'='8
&$ $5 $""EV = b8, '3? =$9 "$ V'3 (=6 Z ' $6-
W Z59 8( $b'= , '" =(6=$ 4 5 V , 5 ' 6W ( R' "(-
8$4EV 5 4 B, 6 "(S ' $ '(, S ' 4Z?'B ='55 B5 B
= b8' 4( 8'# ?E 5'5 =9 $ ! 6 '3 " = 5(5 . R(=(6'39
5 V' 6'=(" ( '?=$ "' "$ $"#4 B5 B, 9 &$?' 459
'4! ' ' '8, S '?E "$B 54'6$, "$ '8 "$6W ( ' &6 -
S$" Z = 55 (. D( (=!, (54 '8 - ' ' $3( 59 8'B
$"#4 B5 B (=(6'3, '" 8'M( ' #4 '5 (=(6(5
397
(#' 5"'6$ "$ = 55 B, $ S ' 5 V' 6'=(" (, 6 ' '='8
M( " S(#' "( '5 $4'5! ' a. R', '36(=#"( 59 ([(
?'4!W(B «?$4!8'" &$A », ' $ 6 '"A( '"A'6 «<'-
4' '4$» "( =(6=$ 9 59 6 «Y(&8'46 (». g[( ?'4(( #" 5-
"E8 b$=5'8 ' 3$( 5 '= 9, ' '=$9 =' &'W4$ 5 '"-
S(""(BW 8, ='8$" S"E8 5 V' 6'=(" (8 Y'34(=$
«R= #4$W(" ( (W(5 6 Z» («Mon enfant, maur,
Songe la douceur...»).
:'4 ? $ 8'9,
A Nijni10
$ 3$4(( ad malinfinitum11.
398
? 3( 'S(" (3$" S(": 5"'5 '" 3$( "$ 'B M(
5 =$" A(, S ' 6 '= # "$4(, $ "( ' =$649( 6 '"(A
" # - 5 (#' 'S &=(" 9 '" " '#3$ "( ?E6$Z 5-
S(= E6$Z[ 8 54 W '8 '3='?"E8 . Y'Z5!, S ' = -
3'4Z? 6$9 3$8$, '= 9[$9 6 '3 ""$3A$ '8 S$5 "'S
"$3 '3 ""$3A$ E8 '8'8 $ '#'-" ? 3! 5'?=$" 9
5'S "(" B, ? 3( 3$ 8("(( 'S"'B (3$" S"'B. 7'
5 ! "( 6 '8, S ' S("EB 3(4$( 8("!W( #= ?EV
'W ?' , S(8 = M(" A$. C ! 6 '8, S ', $ =$6 4',
'" '"$ ?(&"$3(M"' 4 W("E V' ! $ '#'-" ? 3!
6'=S(5 '#' 3$=$. 7 &"$" (, " 5(=3 ( "( &$8("9
6''?=$M(" 9 5 49.
399
7(3$6"' 9 ' E $459 (=(6(5 "(5 '4! V = 55 V '-
N '6, ' '=E( =(M3( ?E4 5 '6(= $"E 4'V 8 (=(-
6'3$8 4 6'65( "( (=(6'3 4 5!. \'B $"#4 B5 B, '-
"(S"', #'=$&3' ?(3"(( = 55 '#': =$&" A$ 8(M3 " 8
= 8(="' $ $9 M(, $ 8(M3 3'8'8 "$ 36( 5(8! ='-
3'6'B 5$3!?'B, 8(M3 ' S( 4 6' '5'&"$6$(8E8 '8-
b'= '8 ?(&' S( "'B ='5 'W!Z. d 3$4( ' "( 3'64(-
6'=(" 3'5 #" E8, "' 8' W 3 =$5 =E4 "( ' '-
=E( =$6 4$, ' '=E( 8'# = #'3 !59 3= # 8 (=(-
6'3S $8.
400
remember» - 4'5 $9 b=$&$, ' '=$9, $ "( 8(4EB "E-
=94![ , $3$( "$ M 6' . > 54'6( «S 3"'(» 54EW 59
5 $&'S"'( «S 3!», ' '"S$" ( 54'6$ «4 S» 6 3$ (4!"'8
$3(M( 3=(6"(= 55 '( «S », '&"$S$6W(( « '54 W$B»,
8"'M(5 6' 3= # V =( =$5"EV = 55 V $55'A $A B. 2
b'"( S(5 , 5(8$" S(5 «S 3"'(» ' "'5 59 ' -
=(3(4(""'8 =93 54'6, N ' = 55 B =93 "( 5'' 6( -
5 6 ( '8 $"#4 B5 '8 , 6 ' '='8 8E "$V'3 8 «I
remember». 2 "$ =' 6, V' 9 $"#4 B5 '( 54'6'
«remember» 6 '" ( 5 ( 3$""'#' 5 V' 6'=(" 9 "( 5'-
' 6( 5 6 ( = 55 '8 58E54'6'8 =93 , 3$ 6V'3 '-
"9 ( « '8"Z», '"', (8 "( 8("((, 569&$"' 5 'V'M 8
'N S(5 8 =93'8 54'6$ «remember» 6 $"#4 B5 '8, "$
' '=EB = "('?V'3 8'5 ' =$Z 59 "$5 '9[ ( '-
N E. <4ZS(6E8 54'6'8 6 5 =' ( e$ 58$"$ «What are
those blue remembered hills?»14 6 = 55 '8 (=(6'3( 5 $-
"'6 59 M$5"'(, =$5 9" '( 54'6' «65 '8" 6W (59» -
#'=?$ '( V$? 5 '( " $ 6" =(""( "( 569&$""'( 5
= 4$#$ (4!"E8 «5 " (». > = 55 '8, 6 ' 4 S ( ' $"#-
4 B5 '#', '"9 ( «5 "(6E» = "$34(M 5'6(=W(""'
"'8 58E54'6'8 =93 , "(M(4 #4$#'4 « '8" !».
C69&! 8(M3 54'6$8 , "(5'' 6( 5 6 ( =$&4 S"EV 5(8$"-
S(5 V =93'6 6 =$&4 S"EV 9&E $V =(3 '4$#$Z ([(
'3"' =$6 4', ' ' '='8 = #4$6"EV 54'6$ 6 5 =' (
'?=$& Z 5 '4! (5"'( (3 "5 6', S ' '"' ='M3$( "'6EB
58E54, ' '=EB " '3"' & N V 54'6 ' ' 3(4!"'5 4
6 3= #'8 5'S( $" "( 5'3(=M . 7( '4! ' '?ES"$9
569&! 54'6 6 =(34'M(" , "' V 'S"'( '4'M(" ( '
' "'W(" Z 3= # 3= # 6 '?[(8 = 8( 5 =' 3(4$(
6'&8'M"E8 N ' $ "5 6(""'( =('?=$&'6$" ( 58E54$.
R(=(6'3S 3'4M(" = " 8$ ! 6' 6" 8$" ( 65( N '"-
'5 .
401
C N 8 54'M"'5 98 9 5 '4 " 459, (=(6'39 (=6 Z
5 =' 5 V' 6'=(" 9 R W "$, $ '4"' 6E=$M$Z[ Z
$6 '=$, (#' "( '6 '= 8'5 ! #$=8'" Z. 2& S 6 (( 5'
65(B [$ (4!"'5 !Z 5 =$&"EV 5 '='", 9 = "9459 &$
(=(6'3. d ? 459 "$3 5 ='S 'B 'S 65Z "'S! 6 '"A(
'"A'6 (=(6(4 ((. 7' = 6(5 (( &3(5! - &"$S 6(-
= ! S $ (49 6 '8, S ' &"$" ( "(5 '4! V ?(& =(S-
"EV =$6 4 #$=$" = ( ?(& =(S"EB (=(6'3.
7 <'='4(6$:
@ 5 6 6 ' ' .
402
11 3' 3 ="'B ?(5 '"(S"'5 (4$ .). - R= 8. (=(6.
<
C $ !9 6 (=6E( ' ?4 '6$"$ "$ = 55 '8 9&E ( («X 4!», Y(=-
4 ", 1930 #.).
R(S$ $( 59 ' &3$" Z: >. 7$?' '6. X'8$", =$55 $&E, N55(. C.-
R?., «a" $=», 1993 #.
403
"EB 36'=9" ", '-=$&"'8 6'5 = " 8$Z ='5 (BW ( 6
8 =( 6([ - 3'6'4!5 6 ( ' #4' $ V'4'3"'B 6'3E 6
M$= B 3("!, ?'4! ' 5 4!"'#' 3$=$ ' #'4'6(, =$&3=$-
M(" ( ' "( 3'?"'B '? 6 8"'#' 3= # V S(4'6(S(5 V
'[ [(" B, '3 "$ '6' 56'B5 6(""EV 65(8 58(= "E8. 7$-
=$5"' 9 5 $4 ?E 6(=M3$ !, S ' ' 6( 5 6(""EB =$?' -
" S V$( &(6$( $ M(, $ ?(&' 6( 5 6(""EB ? =-
M $; "( 9 =$6, $ 5'6( 5 B = . >5( 3(4' 6 '8, S '
4$55'6'( 8EW4(" ( - "( $9 = &=$S"$9 ='5 'W!, "(S '
6E5' ' 3 V'6"'( 3($4!"'(, (3 "5 6(""'(, S ' 8'M(
5 $5 ' '"9 "'#' ' S$9" 9 ='4( $=5 '#' S(4'6( $,
$"$ '8 S(5 5 ='(""'#' ' ? =M $&"'8 '?=$&A
'?=(S(""'#' "( '4! ' M ! '3 ? =M $&"'B 5 "(6'B
"(?$ =$?' $ ! ? =M $&"E8 9 $4E8 = $8 , "'
"'5 ! 6 5(?( 3' '"A$ 3"(B '#' '5 496'#' (=5'"$M$,
' '='#' ? =M $&"E( S("E( &'6 ? =M $&"E8 54'6'8
«5 (4( ».
404
"', 3'?='3( (4! '=M(5 6 ( . C'6(=W(""' "(6$M"', S '
=(6'&"'5 8'( 3'?=' $=$(8'( &4' - 3'?=' &4'
4$55'6E(. > N '8 8$4("! '8 4$55'6'8 8 =( 5'' "'W(-
" 9 "=$65 6(""EV 5 4 = (8E ?'=!?E ( M(, S ' 6
?'4!W'8 8 =(, S(4'6(S(5 '8. >5( &"$ '8E( 4 (=$ =-
"E( E, 6E=$M$Z[ ( 5'?'B =(& ' ='5 ' V'='W((
4 V 3'( 6 S(4'6( ( ( 4 6 '?[(5 6(), 56( 4E( 4 S"'-
5 , " '#3$ "( (8"(Z[ (, (8"E( 4 S"'5 , '?=(-
S(""E( "$ ?(5 ='56( "'5 !, 65( N 5 $=E( "$W &"$ '-
8E( - =(&'"(=E, &4'3( , =$6(3"E( #= ? 9"E '6$=-
"E( 4!5 (AE - ' 9 ! (5"9 59 "$ 5 =$" A$V 5'6( 5 'B
" # . D ' #'4'5' «e M "E 393 D'8$», 56'('?-
=$&"'( '6 '=(" ( $ 'B-" ? 3! (8E & 5 $=EV = 4'-
M(" B «7 6(» (8'4'3$9 "9M"$ 64( $( 59 ' A'65 8
5( =( $=(8, S(5 "E8 =$&"'S "A(8 5 "$='3" S(5 8
"$ 4'""'5 98 ), 5 $" ( ='&E ?(& W '6 "$ '="'8
' '4 S(5 '#' "(6(3(" 9 ?'4!W(6 A '8 ' -
='6(" Z, b$ (4 &"$" 9, =EA$=5 ( = 4ZS(" 9,
#3( <=$5"EB XEA$=! =$&? 6$( '3 " '4S [$ 6=$#'6.
D', S ' 6 '?[(S(4'6(S(5 'B 4 (=$ =( 3' 5 V '= $
4 "$S( ([( 3(=M 59 6 =' &6(3(" 9V 6E5' '"=$6-
5 6(""EV 3$8 5$ (4(B 349 Z"'W(5 6$ ? 3( , 6(='-
9 "', 3(=M$ !59 3' '"A$ 8 =$, '6 '=9( 59 6 5'6( 5 'B
4 (=$ =( $ "(S ' "'6'(, 5 $ 4'8?'8, 5 M$='8, 5
'(" (8. \E 6'&6=$[$(859 5$8E8 5 ' $8 4 (=$ -
=E, ='5 ' (, ([( "( '569[(""'B 63'V"'6(" (8,
"=$6' S (4!5 6 , ([( "( 4 W(""'8 $b'5$. C'6( 5 $9
4 (=$ =$ "(5 '4! ' "$ '8 "$( ( ' ?'="E( (4(B"E(
? ?4 ' ( , ' '=E( ?E6$Z = Z=!8$V 5 =$6 -
(4!"EV 3'8$V 349 ='56([(" 9 8 =' 6'=(" 9 &$-
4ZS(""EV.
28("$ "( &$ '8 "$Z 59, 8(" "( . \$ ='5 6 &'?=$M(-
" 5$ (49 6 '='#' 5'= $ 8$ ='5 6 &'?=$M(" -
5$ (49 5'= $ =( !(#' " S(8 3= # ' 3= #$ "( ' 4 S"E,
'4! ' '?(& 8(6W B ' ?4$#'"$8(=(""'5 ='4( $=-
5 B = 8'M( $8 598 6E5 '?4 ! (=(5!. > N 'B 6
4 SW(8 54 S$( 6 '='5'= "'B 4 (=$ =( ( (=6'#' 5'= $
6 ='3$M( "( ) 8$ ='5$ $ M( ' S( 4 6, $ , 5 $-
M(8, 5 $= ""EB ='5 $ $. a ' 8$ ='5, 'S("! 4Z? -
8EB 5'6( 5 8 5$ (498 , #'6'= «$8?$», 3'?='3(-
(4!"' 8$ Z#$( 59 S $( «=$&"E( " M ». %" M("'-
4Z? 6, $ 659 B V'='W B, &3'='6EB $=("!, "' "'-
405
#3$ &-&$ N '#' ' $3$( 6 5( ? =M $&"'B 4 $= -
&$"5 'B 5 =("E "$ 6=(89 5? 6$( 59 5 4 " 4$55'6'-
#' 3'?=$. 7$ N 4 " Z, 6 ='S(8, '" "( &?(M"' 6'&6=$-
[$( 59. \$ ='5 - 56( 4$9 4 S"'5 !, V' 9 '6$ . 7(-
5 '4! ' 'V'M "$ "(#' «5'43$ $» - 3= #'B ?$4'6("!
5'6( 5 'B 4 (=$ =E. C'43$ 'M( 4Z? 5 $ ! "$4 -
EV 659 8 5' $8 3(=(6("5 V 3(6S$ '54( 49 !
56'(B ?(4'& ?'B 4E? 'B 5(4!5 V S (4!" A. <$
8$ ='5, 5'43$ S$5 ' ' $3$( &-&$ ?$?E 6 ='5$ . %"
65(#3$ M &"(=$3'5 (", ' 4 S"' &"$( '4 S(5 Z
#=$8' [(3= "$ ?'3=E( 6'5 4 A$" 9 6='3( «$ " , =(-
?9 $!». \ M &? =$Z (#' =(35(3$ (4(8, = S(8
$ 'B-" ? 3! 5 $=EB =(5 !9" " "( &8(""' V8E49( 59
6 ?'='3 '3'?= (4!"' #'6'= : «^3'='6' &$#" 4 $-
=("!» ( ' (5 ! 5 $=EB =(5 !9" " ='&=(4).
406
R='# 4 6$95! 3$4(( ' #$4(=(( 4 (=$ ="EV '?=$&'6,
8E 65 =(S$(8 5 $=W(#' =$?'S(#' ( 4 "'#3$ S -
"'6" $). a ' S(4'6( 5 #'6'= '8, 5 4 $6 " 'B. R 5$-
(4! 3(4$( (#' ?(5 $= B"E8 '4! ' 349 '#', S '?E
=$&'?4$S ! 8" 8 Z 4 '6(=V"'5 " Z $= B"'5 !
"EV =(?9 - 8'W("" '6 V 4 #$"'6. «^$S(8 8"( 6
$= Z, - #'6'= '", - 9 $ ?'4!W(6 . i(4' "( 6 '?-
=93$V, $ 6 6(=(». i= #'B ?(5 $= B"'#' ( '#', ' '-
=EB '? =$( 59 V'4'3"'B 6'3'B) - 4 S"'5 ! '3'&= -
(4!"$9, & ?E6W V " (44 #(" '6, ?(4$9 '5 ! & "(#'
$ =( . g#' &'?4 S$Z #'"9 6 W(Z, 4 M( ?4$-
#'3$=9 M("[ "(, 3'?='3( (4!"'B '88 " 5 (, '" 63= #
"$S "$( '" 8$ ! 56'( " S 'M(5 6'. %" ' =E6$( 5'-
?'B 5(= Z &4'3((6. >' , "$ = 8(=, 4$ ( 'S(8 - '
S$[( 65(#' 8(4!" ). f "(#' '45 EB M 6' , '" V (=
M$3(", 5 (=6$ N 5 4 $ = ( ?(3"9 '6, $ &$ (8, '#3$,
$ #='8 :'5 '3("!, "$5 #$( (#' =(6'4ZA 9, = 8E $-
( $3( 5 'B $= , 3'6'4!"' ?(55 =$W"' - 6 56'(B
#=(W"'B 54( ' ( - = #$( 6 4 A' ?'4!W(6 '6, = W(3-
W V =( 6 & ='6$ ! "(#' 8 8(4!" A , 3'4M"E8
'?=$&'8 # ?"( ' 3$=$ W E $ 6 (#' '45 EB M 6' . ;
6' A$ ' = "(( - 5 (A 4 =(35(3$ (4! =(5 $,
M 6 [ B 6 6(4 '56( 5 'B '?5 $"'6 ( 5 M("'B, = S$-
[(B "$ = 54 # , 5 $"$=(B 'B, 'Z[(B "$ V"(.
% 5 6W 5! ([( " M(, "$V'3 8 5 $= Z #=$b "Z. C $-
=$9 #=$b "9 #'6'= «8(=5 », M(8$""' 4$"9( 59
!( S$B, ' 5 $6 6 8 & "(A. 2&=(3 $ 8(4! $Z ?(4'-
#6$=3(B5 ( 5$"#6 " , #("(=$4E, ' E .3. i'5 ' "
6" 8$" 9 " (44 #(" $ - ='b(55'= 4 8 &E $" .
%" 5 S"'6$ , 5 =$3$( =$&"E8 ?'4(&"98 , 54$?'6'4("
5 $B"'B &$6 5 !Z 58' = "$ 56' V 3( (B, 65 6W V
6 '88 " 5 S(5 B 5'Z& 8'4'3(M . R'4 S(5 '" 6
V 3W(8 54 S$( 8("!W(6 . g[( ='[( '?5 ' 3(4' 5
$8 M("5 8 . f 5'6( 5 V 5$ (4(B '34 ""EB
4! M("[ "E. R'9649( 59 '"$ 6 36 V #4$6"EV =$&"'-
6 3"'5 9V: M("[ "$ ? =M $&"$9, 4Z?9[$9 89# Z 8(-
?(4!, 3 V '3'&= (4!"EV 5 (A'6, M("[ "$-
'88 " 5 $ (' 6( 5 6(""$9 =$?' " A$ 4 5 =$5 "$9
"('b $), - "$ (( &'?=$M(" ( V'3 3'?=$9 '4'6 "$
5'6( 5 'B 4 (=$ =E. a $ ' 49="$9 M("[ "$ '?4$-
3$( N4$5 S"'B #= 3!Z, 8'4'3$, ?'3=$, S$5 6 ( 6
='A(55 9V, '=$& (4!"' = 3'5 '5'?"$. %"$ - '8(5!
=(6'4ZA '"(= , 5(5 =E 8 4'5(=3 9 ='6 "A $4!"'B
407
?$=EW" . 7' ='8( 65(#' '"$ 569 $9. g( 54 S$B"E( 4Z-
?'6"E( 64(S(" 9 =$&'S$='6$" 9 6 5S( "( 3 ;
"(( (5 ! '4! ' '3 " M(" V, 4$55'6EB M(" V - @(" ".
408
"'B 5 4'B 6'5V6$49Z[ 8 3'?='3( (4! ? S Z[ 8 '-
=' ? i$6$B ( 4 SW(, #'5 '3$, &$V4' "(8 "$W #=(W"E(,
? =M $&"E( " # , 6E $[ 8 =$6(3"'#' 5'6( 5 '#' A("-
&'=$ & (#' 5 ='8"'B (4! , (8 (5"' 6 (#' 4$55'6'8
8 = (, '" 3'5 ' " ?'4!W(#' ='5 '=$... i$6$B ( 6E $-
[ 8 (#', 3$3 8 (8 65(8 ="E( '4"'8'S 9, 5 $B '" -
5 6(=3'5 !Z b 4!8'6'#' =(M 55(=$ - "$ =$649( "$5
"$ ! 3'?=$, ?(5 '[$3"' $=$( &4', '?4 S$( 6&9 'S-
" S(5 6', 4 A(8(= (, #'=3E"Z S(4'6(S(5 Z "$ b'"(
?=(&M [(B &$= 5'(3 "9( 6 3 6"'8 'A(4 ( 5 $ ='-
5 'B 3(6 W ?4$#'S(5 6'#' $="9. ; 6E, $4$" 4 -
6E( #=(W" , - 8'4S' !
.
C $ !9 6 (=6E( ' ?4 '6$"$ "$ = 55 '8 9&E ( («C'-
6=(8(""E( &$ 5 », R$= M, 1939 #.). R(S$ $( 59 '
&3$" Z: >. 7$?' '6. X'8$", =$55 $&E, N55(. - C.-R?.:
«a" $=», 1993 #.
409
?EV, =(& =$(8'#' 5 4!"E8 , '? M3$6W(#' 6 20-V ##.
= b8'6$""'B '5 ( ' ='5 =$4!"'B '4'""(, $ "E"(
3'W(3W(#' 3' =(4 # '&"EV &$?' , "( 65(#3$ #4 ?' V,
"( 65(#3$ 5 =("" V. 25 55 6', '34 ""'( 5 55 6',
A(4! ' '='#' 4(M "$ =' 6 (#' 5 'S" $, ' (5 ! 6
8(5 $V 6'&6EW(""EV "('? $(8EV, $ ' "Z3! "( 6 # 5-
'"$5(4(""'B '?4$5 3 W(6"EV &4 9" B, 6E='3 4'5!
"$5, 6E, 6 4(S(?" Z 4 = . 2 V' ! '"9 "', S ' 4 S-
"'( ' S$9" ( "(6'4!"' [( '?[(#' 349 56'(#' '?-
4(#S(" 9, 'N& 9 " = S(8, 5V 8$ 4 C("$ '8 (-
(" "((. %?[ B !, $ 'B ?E '" " ?E4, 6 58E54( 5-
55 6$ 4'V 8(""' ' '8 , S ' '" '?[ B. 7' (54 6
=(3(4$V X'55 8 3=("' 5(?( =(35 $6 ! 'N $, ' $-
&E6$Z[(#'59 #" ! 6EZ, ' (5 ! 3'5 $ 'S"' ?(&=$55 3-
"'#', S '?E 5 $6 ! 56'?'3 8 &E 6EW( 5'?5 6(""'B, '
6 X'55 &$ =(3(4!"'B 4(#S(, $&$4'5! ?E, "$B 5!
58(4!S$ $8, S M3$Z[ 859 $ 'B-4 ?' '?["'5 'N -
S(5 V " (=(5'6 - N '#' 56'('?=$&"'#' '88 " &8$
3 W. > X'55 $4$" "( 5 $5$( ; 6 &#"$" 5 $5$(
'4! ' $4$" . <$ ?E " ?E4 9M(4E '54(3" ( #'3E
e'3$5(6 S$, $ ?E (#' " '8 4$ "$W$ ?(&3$="$9 N8 #-
=$" 5 $9 5 3!?$, $ ?E 5 $= ""'(, 3'?=' "'( S(4'6(-
S(5 '( =$6"'3 W ( " 5'3(B5 6'6$4' (#' S(4'6(S(5 '8
#$5$" Z, e'3$5(6 S 349 X'55 5 $5(" - 3$ 5$8 '" #'-
'6 = &"$ !, 5 6'&! M(4S! W 9[ Z W , 5 6'&!
V'4'3 8=$ "$5 $6W V 3"(B, S ' '4'M(" ( '" &$" -
8$( '5'?'(: 5S$5 4 6'( '3 "'S(5 6' "(3'5 "'B 3= -
# 8 6E5' E.
410
" 98 , ' '=E( &$8 4 5 V 8"'# V (#' '4 S(" -
'6. :'6'= ! ' «8$5 (=5 6(» e'3$5(6 S$ ?(558E54(""'
3$M( '[ "5 6(""' ' ' "'W(" Z 'N& 6''?[(,
(#' 5 V$8 - 6 =(& 'B S$5 "'5 ; '"9 ( «8$5 (=5 6'»,
5$8' 5'?'B ='M3$9 56' $6ES , '?=$[$95! 6 = 3$-
' , 6 ("! =(? 9 4'# S(5 'B '8 ("5$A 6 6 3( 4Z-
?'B '4'M (4!"'B 6(4 S "E, 4(# ' 3'6'3 "$5 3' '#'
'5'?'#' &$3 W(6"'#' ' "'W(" 9 'N& , = ' '='8
' "(( 5$8'B 6 '"A( '"A'6 '5 $( 59 4 W! 8' ='( '
54(& 8(5 '. 2 "( ' '8 N ' #=(W"', S ' 5$8E( purs
sanglots¹ 65( M( " M3$Z 59 6 5'6(=W(""'8 &"$-
" =$6 4 5 V'54'M(" 9, 9&E $, =$6"'6(5 9 54'6;
58(W"' N ' "( ' '8 , S ' 'N , "$8( $Z[ B 6 5 V$V
"(=9W4 6EV "$ " S 'M(5 6' 5 55 6$ (=(3 S(4'6(S(-
5 8 5 =$3$" (8, &$" 8$( 59 M(8$""E8 = 6'=5 6'8,
6='3( '#' $ (54 ?E #='?'6EV 3(4 8$5 (= 5( '6$4 "$
5 '=' (S"'5 ! &(8"'B M &" ; =$&8'46 $ 6 5'&"$" 8(-
M3 6E3(4 'B 6([!Z ' '8 $ 58(W"$ #=9&"$, S '
'"$ '3=E6$( 5$8 Z 5 ["'5 ! '#', S ', $ (#' " &'-
6 - « 5 55 6'», « 'N& 9», « =( =$5"'(», - 6 3(B5 6 -
(4!"'5 "(' 3(4 8' ' 65(V 56' V $ "5 6(""' "('?-
V'3 8EV 56'B5 6. i= # 8 54'6$8 , 5 V' 6'=(" ( 5'-
6(=W(""'( ($ $ V 6 = 55 'B 4 (=$ =( "$?(=( 59 "(
8("(( =(V5' ) 8'M"' $ '6'=$S 6$ !, S '?E S $ (4Z
=(35 $6494$5! '4! ' (#' 3(9, 4 '4! ' S 65 6',
4 '4! ' $= "$, 4 '4! ' &6 - 8$4' 4 S ' ([(
8'M"' "$B , ' « "5 = 8(" '6 » 3' «' '?=$M(" 9», -
"' 65( N ' 4 W! =' &6'4!"' 6E?=$""E( #=$" A(4'#',
" '3"$ & ' '=EV, 6 5 ["'5 , "( 5 ' 4$ ?E "$W(#'
6" 8$" 9 , M '"(S"', "( 6E&6$4$ ?E " $ '#' 6'4-
"(" 9, ='8( =$&6( '56(""'#': "$ '8" 4$ $ '(- '
3= #'( «A(4'(» - S(B-" ? 3! #'4'5, '8"$ , "'S!, - "(
'?4$3$B 65( 5 V' 6'=(" ( 'B 5 9Z[(B 5$8'5 '9 (4!-
"'5 !Z, 6 = 8("(" ' '='B ' =(3(4(" ( «8$5 (=-
5 6'» &6 S 5 '4! M( '5 '=? (4!"', $ « '3 $Z-
[$9 5 =(""'5 !». C $&$""'( 3$4( ' "( "'6'5 !, "' V'-
S( 59 N ' '6 '= ! ' '6'3 e'3$5(6 S$. > 5=$6"("
5 = ?4 & (4!"E8 5 V$8 ( ' (5 ! =( =$5"E8
8(""' 56'(B = ?4 & (4!"'5 !Z - $ ?E6$Z =(-
=$5"E ?4 &'= ( #4$&$ - 3'? 6$Z[ 8 59 (( $ M(
5 '5'?'8 'S"'#' ' ?'=$, $ 'B ?E 5'W(4 = 3= # V,
?'4(( =$5'S"EV '?5 '9 (4!5 6$V 5 V$ &$ «8$5 (=5 -
6'») 'N& 9 e'3$5(6 S$ $M( 59 "'8 S $ (4Z "( 6
411
8(= S( $""'B - ' =(?49Z 8EW4(""' N ' "($ (-
"EB N ( . 7' 65( 3(4' 6 '8, S ' " 6 $ '8 ' =(-
3(4(" «b'=8E» (#' 5 V "( " M3$Z 59, N ' ' "'-
5 59 ' 659 'B '34 ""'B 'N& . \"( 5$8'8 3 ',
S ' 6 N 'B 5 $ !(, 6 N '8 ?E5 ='8 (=(S"( 8E54(B, 58(=-
!Z e'3$5(6 S$ 6'&? M3(""EV, 9 $ ?E '3=$& 8(6$Z
58 " Z (#' "( = &"$""'5 ! 58 "' '4(8 & = Z 5
= &=$ $8 , 8'# [ 8 '5 $= 6$ ! 'S$='6$" ( &"$S(-
" ( (#' 'N S(5 '#' #(" 9. C4$6$, = &"$" ( - 65( N '
5$8' ' 5(?( 3'6'4!"' "(6(="EB ' b'=8$8 b("'8(",
349 ' '='#' 4 W! 58(= ! "$V'3 =$6 4!" Z (=5 ( -
6 . i' 5 $Z, S ' "(8$4' "$?(=( 59 4Z3(B, ' '=E(,
5 4Z?' E 5 6'8 S $9 'S(=(3" Z = S(5 Z 5 $ !Z 6
«>'&='M3("!(» ($ = S(5 ( 6E5 $&E6$" 9 e'3$5(6 -
S$, = 65(B V 8"'B 5 ='B"'5 , ?E4 " M( (#' '-
N& , ?E4 $ - ' 4 W("E (( ? (" 9 '?$9" 9), ' ='-
5 "( &"$4 , S ' e'3$5(6 S - 'N . 7$B3 59, 6(='9 "',
$ (, ' '=EV "$ (=6EV '=$V '&$3$S (#' '-
58(= "$9 54$6$. <='8( 65(#', '" '54(3"(( 6=(89 "( (-
S$ $4 5 V , $ S $ (4! &$?E6S 6, 3$ = $ "$W$,
6&6'4"'6$""' &$" 8$Z[$959 "(&$5 $ 6$Z[(B59 5'6=(-
8(""'5 !Z, "( 8(( " 3'5 #$, " 54'6 ' 6$M"'8 "$ '-
8 "$ !. <$ ?E ' " ?E4', ( (=! 65( '"S("': &$6(-
[$""'( 5' ='6 [( 5 ' "$ '4 (, ? 3 [(#' "$ 6 3 ,
$ 3'?E S W(4 3$, ' 3$, ?E ! 8'M( , '(-S ' 3'-
4( $( 3' 54 V$ ?'4!W V 'N '6, ='"&$9 "$W( ?E (
' 5 '='""(B 56(M(5 !Z - = 3$6$9 5 55 6 $
=$& ' $ "5 6(""'(, S ' 5'5 $649( (#' "(6E3(4 8EB
= &"$ . j ' M, ([( "(8"'#' 58(5 4$5! M &"!, ([( '3-
"$ = 6ES $ "$= W("$ - 56'9 = 6ES $ S M'#' ?E 9.
f (W(" 9 "( , (54 ''[=9 ! S 65 6' =$ E 4 S"E8
6'5 '8 "$" (8 ' =$ '8, V= '8, $Z[(8, $ #=$3 -
"$ "$ '3' '"" (, S(4'6(S(5 '8 '?=$&(. S 5 E( =E3$-
" 9 (b=$"A.). - R= 8. =(3.
412
" , -
> 56'( 6=(89 9 &"$4 '3"'#' &$"9 "'#' S(4'6( $. g54 '"
([( M 6, 6 S(8 9 5'8"(6$Z5!, '" 3'4M(" 5 $ ! =$W(-
" (8 5 8$5W(3W(#' 3'8$. <'#3$ 9 (#' 65 =( 4, '" ?E4
"$ #=$" '8(W$ (4!5 6$. g#' ?(& 8 (, = S "'B ' '-
='#', $ #'6'= 4 , ?E4' $3(" ( 5 4'W$3 6 =$""(B
8'4'3'5 , 6E=$M$4'5! 6 '8, S ', A(4 '8 ' 5 'W 6
=$55 3' , '"' &$ '4" 4' (#' 4'M"'B 5 $='5 !Z. \'B
?'4!"'B "( '4! ' 5S $4 5(?9 5 $=W(, S(8 '" ?E4 "$
5$8'8 3(4(, "' (8 ([( $&$4'5!, S ' '" S$5 6'6$4 6
5'?E 9V ='W4'#' 6( $. a ' S(4'6( , = ?4 M$Z[ B-
59 5'=' $4( Z, =( B =$5"'4 AEB, =$55 $&E6$4
8"( 5 4(# 8 ' $S 6$" (8 #'4'6E, 56'B5 6(""E8 8(S-
$ (4!"E8 5 $= $8, $ 8'B 3(3 5'65(8 ([( =(?(" '8
&$? =$459 "(8 "$ '4(" . YE5 =EB '35S( , ' '=EB
9 8E54(""' =' &6(4, 54 W$9 (#', &$5 $6 4 8("9 3$ !
(8 5'6(=W(""' "( =$63' '3'?"EB 6'&=$5 . R' 5 "(
'=$& (4!"E8 ?E4' ', S ' 5 $M3E8 #'3'8, ' 8(=(
'#' $ ?'4(&"! ='#=(55 ='6$4$, '" ' 3$49459 6' 65(
?'4(( #4 ?' '( ='W4'(. <'#3$ 9 (#' 65 =( 4 36("$-
3A$ ! 4( '8 "$&$3, '" 8"( =$55 $&E6$4 ' 6&9 C(-
6$5 ' '49. \(59A 5 5 9 5' 8"'B M( ?(5(3'6$4 #("(=$4
Y'"$ $= . g[( "(3(49 - 6' 8E M( 6 =$&#$=( >$"3(B-
5 'B ? 6E. g54 8'B 8$"!9 ([( M 6, ' '", 3'4M"'
?E !, 'S("! 3$4( ', 6'&8'M"', 5=(3 "'=8$""'6 4
3$M(, ' &"$( , 6 '?c9 9V <4(' $ =E. Y(3"$9 5 =$"5 -
6 Z[$9 3 W$, 3$49Z[$959 65( ?E5 =(( ?E5 =(( '
413
5 4'" 6=(8(" . 2 5 $ 8 '? 4 (8 54'6, 5 $ 8 'M 6-
4(" (8, $ 'B 6E5' '8(="'B 4 ='" A$ (4!"'B 4E?-
'B. > ='S(8, '" =( =$5"' '8" 4 =($4!"E( 5'?E 9
56'(B M &" , '4! ' 5 =$""' (=(5 $6494 V. D$ , =$5-
5 $&E6$9 ' 56'(8 "(5S$5 "'8 54 S$(, '" (#' '5 '9""'
' '36 #$4 65( 3$4!W( 6 ='W4'(, '5 ( (""' 8("99 3(-
'=$A Z, $ 6 N V 3=$8$V 4$55 S(5 '#' ($ =$, 6 '-
'=EV '5 Z8 #4 ' 8("9Z 6 &$6 5 8'5 ' N 'V . >
(#' = 5 5 6 "(6'&8'M"' ?E4' '89" ! " '? '3-
"'B &"$8(" 'B 4 S"'5 ='W4'#', S '?E '", 5 "(6(='-
9 "E8 6(4 '3 W (8 5 $='#' ?'4 "$, "( '5 (W 4 3'-
?$6 ! $ '(-" ? 3! 56'( ' "(B 6'5 '8 "$" (. \(M3
(8 &$ $5 '?=$&'6$" 9, ' '='#' '" 5 '=(( "$V6$ $459,
S(8 '4 S 4, ='3 6W 5! 6 ?(3"'B ='6 "A $4!"'B
5=(3( ='54 M 6 6 $ '8- ' &$?='W(""'8 '4 , $
'5 $459 5'65(8 " S 'M"E8. ;V, $ 'B ?E N ' 8'# ?E !
6'5V (4!"EB 5 ( $ 4!, " (44( $4!"'( =W(5 -
6', (54 ?E '"S(""$9 4! =$, #4 ?' ( &"$" 9 6 5-
'= 8 " 8 8 = ='3"'#' $4$" $ 5'5 $6 4 '8 $-
" Z (#' ?4 M3$Z[(8 54$?' 8 Z! >''?=$& (, S ' ?E
8'# <$=4(B4! &64(S! & $ '#' ?(& 8 9! < "(5S$5 !Z,
8'B ?(3"9#$ ?E4 ' 5 [(5 6 "('?=$&'6$" 54 W '8
4'V' N= 3 ='6$" 349 '#', S '?E "$54$M3$ !59 =(3 '-
5 "E8 5 V'&'8, 3'6'4!5 6'6$459 (8, S ' $4 56'(
6''?=$M(" ( "$?'='8 ?$"$4!"'5 (B =$5V'M V 3(B,
?'4(( 4 8("(( 4'M"EV. C =([(""EV = 7$ '4('"$,
=(V 6'4'5 '6 h(4(&"'#' <$"A4(=$ 4 8(4$"V'4
Y$B='"$ "(5 '4! V 8(4 V $"( 3' '6, "$&E6$(8EV
5 '= S(5 8 , ' '=E8 #=$88$ 5 E "$S "9Z 56'
S(?" , (8 , 6E, 6 '4"( V6$ $4' 349 ' 5$" 9 3( $-
4 V$=$ (=$, 65( 6(4 ( 8 M , ' '=EV '" ?4 & '
&"$4, 5 $"'6 4 5! "(#' 'V'M 8 3= # "$ 3= #$, $
?=$ !9. 7( " S(#' ?'4(( 5 =$""'#', S(8 "$?4Z3$ ! $=-
" 8$" , $M( 59, M( ' 56'(B 5 =(3 '4$#$Z-
[(B &"$ '85 6' 5' 65(8 8 ='8, 63'V"'6(" (, ='" A$-
(4!"'5 !, '?=(S(""'B "$ ?4 M3$" ( 6 5 'B #'4'6(.
414
[ "'#' #(" 9 M( =(W (4!"'5 ! 4'6 '#', V'='W'
"b'=8 ='6$""'#' #'5 '3 "$, ' '=EB (=(V'3 6 3$-
4( '( ='W4'( $ M( ='5 ', $ (=(V'3 ? 4!6$=, 5
6(S(="(B #$&( 'B 6 $=8$"(.
415
5 =' , "( &6(5 "E( 5'5 $6 (4 V' (4 6'&8(5 ! 6$8
' (=Z ([( '3"'#' 3"9, 5 =$" S 5 S 54'8 ' '='#' 6E
5'? =$( (5! ' '=6$ !. %?ES"' 56(=V 6" & 54(3'6$4 :
3$ $ $ 'B-" ? 3! ? 6E, 'N S(5 $9 5 ='b$, 3 ' -
5 $9 '54'6 A$ '?(3(""'( 8("Z. j$5 ' $8 b # = ='-
6$4 5 V R W "$: 8(""' &3(5! S $ (4! 5'6(=W("-
5 6'6$4 56'( 4 (=$ ="'( '?=$&'6$" (. a "(5 '4! '
M$4 V 5 ='b, 4'V' '"9 EV, ='=(M(""EV $ #=(-
?("!, '#= ?(6W V ' '5 '9""'#' '6 '=(" 9 '[ "5 -
6(""E8 # ?$8 , 6'&8'M"', 5'5 $6 4 ?E 65(, S ' = 5-
5 B 8([$" " &"$4 ' R W "(, (54 ?E "( "(5 '4! '
' 49="EV ' (=, ' '=E( 9 '?E &$ 85 6'6$"E & (#'
6'=S(5 6$. Y(5 '4(&"' '6 '=9 !, S ' 5'&3$ (4 4 ?-
=( ', N &4'6([ ( 4 S"'5 , 3'6(= 6W ( «g6#(" 9
%"(# "$» 4 «R '6 Z 3$8 » '5=(35 6(""'B 8 &E (
j$B '65 '#', =(5 "E8 '?=$&'8 ='3 Z W "5 B
( 5 : 9 #'6'=Z « =(5 "E8», ' '8 S ' N ' $ =$&
' 54 S$B, '#3$ &$ '" 3'4M(" ?E4 ?E 68(W$ !59; =$&
'" &$ =([$( S$5 "'8 4 A 4(6( $ ! "$ 56'(#' ?4 M-
"(#', ' $ M( 8'M"' '5 $649 ! "$ 56'?'3( (=6'#'
65 =(S"'#', ' '=EB ?='5$( 59 "$ 6'=(" ( #(" 9, S '-
?E (#' '?' =$5 ! 3'?$6 ! 56'( - 5 $ 'B [(3='5 !Z,
S ' 5 $"'6 59 = 3"' =(35 $6 ! 5(?( S '-4 ?' ?'4((
#4 '(, S(8 '5 $"'6 «g6#(" 9 %"(# "$» 4 «R '-
6'B 3$8E» "$ 5A("(.
416
5'&3$6$459 W(3(6=. j $ ! 65( 3' '3"'B (#' &$ 5 , '-
N8E, 5 $& , N4(# , 5!8$, 3=$8E, = S(5 ( 5 $ ! ,
?(& '"A$ V (=(S E6$ ! - 6 N '8 '3"$ & =$3'5 (B
"$W(B M &" .
417
=(" 98. > 5 ["'5 , "( 8(( &"$S(" 9, (54 ', S ' 8E
=(35 $649(8 6 56'(8 6''?=$M(" , 65(#' 4 W! ?'4!-
W'B '?8$". R=(3 '4'M 8, ' $M 5! "$5 6'&8'M"'5 !
6(=" !59 "$&$3 ='?=$ !59 6 N 'V R W "$, 8E ?E
(#' "( &"$4 . 7 S '! a ' 3'6'4!5 6 ( 3$M( 'S("!
5 ='# B = , 3(4$Z[ B 6 56'(8 6''?=$M(" ' M(
5$8'(, S ' 9, 8"( "( 8'M( 5 '= !. >' '", N ' "(-
6E5' B M 6'B S(4'6( , 8$4("! $9 58 #4$9 = $ ' '-
='#' "$ 5$4$ (=6E( 5$8E( =( =$5"E( 5 =' "$-
W(B 'N& ; 6' '", 6ǭ #'4 ?EV #4$&, 5'5 $649Z[ V
=(& B '" =$5 5 (8"E8 3=96E8 6'4'5$8 . > '
6=(89, ' (5 ! 1830 #., 6 8 M5 '8 '5 Z8( ([( ' =$-
M$4$5! "('?V'3 8'5 ! '4!&'6$ !59 4'W$3!Z, 8 MS "$
?E4 65( ([( 65$3" , $ "( 'V'='""EB $#(" , ' (5 !
=$ S(5 B 58E54 '3(M3E ([( "( 5S(& ( '#3$ 5'
58E54'8 5S(&4$ =$5' $). @'W$3!Z '4!&'6$4 5!
65(=!(&, 3(B5 6 (4!"' ?E4 "('?V'3 8E 5$ '# 5 ' -
6'=' $8 W =' B 4$[. % 5Z3$ ' =(3(4(""$9 N4(-
#$" "'5 !, ' '='B 6''?=$M(" ( "$3(49( R W "$;
6 ='S(8, '", 54(3 9 $ = & 6=(8(" , 4Z? 4 "$=9M$ !-
59 AE#$"'8, $&$ '8 4 $"#4 B5 8 3("3 . 7( ? 3(8
&$?E6$ !, S ' 4Z?'6! 8$5 $=$3 3(B5 6 (4!"' V$=$ -
(="$9 S(= $ 'N $. C8(Z[ B59 6' 65( #'=4', = 5 -
6$9 $?4 $8 , '" 8(4! $( (=(3' 8"'B, $ 8(4! $Z
4Z3 , 63= # 6 '=E6( 6( =$ 6'&" $Z[ ( "$ '='#( $-
'#'-" ? 3! "'S"'#' $?$=( (" '#3$ ?'4!W( "( 6 -
3 W! V 4 A, '56([(""EV 4 S"E8 b'"$=(8, "( 54E-
W W! #'4'5'6 6(5(4EV W ' ), ' '8 S ' ='W4'( -
N ' 4 "( $?$=(, $?$=( 6 =$&#$=( "'S , 36(=! ' '='#'
9 ' =E6$Z 5 "( (= (" (8. d =( =$5"' '" 8$Z, S '
N ' "( R W ", $ '8(3 $" , ' '='8 4$S , S '?E '"
5E#=$4 (#' ='4!. <$ $9 =$&" A$! \"( "=$6 59 N $ #=$,
6' 9 M( 5$8 6 "(( '6(= 4. %3"' &$ 3= # 8 58("9Z -
59 6 3(" 9: 6' '" "$ "$?(=(M"'B 7(6E, 8(S $ (4!, '?-
4' ' 6W B59 ' #=$" "EB $=$ ( , 5 =9[ B59 =
4 "( "((; 6 ($ =(, 5 8'"' 4(8, 6 ='&'6$ '8 56( (,
'3 &6 5 = ' =$5 $4 6$Z[ B 5 8'3"'B &$"'5S -
6'5 !Z 5'5(3(B, S '?E &$"9 ! 56'( 8(5 '; ' '8 6 3(=(-
6("5 'B 5$3!?(, 5'54$""EB & 5 '4 AE &$ "(5 '4! '
6'4!"'3 8"EV 5 =' , 6 "'S"'B = ?$W (, 6&c(='W(""EB,
8$=$Z[ B 5 V "$ 5(='B ? 8$#( (6 ' '= Z '?'=$S 6$-
4 56(S ), M Z[ B 9?4' '; 9 6 M (#' - 3 [ 8 '
='5(4'S"'B 3'='#(, 4 5 $Z[ 8 " # 6 4$6 (,
A(4 Z[ 8 5 ='B" Z "'M 6'&4Z?4(""'B 4 - 6
418
5 ='B" Z "'M 6'&4Z?4(""'B 4 - 6 5(=(?= 5 EB
=E85 B '43("! (=(3 5 ='8"E8 8$4("! 8 b'" $-
"'8, 5 = 9[ 859 6' 36'=( 5 $= ""'#' $ $=5 '#' 36'=-
A$, 5 4( $Z[ 8 4$5 'S $8 '3 (#' 56'3$8 . a 6 3(-
" 9 5 '4! 8 8'4( "E, S ' '3S$5 9 "( 5 (6$Z =$&4 -
S !, 3(=M 4 '" 6 = ( ='5 ! 4 S # "" Z $4 , 5
' '='B V'3 4 5 (A $4!"' 349 '#', S '?E =(" ='6$ !
5 ! 349 5 =(4!?E, 8(9 5 4'""'5 ! 5 '4( $8, $
65( (#' 5'6=(8("" . RE $Z5! 54(3 ! &$ " 8 #4$&$8 ,
"' '" ' 8("9 '5 '9""' ?(#$( , S '?E 6"'6! '96 !-
59; 6' '": = $ &$4'M("$ &$ ?'= =(3 "#' $, =93'8 5'
56'(B M("'B, =$5 6'B M("[ "'B 6EW( (#' ='5 '8, 6
S(="'B ?$=V$ "'B W49 ( 5 ?(4E8 (='8. 2 "$ '"(A, 5 -
39[ B "$ 5"(# , 5 ='5 =(4(""E8 M 6' '8, '" 3'4#' A(-
4 59 6 i$" (5$, $ 3'4#', S ' ' ?'4!W( "( 8'M(
(= ( ! 8(34(""' = =E6$( 59 5 '4( '8.
419
= ( '=& " , 5 ' " [ B "$ 3(=(69""'B "'#(, - 6'
65(8 N '8 8"'#' 6'&3 V$, ' '9, "$ A(= '6"EV S$5$V
'43("!, 6 5(=(?= 5 '-M(8S M"'8 "(?( '3"'-
(3 "5 6(""'( 4(# '( ='3'4#'6$ '( '?4$S '.
420
S!(8 - ' '5'?'8 6 5 , "' ' $ 65( ([( "( $ , - $
M( '6(&4' "$W(8 6''?=$M(" Z! - R W " "( 5'5 $-
= 459 " '#3$ "( 3'4M(" "'5 ! N ' 9M(4'( 5 "' 5
= S 34 6E8 5 4$3 $8 , N 8=$S" Z '3(M3 "$W V
=$3(3'6 5 8$4("! 8 S(="E8 #$45 '8 = 5 (# -
6$Z[ 859 6'=' " S '8.
421
8(""' b=$"A &5 Z 'N& Z, A(4EB (= '3 N 'B '-
N& , R W " =(3'5 $6 4 6 =$5 '=9M(" ( = 55 'B 8 -
&E. R'N '8 '#3$ (#' 5 V ?E4 (=(6(3("E "$ b=$"-
A &5 B, S $ (4! 5 $4 &"$6$ ! 6 " V ' b=$"A &5 B
18 6., 'N& Z ='& 5 W $8 N #=$88, ' 5(63'N &' -
S(5 B ='8$" &8, ' '=EB 58(W 6$( C(6 4!Z, >("(-
A Z, >'5 ' 6 ?$? W$V 8$ (= "5 Z :=(A Z, S(B 8(3
$ 54$3' . a ' (=6'( 6 (S$ 4(" ( "$5 '4! ' 5 6(="',
N $ 5 $=$9 4Z?'6" A$ 5 '4! ?(5A6( "$, S ' b=$"A &5 B
S $ (4! ?E4 '?(5 =$M(". C $&$ !, S ' R W " - '-
4'55, ' '=EB 3(=M "$ 56' V 4(S$V 65Z 'N& Z "$-
W(B 5 =$"E, ?$"$4!"'. 7' $ '4! ' ?(=(W!59 &$ (='
(=(6'3S $, 3 W$ N 'B 'N& 5 '4!&$( 6$5 6 = -
$V '5 $( 59 '4! ' 8$4("! $9 &'4'S("$9 4( $. >(5!
54(3 Z[ B 3("! 9 '569 4 N '8 "(?4$#'3$="'8 9M-
'8 = 3 . >' , "$ = 8(=, &"$8(" '( 5 V' 6'=(" (,
#3( = 55 B #4$#'4, $M( 59, 5 = 59 ' 5S$5 !9 ?E 9,
"' 6 (=(6'3( '"' 5 $"'6 59 "( ?'4!W(, S(8 '35 ='S-
" '8. <...>
\9# ( b4 ?(& &$3" '6 ( =( 8 [(5 6(""' "$ >'5 ' (). -
R= 8. =(3.
422
=($4!"'5 . 7$ = 8(=, 9 6E?=$4 5 V' 6'=(" ( 3 6"'B
='5 ' E 6 = 55 '8 &6 S$" , #3( 54'6$, 5'6(=W(""'
='5 E( 5$8 ' 5(?(, 5 $"'69 59 $ ?E "(8"'#' ?'4!-
W( "$ =$4!"'B 6(4 S "E, 54'6"' ' = '5"'6(" 9
R W "$ '" 6(=" 4 56'Z (=6'&3$"" Z '4"' , 56'Z
56(M(5 !, ' '= Z ' (=94 3= # V 'N '6. >' 5 -
4$9 ' 9, ' '= Z 9 & "(#' 53(4$4. <...>
423
C(BS$5 5$8'( 6=(89 '? N '8 65 '8" !, '5 '4! 6 '8,
S ' $5$( 59 4 (=$ =E, 8E 5? 6$(859 5 . 7$ = -
8(=, $ "$&E6$(8EB S(4'6(S(5 B 3' 8(" M( 5$8 '
5(?( =$5 6EB b$=5, $ 659 N $ 5'A '4'# 9, ' '=$9
= 649( 59 6 5'6=(8(""'8 ='8$"(, 5 '4! M( ' 6=$ -
(4!"$, 5 '4! 58(W"$.
424
W(#' "$ 5 $8(B (, 6 ' 6=(89 $ 36$ 3= # V &-&$ A6(-
[(#' M$58 "'6'#' 5 $ 5 "$='S E8 '8 &8'8 '3-
=$3E6$4 5! "$ AE 'S $V, S '?E &$ V" ! (8 6 "'5
$?$ .
d 6 3(4 3=$8E: 8$"( (" 6 "( ='" '8 '5 Z8(, =$63$,
5 =$&'3=$""E8 4(S'8, (S$4!"' 6$49459 6 #=9& 5=(3
' $6W V 4 5 !(6. 7 3"9 "( ='V'3 , S '?E N $ 5 4$,
N ' 9=8$='S"'( 63'V"'6(" ( "( 5'&3$6$4' $8 4 598
$ 'B-" ? 3! 5 Z8 " "EB 5 ( $ 4!. R'N '8 V' (4'5!
?E 3 8$ !: ', S ' "$5 &'6( 59 5 55 6'8, 6 5 ["'5
"( S ' "'(, $ M 6' 5"$9 =$63$ M &" ; " M"'
8( ! (( 4$64 6$ !, 6' 65(. D'#3$ M &"! 5 $"'6 59
&$" 8$ (4!"'B, '#3$ '#= M$(W!59 6 $ '( 5'5 '9" (
3 V$, = ' '='8 5$8E( ='5 E( 6([ =$5 =E6$Z 59
(=(3 "$8 6 56'(8 '5'?(""'8 ?4(5 (. 23(W!, '5 $"'-
6 W!59, 58' = W! "$ ='V'39[ V 4Z3(B, $ ' '8 "$S -
"$( 59 5 (W $; $ '#3$ 63= # &$8(S$(W! "$ 4 A( =(-
?(" $, 3 64(""'#' $ 8-" ? 3! =' 5W(5 6 (8, ' '-
='( '" '#3$-" ? 3! '?9&$ (4!"' 65 '8" , 6'&" $(
S 65 6' 5' = S$5 "'5 6=(8(" , '5 '4! E 6(3! 6 -
3 W! N '#' =(?(" $ "$ $ 4 6$Z[ 8 6'5 '8 "$" 9 349
? 3 [(#', ' '='( '" M( 5$8 =(35 $649( . < '8 M(
8 = $ 6(4 ! D'4! ' '?E6$ (4 , 5 39 6 '4 8=$ (
56'(#' M 4 [$, 4Z?9 3 8$ !, S ' (W(5 6 9 M( "(
=$5 =E6$Z " $ V $B"; "$ 5$8'8 3(4( #'="EB 6( (=
$ M( ? 3'=$M ='6!, $ =(M3(, '# ?" !, 39
"$ ?4$#'='3"EB = 5 , 65(#3$ ?E4' &$ '"'8 S(4'6(S(-
5 'B S(5 . C(#'3"9 ?'4!W( S(8 '#3$-4 ?' 'N 3'4M("
?E ! $ M( 6(=3, 5 ' '(" #=Z8, $ '#' V' (4
R W " 5 ' 4( "$&$3. R'='B 5$8EB ?(& =(S"EB V -
3'M" E $( 59 5 $&$ ! 56'( 54'6' 6 &$[ # ?" [ V
4 "(3'6'4!"EV, "' '" "( 3'4M(" '33$6$ !59 N '8
5 W(" Z, $ $ 8'M"' ?E ! 6(=(""E8: (54 3(4'
&$54 M 6$( 5 =$3$" B, '"' 4 W! '54( " V = "(5(
"('M 3$""E( 4'3E. 7( , =(W (4!"', $ "$&E6$(8'B
5'A $4!"'B M &" 65(8 , S ' '4 " 4' "$ ? " 8' V
5'#=$M3$", "( 8(5 $ 6 4 S$V 8'(B 4$8 E; (54 9 "(
=(? Z ?$W" & 54'"'6'B '5 , ' '4! ' ' '8 , S '
3'6'4(" 56' 8 S(=3$ '8.
425
« 2 "
»
C $ !9 6 (=6E( ' ?4 '6$"$ 6 1958 #. (NY: Doubleday).
R(S$ $( 59 ' &3$" Z: >. 7$?' '6. X'8$", =$55 $&E,
N55(. - C.-R?.: «a" $=», 1993 #.
> 1841 #., &$ "(5 '4! ' 8(59A(6 3' 56'(B 58(= (6 =(-
& 4! $ ( 3 N4 5 'b A(='8 \$= E"'6E8 '3"'M 9 #'-
=E \$W "$ <$6 $&(), \ V$ 4 @(=8'" '6 (1814 - 1841)
"$ 5$4 ='='S(5 ( 5 V :
f5 E 5 $4 (5" 4 59 = #'8,
426
2 6 #= 5 "EB 5'" 3 W$ (( 84$3$9
427
5 8ES - N ' X$55 $&S 2, 5 '= 9 (#' "$&E6$( 59 «YN-
4$».
1) % '4' 1830 #. 'b A(= R(S'= ", 54(3 9 ' $&(""'B "$3'?"'-
5 & C$" -R( (=? =#$ "$ <$6 $& 6 3(B5 6 Z[ B ' =93, '5-
$"$64 6$( 59 6 = 8'=5 '8 #'='3 ( D$8$"! ( '= , ' 3(4("-
"EB ' 5(6(='-6'5 'S"'B ' '"(S"'5 '4 '5 ='6$ <=E8 "(-
W =' 8 ='4 6'8). 25 '= 9, ' '=$9 5 " 8 $8 = 4ZS -
4$5!, 5'5 $649( 5ZM( «D$8$" », =( !(#' ' 5S( =$55 $&$
6 ='8$"(.
428
2) > 3(B5 6 Z[(8 ' =93( R(S'= " = " 8$( S$5 ( 6 5 ES $V
5 #'=5 8 4(8("$8 S(=(& "( ' '='( 6=(89, 10 8$9 1832
#., = (&M$( ' 3'V" ! "$ 6'3E, 6 R9 #'=5 . > R9 #'=5 (, $
$ M( 6 < 54'6'35 (, ?4 &4(M$[(8 ='= (, '" 5 $"'6 59
S$5 " '8 3=$8$ S(5 V 5'?E B, = 6'39[ V '8 , S '
17 Z"9 '" ? 6$( "$ 3 N4 'b A(=$. %?' 65(8 N '8 '" '6(-
5 6 ( 6 S( 6(= '8 =$55 $&( - «<"9M"$ \(= ».
4) > 3( $?=( '#' M( #'3$ (1832) R(S'= " (&M$( "$ 36( "(3(4
& =( '5 6 $&$S!Z 5 $" A 5(6(="(( D(=( $, #3( = 4Z-
S$( 59 5 '= 9, ' 5$""$9 8 6 9 '8, '54(3"(8 =$55 $&( -
«O$ $4 5 ».
7) > 1838-8 4 1839 #., 6'&6=$[$95! & R(=5 , R(S'= " 8 =$-
( = '?5 '9 (4!5 6$V, 6'&8'M"', '3 6(=3 6W V =(35 $&$-
" (, S ' '" '# ?"( 6 =(& 4! $ ( "(5S$5 4 6'#' ?=$ $. X$5-
5 $&S 1 ?4 ( '58(= "' (#' M ="$4, '4 S(""EB '
X$55 $&S $ 2. % 58(= #(='9 X$55 $&S 1 '8 "$( 6 56'(8
=(3 54'6 (1841) «h ="$4 R(S'= "$», 5'3(=M$[(8
«D$8$"!», «<"9M" \(= » «O$ $4 5 $».
429
«YN4(», "( 6 '4"( 5'6 $3$Z 5 3( $498 , '89" E8
5$8 8 R(S'= "E8 6 «<"9M"( \(= ».
430
'= ?E4 '&$?'S(" =(M3( 65(#' (8, $ 36 #$ ! 5ZM( ,
$ 6'65( "( (8, $ =$&"''?=$& ! W4 b'6$ ! (#',
8$5 = 9 8(V$" N '#' 36 M(" 9, ' '" = ?(#" 4
'S("! 3'?"'8 = (8 , '&6'49Z[(8 \$ 5 8 \$ 5 -
8ES R(S'= " , '354 W 6$9 '358$ = 6$9, ' $&E-
6$ !59 56 3( (498 (V 5A(", ?(& ' '=EV b$? 4$ ?E4$
?E "( 6 '4"( 95"$ 4 "( 8'#4$ ?E =$&6 6$ !59 3$4!W(.
> 5$8'8 3(4(, $6 '= $ '54(3'6$ (4!"' 5 '4!& (
3$""EB = (8 "$ =' 9M(" 65(B " # , S ' S $ (4!
M( "( 6'5 = " 8$( (#' $ 5 =$""E( $ = &E 54 S$9
(36$ '?=$[$( 6" 8$" ( "$ N 'S M (B5 (
='964(" 9 5 3!?E.
> «YN4(» '354 W 6$" ( 8(( 8(5 ' = M3E: X$55 $&-
S 2 54EW &-&$ &$?'=$, $ 8$4!S #'6$= 6$(
?$W ? & $ ='3$ ! (8 '"9; '&3"(( '" M( '354 W -
6$( 5"$S$4$ '3 ' "'8, $ &$ (8 '3 36(=!Z 36$ =(-
W$Z[ V '?c95"(" 9 8(M3 R(S'= "E8 YN4'B.
431
S 6' 5 39[ Z "$ '5 (4 ; 6 =(5 '=$A &-&$ 36(= ,
6(3 [(B 6 #4'6 Z '8"$ , #3( 5 3 := W" A B 5'
56'(B '8 $" (B, R(S'= " 54EW , $ (#' '?6 "9Z 6
'5([(" "9M"E "E"S( "'S!Z; "$ '"(A, ?'4(( S(8
5 $ 3' '= >(="(=, 5( "3$" R(S'= "$, '354 W -
6$( =$&#'6'= 8(M3 3=$# "5 8 $ $"'8 := W" A-
8, & ' '='#' '" R(S'= " 3(4$Z 6E6'3, S ' '4! '
'3 " 5 '4( ? 3( &$=9M(". X$5 [$9 '56(3'84("-
"'5 ! #(='9 '? M3$( S $ (49 5#'=$ ! ' "( (= (" 9 6
'M 3$" =' '6'B 65 =(S , '#3$ R(S'= " 65(8 N 8
b$ $8 = M8( 5 ("( := W" A '#'.
***
7$S"(8 5 '#', S ' 54(3 ( =$& "$65(#3$ ' $&$ !59 '
=$5V'M(#' 8"(" 9, ? 3 ' (=(6'3 «3'4M(" 4(# ' S -
$ !59» «"( 3'4M(" =' &6'3 ! 6 (S$ 4(" ( (=(6'-
3$» (6' '8 4 8(" E, $ 8 65 =( 659 B ?4(3"EB
(=(5 $& "$W = - = 5 , ' '=EB " '#3$ "( S $4
"( ='S ( '34 "" $). g54 "$ ' 'W4', 659 B (-
=(6'3, "( =' &6'39[ B 6 (S$ 4(" ( (=(6'3$, =
?4 M$BW(8 =$558' =(" "( =(8(""' ' $M( 59 "( 'S-
"E8, '#3$ $ (3 "5 6(""E8 3'5 ' "5 6$8 3'?=' "'-
#' (=(6'3$ 54(3 ( 5S $ ! (#' 6(="'5 ! $3( 6$ -
"'5 ! '= # "$4 . Y 3( 4 '" 4(# ' S $ !59, N ' M(
&$6 5 ' '?=$&A$, $ "( ' 5"9 'B 5 "(#' ' . R=(3-
= "96 ' E (=(6(5 @(=8'" '6$, 9 5 #' '6"'5 !Z
= "(5 6 M(= 6 =(?'6$" 98 'S"'5 A(4EB =93 5 [(-
5 6(""EV '8 '"(" '6: V'='W B 6 5, =$5' 54'#$
432
3$M( #=$88$ (6 (V 54 S$9V, '#3$ 6 ( 5 ( 65 =(S$-
( 59 V$=$ (="EB 5'4(A &8). 7$3' 3$ ! '"9 ! $"#4 B-
5 '8 S $ (4Z, S ' ='&$ @(=8'" '6$ 3$4( $ ' &9[(-
5 6$; '"$ 5 V$ '3"''?=$&"$, ? 3 S "5 = 8(" '8 6
= $V E4 '#', "(6(='9 "' 3$='6 '#', ?(5 '[$3"' ' -
='6(""'#', "' 96"' "(' E "'#' 8'4'3'#' 4 (=$ '=$.
g#' = 55 B 6=(8("$8 $ M( '=96, $ b=$"A &5 B
C ("3$49; (#' 5=$6"(" 9 8( $b'=E ?$"$4!"E; (#'
=$5V'M ( N ( E 5 $5$( =$&6( ' '?5 '9 (4!5 6', S '
8 54 S$( 59 ?E ! "( =$6 4!"' ' =(?4(""E8 . C4'-
6(5"E( '6 '=E 6 (#' ' 5$ (4!"EV =(34'M(" 9V "(
8'# "( =$&3=$M$ ! = 5 $. 2 65( N ' (=(6'3S '?9-
&$" 5 = 4(&"' 6'5 =' &6(5 , 5 '4! ?E 6(4 ' " ?E-
4' 5 W(" ( &$ '4" ! =' 5 4 ?=$ ! 4 W"((.
'3'B "(6'4!"' # ? B
= "9 ! 6 3 = 5 $4!"'8=$S"EB
8'4S$ ! 63= #
8(4! $ ! M(
433
i'4# (=(6'3S $ '6 '= ! '-$"#4 B5 N 54'6$ 5'
65(B 6'&8'M"'B (3$" S"'5 !Z, V' 9 ?E 3$M( 3= -
S$Z[(B, 5 $ 'B '" 65 =(S$Z 59 6 = 55 '8 ( 5 (; 9
5 $&$4 «5' 65(B 6'&8'M"'B (3$" S"'5 !Z» ' 'B
='5 'B = S "(, S ' 6 &$6 5 8'5 ' '" ( 5 $ 6 "(-
' '=EV 54 S$9V 54'6' 8(( 36$ ?'4(( 58E54'6EV ' -
(" '6. C $M(8, a slight pause 4 a moment of silence
8'# ' $&$ !59 4 SW 8 N 6 6$4(" $8 349 V=(5 '8$-
B"'B 8 " E 8'4S$" 9, S(8 ? 6$4!"'( a minute of
silence.
434
'8 ' 5 '4 , S '?E 5 4 ! 54'6$ «'"$ " '8 "( ? 3(
= "$34(M$ !, ='8( 8("9». j(=(& 36( 5 =$" AE '" M(
3$=9( 5(?9 4$ '8 6 4'? ( '(- ' & '88(" $ '='6
=$5A(" 6$( N ' M(5 $ 5 (A b S(5 6'5 'S"EB)
= 8E54 , S ' '" "( 5 8(4 =$5 '4'M ! 5(?( YN4
3'6(4 (( 3' 54(&. := W" A B 'M( 3$=9( 4$ '8 '
5 '4 , '6(= 6 R(S'= " , S ' \(= 5 " 8, := W" A 8,
='5 ' ' ( " S$( . D' M( ='3(4E6$( 3=$# "5 B
$ $", =(? 9 6" 8$" 9. <='8( '#', "$ =' 9M("
65(#' ='8$"$ #(=' 3= # 3= #$ '5 '9""' «V6$ $Z &$
= », «?(= '3 = » « 9" &$ = $6». «D' $" (
"'#'Z ' &(84Z» 'M( 6 ?'4!W'8 'S( ( @(=8'" '6$,
"' N ' 6"(W"(( 6E=$M(" ( N8'A B ?E4' 6"'6( 349 = 5-
5 'B 4 (=$ =E '#' 6=(8(" . \$ 5 8 \$ 5 8ES 6 «YN-
4(» ' $( "'#'B ' &(84Z 6 '=E6( =$5 $9" 9. > «<"9M-
"( \(= » := W" A B ' $( "'#'B ' 3'5$3E, $ 3=$# "-
5 B $ $" - ' ?=( 6'5 .
***
435
'?=$&'8 ' b=$"A &5 8 (=(4'M(" 98, "$ = 8(=, C(-
6(4 "M$, 1804), S(=(& «X("(» l$ '?= $"$ (1802),
«;3'4!b$» <'"5 $"$ (1815) #(='(6 ?$B='"'65 V '-
N8, 6 '5'?(""'5 «:9 =$» (1813) «<'=5$=$» (1814),
= W(3W V 6 X'55 Z 6' b=$"A &5 V ='&$ S(5 V (-
=(5 $&$V R W', ' '=E( "$S$4 6EV'3 ! 5 1820 #.,
'"S$9 «g6#(" (8 %"(# "E8» (1823 - 1831) R W "$, $
$ M( =$&"''?=$&"'B, V' 9 ?'4(( 4(# '6(5"'B ='3 -
A (B b=$"A &5 V ='8$" 5 '6 (=6'B '4'6 "E '#' M(
5 '4( 9 (7'3!(, Y$4!&$ .3.). C'' "(5(""'5 ! R(S'-
= "$ 5 '" =( "E8 6=(8("(8 '" =( "E8 8(5 '8 = -
3$( , '"(S"', 56'('?=$& ( 4'3 , 6&=$[(""'8 "$ 3= -
#'B 'S6(, '3"$ ' 5'8" (4!"', S '?E =$55 M3(" 9 '
= (5"(" 56'?'3'8E54 9 5' 5 '='"E =$" S(5 '#'
=(M 8$ 7 '4$9 I (1825 - 1855) '8'#4 "$8 (#' =$5-
='?'6$ !. > 554(3'6$" , '569[(""'8 «:(='Z "$W(-
#' 6=(8(" », "(4 W"( ?E4' ?E ' 8( !: 5 '4! ?E '#-
='8"EB, '3S$5 3$M( $ '4'# S(5 B " (=(5 " =(3-
5 $6494' N ' =' &6(3(" ( 349 5'A '4'#$, 349 5 '= $
4 (=$ =E ='?4(8$ «6=(8(" » 3$ 8("(( 6$M"$, S(8
='?4(8$ «#(='9». j ' $5$( 59 '54(3"(#', ' 8'4'3'-
8 @(=8'" '6 3$4'5! 5'&3$ ! 6E8EW4(""EB '?=$& S(-
4'6( $, S(B ='8$" S(5 B '=E6 A " &8, #= "$9
# ? '5 ! '=4 "EB 6&'=, #'=9S$9 ='6! V'4'3"$9 #'-
4'6$, 4$5 '6'5 ! 8=$S"'5 !, 89# '5 ! M(5 ' '5 !,
3 W(6"$9 '" '5 ! 64$5 "$9 ' =(?"'5 ! '6(4(6$ !,
?(&M$4'5 "'5 ! '5'&"$" ( 56'(B ?(&M$4'5 "'5 '5-
$Z 59 "( &8(""' = 64( $ (4!"E8 349 S $ (4(B 5$-
8EV =$&"EV 5 =$" N 'V, 6 '5'?(""'5 M( 349 8'4'3(-
M ; 6'5V [(" ( «#(='(8 "$W(#' 6=(8(" » 5' 5 '='"E
= '6 5 $=W(#' ' '4(" 9, '-6 3 8'8 , (5 ! "( S '
"'(, $ ' = M$(8E( '=('4'8 6'5 '8 "$" 9 ' 5'?5 -
6(""'8 ' ='S(5 6(, '#3$ '" &$S E6$4 5! ='8$"'8 6
4( " V 5 8(= $V, 5 M$='8 ' 'M3(5 6499 5(?9 5 (#' #(='-
(8, "(M(4 '?c( 6"$9 'A(" $ 5 '& A B &=(4'#' '-
" 8$" 9 5 55 6$.
436
= "E8 &$5 $649( (#' 5'6(=W(""' ' (=9 ! #'4'6 , ='-
#$( 5(=3A( S $ (49 $ '3"' & 5$8EV 5 V'4'# S(5
'" V ' 5$" B 6 4 (=$ =(. j ' 3' "(5 '4! V &4'-
3((6 6 ='8$"(, ' <$&? S 5 (#' A6( 5 'B =(S!Z (6 (=(-
3$S( \$ 5 8$ \$ 5 8ES$) 6(5! 6EW(4 & 4 (=$ ="'B
'= (" $4 5 , $ 6 ='S(8, "( ? 3( ?'4!W'#' #=(V$,
(54 $8(= $"5 ( S $ (4 (=( $Z S(= (5'6 @(=-
8'" '6$ 5 "3(BA$8 O(" 8'=$ < (=$.
> 5$8'8 "( 3$S"'8 & 65(V =$55 $&'6, «D$8$" » ( ' '-
=EB "( ' '=E( = 55 ( = ' "( '"9 "E8 8"(
= S "$8 5 $69 6EW( '5 $4!"EV), d" ' (=(5 $( "$8
$&$ !59 ' ='6(""' ?$"$4!"E8 '4! ' '#3$, '#3$ 8E
&$8(S$(8, S ' ' "'W(" 9 8(M3 " 8 54( E8 8$4!S -
'8 6'&6=$[$Z "$5, $ = 9 "'( NV', =$&#'6'= 8(-
M3 #(='(8 ='8$"$ (#' '?'M$ (4(8 6 «\$ 5 8( \$ -
5 8ES(».
437
(4 '38("9 ! 5 ! 4 (=$ ="'#' 6'=S(5 6$, 4 ?' "$-
3' ?E ! = '8-$5 ( '8, ' '='#' 6E&E6$( '3'&-
=(" ( ='5 'W"EB, &E5 $""EB 54'# ' '='#', ' '"-
=$5 , "( 4ZM B, $ 8(5 $8 ='5 ' &$ =93"EB 5 4!
@(=8'" '6$ = 6'3 6 6'5V [(" ( 56' 8 A(4'8 3= (8
?(5V ='5 "'5 !Z. 7' '34 ""'( 5 55 6' 5$8' '
5(?( "( (5 ! "(S ' A(4'8 3=(""'( 4 ?(5V ='5 "'(,
3'6'4!"' '3"'#' 6ǭ$ "$ ' =$?' $""EB 3' 5'6(=W("-
5 6$, 3' 8$# S(5 '#' $= 5 &8$ 5 4! D'45 '#' ( '(- '
5S $( (#' 4 (=$ ="E8 =((8" '8 @(=8'" '6$),
S '?E 5 $4 'S(6 3"E 3'5$3"E( &c9"E 4(=8'" '65 'B
='&E. 2 65( M( (54 8E 61"(8 "$ "(#' $ "$ =$5-
5 $&S $ (54 65 '8" 8, S ' = 55 $9 ='&$ '#3$ (W-
'8 '3 5 '4 V'3 4$, $ "$W(8 $6 '= ?E4' $ V- '
36$3A$ ! 9 ! 4( , ' "$8 '5 $"( 59 '4! ' '=$M$ !59
5 4ZS (4!"'B N"(=# '6(5 6'6$" 9 &$8(S$ (4!-
"'8 = 8 , ' '=EB '[ [$( 59 "( 5 '4! ' "$ ='6"(
b=$&E, 5 '4! ' "$ ='6"( $?&$A$. C4'6$ 5$8 ' 5(?(
"(&"$S (4!"E, "' ' $&$6W 5! 68(5 (, '" 'M 6$Z .
<'#3$ 8E "$S "$(8 3='? ! b=$& 4 5 V' 6'=" Z
5 =' "$ 5'5 $6"E( N4(8(" E, ?$"$4!"'5 ' 3(4'
?='5$Z 59 6 #4$&$, $ "( 69& &$S$5 Z =' &6'39 '-
8 S(5 B Nbb( ; "' 6 '"(S"'8 5S( ( 65( =(W$( A(-
4'5 "'( 6 (S$ 4(" (; 6 54 S$( M( 5 @(=8'" '6E8 N '
'?[(( 6 (S$ 4(" ( 6'&" $( ?4$#'3$=9 S 3(5"'B #$=-
8'" 65(V S$5 (B S$5 "'5 (B 6 ='8$"(. ;6 '= '5 $-
=$459 ' 3(4 ! 5(?9 ' 56'(#' #(='9, '3"$ ' 349 S $ (-
49 5 '6EW(""'B 6'5 = 8S 6'5 !Z [(89[ B 4 = &8
'S$='6$" ( N 'B " # 6 &"$S (4!"'B 8(=( &$ 4ZS$Z -
59 6 '8, S ' =$# S(5 $9 5 3!?$ 5$8'#' @(=8'" '6$ $-
8- ' '?=$&'8 ='(A = ( 59 "$ 5 3!? R(S'= "$, 'S"'
$ M( $ 5'" 6 3'4 "( i$#(5 $"$ &$&6 S 5 '5'?'B
='"& (4!"'5 !Z, '#3$ S $ (4! 63= # 'B8( , S ' 5'"
'N $ 5?E459.
438