Concept of Antennas

Antenna is an electrical conductor used in

the transmission and reception of EM energy

Guided Wave ↔ Radiated wave

50Ω ↔ 377Ω
Voltage ↔ E-field

Radiation mechanism
Guided Wave ↔ Radiated wave

2
Radiation mechanism(II)
50Ω ↔ 377Ω 2D 2
r >
50 < Z < 377 λ
1
far field
∝
r2
Z=50Ω Z=377Ω
1
∝
1 ∝
r3 r

1
Near field ∝
r
3

Antenna Parameters

Field Pattern

Tuning Directivity
Impedance Current
VSWR(RL) Distribution Polarization

Gain

Circuit Transition Space

quantity region quantity 4
Antenna Parameters

Field Pattern

Tuning Directivity
Impedance Current
VSWR(RL) Distribution Polarization

Gain

Circuit Transition Space

quantity region quantity 5

Tuning

The antenna must be tuned to the correct

operation frequency
GSM900 (890M~960M)

GPS (1565M~1585M))

DCS1800 (1710M~1880M)

bluetooth (2400M~2484M)

0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4

Frequency(GHz) 6
Input Impedance
Rl
Antenna loss:
50 Ω Z in Rr Rl = Ohmic loss+
Dielectric loss
jX A
Z in = RA + jX A = Rl + Rr + jX A

Antenna resistance:
2P
Rr =
I2 7

VSWR

1+ Γ VSWR − 1
Γ=
Z in − 50 VSWR = ⇒Γ=
Z in + 50 1− Γ VSWR + 1

VSWR − 1
RL (dB ) = 20 log Γ = 20 log
VSWR + 1

8
Typical results

Input impedance RL(dB)

0
R f
f
X
VSWR

1
f
9

Impedance bandwidth

fH − fL
VSWR BW (%) = × 100%
fC
2
1
f
fL fH
Within the frequency
fC range f L ~fH , VSWR < 2
10
Impedance bandwidth(II)

VSWR ≤ 2 ⇒ Γ ≤ 0.33 ⇒ RL (dB ) ≤ −10dB

⇒ reflected power ≤ 10% of input power
fC
fL fH fH − fL
f BW (%) = × 100%
-10 fC

11

Impedance matching

move the feed point

add a matching network
Rl

Matching R r + jX A
50 Ω Network
Z in

Z in = Rl + Rr + jX A
12
Matching network

Increases the overall size

Causes power loss
Narrow impedance bandwidth
Zin Zin
Z0 Z0
λ/4
transformer

Zq = Z 0 Z in
Zs 13