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Drum Publication Group

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Shan Folklore (KarenVersion)

Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand

drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org

May, 2010
ISBN 978-616-7225-19-7

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27
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28
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29
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uJpDRyRzdcGg< etd.’D;w>tk.o;rEkRwz.vXerd>[h.vDReRvXtu’k;eJ.eR
vXerh>pDRyRtzdeD>uD>vJ.I/ t0Jxk;xD.xHzSH.xl< yoH;< ‘D;w>uH;nmowd>
t*DRblblwbh.M.vDRI w>cd.w>e>wz.pH;0J’.<?rh>eD>uD>vDR< t0Jub.
uJypDRyRM.vDR / ‘D;tlwh.uJxD.b.pDRyRzJM.vDRI

b.weHRtlwh.b.o;’k;eJ.tw>ohw>b.qlursX>vDRI t0J’hxD.we>M.
vDRI zJ’hvDR0JwbD< uqD’D;w>rHRvmwz.[JvXw>vD>,HR’D;[J’due.0JvDRI
‘hvDR0JcHbDwbD< ySRunD’D;w>egwz.[Jue. 0J’.’D;urXur.b.0Jw>’h

39
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

wcgtHRM.vDRI zJt’hvDR0JoXbdM.< u,J>uqDcJvXmwz.[JuhRu’guhR


’D;wDRvDRbgxD.tDRM.vDRI

we>w>’htHRb.w>pH.wJRtDRvXtlwh.txHzduD>zdwz.tusgtgr;vDRI
w,Hmb.< we>vDRv;wzsX.tHR[lxD.ogvDRqluD>t*Rwz.M.vDRI

pDRyRvXuD>t*Rwbh.e>[l0Jwe>wzsX.tHRtw>vDRv;’D;o;vDb.0JM.
vDRI t0JrXvDRtySRpkohcD.b.vXubSDxD.M>tDRuqDvXoh.w’kM.vDRI
rRutdwkRySRunDEkmvDR}wD>< bSDtqXpJbl;wz.tgtg< zl0gtDR’D’kng< qGJ
’D;ysHRvXu’k;[l;0;twrsdR< te>< trJmud< ‘D;tcd.,>cD,>cDoh0Jt*D>M.
vDRI 0HRtvD>cH< rXySRunDvJREkmxk;vDRqluqDylR’D;vJR0Jqltlwh.ttd.
M.vDRI tlwh.xk;xD.we>’D;’h0JM.vDRI b.q.uqDw’k[;’.tw>wu
e.tlwh.b.‘D;vXuqDb.ydmxGJpDRyRtlwh.tvD>M.pDRyRtlwh.b.vlR
ydmxGJuqDtcHM.vDRI zJtvJRydm0JwkRvXpDRyRw*RvXto;vDb.twe>
wzsX.M.txHuD>ylR’D;w>zD.xXEkmtDRqlCd.ylRvDRI wcsK;vXySR[H;M>uGHm
twe>b.M.pH;0J< ?we>tHRerh>woh.ngtw>orlb.M.e'hwM>b.I/

zJySRvJRwJb.JpDRyRw>*h>tHRM.pDRyRpH;b.tysJ><?rXtod.vdySRw*R*RII/
wkRySRvJRwJb.tDR’D;t0JpH;qX< ?ySRxJw*RvX,uod.vdtDRM.rh>pDRyR
tzdrk.M.vDR /

pDRyRto;ckvX u’hb.we>M.vDRI ‘D;rXvDRtzdrk.w*RvXub.’hvdw


e>M.vDRI t0JymEkmtzdrk.vX’X;vDRqDvXw>o;uH>wzsX.tylRM.vDRI ‘D;
ymtlwh.vXb;cDwuyR< wJb.tlwh.vXeD>yRrk.zdtHRtrJmbsD.M.vDRI
vJRymCDR0Jtzdrk.vX’X;t0JwcD’D;wJb.tzdrk.vXtlwh.tHRtrJmo.ySJR
’D;w>zsX.oGHvDRo;b.tX’d.r;vDRI

40
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

eD>yRrk.zd[JrRvdto;ud;eHR’J;vDRI b.q.rRvd0Jwb.b.vDRI ‘D;tlwh.


to;wxDvXRb.’D;pH;b.tDR< ? eD>yRrk.bsD.rJm{Xrh>etD&Dm’d.r;vJ.I/

zJpDRyRzdrk.e>[l’D;to;xD.0J’D;t0JpH;qX< ?ySRvDRo;b.tXrJmo.ySJRxJ
zsX.oGHw*R{X< eod.vd,RwusXb.wcDvDRI/ tlwh.pH;tDR< ?b.rekR
vXepH;vX,vDRo;b.tXvJ.I/ t0JpH;qX< ?b.rEkRepH;vX,rJmbsD.
vJ.I/ xJM.wbsDtlwh.td;xD.uG>,.bs;o’X’D;t0Joh.xH.vdmto;’D;
tJ.vdmb.o;M.vDRI

wpd>zdtlwh.oHuG>tDRvXeuCh>ydm,cH{g< t0JtX.vDR0J’D;pH;b.tlwh.<
?vXeDylRtHRuqDwz.Ch>cVr;vDRI yrh>wCh>’X;tDRb.M.yCh>wylRb.I/
eD>yRrk.zdvJRqlty>td.’D;pH;0J’.< ?o&.vmtXw*RM.pH;0JvX,b.rR
M>xlxX.< phxX.< ‘D;w>rs>yvJxX.vXuvJRvk>xD.w>vXyS>ylR’D;,’hw
e>ub.0JvDRI/
pDRyR[h.vDRtDRu,J>w>vXCh0Jwz.M.vDRI ‘D;weHR< eD>yRrk.zd’D;tlwh.
’X;xD.clol.uqD’D;Ch>uGHm0JvDRI usJvJRqlud.p.zH;M.,Hm0JEHGvgvDRI t
cD.xH;M.ySRwoh.ngeDw*Rb.< b.q.zJySRymo;vXuqDvDRr>w’k< ’D;
wxH.eD>yRrk.zd’D;tlwh.vXRb.’D;vJRwJb.0JpDRyR’D;rXvDR0JvXySRuvJR
CkuG>uhRM.vDRI
ySRvJRCkydmxGJ,Hm0JEGHoDvHvDRI vlR0J’D;uqDb.q.eD>yRrk.zdzSHvDRwh>xl’D;
phwz.vXusJ< ySRvlRw>zdwz.ywkmuqD’D;cd;xX0Jxl’D;phwz.vDRI w>rs>
yvJtxX.wzsX.vDRwJmzJw>vD>M.vDRI tCdySRvlRw>wz.td.vXyS>ylR
tvgb.tvgM.vDRI tlwh.’D;eD>yRrk.zdwcDuhRb.0Jrkmrkmck.ck.M.vDRI
w>rs>yvJvXySRwxH.'H;wz.td.'H;0Jtgr;vX[D.cd.vm’D;td.0JwkRrk>r
qgweHRtHRvDRI ‘D;b.wb.utd.’H;0JvX[D.cd.csXvDRI

41
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

cDzsdvXrhRwzsX.tCd
w>pH;0JvXysXRySR’Dyk>0J>td.cH*RvDRI chcgzJM.rh>vXw>o.0HRvDR’dvDRvX
xHuD>ylRtCdySR’Dyk>0J>cH*RtHRb.urXRCmrhRzdwzsX.w*RwbsDM.vDRI zJ
tyk>ydmrk.zdw*RurXRrhRzsX.zdtHRtcgo;yhReD.b.to;’D;,lREkmvDRb.
0JrhRzdwzsX.tHRvDRI zJM.t0J>cGgM.to;[J’d.xD.b.tDRtCdudoh.z;t
yk>ydmrk.zdt[XzX’D;xk;xD.tD.0JrhRzdwzsX.tHRM.vDRI zJtyk>rk.oH0HRt
vD>cH< uJxD.0J’.xd.zdwbh.vDRI

zJM.t0J>cGgw*Ro;unDRb.tyk>’d.r;tCdto;oh.z;’D;oHuGHm0J0HRuJ
xD.u’D;vXxd.zdwbh.M.vDRI xd.zdwbh.tHRo;unDRb.tyk>’hrk.’D;
vlRud;uhR0Jtyk>trHRvX< ?pD±S0h. === pD±S0h./ M.vDRI tyk>wcDud;qXu
’guhR ?bktgvH === [ktgvH/ M.vDRI wkRrk>rqgweHRtHRtd.’D;xd.vX
tud; ?pD±S0h. == pD±S0h./ wz.M.vDRI

eXRyS>'D;trg
w>pH;0JvXysXReXRyS>’Drg0Rtd.cH*RvDRI eXRyS>M.rk>[gvDRcDtqXuwD>
b.td.cd;c;w>rHRvmvXoh.cHtCd rXtrg[JqSXM>tDR[gw>tD.vDRI zJt
rg[JqSXM>tDRrhRtcg< rh>vXyS>vdmtDR’D;trJmur.'D;qdurd.0JtrgvX wR
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rd>wbh.vDRI t0Rph>uD;to;b.’d’D;oHuGHmtCduJxD.0Jxd.M.vDRI xd.
zdtHRud;0J< ?wR[d{g==wR’d.{g/ ‘D;rhrh>t0RwcDud;qXu’guhR0J< ?ur.
tCd== ur.tCd/ M.vDRI

42
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

bD.od.wtD.ye>t*h>

w>vXysXRM.w>'Drg0Rtd.cH*RvDRI t0Joh.cH*Rbk.ympXRbD.od.zdw'k
'D;bD.od.zdw'ktHRbSg'd.r;M.vDRI vXysXRM.bD.od.wz.wtd.'D;tuGD
wz.b.'D;0g0J'D'kM.vDRI zJeD>'Drg0RcH*RvJRul;u[HtcgbD.od.zdwcDvJR
,d;M>t0Joh.u[Hwz.vDRI weHRM.rh.tltD.xD.u[Hv.vXbD.od.t
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to;'D;usD>w'k'D;oHuG>0JusD>vXub.rRoHrh.tl'fvJ.M.vDRI b.q.
usD>wcDtJ.'d;0JvXrh.tlutD.bD.od.tCdwJ0JvXCh>xD.vXupX>cd.M.
vDRI zJbD.od.Ch>xD.vXupX>cd.M.< uvHRql.tCdrh.tltD.tgxD.M.
vDRI zJM.xH.u'D;ye>'D;oHuG>0JvXub.rRoHrh.tl'fvJ.'D;rh>vXye>rh>ySR
vXto;*hRtCdrXtvJRpk.vDRto;vXxHusgM.vDRIxJM.bD.od.vJR
pH.zkvDRqlxHusg'D;rh.tlvDRyHmuGHmtCdto;orlylRzsJ;xD.uGHmM.vDRI b.
q.rh>vXrh.tltD.vJ;b.ye>tudmbdtCdrk>rqgweHRtHRyuxH.b.
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xD.zJM.wdRuUwdRuGD0J'D'kM.vDRI

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0JM.vDRI b.q.ye>M.rh>ySRvXtrRylRzsJ;to;orltCd< bD.od.wtD.y
e>eDwbsDb.M.vDRI rh>tD.0JwcD< ySRpH;0J'.vXrh>vXw>w*hRwb.'D;w>
url>ur.uJxD.vX'lylRo0DylRtCdM.vDRI

43
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

,dR'd.uvkm'l.
t*h>tusdRwqH;wuh>

,dR rhwrh> ,dR'd.uvkm'l.wz.rh>uvkm'l.wzkvXttd.vXuD>y,DRtylR


vXtxl;wDR'D;tw>qJ;w>vRwz.M.vDRI zJtHRyurRvdoud;t0Joh.t
*h>wpJ;vDRI

w>tD.w>tD = ,dR'd.uvkmwz.tD.rhR’D;uol’fuvkm*Rwz.tod;vDRI
,dR'd.uvkm’l.vXttd.vXo0DylRwz.tD.rhRweHRoXbsDvDRI zJvJRvDRql
pHmysDtcg‘fod;tD.rhRuwkmM>,Hm,Hmt*D>tD.0JytHwz.vDRI xDeD>tk.w
z.rh>0J,dRuvkmtw>tD.w>tD’D;tD.0J’fn.tk.< n.tk.xHwz.tod;
vDRI xDeD>Chwz.td.vX,dRwz.t[H.ud;zsX.’J;vDRI ,dR'd.vXuD>y,DR
uvHRpd;wuyRrRqH.tD.ob.’d;tuvkmuvkm< w>’d;w>v.tqH.<

44
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

t[D< t[Jwz.ph>uD;vDRI cDyd;vXw>rRtDRvXytHolM.rh>0J,dR'd.uvkm


’l.wz.tw>tD.w>tDvDRI ,dRzdud;*R’J;tD.0J’.vmz;< obsK.oJ;o.
wz.vDRI ,dR'd.uvkm’l.wz.tDv.z;xHtgM>xHck.wuh>vDRI ‘D;w>wJ0J
vXv.z;xHylRxXEkmph>uD;0J’D;tHo.wqH;wuh>vDRI

w>’hw>tltyD;tvDwz. = ,dR'd.tw>’hw>tltyD;tvDwz.tusgy.
Ckm’D;,dRt’XySD>pk< rdRtuvkmuvkm< pSX>pSH;‘D;0.’Jwz.M.vDRI ‘XySD>pkw
z.rh>0Jw>t&h’d.uwX>vX,dR’d.tw>’hw>tlwz.tylRM.vDRI

rdRCkzsX.M.w>&J.vDRtDR’D;vXeD>wD>wbdCDtvdR&J.vDR0JeD>wD>,J>bd’D;zJ
twD>0JM.tuvk>oD.wjyXCDM.vDRI

td.ph>uD;’D;w>’hw>tltyD;tvDt*hRwz.ph>uD;M.vDRI td.’D;we>vXw>
rRtDR’D;oh.vXtd.’D;tysHRoXbd< oDwl>vXw>rRtDR’D;xHvlRo.Ch’D;oh.
uhwz.M.vDRI w>’hw>tlwz.M.w>’htDRzJw>[;qS.rk.ueDRwz.tusg
ph>uD;vDRI rh>w>’hvXtoD.uzDvDzd’D;trkmM.vDRI

w>'k.w>xkwz. = ewb.tlyH< uUuvHRvXySRul.vJRrRuRw>wz.t


[H.b.I w>pH;0JvXw>tHRrh>w>u;wHmw>qd.*hRtusJM.vDRI ‘dutdwz.
rh>yOR (ud;) vX’lylRo0DylRM.w>ck.b.w>b.wrkmuJxD.oh0JM.vDRI [H.
up>rh>w[h.tcGJ;b.M.ewb.vJREkmql[H.up>cGgtw>vD>vXtymyeD.
Cm0JvXteD>w*Rt*D>b.I erh>xD.vX[H.ylRM.eb.bh.vDRecD.zH;vDRI
erh>tD.w>tD.w>tD’D;v.z;xHvXtymvDRM>eRr;t0Joh.b.o;0JvDRI e
rh>wtD.b.M.pH;0JvXt&X>tpX>vDRI

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vXtb.C;’D;w>ul.vJRrRuRM.vDRI w>oh.wz.M.vDRqD’.w>b.

45
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

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uwD>rlcd.uvHRoD.*DRrh>wb.vdmb.p;b.M.w>rRw>xk;ysHRtrl;< w>
vk>xD.ymxD.oH;cd.rk>Cgtrl;wz.M.vDRI cDzsdw>zdC>wz.vDRvXpHmvD>
ySJRvD>wz.tylRtCd< w>rk>w>bdvXw>ol.vDRtDRwz.tcsHto.rh>w
*hRM.<pH;0J’.vXrh>vXt0Joh.rRwh>w>w*hRwb.tCd< t0Joh.nDEk>rR0J
w>vk>xD.ymxD.oH;cd.rk>Cgtrl;wz.vXw>uChys>uGHmw>ur.< ‘D;w>
rR[gr>uGHmw>w*hRwb.vXtrR[;*DRpHmvD>ySJRvD>wz.M.vDRI

w>xJ.vDRpHm{dRySJR{dR‘D;w>ol.vDRbk[kwz.t*D>< nDEk>w>CkxXvDRqDeHR
t*hRwz.M.vDRI vgtD;uxdbX. (qH;q. = vgeD) rh>wvXuGHmM.w>w
ol.bk[kvXRb.I w>rh>ol.M.< w>pH;0J’.vXbk[kwzDwo.xD.b.M.
vDRI

w>ul;bk[k0HRbk[kwz.uxG;xD.tgtgt*D>< w>’GJ.rh.tl0HRw>ChouGH>
un;vk>xD.ymxD.w>vXpHmysDtylRvDRI w>ymylxD.bku’d.wz.0HRwcsK;
w>yl.vDRbkcsHwz.M.< w>vk>xD.ymxD.yk;cJ.cJ.vXtrh>qD’H.csDcHzsX.vX
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bdp;xD.vXpHmysD< ck;oH.wkRvX[H.wpkM.vDRI w>yl.vDRbk[kwz.’ftHR
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vXmuGHmvXusJtylRwz.uG>Ckw>vD>vXbk[ktd.tvD>wz.unDubSg
xD.t*D>M.vDRI

w>z;qdw>tw>ohw>b.'D;w>'G;qdw>vXu[JuJxD.o;qlngwz. =
,dR'd.wz.M.nDEk>uG>w>z;qdw>vXngcDwz.M.vDRI w>*h>vXtb.C;
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46
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xkuz.o.urJR0JM.vDRI vXcHwoDM.w>td;xD.bktyl.0JM.0HRw>*H>bkcsH
?eD.*H>qdul< eD.*H>qdwul/ M.vDRI w>*H>tDRrh>M> ?eD.*H>qdul/ M.rh>w>
xH.qdvXt*hR’D;rh>M> ?eD.*H>qdwul/ M.rh>w>xH.qdvXtw*hRM.vDRI
w>z;qdusJt*RwuvkmM.w>uG>bkyl.tw>td.o;[;*DRw[;*DRM.vDRI
bkyl.rh>w[;*DRM.rh>w>xH.qdvXt*hRvDRI rh>[;*DRM.rh>w>xH.qdvXw
*hRM.vDRI vXt*RwuvkmM.< w>eDRz;bkteD.*H>eD.’G;’D;eD.*H>vGH>0HRw>
uG>eD.*H>vXttd.wh>0HRw>[H;M>w>xH.pdvXt*hR< w*hRwz.M.vDRI

zJ[H.up>cGgvJRw>’h.pXRt,HRM.< ’fod;zDvXw>bgtvD>okwvDR!GH;vDR
bJt*D>[H.up>rk.b.uG>xGJqDwvJ0JzDxDbdM.vDRI w>z;w>rRto;’D;ySR
vJRw>zdb.Awb.uG>qX.rJm’D;w>uDw>cJcDzsdw>uG>zDvDRnGH;vDRbJ< [;
*DRuGHm‘D;,k>th.uGHmtDRM.vDRI

zJt0Joh.td.wql.wcVtcgt0Joh.,gbsgto;vX[H.M.vDRI ySRvX’lylR
o0DylRwz.b.oMRxD.’.to;vXuoH.o&.vXt,gbsgw>qg’D;w>
tlw>orltusJwz.M.vDRI w>wvd.[h.w>tbl;tvJb.I nDEk>w>b.
[h.uhRySR,gbsgw>vXw>ulw>uRM.vDRI

,dR'd.uvkm'l.tw>whw>zsD = ,dRuvkm'l.zdwz.tw>whw>zsDM.vDRqD
vdmo;vXw>vD>w>usJtzDcd.M.vDRI nDEk>vDRqD'.w>ydmcGgzdtrd>ty>w
z.b.vJRqdvXrk.ueDR[H.'D;vJRwJqdw>'D;rd>y>wz.M.vDRI ydmrk.zdt
rd>ty>wz.[H;M>w>qXuwD>vGH>oD,J>oD'D;wX.yD.oud;0J'D;tbl;twH>
wz.M.vDRI b.oHuG>ph>uD;0Jtzdrk.tw>b.o;M.vDRI tzdrk.rh>b.t
o;M.b.wJb.u'guhR0JydmcGgzdwcDM.vDRI 'fM.tod;< ydmcGgzdtrd>ty>w
z.ph>uD;wX.yD.oud;w>'D;ySRo;yS>wz.'D;CkM>0Jrk>eHRrk>oDvXt*hRwz.

47
,dR'd.tw>pH.CJRvXysXR

M.vDRI zJrRM>rk>eHRrk>oDvXt*hR0HRvHwpk< vJRu'D;vXrk.ueDRt[H.vX


uChtzdrk.t*D>M.vDRI zJtqXuwD>0JM.< vXydmrk.t[H.utd.'D;wHRo
ud;'D; [H.zdCDzdwz.utd.cd;ympXRtcd.M.vDRI ySRo;p>vXydmrk.zdwcD
}wDCmySRydmcGgt[H.zdCDzdtusJcHwDR< wwDRzJu&X>yJ}wDtcd.xd;'D;t*Rw
wDRM.rh>0JzJ[H.yJ}wDtcd.xd;wwDRM.vDRI ySRrh>[h.vDRtDRvXusd.zdphzdr;
td;xD.M>0JyJ}wDM.vDRI

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50

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