Reconstruction of the PIE-History

- Decoding the Proto-Indo-European Language -

J.W. Richter

Fig. 1: mid 3rd millennium BC distribution for the PIE-project

Introduction
According to etymological studies the PIE1-language arose around 3500 before Christ. The
language and its derivatives started spreading in all directions, quickly penetrating the continents on
westward and eastward directions. A religious PIE-component has been assumed to have been
including the process from the very beginning. European languages derived their linguistic concepts
from the common Indo-European sky-god Dyaus, which in its purest form has been copied to god's
name (Diéu) in Provençal language. In this language the personal pronoun of the first person
singular (iéu) is correlating to the divine name (Diéu)2.
At 2500 BC the PIE-project including its linguistic and religious components may have covered the
Austrian Danube valley and is now reaching the German borderline around Passau. Around 1500
BC the PIE-project is reported to have reached the Rhine-valley and is now covering the complete
area of modern Germany. From 500 BC the PIE-project reaches the British Islands and covers large
parts of Europe. By 500 AD most of the European mainland has been covered.
There is no direct evidence of Proto-Indo-European language, but by a strange coincidence several
other events have been reported in parallel to the PIE-language and PIE-religion. First of all there is
a historical divide between Middle Eastern Iraqi and Iranian Jews and European/Syrian Jews,
calculated by simulation and comparison of genetic clusters, that is reported to have occurred
“more than 2500 years ago”.
Another process reported in legends document the story of Argonauts, who may have started
pathfinder missions, following the Danube river towards the Northern or even the Polar Seas.
According to the legends these discoveries probably occurred in parallel to the Hittite civilisation
and before the Trojan war (dated around 1250 BC).

1 PIE = Proto-Indo-European
2 Details are documented in: The Keywords in God's Name
Other historical, medieval sources have been analysed and compiled by Johannes Turmair 3, who
documented the historical period from 2214 BC onwards in the 'Bavarian Chronicles' and 'Deutsche
Chronicles'. These books, which also include detailed lists of the German kings, are probably
referring to some relevant contacts between the Hebrew and the German peoples.
The fast penetration of the German forest within Tuiscos legendary lifetime (176 years) may be
explained by an expedition of a trading PIE-people, successfully exporting their domesticating and
cultivating methods to all directions, but mainly to the west and east for the optimal conditions for
agriculture and domesticated cattle. On their way they probably also occupied already existing
layers of hunting civilisations in Europe. In the transition periods the language of the Proto-Indo-
Europeans may have dominating and overruling the previously prevailing dialects.
From 4000 BC the PIE-conquest of Europe seems to have been triggered by four or five important
impulses: the PIE-language and PIE-religion, the Argonauts' missions, the Hittite and the Jewish
civilisations. This essay analyses the possible cross-references. The Proto-Indo-Europeans
obviously occupied the European areas in the course of circa 5000 years, overriding the ancient
hunter societies with revolutionary agricultural, domesticating methods and social management
including religious and linguistic components. The PIE-language may have been the forerunner of
the “global” languages (Latin, respectively English).

3 Abensberg, 1526
3500 BC - Proto-Indo-European language
As there is no direct evidence of Proto-Indo-European language. All knowledge of the language has
been derived by reconstruction from later languages using linguistic techniques such as the
comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction.
The Proto-Indo-Europeans learned how to grow wheat, domesticated cattle and developed
immunity for the allergic reactions against cow milk. They also developed immunity against the
cow-pox and other diseases for domesticated cattle, which turned out to become a strategic
advantage for the future.
The central purple area is supposed to show early Yamna culture (4000–3500 BC). The dark red
area could show expansion to about 2500 BC, and the lighter red area expansion to about 1000 BC.

Fig. 2: Indo-European expansion 4000–1000 BC, according to the

Kurgan hypothesis.

All maps: Wikimedia Commons - GNU Free Documentation License

Main article: Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses
Indo-European expansion 4000–1000 BC, according to the Kurgan hypothesis.
Even within the Kurgan hypothesis, there is considerable uncertainty, mainly depending on assumptions about the
w:Tocharians, the w:Corded ware culture and the w:Beaker culture.

Fig. 3: mid 4th millennium BC PIE-language distribution

2500 BC - Greek, Rumanian, Romansch

Fig. 4: mid 3rd millennium BC - PIE-language distribution

Around 3000 BC the PIE-language reaches Greece and Austria by entering the Danube estuary,
creating Greek and Rumanian languages. In Rumanian the pronoun eu may be identified inside the
name of the sky-god Zeu (identical to the Greek deity Zeus).
In the Alps the pronouns jau, eau, jeu, jou included in the divine name Diou (transforming into
Diou-piter) may have been created and have been preserved in the isolated valleys of these
mountainous areas.

Language Pronoun 2nd p. Pronoun 1st p. Divine name

Rumanian eu Zeu, Dumnezeu
Romansch Ti jau, eau Dieu
Sursilvaans jeu Dieu
Sutsilvaans jou Dieu (Diou-piter ?)
Table 1: Rumanian and a few Alpine languages

European languages derived their linguistic concepts from the common Indo-European sky-god
Dyaus, which in its purest form has been copied to god's name (Diéu) in Provençal language. The
personal pronoun of the first person singular (iéu) is correlating to the divine name (Diéu)4. In
analogy the Rumanian pronoun eu has been identified at a central position inside the name Zeu.
Simultaneously the creation legend has been coded as bipolar structures (a male symbol i and a
female symbol u) in the personal pronoun of the first person singular (e.g. iéu, iau or iou). The
male and female symbols indicate a fertility cult.

4 Details are documented in: The Keywords in God's Name

In later eras IU-, IO- and IOU-combinations have been identified in the pronouns for Aromanian,
Lengadocian, Romansch, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Sicilian, Aragonese, Aromanian, Catalan,
Interlingua, Italian, Gascon (Occitan) and Spanish languages.
Generally the Indo-European core *iou has been used to encode a divine name (e.g. IU-piter),
pronouns (e.g. iu) and supreme justice (ius) and as a joint, especially a matrimonial joint. Romance
languages may also symbolize the Adam Kadmon-concept inside the personal pronoun of the first
person singular (*iou, e.g. iéu, iau or iou).
Based on historical, medieval documents Johannes Turmair5 documented the historical period from
2214 BC onward in detail in the 'Bayerische Chronik' and 'Deutsche Chronik'. The original work (in
old-German language) has been published in a website at Bayerische Chronik ; Buch I 6.
A few decades ago7 these records have been reviewed and summarized (in English) by Herman L.
Hoeh in Compendium of World History by Volume 28. His recordings, which mainly have been
based on the Bavarian Chronicles may be summarized by the following excerpt:
According to the Bavarian Chronicles German history commences with an extensive
settlement of farmers in Europe from the Don River to the Rhine. The date of this migration
into Europe from Mesopotamia and the Near East is placed at 2214 BC by German history
-- just 155 years after the Flood and 40 years after the Tower of Babel.
The 'Bavarian Chronicle' records the earliest settlers of Europe after the Deluge. Their
encampments and habitations have been recovered by archaeological research and are
labelled the 'Neolithic' migrations that traversed the Danube and adjoining valleys.
The first of the German kings has been named Tuitsch or Tuisto. Noah gave him all the land
between the Don River and the Rhine or what was called Grossgermania. Tuitsch is,
according to all ancient German commentaries and chronicles, a son of Noah. But which
son? Noah adopted Tuitsch's children as his own. The ancient Germans understood the
name Tuitsch to be the title 'Teacher'. He was therefore the great patriarch of his family who
taught the divine will to his children.
Shem or Tuitsch came into Europe with members of his family, as well as with certain of the
sons of Japheth and two of the sons of Ham who were of the white stock. From these have
descended most of the present-day nations of Europe. The descendants of Shem include
many sons of Joktan, son of Heber, and a number of the sons of Mash, son of Aram. The
Biblical names (Genesis 10) of the grandsons and great-grandsons of Shem are clearly
preserved in most instances by the 'Chronicle'. In later times the descendants of these early
heroes migrated west, south, north and east under population pressure.
Tuitsch made his headquarters at Deutz (today Koeln-Deutz). The country is called
Deutschland after him -- that is, the land of the great Patriarch or Teacher, Shem. In the
25th year of his reign (2190-2189) Tuitsch held a state assembly, divided lands among his
descendants and ordained laws. He also brought more colonies from Mesopotamia.
For the last 60 years of Tuitsch's or Shem's reign in Germany, he governed his family from
Egypt and Italy. It was not until 1978 BC that Mannus assumed the government over
Western Europe, succeeding his father Tuitsch. At the beginning of his reign he sends out
colonies to France and Asia Minor. His son Herman establishes the kingdoms of Phrygia,
Mysia and Bithynia in Mannus' 34th year (1945-1944). Another son Trieber or Trebeta,
built Trier. Nerus, another son, settled in the Netherlands.
5 Abensberg, 1526
6 Aventinus, Johannes/Riezler, Sigmund von/Lexer, Matthias: (München 1882)
7© 1963 1966, 1969 Edition
8 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy
Although these historical accounts must have been modified by the medieval scribes to adapt
history to the biblical frame, the story may still contain some valuable information. The records
created by Aventinus are correct in describing the Danube as the main gate towards Europe for the
PIE-occupation. The records even seem to have been dated with an acceptable precision.
According to the Bayerische Chronik; Buch I9 king Tuisco died at the age of 176 years (307 years
after the deluge). In his honour his people rephrased his ascendancy and called him a earth-born
god. They devoted a sacred forest to their god in the Dutch Duchy of Cleves. The Duchy of Cleves10
was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in present Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia) and
the Netherlands (parts of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Gelderland). Its territory was situated on
both sides of the river Rhine, around its capital Cleves and roughly covering today's districts of
Cleves, Wesel and the city of Duisburg. Cleves is located between Duisburg (Tuiscoburgum) and
Doesburg (Tuiscoburgum Batavorum), which both have been devoted to Tuisco.
The fast penetration of the German forest within a Tuiscos legendary lifetime may be explained by
an expedition of a trading group, occupying and overriding an already existing layer of agricultural
civilisation. In the long run the PIE-language of the “kings” may have dominated and overruled the
previously prevailing dialects. As has been indicated by the number of Brenner 11-names trading
activities may have been dominated by amber trading.

9 found at page 86
10 German: Herzogtum Kleve; Dutch: Hertogdom Kleef
11 Amber = Burning material (German: Bernstein)
Italian, Danish and Swedish
Around 1500 b.C. PIE languages have been introduced to Denmark and Sweden. In the southern
areas the concept enters Mid-Italy, Greece and Anatolia.

Fig. 5: mid 2nd millennium BC distribution

In Provençal language 1500 BC the pronoun iéu is applied as a core for the divine name Diéu.
In Old-German language the pronoun Ih is to be identified as a core inside the sky-god's name Diu.
The hypothetical divine name Diu for the Germans, which now is extinct, may have been lost or
replaced by Divisco or Tuisco in later eras.

Language Pronoun 2nd p. Pronoun 1st p. Divine name Source

Provençal Tu iéu Diéu Swadesh list

Old-German Thu Ih Diu, (or Tuisco)

Table 2: The PIE-concept of Provençal and Old-German
For the second millennium BC Herman L. Hoeh reports for the 16 th king (Ylsing or Ulsing, 1277-
1224) after Tuisco:
Ylsing or Ulsing, a Son of Larein, is the Trojan Ulysses of Tacitus. He is also the Greek
Odysseus who sailed out to the Atlantic and up to the Rhine. Built Emmerick on the Main.
During his reign the Germans under Galter again invaded Asia Minor and settled on the
banks of the river Sangarius. Priam of Troy tried in vain to expel them, finally made a treaty,
and they later helped him against the Greeks.
For the 21th generation of kings (Kels, Gal and Hillyr) after Tuisco Herman L. Hoeh reports:
Kels, Gal and Hillyr are the sons of Wolfheim. 1056-1006 BC they divided their father's
realm after his death. Hillyr received Illyria, Gal received Gaul and Kels received Germany.
Hillyr had three daughters and six sons, all of whom settled in the regions of the Balkans,
Thrace and Greece.
For the 26th generation of kings (Venno and Helto) after Tuisco Herman L. Hoeh reports:
Venno and Helto ruled jointly. Helto invaded and settled in Italy, expelling the former
inhabitants.
These details seem to have been dated with an acceptable precision. Aventinus describes the process
of expelling the former inhabitants, in which the prevailing language is to be replaced by local
versions of the PIE-languages.

Bernstorf
In the period of the 12th king (Baier, 1489-1429) after Tuisco a settlement has been excavated near
the Bavarian town Bernstorf12, where a considerable amount of golden decorations and amber
pieces have been found. Two of these amber pieces had been carved to be used as stamps 13,
revealing a Mycenae-like face and some characters respectively a set of pictographic symbols. One
set of characters may be interpreted as „pa nwa ti“ or (in a reversed sense in a stamped inscription)
„tin wa pa“, which may eventually refer to the inscription of a divine name “TInUapa”. In analogy
to the Etruscan sky-god Tinia the name “TinUapa” would also symbolize a PIE-deity.
The settlement has been dated at circa 1400 BC. The excavated town has been interpreted as trading
post for trading routes between Mycenae and the North Sea or the Baltic Sea.
The other inscription may also be interpreted as early characters or pictographic symbols.

Fig. 6: Piece of Amber (Bernstorf) Fig. 7: Backside (Bernstorf)

Heuneburg / Pyrene14
The Heuneburg is a prehistoric hillfort by the upper Danube, located at a location at which the
Danube may be shipped by small vessels. Heuneburg is considered one of the most important early
Celtic centres in Central Europe. Apart from the fortified citadel, there are extensive remains of
settlements and burial areas spanning several centuries.
The first settlement on the site dates to the Middle Bronze Age (15th to 12th century BC). At this
time, the main plateau was fortified with a massive ditch-and-bank enclosure, including a wooden
wall. The settlement was abandoned at the beginning of the Urnfield period.

12 Bernstorf = “Amber”-village
13 See the photographs at the bernstorf-homepage
14 Informations and photographs have been provided by Wikipedia's entry: Heuneburg
The citadel was reoccupied and refortified around 700 BC; adjacent areas were occupied at the
same time. The complex developed briskly, and by 600 BC, the Heuneburg was one of the key
centres of power and trade in Celtic/Halstatt Southern Germany. Major changes in internal structure
occurred around that time. Before 500 BC, the site suffered a major destruction, followed by a
second flourish and a further destruction in the 5th century BC. It used to be assumed that the
Heuneburg was abandoned by the La Tène period, but recent evidence does not fully support this
view. The conjunction of a prominent fortified site, elaborate burials, specialised craft production
and trade of valuable imported goods class the Heuneburg with a small group of similar important
early Celtic sites. The fortification had two monumental gates, one to the west, giving access to the
outer settlements, and another to the east, probably to a steep road leading directly to the Danube
(and perhaps a harbour).

Fig. 8: Heuneburg: Reconstructed Celtic houses. The reconstructed mudbrick wall is visible in the
background.

Published by Ulf for de.wikipedia at a GNU Free Documentation License,

The Heuneburg yielded many finds marking it as a rich site, operating both as a local centre of
production and as a hub for long-distance trade. These included a full bronze workshop, a high
proportion of Greek vases (in fact, the fragments make up about a dozen Greek pots, indicating a
larger amount than contemporary sites but also a very limited elite access to such material), and
other imported raw materials like tin and amber. Much of the exotic material dates from after 530
BC. There was also a local tradition of producing painted and decorated (incised or stamped)
pottery.
In the mid-5th century BC, the Greek historian Herodotus (Book 2.33) made a brief passing
reference to a Celtic city called by the Greek "Pyrene": "For the Ister 15 flows from the land of the
Celts and the city of Pyrene through the very middle of Europe..." Since the Heuneburg is roughly
in the right location and was a major regional centre just before that time, it is possible that it is the
settlement referred to by that name.

15 Danube
Sicily, Portugal, Southern France
At 500 before Christ PIE enters Sicily, Portugal and southern France.

Fig. 9: mid 1st millennium BC distribution

In Sicily the pronoun iu as a part of the divine name Diu and the Portuguese pronoun eu for the
divine name Deus may have been introduced. The Provençal concept may have been extended in
south west directions. The Langue d'Oc defines the pronoun ieu, jo for the divine name Dieu.
Langue d'Oc Tu ieu , jo Dieu Swadesh list
Sicilian Tu iu Diu Swadesh list
(Iu-piter ?)
Portuguese Tu eu Deus Swadesh list
Table 3: The PIE-concept for Langue d'Oc, Sicilian and Portuguese

For the 30th respectively 31st kings (Brenner III and Brenner IV) after Tuisco Herman L. Hoeh
reports:
Brenner III was a son of Breitmar, was king over both Schwaben and Bavarians, and
reigned over Germany and Italy. Under his leadership the Schwaben and Bavarians sacked
Rome. He had four sons. His daughter Gueta was married to Philip of Macedon. Burning of
Rome (July 390) occurred in his 9th year.
Schirm was a son of Brenner III. He and his son Brenner IV ruled until 60 years after death
of Alexander -- although Brenner IV dies earlier. Brenner led a massive German invasion
into Greece, plundered Macedonia and the oracle at Delphi, but was killed in 279 B.C.

For the 37th kings Ernst (Arionistus and Vocho) after Tuisco Herman L. Hoeh reports:
Ernst was king over Germany and France, his brother-in-law, Vocho, over Bavaria, Austria
and Hungary. Ernst invaded France, fought there for 14 years, and settled it with 120,000
Germans. Next 33,000 Bavarians decided to go via France and Spain into Italy. They were
joined by the Helvetti. Julius Caesar defeated them, sent the Helvetii back home, but
allowed the Bavarians to settle in Burgundy. Caesar also defeated king Ernst.
Completing the entry for the 39th king after Tuisco Herman L. Hoeh reports:
In 13 BC (the emperor) Augustus attacked the Germans at the Danube. Later he settled
40,000 Westphalians, Hessians and Schwaben at the west banks of the Rhine.
Anarchy now began to reign among the German tribes. There were anti-Roman and pro-
Roman fractions, splitting tribes and even families. The ruling families soon killed each
other off in family feuds and inter-tribal warfare. The royal house that next dominated
Germany came from the Sicambrian Franks16.
The complete view of the German kings has been listed in Appendix I.

Dating migrations of people by genetic analysis

Other analytical methods may illustrate the migration processes for the PIE-concept. The article
Abrahams Children in the Genome Era 2010 in-press AJHG reports methods to trace back a
historical divide for parts of the Hebrew people, which may have been initiated before 500 BC.
These methods apply genetic analysis to date the migrations of people:
The study touches upon an issue that was raised over a century ago by Maurice Fishberg,
Joseph Jacobs, and others about whether the Jews constitute a race, a religious group, or
something else. In this study, Jewish populations from the major Jewish Diaspora groups —
Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Mizrahi — formed a distinctive population cluster by PCA
analysis, albeit one that is closely related to European and Middle Eastern, non-Jewish
populations. Within the study, each of the Jewish populations formed its own cluster as part
of the larger Jewish cluster. Each group demonstrated Middle Eastern ancestry and variable
admixture with European populations.
This was observed in the structure plots and in the Fst analysis by the proximity of all
Jewish populations one to another, to non-Jewish Middle Eastern populations, and to non-
Jewish Southern European (French, Northern Italian, and Sardinian) populations. The
patterns of relatedness were similar, albeit with higher resolution to what was reported in a
recent study of fewer Jewish populations via microsatellite markers. Earlier investigators
who studied fewer autosomal markers with less resolution and more recent investigators
who studied Y chromosomal markers had similar observations. All noted that a major
difference in Jewish groups was in the extent of admixture with local populations.
Two major differences among the populations in this study were the high degree of
European admixture (30%–60%) among the Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Italian, and Syrian Jews
and the genetic proximity of these populations to each other compared to their proximity to
Iranian and Iraqi Jews. This time of a split between Middle Eastern Iraqi and Iranian Jews
and European/Syrian Jews, calculated by simulation and comparison of length distributions
of IBD segments, is 100–150 generations, compatible with a historical divide that is
reported to have occurred more than 2500 years ago.
A historical divide around 500 BC however does not influence the earlier linguistic evolutions,
which have been triggered from the Black Sea area.
Findings at the Hochdorf grave (500 BC) however reveal trading links between the Celtic kings and
Greek trading posts like Marseilles.

16Their history appears later in the 'Compendium', chapter XII A.

England, Italy and Portugal
The Roman Empire mixes up languages, expelling the Celtic languages from France, Spain,
Portugal and the southern part of England. PIE now enters the Middle East and North-Afrika.

Fig. 10: post- Roman Empire and Migrations period distribution

This phase may have resulted in modern Spanish, Italian and maybe also modern French (Langue
d'oïl).
Spanish tú, usted yo Dios Swadesh
Italian Tu ió Dió Swadesh
Langue d'oïl Tu je Dieu Swadesh

English Thou, I Diu (?)

Dutch U Ic Tui(s)c (?)
Table 4: The PIE-concept for Spanish, Italian, French, English and Dutch

The article Abrahams Children in the Genome Era 2010 in-press AJHG reports 6 million people
practicing Judaism in Roman times:
The Middle Eastern populations were formed by Jews in the Babylonian and Persian
empires who are thought to have remained geographically continuous in those locales. In
contrast, the other Jewish populations were formed more recently from Jews who migrated
or were expelled from Palestine and from individuals who were converted to Judaism during
Hellenic-Hasmonean times, when proselytism was a common Jewish practice.
During Greco-Roman times, recorded mass conversions led to 6 million people practising
Judaism in Roman times or up to 10% of the population of the Roman Empire. Thus, the
genetic proximity of these European/Syrian Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews,
to each other and to French, Northern Italian, and Sardinian populations favours the idea of
non-Semitic Mediterranean ancestry in the formation of the European/Syrian Jewish groups
and is incompatible with theories that Ashkenazi Jews are for the most part the direct linear
descendants of converted Khazars or Slavs. The genetic proximity of Ashkenazi Jews to
southern European populations has been observed in several other recent studies.
Symbolism
Male and female antipodals
A fertility cult introduces the bipolar concept of two antipodes: female and male, which resulted in a
number of antipodal symbolisms. The antipodals may be identified in various religions, in linguistic
and in many other PIE-concepts. In fact bipolarity is one of the fundamental ideas of the PIE-
concept.

Archaeological findings
Two of these amber pieces had been carved to be used as stamps17, revealing a Mycenae-like face
and some characters respectively a set of pictographic symbols. One set of characters may be
interpreted as „pa nwa ti“ or (in a reversed sense in a stamped inscription) „tin wa pa“, which may
eventually refer to the inscription of a divine name “TInUapa”.

Pronouns
Most of the PIE-customs have been based on the male and female antipodals, which have been
identified in the personal pronouns of the first person and the divine names.

Legends
The antipodal symbolism has also been identified in the PIE-legends, including Plato's description
of androgynous creatures in Symposium. The Bible, the Sohar and other Books confirm an
androgynous version of the creation legend.

Names
According to Herman L. Hoeh the kings' list reveals a number of names referring to Diu or Dui: the
10th ruler (Deuto, 1580-1553, the 33th rule (Dieth I), the ruler Teutenbuecher in the 35th generation,
the 39th ruler Dieth II (circa 40-13 BC).

Colours
Antipodal symbolism in male and female elements resulted in fundamental colour symbols (red,
blue, purple and white), which have been identified in illuminated bibles, in medieval clothings,
coats-of-arms and flags18. The colour red has been considered a male, the colour blue a female
attribute. Consequently the mixed colour purple must be promoted to an divine, androgynous
attribute, symbolizing the unity of the male and female elements in matrimony. White probably has
been used for innocent and immature children, who were unable to secure procreation towards
eternity. In modern times however red and blue have been considered as female, respectively male
symbols.

17 See the photographs at the bernstorf-homepage

18 See for details: The Hermetic Codex
Appendix: List of German Kings (Bavarian Chronicles)
This table also reveals the main trading activities of the PIE-people. The fourfold occurrence of the
Brenner-names, which have been highlighted in the following table indicate amber trading.
Brenner-names correlate with amber (the burning stone), which has been a famous trading item in
ancient eras, culminating at Nero's reign.
The German word Bernstein is derived from Börn-Stein, or Burn-Stein, and obviously describes a
burneable stone. "Burn" is an old English word and is explained in YourDictionary:

[Middle English burnen, from Old English beornan, to be on fire, and from bærnan, to set
on fire; see gwher- in Indo-European roots.]

The occupation by the Celtic army under the leadership of general Brennus cannot be considered as
a conquest, but must be seen as punitive expedition. The Romans must have been disturbing the
Celtic trading routes, causing the Celts to force the free trading system, leading to prosperity for all
involved. In fact the Celts were controlling amber trading in southern Europe by transporting the
burning stones from the northern coasts across the Alps into the great valleys between Marseille and
the Adriatic coast. The growing power of Rome however intervened trading in 387 BC as well as
around 100 years later in 278 BC the Greeks provoked another expedition. In both cases the Celts
were forced to send military troups in order to rearrange discipline and in both cases the generals in
charge’s name is Brennus. The expedition of 387 by Brenner III is the first historic fact in Roman
history and any other details referring to the Celtic or Roman peoples preceding this date must be
considered as legends. Brenner IV led the massive German invasion into Greece, plundered
Macedonia and the oracle at Delphi, but was killed in 279 B.C.
Expeditions used the Fernpass and the Brennerpass. The name Fernpass suggests the original name
must be Bernpass (in analogy to the equivalence Berona = Verona). Located at the Fernpass we also
visit a small village called Fernstein, which almost certainly must be renamed into Bernstein. The
ancient names Ampass respectivily Amras for Innsbruck both indicate amber trading and the
original name for Innsbruck might have been Amberes.
Alexander the Great ordered the Greek explorer Pytheas from Massilia to search for the sources of
amber19. The expedition found an island in the North Sea, which he called Abalus 20. The inhabitants
used amber as a fuel, but as well sold it to the neighbouring Teutons. The isle is also documented by
Diodorus Siculus as Basilia, Abalcia, Balcia, Glesaria or Glaesaria. At the beginning of our era
explorers named the Eastfrisian islands the Electrides referring to the Greek expression for amber
and those days the Frisian shore at the North Sea was called “the Amberland”.
In the year 12 before Christ Drusus leads an expedition to Eastfrisia where he visits the islands. As a
member of the expedition Pliny the Elder describes 23 islands along the coastline of Jutland and
names three isles on the row: Burcania (Borcum), Glaesaria and Actania. Glaesaria is the Roman
name for an island, called Austeravia by the barbarians. The word Austeravia however contains the
word Rav, which is the modern Danish expression for amber. Amber trading culminates at the
government of Nero (54-68 AD), but collapses shortly after this period. In later centuries all trading
probably will be using the well-known east route from the Baltic Sea to Aquileia.
A letter written by Cassiodorus21 describes the Estonian efforts to revive amber trading at the
beginning of Median Ages. And amber trading will be sleeping until the late Median Ages, to awake
anew as the Crusaders reorganize trading.

19 The exploration was carried out between 350 – 320 b.C.

20 http://www.balteringe.de
21 Magnus Aurelijus Cassiodorus, Secretary of King Theodoricus (6th century AD)
Ge Kings of Germany Dates Lengths of
n. Reign
1 Tuitsch or Tuisto: Chief of thirty-two dukes. 2214-2038 176 (236)
Noah gave him all the land between the Don River and the (2214-1978)
Rhine or what was called Grossgermania.
2 Mannus or Mann. It was not until 1978 that 1978-1906 72 (66)
Mannus assumed the government over Western Europe, (1978-1912)
succeeding his father Tuitsch.
3 Eingeb or Ingaevon, son of Mannus or Ninus -- Asshur -- 1906-1870 36 (40)
was the German Mercury. His wife Freia was the German (1912-1872)
Venus.
4 Ausstaeb or Istaevon, son of Eingeb. Ausstaeb was the 1870-1820 50 (52)
German Mars. (1872-1820)
5 Herman, Son of Ausstaeb 1820-1757 63
6 Mers 1757-1711 46
7 Gampar 1711-1667 44
8 Schwab. He gave his name to Schwaben. 1667-1621 46
9 Wandler 1621-1580 41
10 Deuto, gave his name to the Teutones. 1580-1553 27
11 Alman (Allmann or Altman), the German Hercules. 1553-1489 64
12 Baier 1489-1429 60
13 Ingram or Ingramus 1429-1377 52
14 Adalger or Adelger 1377-1328 49
15 Larein 1328-1277 51
16 Ylsing or Ulsing. This is the Trojan Ulysses of Tacitus. He 1277-1224 53
is also the Greek Odysseus, who sailed out to the Atlantic
and up to the Rhine.
17 Brenner or Breno, son of Ylsing. 1224-1186 38
18 Heccar (Hykar or Highter), son of Brenner. He is the 1186-1155 31
famous Hector of the First Trojan War.
19 Frank (Francus or Franco) 1155-1114 41
20 Wolfheim Siclinger 1114-1056 58
21 Kels, Gal and Hillyr 1056-1006 50
22 Alber 1006-946 60
23 Walther, Panno and Schard 946-884 62
24 Main, Ängel and Treibl 884-814 70
25 Myela, Laber and Penno 814-714 100
26 Venno and Helto 714-644 70
27 Mader (Madyas) 644-589 55
28 Brenner II and Koenman. After the death of Koenman, the 589-479 110
Bavarians of Italy were ruled by the kings Zeck, Ber (who
built Bern or Verona) and Breitmar.
29 Landein with his sons 479-399 80
30 Brenner III 399-361 38
31 Schirm, son of Brenner III. He and his son Brenner IV 361-263 -
ruled until 60 years after death of Alexander -- although
Brenner IV dies earlier. Brenner led a massive German
invasion into Greece, plundered Macedonia and the oracle
at Delphi, but was killed in 279 B.C.
32 Thessel, son of Brenner IV. 279-194 85
33 Dieth I 194-172 -
34 Baermund and Synpol 172-127 45
35 Boiger, Kels and Teutenbuecher 127-100 27
36 Scheirer 100-70 30
37 Ernst (Arionistus) and Vocho 70-50 20
38 Pernpeist. The Bavarians, having been driven from Italy, 50-40 10
lived near the Drave and Danube for 127 years. In the
times of Ernst and Pernpeist they left their homes, sailed
down the Danube and settled near the Vistula, Dniester and
Dnieper, where they remained some 550 years. The name
of the Bavarians is not encountered again for some 500
years, till the time of Attila.
39 Cotz, Dieth II and Creitschir circa 40-13
40 Virtual anarchy now began to reign among the German
tribes. There were anti-Roman and pro-Roman factions
and these split whole tribes and even families. The ruling
families soon killed each other off in family feuds and
inter-tribal warfare. The royal house that next dominated
Germany came from the Sicambrian Franks. Their history
appears later in the "Compendium", chapter XII A.
Table 5: German Kings after Herman L. Hoeh in Compendium of World History by Volume 2.