1:

Is busy waiting always less efficient (in terms of using processor time) than a blocking wait? Explain.

2:
At the beginning of Section 5.1, it is stated that multiprogramming and multiprocessing present the same
problems, with respect to concurrency. This is true as far as it goes. However, cite two differences in terms of
concurrency between multiprogramming and multiprocessing.

3:
Consider a concurrent program with two processes, p and q, defined as follows. A, B, C, D, and E are arbitrary
atomic (indivisible) statements. Assume that the main program (not shown) does a parbegin of the two
processes.

void p()
{
A;
B;
C;
}

void q()
{
D;
E;
}
Show all the possible interleavings of the execution of the preceding two processes
(show this by giving execution “traces” in terms of the atomic statements).
4:
Consider the following program:
const int n = 50;
int tally;
void total()
{
int count;
for (count = 1; count <= n; count++){
tally++;
}
}

void main()
{
tally = 0;
parbegin (total (), total ());
write (tally);
}

A. Determine the proper lower bound and upper bound on the final value of the shared variable tally output
by this concurrent program. Assume processes can execute at any relative speed and that a value can only be
incremented after it has been loaded into a register by a separate machine instruction.

B. Suppose that an arbitrary number of these processes are permitted to execute in parallel under the
assumptions of part (a).What effect will this modification have on the range of final values of tally?