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In biological systems, enzymes are regulated through allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and induction/repression of enzyme synthesis to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric regulation involves enzymes containing other sites besides the active site that are regulated by effector molecules that can increase or decrease the enzyme's activity. Regulation by covalent modification involves adding or removing phosphate groups from enzymes via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Induction/repression of enzyme synthesis allows cells to regulate the amount of enzyme present by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis through induction, which increases synthesis, and repression, which decreases synthesis.
In biological systems, enzymes are regulated through allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and induction/repression of enzyme synthesis to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric regulation involves enzymes containing other sites besides the active site that are regulated by effector molecules that can increase or decrease the enzyme's activity. Regulation by covalent modification involves adding or removing phosphate groups from enzymes via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Induction/repression of enzyme synthesis allows cells to regulate the amount of enzyme present by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis through induction, which increases synthesis, and repression, which decreases synthesis.
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In biological systems, enzymes are regulated through allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and induction/repression of enzyme synthesis to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric regulation involves enzymes containing other sites besides the active site that are regulated by effector molecules that can increase or decrease the enzyme's activity. Regulation by covalent modification involves adding or removing phosphate groups from enzymes via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Induction/repression of enzyme synthesis allows cells to regulate the amount of enzyme present by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis through induction, which increases synthesis, and repression, which decreases synthesis.
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more of the following ways to achieve cellular economy. Allosteric Regulation. Regulation of enzymes by covalent modifications. Induction and supression of enzyme synthesis. ALLOSTERIC REGULATION. Enzymes containing other sites beside the active site are known as allosteric enzymes. Composed of multiple subunits. Regulate the committed step early in the pathway. These are regulated by molecules called effectors(modifiers). Negative effectors inhibit the enzyme activity. Possitive effectors increase the enzyme activity. Can effect the Vmax, Km or both. Homotropic effectors:When substrate itself act as an effector. Function as possitive effectors. Heterotropic effectors: Effector is different from the substrate. Feed back inhibition Glycolytic enzyme phosphofrucokinase is allosterically inhibited by citrate. - A B C D E REGULATION OF ENZYME BY COVALENT MODIFIOCATION. Addition or removal of phoshate groups from specific serine,threonine,or tyrosine residues of the enzyme. Phosphorylation by protein kinases and dephosphorylation by phosphoprotein phosphatases. EXAMPLE: Phosphorylation of Glycogen phosphorylase increases the enzyme activity Phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase decreases the enzyme activity. INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS. Cells can also regulate the amount of enzyme present usually by altering the rate of enzyme synthesis. Rate of synthesis and degradation determine the enzyme quantity. INDUCTION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS. In Bacteria Lactose Induction of β Galactosidase
In Animals Enzymes of urea cycle
HMG Co A reductase in cholesterol synthesis REPRESSION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS In Bacteria Glucose Repression of β galactosidase In Animals . HMG CoA reductase:Induction or stimulation of synthesis=Fed state or insulin effect. Repression of synthesis=Fasting or starvation Hormone sensitive lipoprotein lipase: Induction or stimulation=Adrenaline,cortisol,fasting and stress. Repression=Insulin,fed state PROENZYMES Inactive enzymes intially secreated as large molecules,active sites not exposed. Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin Required for the control of the catalytic activity of enzymes so that catalytic activities only occurs when required. Pancreatic enzymes if all the time active=auto digesion of the pancrease Blood clot enzymes only active when blood clot is formed.