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History and Traditional Judicial System of
the Karen People

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Drum Publication Group
History and Traditional Judicial System of the Karen People
unDtw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl (unDusdm)

Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org

November 2006

ISBN - 974-94605-7-X

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H ;J (Major Enrigneg) wcDymzsgxD.0JvXySRunDwz.[JvRD


rhuXF .th&u
pXRvDRoGJ.vX (,dR=w±l;/ xdik ;f - w±kwf) tuvkm'l.wz.vDRI

w±l;tw>pH.pdRwJpRd vXb.w>uG;J tDRvXo&.'d.pd'bv,l.tHp;d (of)


[h(vf) (Prof. W. E.Soothilll) vX 1929 eH.rh>< o&.'d.cFgvfpu f ;pv;
(Rev. Charles Gutzlaft) vXtuG;J wh> (Ancient and Mordern) cgylRuGmH 'D;
cgcJtHRw±l;tw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRrh>*hRymzsgxD.0JvXzJ 1834 eH.M.w
±l;uD>wl>b.w>uDw>cJtuvkmuvkm'D;unDuvkm'l.wz.[;xD.vX
w±l;uD>tylR'D;[JvDRqluvHRxH;wuyRzJ (AD 739) eH.M.vDRI t0J
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uD>y,DRtylRzJ AD &41 eH.M.vDRI

rh;pxX.rJ;(u)'DuDvf (Mr. MCDongal) wcDwJwh>0JvXySRunDvXt


td.vXuD>y,DRwz.M.vDR*mvdmto;'D;ySRunDvXttd.vXbDe.H ,d.
(Borneo) uD;wz.MvDRI

pH.pH.vl0;H (pf) (C.C Louis) wcDem0JvXySRunDvXtd.vXw±l;uD>wz.


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wqD'D;wkRql,dRuD>w>vl>cd.'D;u,guD> (u&h.eH.uD>) M.vDRI

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wrh>ySR{hR-bHzdwz.b.I b.q.vXpDRtD.v;unDw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylR

9
unDw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl

ymzsgxD.0JvXySRunDwz.td.[JvXuD>bRblv.d (Babylon) 'D;ok;CDR


to;u,Du,Dqu H g (Mongolia) w.uH;pw. (Tarkistan)
l >D rd.udv,
'D;[JwkRvDRqluD>y,DRtylRzJ AD 739 eH.M.vDRI

ySRunDw>pH.pdRwJpdR (u&if&mZ0if) vXtlpDuGJ;wbh.tylRymzsgxD.


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csK;vXbl;';up>uDwr;td.zsJ.xD.vHRvHRM.vDRI ySRunD'D;wvXReD>
(a0gxikd ;f ESirhf eG )f wz.M.[JwRk qdvXuD>y,DRylRvXysXRvHRvHR'D;ol.xD.
cl0h>'D;tgxD.*D>xD.0JM.vDRI

uD>y,DRtw>pH.pdRwJpdRtw>uGJ;vXvX>bh.b.tw>ymzsg (The
Archxacological Survey) 1916 eH.tylRuGJ;zsgxD.0JvXySRunDwz.
M.tpXRoGJ.bl;vdmto;vXug(rf) ,.uvkmvXttd.vXuD>y,DRt
w>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRrh>*hR< ,D.(0f)'D;rFD. (ajrmif) vXttd.vX,l.e.w
z.tylRrh>*hRM.vDRI

tlx, d .H vXttd.vX[.o.0wH>< uF;D wgw*Rtw>Cko.h ngtylRym


zsgxD.0JvX ?y.';/ o0DvXttd.vXuFD;wg0h>tuyRM.b.w>ol.
xD.tDRvXwvXReD>wz.vXtylRuGHm 2600 eH.M.vDRI vXt0Jtw>
ymzsgtylRymzsgxD.0JCmk 'D;uF.D wJ.< wvXReD>'D;y,DRtw>pH.pdRwJpRd w
u;b.ymzsgxD.ph>uD;0Jw>*DRw>zD.< vX>bh.b.tuhtcDvXw>cl.M>
tDRvX[D.cd.vmCd.0.tuydmuyRwz.tw>vXtuG;J zsgxD.wh>0Jw
z.M.vDRI vXwvXReD>wz.tw>pH.pdRwJpRd tylRymzsgxD.0JvRD wH>vDR
qJ;vXvXySRunDwz.td.ympXRvXuD>y,DRtylRwcsK;wvXReD>wz.[J
EkmvDRqlu>D y,DRtylRM.vDRI b.q.vXyySRunDtw>pH.pdRwJpRd tylR
w>wtd.eDwrHR'D;td.'.xJ ?xg/ wz.M.vDRI

10
w>Ckoh.ngb.C;ySRunDt*h>

yrh>uG>ySRCko.h ngw>pH.pdRwJpRd wz.tw>uG;J < w>ymzsgvXx;M.yu


xH.b.vXunDwuvkmM.td.[JvXCd.vdmusd';D rJc.D usdtuvHRxH;
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wz.tylRM.t0Joh.p;xD.EkmvDR0JqluD>y,DRvX,rJoh (&rnf;oif;)
'D;wDtltrk>xD.'D;EkmvDRtd.0JwqDb.wqDu,Du,DM.vDRI 'D;t0J
oh.rh>ph>uD;ySRuwdR (wHbJ; = rF.r.) w>uwdRt'l.zdxXzdwz.'D;rk>
rqgweHRtHRw>*h>oh.wz.tHRt*h>tusdR[JvDRwH>'d.xD.0JuU>uU>M.
vDRI

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unDw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl

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700 M.vDRI wcsK;pDRyRteD.&x.yXw>zJ 1044 eH.yFL.'D;rd.wz.
td.0JvXuD>y,DRvmcDM.vDRI tCdyRS unDwz.ph>uD;utd.'D;tcd.t
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f sr;f ) tylRymzsgxD.
0JvXySRunDwz.y.CkmvX,dRuvkmoXqHtusgvDRI

vXy,DRtvk>{dRxg{dR (rSeef ef;&mZ0if) tylRymzsgxD.0JvX ?oufESifh


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td.vX0h>o.wGJ'D;upX>EGHzsX.uD>&h.EGHbh. (awmifpOfcEk pS cf ±kid )f rh>*hR<
o&.vXtuG;J w>pH.pdRwJpRd wz.ph>uD;ymzsgxD.0JvXySRvXttd.vX0h>
yFH.trkmEkmCd.vdmusdtuX>cd.wz.M.rh>0Jugrf,.wz.tCdw>
qdurd.vXySRunDwz.M.u[Jv.d xD.z;xD.vXugrf,.uvkmM.vDRI

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d ikd ;f ) M.
w>ud;tDRvXu&.eu; (u&Àuwdik ;f ) M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>ySRu
&.eu;zdvXttd.vXyXRxH;wz.M.w>ud;tDRvX (rGef)M.vDRI

12
ySRunDtw>pH.pdRwJpdR

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0Ju,h. (u&if) M.vDRI ySRvXttd.'D;rd.vXuD>vmcDwz.M.w>ud;
tDRvX ?rd.=u,h./ rd.=unD (unDySdm) wz.wkRrk>rqgweHRtHR
M.vDRI

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y.vH;usdmvX (u&;) u&'D;zJqXuwD>,HmxD.M.y.vH;usdm[;*DR'D;
w>ud;tDRvX ?u,h. (u&if)/ M.vDRI

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(t\u%fe'D) trk>xD.wcD';D vXuG>J ubDvt h cD.xH;M.td.'D;yS>'d.yS>
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yDR,J>rHR'D;[h.tDRrHRvRo.uyDRvXtrh>vk;';,D';,.p.'D;rXtol.

13
unDw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl

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yS>'d.yt.0e;'D;rd.< v0;wDol< ytd.< ySRunDo0DvXttd.wh>uydm
uyRwz.M.vDRI

cJtRH yt.0e;0h>vD>vHRM.euxH.b.tDRzJu>JG ubDtuydmuyRw>vD>


vXyud;vXx.u0h;o0DtuydmuyR0h>vD>vHRwz.M.vDRI zJM.ySR0rd.
zdwz.td.0Jtgr;'D;ud;0J0>h tHRvXrd. (wvXReD>) usdm 'Hu k &if (unD0>h )
'D;zJw>qXuwD>qDwvJumHG to;wqDb.wqDM.uJx.D uhRvX ?'H&k if;
('l,>D )/ M.vDRI unDyRdS wz.ud; ?'H&k if;/ vX ('Hak &mif;) 'D;unDpRDS wz.
ud;vX'l,D>vDRI tcDynDrh>0h>vD>vHRvDRI

(rGe&f mZ0ifusr;f ) vXw>uGJ;wh>tDRzJbdwD.rhw,g (bd;k awmfrif;w&m;)


tpdRzJ 1144 eH.M.w>uGJ;usdmxHuhRqly,DRusdm'ftHRwcsK;vXup>uD
wr;td.zsJ.xD. 14 eH.wkRvXtoH0HRtvD>cHteH. 1601 eH.zJuD>
ok;0e;bl.rH< ok;'r;0wH>uD>oxl.M.wkRvXpDRyRrEl[. (ok'El;) tpdR
'.vJm0h>td.0Jw0h>vXw>ud;tDRvXytd.0e;0h>'D;b.w>yXtDRvDRpDRyR
yt.0;e;,.p.M.vDRI

v;pGJ rhwrh> vk;';,D';,.p. (vk;';,k;) pDRyRM.td.vXpDRyRwH;o;


oJuH;tzDvm'D;yX0J0h>yt.0e;'fySRyXR0h>w*Rtod; 21 eH.C.C.0HR
tvD>cHzJ (aumZmouU&mZf 111) eH.M.pDRyRwH;o;oJ;u;vXttd.vX
ok;bHe.u&;0h> (okbEd eM *&+rdK‹) u&.eu;uD> (u&Àuwdik ;f ) pl;uGHm
to;M.vDRI uwD>zJM.rh>vXpDRyRwtd.vXReDw*RtCdyt.0e;pDRyR
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pl;uGHmto;zJto;td. 86 eH.M.vDRI

14
ySRunDtw>pH.pdRwJpdR

pDRyRrEl;[. (ok;'El; = reD[&H.) vXttd.vXuD>ok;0e;bl>rH;ol;


'r;yl.&;ol;'r;0wH>uD>oxl.M.uJxD.pDRyRzJto;td. (18) eH.
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vXyt.0e;pDRyRoh.ngvXt}wDqXpDRyRyEl;[.wM>tCdwtJ.'d;
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?rd.tw>pH.pdRwJpdR/ tylRM.vDRI

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td.wkRvXup>uDwr;oH0RH tvD>cHwRk vX 1601 eH.uD>oxl.[;*DRwpk
tCdyoh.ngvXyt.0e;0h>vXb.w>yXtDRvXySRunDpRD yRM.td.wh>
teD>uD>vXw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI

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15
unDw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl

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'd.r;vXuvkm*Rwz.ub.ud;tDR'fvJ.vDRI ySRunDpSDRwz.cDzsdtd.
vXupX>cd.uvdusgweDRtCdw>ud;tDRvXunDupX>cd. (awmifay:
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'D;wbsbD st
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(rF.r.unD) ph>uD;M.vDRI unDySd>wz.wtd.nDEk>vXupX>cd.'D;td.
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vXrd.u,h. (wvXRunD) 'D;weDRw>ud;tDRvX (uGi;f u&if) ph>uD;vDRI

uD>y,DRtw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;wvXRtw>pH.pdRwJpdRwz.ymzsgxD.0JvX
uUu,h. (auG‹u&if) M.rh>0JrF.r.u,h. (rh) unDpSDR (rh) uU;u,h.
(uGi;f u&if) M.vDRI rh>vXunDpSDRusdmw>uwdR (uGif;) M.w>ud;tDR
wwkRvDRtCdw>ud;tDRvXuU; (auG;) M.vDRI t0Jo.h ud;vDRto;vX
uU;u,h. (auG;u&if) vDRI vXw>M.tCdvXwvXR'D;y,DRtw>pH.
pdRwJpdRwz.tylRw>ud;tDRvXuU;u,h. (auG‹u&if) vDRI

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[Hom0wDa&mufrif;w&m;}uD;) tpdRM.zJ[.o.0wH>yudM.ySRunD

16
uU;u,h.pDRyR

pDRyR (auG‹u&ifrif;) vXy,DRud;trHRvX (qifusm;±Sio f rdeaf xm&mZm)


td.t*h>M.w>uG;J wh>tDRvXy,DRtw>pH.pdRwJpRd vXtrh> (rSeef ef;&mZ0if
awmf}uD;) 'D;wvXRpDRyRpdR (rGe&f mZ0ifrif;qufusr;f ) wz.tylRvDRI

'fM.tod;zJ 1153 eH. (AD 1791) bdwD.rhw,guFHtpdRM.td.wh>'D;


±ì‹.rD.'DvmH w>pH.pdRwJpRd (a±$armfa"gordik ;f usr;f ) vXb.w>uG;J usmd xHtRD
vX (oHawmfqiG rhf if;ausmx f ifoc,Fm) 'D; (rGeq f &marmifwufw;kd ) tylR
rh>*hR< 1177 eH. (AD 1815) rd.tw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylR (rGe&f mZ0ifcsKyf
usr;f ) vXw>uGJ;usdmxHuhRtDRvXtlxD.cJ (a,;+rdK‹tpOfpma&;q&m}uD;
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t*h>'fvmtod;vDRI

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&mZ0ifawmf}uD;) tylRM.w>ud;tDRvX ?o.v;/ M.vDRI b.q.zJ
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pdRwJpdRtgbh.tylRM.vDRI

rd.tw>pH.pdRwJpdR 1177 eH. (AD 1815) (rGe&f mZ0ifcsKyfusr;f ) vXw>


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qly,DRusdmtylRymzsgxD.0JvXuUu,h.wH>eD> (auG‹ u&iftppf) M.vDRI

17
unDw>pH.pdRwJpdR'D;vk>v>xloEl

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zSd.xD.to;'D;'k;uJxD.ySRw*RtHRvXpDRyR'D;[h.0JtrHRvX (auG‹b&k if
rif;) M.vDRI zJy,DRpDRyR (tif;0jynf±h iS af vmuo&bl'g,umrif;) e>
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18
uU;u,h.pDRyR

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0jynfysuo f nfw h ikd af tmifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ouU&mZf 1114 ckEpS f at'D
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b.M.vDRI

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M.rh>yS>d tusmd ’D;tcDynDr>h 0Jy}J wD’.l (wHcg;0+rKd ‹) M.vDRI

20
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27 *Rw*RvXtrh> (oH.&H;y.uH.pDRyR) tpdRM.pDRyRpXRuwX>0J’D;ym
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'D;unDuD>teD.w,> (Karen State Flag) M.vDRI

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M.vDRI 'D;uxX.xH.o.yF. (M.A.D.D) u&Xu&dxD.'D;'k;td.xD.
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M.vDRI urR0J'fw>jyXtcgtod;'D;ySRvXtrReXRw>M.u[h.0Jcd.
z;M.vDRI w,Hmb.twD>ylRySRqSXxD.eD.w,>t'dwu,Rbs.J M.vDRI
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22
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M>vHRvHRtcgM.vDRI vXuD>y,DRtylRrh>td.'D;unDuvkmtw>td.
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teD.w,>M.vDRI uD>y,DRteD.w,>utd.vXtxGJwcD'D;unD'Du
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nDuvkmwz.t[H.M.w>qJ;vDR'.xJunDeD.w,>wz.M.vDRI

1956 eH.zhR-bLRtg&HR 25 oDunDuD>uD.u;tw>td.zSd.tylRrgtD.


±S.› wD.zsgxD.vXw> uym*X>ymusXRunDuD>teD.w,> (Karen State
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(28) *RM.vDRI
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od;vDRI
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29
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30
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32
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34
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