Basic Blueprint Reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
1
SUBJECTS
 DRAWING BASICS
 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
Basic Blueprint Reading
 PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
 PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
 CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
 MACHINE DRAWINGS
2
DRAWING BASICS
3
Objectives
 Define basic industrial drawing structure
 Define line types
 Define types of drawings
4
Purpose of Drawings
 Drawings are used to convey information about a
wide range items such as:
 Architectural building layouts
 Electrical wiring
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
 Location of equipment
 How to assemble equipment
 Details of equipment
5
Types of Drawings
 Civil
 Architectural
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Plumbing
 Piping
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Electrical
6
Engineering Drawings
A general engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.
– 1. Title block
– 2. Grid system
– 3. Revision block
– 4. Notes and legends
– 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
7
Drawing Sizes
 Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical
A4 (210 x 297) Metric sizes

A – (letter)
A3 (297 x 420)
8 ½ by 11inches
A2 (420 x 594)
B - 11 by 17inches
A1 (594 x 841)
C - 17 by 22 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
8
Title Blocks
 Titleblocks are the beginning point of a drawing
information.
 COMPANY
9
Revision Blocks
 The revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A
10
Parts Lists
 Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list
of the material that is used to build the item that
is
11
Scales
 Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or
distance of the item on a drawing to the real item.
 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a
measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a

shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.
12
Grid System
A drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
This point on the drawing is B-3
13
Basic Lines
 Object lines
 Hidden lines
 Cutting plane lines

 Centerlines
 Extension lines
 Dimension lines
 Leaders line
 Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.
Hidden Line
 The hidden line is used to show features or edges
of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.
Center Line
 The center line is used to locate the center of

features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Line / Extension Line
 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

a dimension.
 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
 Phantom lines are used to represents the outline
of an adjacent part.
 The also are used to show an alternate position

of a given part
Phantom
19
Leader
 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it
1
Grind Surface
Cutting Plane Line
 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.
A A
Break Lines
 Breaklines are uses to terminate a view to
 Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
 Breaklines are also used to separate internal

and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part

reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
3”
250 feet
Section Lines
 Section lines are used where a surface is
illustrated as cut.
 It normally is used in a sectional view.
 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems
 Different systems of dimensioning are generally
used
– Fractional inch
– Decimal inch
– SI Metric
25
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
26
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
.656 Ø
.19
.50
1.56 Ø
27
Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Ø 16.5
5
13
Ø 40
28
Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Typical
Radius
29
Abbreviations
 Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify
drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS
C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE
CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY
CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE
DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET
E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE
EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION
FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE
H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL
HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING
INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

30
Drawing Legends
 Legends are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.
31
Isometric Drawings
 Isometricdrawings are designed to show a three
dimensional view of an object.
32
Perspective
 Perspective is a method of drawing things as the
eye sees them.
Vanishing point
33
Orthographic Drawings
 Orthographic projection shows the drawn object
from different views
Top
view
Left side Right side

Front Rear
Bottom
34
Projection view
Single Line Drawings
 The single line format represents all electrical lines,
plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless
of size, as single line.
 System equipment is connected to the lines are

represented by simple standard symbols.
 By simplifying connections and equipment as single
lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation
relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.
 These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
35
Civil
 Civil drawings are used to represent construction
on the earth or ground areas.
 Civil drawings are sometimes called:
– site plans
– plot plans
– survey plans.
 They will show contours of the earth, building
locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
36
Contour Lines
 Contour lines are used in drawings called
topographic maps and are used to identify physical
features which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and
hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or

height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
37
Architectural
 Architectural drawings or plans are used to
illustrate the design of a project.
 They include items such as:
– Working drawings
– Structural drawings
– Floor plans
– Elevation drawings
– Section drawings
– Flow diagrams
38
Gridlines
 Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such
as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
C B A
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
3
39
Mechanical
 Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects
such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
 There are many types of drawings associated

with mechanical drawings such as:
– Exploded view
– Detail
– Assembly
40
Example Mechanical Detail
41
Example Assembly Drawing
42
43
An Exploded View
Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line
drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the
connection and equipment to be used in the
pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.
44 Single Line Schematic example

Plumbing/Piping
 These
types of drawings are similar to
pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
40.00 36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example

45
Single Line Drawing
A Single line plumbing drawing example
40.00 36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
46
Orthographic Piping Drawing
47
P&ID
 Piping and Instrumentation Drawings
 These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system

and the controlled process flow of material.
 All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,
instruments and the controls to operate the
process are illustrated. They are not drawn to
scale.
48
Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
CS
SLUG CONTACTOR
CATCHER
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1
PRODUCTION FROM FILTER

SATELLITES (TYP.) SEPARATOR
TEST
SEPARATOR FILL FROM CIS
TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS FRESH CIS TANK

FRESH CIS
(TYP. 2)
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
49
Electrical
 Electrical drawings are also single line drawings
or schematics that uses symbols for various
electrical equipment.
 They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder

diagram.
 Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram
which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or
pictorial style.
50
Example Ladder
 Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with
the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each line
creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton Pilot Light
51
Example Wiring Diagram
 Electrical
wiring diagrams draws the single lines
from each device exactly as it would be wired.
52
Electrical Schematics
 Electronic
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1 Q2
D1 C2
T1
R2
C3
R1 - +
L1 C1
R3
+ -
VGG
53
Summary
 Review Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

54
ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
55
Objectives
 Define how industrial electrical drawings are
structured.
 Define Graphical Symbols

 Define Electrical wiring diagrams
56
Types of Electrical Drawings
 Wiring Diagrams -
 Block Diagrams -
 Sequence Charts –
 Electronic Schematics -
57
Diagrams
 Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet
drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices
associated with a main control panel, its field
devices and sub-panels.

 It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.
58
Electrical Diagrams
 The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or
ladder.
 All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams
 Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on

the right side.
 Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and left
vertical line
 Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may
be connected to the right of the controlled device.
59
Example Diagram
DISC
1M
1FU 1OL
1L1 1T1
L1
2FU 1T2 HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR

1L2
3 HP 1800 RPM
460V L2 1MTR FRAME 213
3Ø
60 3FU 1T3
1L3
L3
15 AMP 2OL 2T1

SPINDLE MOTOR
2T2
2 HP 1800 RPM
2MTR FRAME 184
2T3
H3 H2
H1
H4
H2
X1 115 V
10 AMP
10 AMP 10 AMP 5FU 10 AMP
6FU 4FU
7FU
2PB 1LT
1PB START MOTORS
MASTER STOP R
1OL 2OL
3 1 2
8 9 10 4
1 1M
1 7
1M
2 CRM
CRM
3 CRM AUTOMATIC CRH MASTER RELAY 3,3
11 4PB 12 6
13
4 CRA AUTOMATIC
5 2LT
5, 14, 16, 21
3PB CRA
5 RESET
5 R “AUTOMATIC”
5PB
11 MANUAL
14 MANUAL
6 CRH
6, 7, 15, 18, 23
3LT
CRH
7
A “MANUAL”
CYCLE START 6LS 5
1LS 2LS 5LS 7CR 6CR
2CR 18 19 20 22
5 16 17 21 23 6 CLAMP PART CONTROL
8 1 CR 9, 33, 33, 35, 35
6PB 15 7PB
26 26 21 21
9 1CR 22
60 10
Lines
 Wiring
 Field Wiring (external to panel)
61
Connections
Wiring Not Connected Wiring Connected
Termination
or connection
TS4-15
Terminal strip
and terminal
designation
62
Graphical Symbols
 Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to
illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and
terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in
block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.

 The following symbols are but a few of those that can be
used.
 A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any
added by the manufacturer.
63
Graphical Symbols Cont’d
DISCONNECT
Symbol - DISC
CIRCUIT
BREAKER - CB
Or for a
single
CB
64
Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Resistor Tapped Resistor
or
Rheostat
Potentiometer
Fuses
65
Relay and Solenoid Symbols
RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC. SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,

ETC.
Normally
Open
Contact
Normally
Closed
Contact
Coil
66
Motors Symbols
3 PHASE MOTOR
DC MOTOR A or A
DC MOTOR FIELD
67
Transformer Symbols
H1 H3 H2 H4
Primary
or Input
Secondary X1 X2
or Output
68
Pilot Lights
PUSH-TO-TEST
R R
69
Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY HELD
CLOSED OPEN
NORMALLY HELD
OPEN
CLOSED
NORMALLY HELD
OPEN CLOSED
NORMALLY HELD
70 OPEN CLOSED
Proximity Switch Symbols
PROXIMITY SWITCH
Normally Normally
Closed Open
71
Liquid Level Switches
NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
72
Thermal Switch
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
73
Pressure Switch
NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
74
Foot Switches
NORMALLY
CLOSED
NORMALLY
OPEN
75
76
Toggle Switch
Flow Switches
NORMALLY OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
77
Selector Switch
3-POSITION 2-POSITION
First Off Second
Position Position Position
Circuit is
connected when
switch is in this
78 position.
Pushbuttons
SINGLE CIRCUIT DOUBLE
CIRCUIT
NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED
79
80
E-Stop Pushbuttons
Time Delay Relay
NORMALLY NORMALLY
OPEN CLOSED
ENERGIZED
DE-ENERGIZED
81
One-line diagram example
 A one-line diagram Switch symbol
uses single lines Fuse
symbol
and graphic
symbols to indicate
the path and Single line
conductors
components of an
electrical circuit. PLC
Pushbutton Controller
symbol symbol
Motor
symbol M
82
Control Device Labeling
 Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are
photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure
switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O
address if a PLC is controlling it.
 When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the
device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.
111PB
111CR
210
211LS 211Sol
211
83
Wiring and Wire Identification
 Wiring color code
 BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage
 RED – AC Control Circuits
 BLUE – DC Control Circuits

 YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits
 GREEN – Equipment grounding
 WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor
 Wire Identification
– Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a
number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
84
Device Designations
 The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples
below, are used on diagrams in connection with the
corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the
particular device.
CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit Switch

CR - Control Relay T - Transformer
FU - Fuse MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot Light DISC – Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch
85
Line Numbers
 Each line in a electrical drawing should be
numbered starting with the top line and
reading down.
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton
Relay
1 CR1
Pressure
Limit Switch Switch Solenoid
2
Foot Switch
Relay
3 CR2
Temperature Switch
4
86
Line Numbers
Wire-Reference Numbers
Wire Numbers
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton
CR3 Relay
1 2 3 4
1 CR1 ( 2, 3 )
CR1
1 2
2
Limit Switch CR1 Relay

1 5 6 4
3 CR2 (4)
Foot Switch
CR2 Relay
1 7 8 4
4 CR3 (1)
87
Numerical Cross Reference
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton
CR3 Relay
1 CR1 ( 2, 3 )
CR1
2

3 CR2 (4)
Foot Switch
CR2 Relay
4 CR3 (1)
Cross Reference to
Line Numbers
88
Terminal Numbers
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton
Relay
CR3
1 2 3 4
1 CR1 ( 2, 3 )
2 10
CR1
1 2
2
1 3
1 5 6 4
3 CR2 (4)
5 6 2 10
Foot Switch
CR2 Relay
1 7 8 4
4 CR3 (1)
1 3 2 10
89
Panel/Door Layouts
 Panel Layout.
1T1 1” X 3”
1T2
1T3
RM
TE
9
.
271
272
DISC
2OL
1M
0V
2T3
46
9”
1T
B
9 1/2” 1FU 2FU 3FU
1OL
”X
1/2
3”
1
 Door Layout
1
2 1 1/2” X 3”
3
4
5
460V
4F
5F
U
U
RM
TE
T
36
CRM CRA CRH
.
EMERG.
6F
7F
U
U
MOTORS RETURN 115V
AUTOMATIC MANUAL ACTIVE
RUNNING
5V
11
1 1/2” X 3”
R 1LT R 2LT A 3LT R 4LT
START EMERG.
AUTOMATIC MANUAL 1CR 2CR 3CR 4CR 5CR
MOTORS RESET
”X
1/2
3”
1
2PB 4PB 5PB 12PB
2T
B
MASTER EMERG. 1 1/2” X 3”
STOP RESET RETURN
1PB 3PB 11PB 47

51 6CR 7CR 8CR 9CR
52 6 1/2”
53
CLAMPS FULL HEAD RETRACTED LUBE 55 7 1/8”
ARE IN DEPTH FAULT
RM
TE
29
.
A 7LT A 5LT G 6LT R 9LT
1 1/2” X 3”
CYCLE HEAD HEAD

UNCLAMP FORWARD RETURN
5V
11
26 1/2”
”X
1/2
10PB 8PB 9PB

3”
1
7 1/2”
1 1/2” X 3”
3T
B
1FT8 8 TERM
90
60 62 64 66 68 70
12F
13F
10F
11F
15 1/8”
9F
8F
U
U
U
U
U
U
60 62 64 66 60 70
5 1/2”
115 V”
Drawing Identification
Prefix Type of Drawing Description
AD Air Diagram (Mechanical) These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air
piping diagram for the air operated devices.
E Scale Layout (Mechanical) These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual
sheets are numbered starting from No.1.
EL Electrical Layout (Electrical) These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are
directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.
EM Electro Mechanical These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of
(Electrical) limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.
EO General Layout These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete
(Mechanical) plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting
from No. 1.
HO Hydraulic Diagram This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

(Mechanical)
PL Pneumatic Layout These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.
(Mechanical) This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated
to a pneumatic device.
WD Wiring Diagram (Electrical) This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and
pushbutton stations.
WDO General Information This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.
(Electrical)
91
Block Diagrams
 Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which
provides a means to illustrate a control system in
a simple graphic format.
 Block diagrams are also used to provide

functional information.
 Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the
interconnection of different machines
92
Example Block Diagram
Start
pushbutton
on
Process 1 starts
if limit switch on
Process 1 stops
if limit switch off
93
Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
A. PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT”
ARE ENGERGIZED.
B. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND
LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.

NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON
“3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”.
C. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR
AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.
1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS
“6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART
2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E)
IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS
VALVE INTO FEED.
3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”.
4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.
5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING
“7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.
6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”.
7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.
94
Electrical Layouts - EL
 Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of
the building that shows and identifies the
electrical devices associated with a electrical
diagram.
95
Wiring Connection Diagrams
 Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that
shows the connection of an installation or its
component devices or parts.
 This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as

possible, the actual location of each component
in a circuit, including the control circuit and the
power circuit.
96
Wiring Diagram Example
Motor Starter
Start Coil
M NO M
M M M
(aux)
Stop
Thermal
Overloads
Overload T1 T2 T3
Contact
Motor
97
Electronic Schematics
 Electronic
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1 Q2
D1 C2
T1
R2
C3
R1 - +
L1 C1
R3
+ -
VGG
98
Summary
99
PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
100
Objectives
 Define Fluid Logic Symbols
 Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define
101
Shapes
 Shapesand lines that are used to construct
symbols and circuits:
102
Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic
 Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very
similar and the subject is usually referred to as
“Fluid Power”
 The basic difference is Flow symbol.

 If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies
pneumatic.
103 HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC

Fluid Power Drawings
 This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are
also considered single line drawings.
 The line is either an air or hydraulic line

connected to a device
 The devices are shown as symbols whose intent
is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation
of the device as well as type of device.
104
Flow lines
Flow line
Four way
Connected
Singl junction
lines are
e
illustrated with
a connection
dot
Unconnected lines
o
shown crossing
r
Hose usually connecting
Flexible
parts with relative
line
105 movement
Basic Line Symbols
2
Line Working line, pilot 12 10
supply, return, electrical 3 1

Dashed Pilot control, bleed,

filter
Enclosure of two
Chain
or more functions
in one unit
Line Electrical line
106 Spring
Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
107
Squares and Rectangles
control component
Square connections perpendicular
to sides
Square at conditioning apparatus

45o connections to corners
Rectangle cylinders and valves
108
Squares and Rectangles
Rectangles
piston
certain control
methods
109
Basic Symbols
rotary actuator, motor or
Semi-circle pump with limited angle
of rotation
Capsule pressurised reservoir

air receiver, auxiliary
gas bottle
Double line mechanical

connection
piston rod, lever,
shaft
110
Functional Elements
Direction and nature of fluid,

Triangle
open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic
Spring
Arrow Long sloping indicates

adjustability
111
Functional Elements
Arrows
Straight or sloping path and flow

direction, or motion through a
device
Tee Closed path or port
Restriction
112
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are
used to illustrate
rotary motion
clockwise from right hand

Shaft rotation end
both
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors
113
Functional Elements
Temperature Indication or control

size to suit
Operator Opposed
solenoid
windings
Prime mover M Electric motor M
114
Function components
Silencer
Pressure to electric switch

preset
Pressure to electric switch

adjustable
115
Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator

116
Plant
Compressor and electric
M
motor
Air receiver
Isolating valve
Air inlet filter
117
Combination units
FRL with shut off valve and
pressure gauge
Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
Filter regulator with gauge
FRL Combined unit

118
Filters
Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain
Filter with automatic drain and

pressure drop indicator
119
Pressure regulators
 A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator
valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.
Adjustable Regulator
simplified
Adjustable Regulator with

pressure gauge simplified
120
Pressure relief valves
 A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal
state with the spring holding the valve closed.
Adjustable relief valve simplified
Preset relief valve simplified
121
Pressure regulators
Pre-set relieving
Pre-set relieving with

pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving
Adjustable relieving with

pressure gauge
122
Valve symbol structure
 The function of a valve is given by a pair of
numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
 The first numeral indicates the number of main

ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but
excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
 The second numeral indicates the number of
states the valve can achieve.
123
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally
these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2
states (the normal state and the operated
state)
 The boxes are two pictures of the same
valve
operated normal
124
Basic Valve Symbols
 Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a
schematic.
 The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of
switching positions.
 Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows
showing the flow direction.
 Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right
angles to the flow path.
 Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.
 Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines
drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal
or initial position of the valve
125
A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols
for each position of the valve states joined end to
end as illustrated in the next slide.
operated normal
126
 Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state
block joined end to end
operated normal
127
 The port connections are shown to only one of
the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state
normal
128
 Theoperator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state
Operated state
produced by
pushing a button
129
against that state
Operated state Normal state

produced by produced by
pushing a button a spring
130
against that state
Operated state Normal state

produced by produced by
pushing a button a spring
131
 The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to
align one state or another with the port
connections
132
connections
133
connections
134
A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a
similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths
for each of the two states is shown by the
two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an

inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts
135
 The full symbol is then made by joining the two
boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state
136
137
138
 The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be
drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be
flipped
 A variety of symbol patterns are possible
normally
normally
open
closed
139
Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve
box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some
operator types are:
General manual Lever
Push button Pedal
Pull button Treadle
Push/pull button Rotary knob

140
Operators Cont’d
Plunger Pressure
Spring normally Pilot pressure

as a return
Roller Differential pressure
Uni-direction Detent in 3 positions

or one way trip
141
Operators Cont’d
Electrical
Solenoid Solenoid pilot

direct with manual

override and
external pilot
Solenoid pilot supply
When no integral
Solenoid pilot or external pilot
with manual override supply is shown it
and integral pilot is assumed to be
supply integral
142
Port markings
The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or
numbers as follows:
Alphabetical Numerical
Designations Designations
Working Lines A, B, C …….. O (excludes L) 2, 4, 6 . . . .

Leakage Fluid L ………………………… 9
Supply Air P ………………………… 1

Exhaust R, S, T ………………..W 3, 5, 7 ……
Pilot Lines Z, Y, X ………………….. 12, 14, 16, 18…
143
Port Markings Examples
2 2
12 10 12 10
1 3 1
2 4 4 2
14 12 14 12
1 3 1
5 3
144
Port Markings
2 2
12 10 12 10
1 3 1
2 4 4 2
14 12 14 12
1 3 1
5 3
145
Simplified cylinder symbols
Single acting – the load returns

cylinder to original position
Single acting with

spring returning cylinder
to original position
Double acting – moved by fluid

from either end
146
Rotary actuators
Semi rotary double acting

Rotary motor single direction

of rotation
Rotary motor bi-directional
147
Example Pneumatic Schematic
UP BALANCER
PB1 VALVE
3 #2 #1
#12 #0
1 2
DOWN
PB2
#2
COMMON
PB3 COMBINATION
#1 BLOCKING VALVE &
3
#7 FLOW CONTROL
#1 R1
2 CLAMP
1
PRESSURE
BV1
5 1 3
1 #8
CLAMP 2 #9 #22 #14
3 14 CLAMP #18
#1 PB4
3
EXTEND
4 #3 PS1 PV1 CLAMP
SAFETY
1 2 #4 #23 #24
5
4 CLAMP PB8
UNCLAMP 1
PB5 BV2 CYL. A1
2 3 2
3 #8 1 3
1 #9 12 CLAMP
NTD1 #15 #19 3
2-2 RETRACT 2 1 2
1
3 1
1 3 OR2
ROTATE NTD2 2 1
2-2
ADV. PB6 14 ROTATE
3 #10 #10 OR1
3 4
#5 1 ADVANCE
NTD3 PV2
2-2 BV3
1 2 3 #11
#6 1 5
4
ROTATE NTD4 1 #16 #20
RET. PB7 2
3 ROTATE
#11 12 RETURN
ROTATE
1
3 #13 SAFETY
CLAMP 2 1 PB9
#13
CLOSED LV1
OR3
14 RAISE BV4 ROTATE
#22 CYL. B1
3 #25 DISABLE 1 3
PV3 #17 3
2 #21 2 1 2
#1 1 1
5
4 OR4
1
3 2
RAISE
12
#25 ENABLE
5 1 3
#12
148
Summary

149
PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
150
Objectives
 Define Piping Drawings
 Identify Piping Symbols
 Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings

(P&ID)
 Identify P&ID Symbols
151
Symbols and Drawings
 Piping drawings show the size and location of
pipes, fittings, and valves.
 To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping

and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student
must learn the meaning of the symbols.
 This presentation discusses some the common
symbols that are used to depict system
components.
152
Piping Drawings
 The single line format is most commonly used in
Piping and P&ID drawings.
 The single line format represents all piping,

regardless of size, as single line.
 All system equipment is represented by simple
standard symbols.
153
Pipe Crossing
 The crossing of pipes without
connections is normally shown
without interrupting the line.
 When there is a need to show

that one pipe must pass behind
another, the line representing
the pipe farthest may be shown Near pipe
with a break, where the other
pipe passes in front of it
Far pipe
154
Connections
 Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or
soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot
 Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.
Detachable Permanent
connection connection
Adjoining
apparatus
Detachable
connection such
155 as a flange
Fittings
 If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.
 A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary
to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without Pipe Line with flanges

Flanges connected to ends
Pipe Pipe Rear Front

Going Coming view view
156 Away Towards flange flange
Single Line example
CROSS
GLOBE VALVE UNION GATE VALVE Y-FITTING
ELBOW
CAP
PLUG
COUPLING
TEE CHECK VALVE
(JOINT)
45° ELBOW
REDUCER
ELBOW
157
Pictorial Drawings
 Pictorial
or double line drawings present the
same type information as a single line, but the
equipment is represented as if it had been
photographed.
 This format is rarely used since it requires
much more effort to produce than a single line
drawing and does not present any more
information as to how the system functions.
158
Pictorial example
 Orthographic Pipe Drawing
CROSS
Y-FITTING
CAP
GLOBE GATE
UNION
VALVE PLUG VALVE
45° ELBOW
TEE COUPLING CHECK REDUCER
(JOINT) VALVE
ELBOW
159
Common Piping Symbols
Comparison
Pictorial Symbol
90° Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
Gate Valve
160
Valves
 Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate,
and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
161
P&ID’s
 The piping of a single system may contain more than a single
medium.
 For example, although the main process flow line may carry water,
the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas,
or hydraulic fluid.
 Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals
and electrical wires as well as piping.
 The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for
indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating
between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
162
Process and Instrumentation
Drawings P&ID’s
 These process flow diagrams include:
1. Pipe line numbers and directions
2. Pipe specifications and line sizes

3. All equipment
4. All valves
5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices
163
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING
HYDRAULIC LINES
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
164
Valve Symbols
Valve Normally Valve Normally
Open Closed
Needle Valve Needle Valve
Normally Open Normally Closed
Ball Valve Ball Valve

Globe Valve Globe Valve
Gate Valve Gate Valve

Two Valve
Butterfly Valve
Manifold
Note: the generic valve is

Blind Flanged commonly used on drawings with
Generic Valve the valve state noted next to it N.C.
165
Control Valve Actuators
 Some valves are provided with actuators
to allow remote operation, to increase
mechanical advantage, or both. Below are
a few symbols for the common valve

actuators.
Diaphragm
Electric Piston
Motor
Manual
Solenoid
166
Balloon Labeling
 A control valve may serve any number of functions within a
fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter

to be controlled by the valve.
 For example:
– F = flow
– T = temperature
– L = level
– P = pressure FC
– H = hand (manually operated valve
Flow Control
Valve
167
 One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information
about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of equipment.
 The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed Parameter Type of Indicator or Type of ComponentType of Signal

Controller
F = flow R = recorder T = transmitter I = current

T = temperature I = indicator M = modifier V = voltage
P = pressure C = controller E = element P = pneumatic
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position
168
Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters
Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board

P/I
Example: Locally mounted or E/I
PM P/I or
voltage to current pressure
modifier
Examples of Transmitters
PT
FT FT
169 Flow Transmitter PressureTransmitter
Controllers
 Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop
and use it to position or manipulate some other system
component.
 Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the

balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller FC Proportional P
Temperature Controller TC Proportional - Integral PI
Pressure Controller PC Proportional – PID

Integral - Differential
Level Controller TC Current to Pneumatic I/P
170
Components
 Within every system there are major components
such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat
exchangers, and fans.
Compressor
Heat
Exchanger
Steam Turbine S
Pumps or
Tanks or
171
Misc. Symbols
 In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to
represent specific pieces of equipment additional
drawing symbols are used to guide or provide
additional information about the drawing.
XX-001-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing
XX-002-X-Y
Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing
Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at

XX-003-X-Y
coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary
172
Example P&ID Drawing
E-101 V-101 E-102 V-102
REBOILER DEPROPANIZER OVERHEAD REFLUX
CONDENSER ACCUMULATOR
125°F
35
COOLING
E-102
WATER
V-101
FEED
20
255 PSIG FLARE
210°F PC
V-102
LC
240# @ 118°f
1
245°F
FRC
LG 275°F
HEATING E-101
LC
MEDIUM REBOILER
P-101A & 101B
230°F
PRODUCT
STORAGE
STORAGE
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT AND
173 REFLUX PUMPS
Summary

174
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
175
Objectives
 Define Topographical Maps
 Define Contour Maps
 Define Geology and Mining Terms

 Define Site Plans Drawings
 Define Floor Plans
 Define Elevation Drawings
 Define Structural Drawings and symbols
176
Topographical Maps
 Maps which describe in detail local features of
the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).
 Data taken from surveys are used to build these

drawings.
 Surveying is the actual measurement of
distances, elevations, and directions on the
earth’s surface.
177
Contours
 Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.
 Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a
single contour line have the same elevation.

 A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing through
successive contours as illustrated in the following
slide..
178
Example Contours Map
Control Points
Contours
Relative
Elevations
Profile
179
Contours Continued
 Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of
distribution of points of recorded elevation.
 A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as
illustrated in the next slide.

 Line are established at right angles to each other,
dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and
elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
180
Example Grid Contour Map
Contour
Elevation
Grid
181
Geology and Mining Terms
 Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily
measured from north.
 Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes
 Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes.
 Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.
 Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation.
 Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding
planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.
 Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface.
– See following slide for examples
182
Geology Terms Example
Strike
Outcrop Area
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle
183 Fault Plane Seam or Stratum Thickness

Topographical Map Symbols
 Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate
land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway Highway Bridge
Railroad
Railroad Bridge
Telephone Line
Suspension Bridge
Power Line Dam
184
Site or Layout Drawings
 Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile
drawings. T
 They provide the necessary information on the location,
alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal

parts in relation to the ground at the site.
 They also provide other important details, such as the
nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent
structures and roads.
185
Example Site Drawing
186
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
Concrete
Paving
Gravel
187 Earth-finish grade

Floor Plans
 Floor plans includes:
– thicknesses, and character of the building walls on
that particular floor
– the widths and locations of door and window openings
– the lengths and character of partitions

– the number and arrangement of rooms
– the types and locations of utility installations
188
Floor Layout Example
Window Symbol
Door Symbol
189
Elevation Drawings
 Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor
plans of a building.
 These drawings are of vertical views of the

building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation Side Elevation

190
Structural Drawings
 Architectural and structural drawings are
generally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used to
construct buildings.
191
Example of Structural Drawing Detail
192
Beams
 A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per
foot of length.
 The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the
letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by

nominal depth and weight per foot
p
To t
r on
S
F
or
En
d
Symbols Top
End
Front
193
Channels
 A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.
Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
p
To
o nt
Fr
En
C or
d
Symbols
Top
End
Front
194
Angles
 The cross section of an angle resembles the
letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
p
To
Fr on
t L
Top
Symbol
End
Front End
195
Tees
A structural tee is made by slitting a
standard I- or H- beam through the center of
its web, thus forming two T-shapes from
each beam. In dimensioning, the structural

tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
To
p
o nt
ST or T
Top Fr
Symbols
En
d
196 Front End
Members
 The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing
structural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each
other.
 The places where members are connected to other
members are called joints.
 The total load supported by the structural members at
a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus
the total live load.
197
Vertical Members
 Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in
buildings they may be called pillars.
 A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the
ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that

provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
 The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called
sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called
top plates or stud caps.
 Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
198
Horizontal Members
 A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans
a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
 A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.
 One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is

called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
199
Trusses
A truss is a framework consisting of two
horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined
together by a number of vertical and/or inclined
members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
200
Summary

201
MACHINE DRAWINGS
202
Objectives
 Define Tolerances
 Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
203
Machine Drawings
 In learning to read machine drawings, we must
first become familiar with the common terms,
symbols, and conventions defined and
discussed in the following slides.
204
Tolerances
 Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed.
 This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
 It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal.

 Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.
 Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples.
– The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only.
– The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
– In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated
205
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method Bilateral Method
.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002
30° ± 1°
.875
± .005
7± 1
8 64
2.250 + .010
.500 DIA
- .005
+ .002
- .000
.498 DIA
.496
Limit Method
.500 DIA
206 .502
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Roundness
Straightness
Symmetry
Angularity
Perpendicularity (MMC) Maximum

M
Material Condition
Parallelism (RFS) Regardless S
of Feature size
Concentricity
Datum Identifying -A-
True Position symbol
Feature Control Tolerance

A .001
Symbol
207 Datum
Symbol
Class Exercise
 Do Class Exercise Tolerances
208
Fillets and Rounds
 Fillets
are concave metal corner (inside)
surfaces.
 Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that

have been rounded to prevent chipping and to
avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet Rounds
209
Slots and Slides
 Slotsand slides mate two specially shaped
pieces of material and securely hold them
together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide Dovetail Slide
210 Tee Slot Dovetail Slot

Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of
metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft
and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Keyseat and Keyway
Square
211
Screw Threads
 Draftsmenuse different methods to show thread
on drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief

212
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Gears
 When gears are drawn on machine drawings
usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.
Working Depth Dedendum

Whole Depth Addendum
Clearance
Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
213 Outside Dia.
Springs
 There are three
classifications of helical
springs: compression,
extension, and torsion.
Drawings seldom show a

true presentation of the
helical shape; instead,
they usually show springs
Common Types of Helical Springs
with straight lines
Symbol Representation of Springs
214
Finish Marks
 Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for
various reasons.
 A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
x
x 02 3½ X MIN.
60° 60°
215 Example of Use
Welding
 Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion
or heating into a single joined mass.
 Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld Fillet Weld
216 Symbol Symbol

Weld Drawing Symbols
 A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
1. Reference Line 4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches

long with leg length of ½ inch
7. Tail – will have
information 2. Arrow – connects
about the reference line to joint
process. OAW is OAW
a type of welding
½ 2
G
here. It is left off
if no info needed. 5. Supplementary symbols –
this illustrates a convex weld
3. Weld symbol – this
indicates a fillet weld 6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c =
chipped, m = machined.
217
218
Example Drawing
Summary

219

Basic Blueprint Reading

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Basic Blueprint Reading

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

 Define types of drawings

A4 (210 x 297) Metric sizes

 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a

measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a

 Cutting plane lines

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

 The center line is used to locate the center of

 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

 The also are used to show an alternate position

 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

 Breaklines are also used to separate internal

The break line is being used to show a part

 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS

C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE

CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY

CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE

DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET

E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE

EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION

FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE

H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL

HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE

IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING

INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

Left side Right side

 System equipment is connected to the lines are

hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or

 There are many types of drawings associated

pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.

44 Single Line Schematic example

Single Line Plumbing Example

intended to illustrate the complete piping system

PRODUCTION FROM FILTER

FRESH CIS PUMPS FRESH CIS TANK

 They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder

creates a “rung” to the ladder.

 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

 Define Graphical Symbols

devices and sub-panels.

 Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on

2FU 1T2 HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR

15 AMP 2OL 2T1

 Field Wiring (external to panel)

block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.

RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC. SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,

 BLUE – DC Control Circuits

CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit Switch

Limit Switch CR1 Relay

Limit Switch CR1 Relay

1PB 3PB 11PB 47

CYCLE HEAD HEAD

10PB 8PB 9PB

HO Hydraulic Diagram This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

 Block diagrams are also used to provide

LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.

 This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as

 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

 The basic difference is Flow symbol.

103 HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC