Indices and

Logarithms
Intensive Revision Guide

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Indices and Logarithms
Fundamental of Indices Laws of Indices
Zero Index, a =1
0 m
a m+n
a ×a = n

1
Negative Index, a −1 =
a
a m−n
am ÷ an =
a
( ) −1 =
b (a m ) n = a m×n
b a
1 (ab) n = a nb n
Fractional Index an =na
m a n an
an = n am ( ) = n
b b
Fundamental of Logarithm Law of Logarithm
log a N =x ⇔ a =N x
log=a mn log a m + log a n
m
log a a = 1 =
log a log a m − log a n
n
log a mn = n log a m
log a a x = x
Changing the Base
log a 1 = 0 log c b
log a b =
log c a
1
log a b =
log b a

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Indices and Logarithms
Pay Attention ! There are three types of questions in SPM. All questions are compulsory.

Note : Please refer to the formula for logarithms when listening to the video presentation.

Type I (A) Exponential Equation – Indices 3. Solve the equation 272x-1 = 1

1. Solve the equation 9x-2 = 243x+1 9 x+2

[Ans: x = -3] [Ans: x = 1/7]

x-1 x
2. Given that 25(5 ) = 125 , find the value of x.
4. Solve the equation 53x ÷ 25 x+1 = 1 .
125

[Ans: x = 1/2] [Ans: x = -1]

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Indices and Logarithms
Type I (B) Exponential Equation – Take Log both sides 7. Solve the following
5. Solve the equation 32x-1 = 7x. a. 4log x = 5
2

b. 3log x = 81
5

[Ans: x = 4.371] [Ans: (a) x = 5 ; (b) x = 625]

x−2 x +1
6. Solve the equation 3 4 =7 x
Type I (c) Exponential Equation – Substitution
8. Solve the equation 2m-1 + 2m+3 = 272.

[Ans: 1.505] [Ans: m = 5]

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Indices and Logarithms
9. Solve the equation 3x + 3x-2 = 7 Type II -Solving Logarithm equation
11. Solve the equation log3(x + 3) = 2 + log3(x – 5)

[Ans: x = 1.675] [Ans:x = 6]

2x x+3
10. Solve the equation 2 – 2 + 7 = 0. 12. Solve the equation 3 + log2(m - 1) = log5 m

[Ans:x = 0, 2.81] [Ans: m = 8/7]

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Indices and Logarithms
13. Solve the equation log5x = 16logx5 Type III -Express y or A or……in terms of x or B………….
15. Given that log3A – log9B = 2. Express A in terms of B.

[Ans: 625, 1/625] [Ans: A = 9 B ]

14. Solve the equation 2lg3 + lg2x – lg(3x + 1) = 0 16. Given that log5xy = 3 + 2log5x – log5y, express y in
terms of x.

[Ans: x = 1/15] [Ans: y = 125x ]

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Indices and Logarithms
17. Given that log2p = x and log2q = y, express
19. Given that p = 5m and q = 5n, express log  pq  in
2

5 
 16p  in terms of x and y.  25 
log4  
 q  term of m and n.

[Ans: 1 (4 + x - y) ]
2
18. Given that log32=p and log35 = q, express log35 = q,
express log31.35 in term of p and q.

[Ans: 1 m + 2n - 2 ]
[Ans: 3 – q -2p] 2

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Indices and Logarithms
20. Given that log2P = a and log2Q = b, express in terms 21. Given that log5x = m and log5y = n, express
of a and/or b,  x6 
a. log2(P3Q2), log5   in term of m and n.
 125y 
 
b. log216P,
c. P,
log2
Q
d. log32P

[Ans: (a) 3a + 2b, (b) 4 + a, (c) 1 a - b , (d) 9 ]

2 5 [Ans: 1 (6m - 3 - n) ]
2

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