PM Machine

Demagnetization
Analysis due to
Fault Conditions

Scott Stanton
Ryan Magargle
Julius Saitz
ANSYS, Inc.

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 Motivation

1. In many permanent magnet motors during

the startup condition, the incident field can
push the operating point the knee and thus
never allowing the magnet to fully recover.

2. The knee point can lie in either in the 2nd or

3rd quadrant

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 Test Case

Linear High Permeable

Material: μr = 20,000
I

N Non-Linear Magnet

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 Determine Demag Point #1 using I=I1
and Original B-H Curve

Br

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 Determine Demag Point #1 using I=I1
and Original B-H Curve

Br

1 O

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 Draw a Line from the Origin to Point #1

Br

1 O

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 Determine Point #2: Intercept off
Original BH Curve in 3rd Quadrant

Br

1 O
2

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 Determine New Remanent Point Br’
Parallel to Original B-H Curve Slope

Br
Parallel
Br′

1 O
2

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 Solve again, using Br’ and
Calculate Point #3

Br

Br′

O
3

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 Draw a Line from the Origin to Point #3

Br

Br′

O
3

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 Determine Point #4 which is the
Intercept off Original BH Curve in 3rd
Quadrant

Br

Br′

O
3
4

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 Determine New Remanent Point Br’’
Parallel to Original B-H Curve Slope

Br

Br′
Br′′

O
3
4

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 Solve again, using new Br and
Calculate Point #5

Br

Br′′′

-920

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 Determine Point #6 which is the
Intercept off Original BH Curve in 3rd
Quadrant

Br

Br′′′

5
6

-920

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 Continue to Iterate Until the Solved
Point Lies on the Original B-H Curve
within an Acceptable Tolerance

Br

Br1

-920

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 This process is done on an element-by-
element basis

Br
Br1
Br 2

Br 3

Br 4
Br 5
Bn

H r1 Hr2 Hr3 Hr4 H r5 Hr n O

-920

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 Extend Nonlinear BH Curve Into
the 3rd Quadrant
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Br

Br′
Working point

Hc′ after
demag

Demag point

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 Test Case

Linear High Permeable

Material: μr = 20,000
I

N Non-Linear Magnet

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 Non-linear definition into the 3rd
Quadrant: Maxwell V13

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 Step 1: Analyze Design
with I = 0 amps

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 Step 1: Analyze Design
with I = 0 amps

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 Step 2: Compute
Demagnetization Points
Excitation is Starting Current

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 By and Hy on Magnet

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 By is Below the Knee
Point into the 3rd Quadrant

Expect to
recoil in this
range

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 Step 3: Create a Dynamically
Linked Design

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 Use the Same Mesh as the Source
Design: Don’t Refine the Mesh

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 Reset Coil Current to Zero

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 Magnetic Field and Flux Density
in Magnet

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 Demag and Recoil Permeabilities

Recoil Operating Points

Demag Operating Points

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 B-H Curve for Alnico 9

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 Dynamic demagnetization

Current

Time

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 BH curve at a point inside magnet

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 Working with demagnetized
magnet

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 Generator Fault Example

• 550 W PM generator
• 4 Pole
• 3 Phase, 50HZ AC
• Ceramic 8D PM
• Rated Speed,
Open-Circuit to
Short-Circuit Fault

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 Magnet

• 2nd quadrant demagnetization (demag)

• Spatially dependent demag due to fault

Initial Radial Magnetization

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 Short-Circuit Analysis

• Short circuit at 15.2ms: Phase A peak

Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_save_demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT

80.00
Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_save_demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT
Ansoft LLC BH_Data_Points_Initial_Demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT

80.00 Curve Info 0.40

Ansoft LLC BH_Data_Points_Initial_Demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT

InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
Curve Info
Setup1 : Transient
0.40
InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)
Setup1 : Transient
Setup1 : Transient 0.35
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)
0.35
InducedVoltage(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient
Setup1 : Transient
InducedVoltage(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient 0.30 Material BH Curve
30.00 0.30
30.00
0.25
Volts [V]

0.25

B [T]
Volts [V]

0.20

B [T]
0.20
0.15
-25.00 0.15
-25.00
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
Operating Point
0.00
-80.00 -3.00E+005
0.00 -2.00E+005 -1.00E+005 0.00E+000
0.00
-80.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 -3.00E+005 -2.00E+005H [A/m] -1.00E+005 0.00E+000
0.00 5.00 10.00 [ms]
15.00 Time20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 H [A/m]
Time [ms]

Bus short for all phases

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 Short-Circuit Analysis

• Subsequent use of the magnet results in

reduced performance

Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_demaged Maxwell3DDesign3 ANSOFT

80.00
Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_demaged Maxwell3DDesign3
Curve Info ANSOFT

80.00 InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
Curve Info
Setup1 : Transient
Ansoft LLC BH_Data_Points_Demag Maxwell3DDesign3 ANSOFT
InducedVoltage(PhaseA)
InducedVoltage(PhaseB)
Setup1 : Transient
0.40
Ansoft LLC BH_Data_Points_Demag Maxwell3DDesign3 ANSOFT

Setup1 : Transient
InducedVoltage(PhaseB) 0.40
InducedVoltage(PhaseC)
Setup1 : Transient
Setup1 : Transient
InducedVoltage(PhaseC) 0.35
Setup1 : Transient 0.35
30.00 0.30
30.00 0.30
Volts [V]

0.25
Volts [V]

0.25

B [T]
0.20

B [T]
0.20
-25.00 0.15
-25.00 0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00 Operating Points
-80.00 -3.00E+005
0.00 -2.00E+005 -1.00E+005 0.00E+000
0.00
-80.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 -3.00E+005 -2.00E+005H [A/m] -1.00E+005 0.00E+000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 Time20.00
[ms] 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 H [A/m]
Time [ms]

Weak Back EMF Addt’l short for all phases

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 Short-Circuit Analysis

• Leading edge is weakened significantly

Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_save_demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT

80.00
Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_save_demag Maxwell3DDesign2 ANSOFT

80.00

Original 30.00
30.00

Volts [V]
Volts [V]
-25.00
-25.00

-80.00
0.00
-80.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
0.00 5.00 Time [ms] 10.00 15.00
Time [ms]

Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_demaged Maxwell3DDesign3 ANSOFT

80.00
Ansoft LLC 3D_EMF_demaged Maxwell3DDesign3 ANSOFT

80.00

Fault 30.00
30.00
Volts [V]
Volts [V]

-25.00
-25.00

-80.00
0.00
-80.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
0.00 5.00 Time [ms] 10.00 15.00
Time [ms]
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 Conclusion

• To account for non-linear permanent magnets

in your designs, the ability to accurately
calculate the demagnetization point can be
critical.

• It has been shown that Maxwell® 3D

accurately accounts for this effect.

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 Extend Nonlinear BH Curve Into
the 3rd Quadrant
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Br

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 Determine Working Point #1 using
I=I1 and Original B-H Curve
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Br

Working point

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 Freeze mur in Each Element,
Set I=0 to Determine No-Load Point
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Br

Working point

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 Determine Magnet Load Line at
I=0 amps
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Load line without Br

other sources

Working point

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 Determine Magnet Load Line for
the Working Point
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Load line without Br

other sources

Working point

Load line with

other sources

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 Determine Demag Point
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Load line without Br

other sources

Working point

Demag point Load line with

other sources

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 Determine New Remanent Point
Br’and Coercive Point Hc’
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Load line without Br

other sources
Br′
Working point

Hc′ after
demag

Demag point Load line with

other sources

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 Extend Nonlinear BH Curve Into
the 3rd Quadrant
MQP-B+ from Magnequench

Load line without Br

other sources
Br′
Working point

Hc′ after
demag

Demag point Load line with

other sources

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 Add Magnetization Capability

• Based on the original

non-remanent B-H B Line a
curve
• Construct line b at the Br p
Line b
operating point p, which
is parallel to the line a
• Br is the intersection of
line b with B-axis
0 H
• Element by element

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