The Fibrist of al-Nadim A TENTH-CENTURY SURVEY OF MUSLIM CULTURE Bayard Dodge rorrox ano reanstaron vorums 1 Columbia University Press new vorxBayard Dodge is President Emeritus of the American Universiy of Beirut, corrntcir © 1970 COLUMBIA UntvEnsErY Fass SBN 231-02925-X CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 68-8874 1098765432 Contents CHAPTER VIL Section 1. Philosophy; the Greck Philosophers, al-Kindt and Other Scholars sm Section 2. Mathematics and Astronomy 634, Section 3. Medicine: Greek and tstimic o CHAPTER VIII Section 1. Story Tellers and Stories m2 Section 2. Exorcists, Jugglers, and Magicians Bs Section 3. Miscellancous Subjects and Fables ns CHAPTER IX Section 1. The $abians, Manichacans, Daysiniyah, Khurramiyah, Marcionites, and Other Sects 745 Section 2. Information about India, Indochina, and China 826 CHAPTER .X 843 Bibliggraphy 869 Glossary 905 Appendix: 928 Biographical Index oar General Index 137The Seventh Part af the book Al-Fihrist, with accounts ofthe ancient and modern scholars, who were authors, with the names of the books they composed. The composition of Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim, known as Abit al-Faraj ibn Abt Ya'gib al-Warrig Tn the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate The Seventh Chapter of the book Al-Fihrist, which includes accounts of the philosophers, the ancient sciences, and the books composed about them, in three sections. The First Section with acounts of the philosophers of the ratural sciences and of logic, with the names of their books and translations ofthese [books] and explanations ‘about them: Which of them are extant, which have been recorded but are tno longer extant, and which of them wsed to exist, but have later dis- appeared * The title follows MS 1934. ‘The frst few lines "The Seventh Part... known 2 Abi al-Fara iba ADI Ya'ghb al-Warrag," ae on separate page in the manwrerip “The phrase “an imitation ofthe handwriting ofthe author, Hs vereant, Mubammad ibn Isiq” is writen nde this heading, on the It-hand side of the page. "The chapter of philosopher of the book ALFilvit” is waiten on the right-hand side In MS 1135, the vite for Chapter VI iserroncosly given a5 "The Second Section. ‘There are not many vastions in wording between MSS 113$ and 1934 but the later sem to be more accurate. See the Introduction for che parts of AMPs! covered bythe various manuscips,sm CHAPTER SEVEN Statements at the Beginning of the Chapter [Quoted] from the Scholars in Their Own Words ‘Aba Sahl [al-Fajl] ibn Nawbakhe said in the book Two Things Seized Upon: The types of sciences, the kinds of books, and the forms of questions have increased, as have the sources feom which things indicated by the stars are derived. “This fincreae] was from what existed before the reasons [for these things} were made clear, and human knowledge about them was dcsribed by the Babylonians in their books, lemed from them the Babylonians] by the Egyptians, and applied by the Indians in their country. ‘These things dealt withthe original ereate beings, thei deflement® by evil theic commision of sins, and thei fling ino such depths of igno- rance that their minds became confused and thee visions made to er. For 25 mentioned in the books about their affis and actions, things reached a point at which their minds were perplexed, dir visions con fixed and their religion destroyed. Thus they breame bewildered and erring, understanding noth ‘They {the orginal crated beings] remained in this tate for a period of time until some oftheir successors coming after them, thee offpring andthe sed oftheir ois. obtained help in remembering, underaanding and perceiving phenomena [They abo received] knowledge of the past about the circumstances of the world, about its condition, the directing ‘ofits origin, the arival a its intermediate status and the isue at its end. [They also learned about] the condition ofthe inhabitants, and the posi= tions of the heavenly bodies and their routes, degree, minutes, and stations, both high and low, and with their courses and all of tions. This was the period of Jam ibn Awihin, he king.* ie direc- ‘The scholars were acquainted with this learning recording it in books and explaining what they wrote down. Together with this recording they described the world, its grandeur, the origin ofits causes, its Founda tion, its stars, kinds of deugs, remedies, charms, and other things which * Sce Chap. VI, set. 2.67 2 Figel gives muitfah 'deilement”), probably cor, although the mani serpts give matseagah ("epaation”). ‘Literally, “these matte.” This was a legendary king of Pera, He was called onal ibn Tamas ibn Hishang (Awifian. SECTION ONE m are devices for people and which they describe as suitable to their wants, both good and bad. Thus they continued fora period of time, until the reign of al-Dabhak ibn Qayy (Kai From other than the words of Abi Sahl, itis said, “Dah ‘means ‘ten vices,’ but the Arabs turned it into al-Dahhak.” We now return to the words of Abii Sahl: [ALDabbak] ibn Qayy, during the season (share) of Jupiter and his period, turn, dominion, and power in controlling the years, built city in al-Sawad,* the name of which was derived ftom that of Jupiter. He gathered into i the science of the scholars and built there twelve palaces, according to the number of the signs of the zodiac, calling them by the names {ofthese signs]. He stored the scholars’ books in them and caused the scholars themselves to live in them. From other than the words of Abi Sahl: “He built seven shrines, according to the number of the seven stars, assigning each of these dwellings to a [wise] man. The Shrine of Mercury he assigned to Shrine of Jupiter to Tinkalis, and the Shrine of Mars to We return to the words of Aba Sahl: ‘The people obeyed them [the seven wise men] and were submisive to theic command, x0 that they managed thee airs, They {the people] appreciated thei superiority over them in different forms of learning and. rodes of living, until a prophet was sent during that period. Because of his appearance and what reached-them about his mission, they refused the wisdom [of the seven wise men]. Many of thee ideas became confused, their cause was broken up, and there were differences regarding theit sims and coming together. So each of the wise men sought a city in hich to dwell, so as to become a leader ofits people. “ALSawid here signifies ancient Chaldea. The city was Babylon; see YSgit, La, 449 L 14 even sine of Babylon were almost certainly scven small temples imide 2 sacred enclosure, comecrated to the sun the mood, and the five Known planets ‘They very likely formed a semictle facing the riggurat. Cf the 12 shines in the ‘cred enclonte at Hurtin a described in Chap. IX ec. 18,50, the 12 anes 38 Sunnatar at described by Sepa, Anatolian Stade, (193). 97-103 17 * Hermes is evidently Tesmegius. Nakostcen, p. 218, spells the next two wise ‘men “Tingrous” and "Tuklous.” For these ewo, see Chap. VI set. 3, n.30m CHAPTER SEVEN ‘Among them there was a wise man named Hemes. He was the most thoroughly intelligent, the most serkingly wise, and the most refined in dscemment among them. He went to the land of Egypt, where he ruled over the inhabitants, making the land prosperous, improving the conditions of the people, and manifesting his wisdom among them. This situation lasted, in Babylon in particular, wil Alexander, the king of the Greeks, set forth feom a city of the Greeks named Macedonia to invade Persia. Then when he [Darius Il] refused to pay the tribute still imposed upon the people of Babylon and the kingdom of Persia, he {Alexander} killed him, Dardibn Dick the king [Dara I], taking posses- sion of his kingdom, destroying his cites, and razing the ramparts built by devils and giants? His destruction ruined] whatever there was in the diferent buildings of scicatfic material, whether inscribed on stone oF ‘wood, and with this demolition there were conflagrations, with scattering of the books. Such of these things, however, 38 were gathered in colee= Son and ares inthe cy fiat he had wameied and ated into the Greek and Coptic tongues. Then, after he had finished copyin vwhathe had ned of he burned the mater wrten in Pesan, bt there ‘was. book called Al-Kushtg from which he took what he needed of the science of the stars, as well as of medicine and the natural sciences ‘This book and the scientific material, riches, and treasures which he hit ‘upon, together with the scholar, he sent to the and of Egypt. Inthe regions of India and China there were leftsome things which the kings of Persia had copied at the time of their prophet Zoroaster and the wise man Jamish, ‘They cared for them in those places, as their prophet Zoroaster and Jimisb had wamed them of the actions of Alexander, ‘with his conquest of their land and destruction of zs many of their books and scientific materials as posible, and of his tansferting them to his own country. ‘After that, learning was wiped out and torn to ieces in alIeiq, while the scholars disagreed and decreased in number and the people became the exponents of partisanship and division. For eich of their sects there was a hing. They called them {the kings) the Kings ofthe Tribes * This eer to Alexander's invasion of Persia and overcoming of Daas IL. The sation is eee one, a the Arabi text dif to render literally This wat ancient Persepolis, see Jackson, Persie Past ond Present pp. 294-981 ‘Yagie, Geo. I 259 This may come ffom the Persian fuss (palm fiber"). See Figel ition of ALB, p43 00.7, 1 1 For the Kings ofthe Tribes, se the Gloary. SECTION ONE Fy [After the division, disagreement and quarreling which they had before the time of King Alexander, the rule of the Grecks formed one kingdom. ‘Thus they became one force, whereas the regime of Babylon continued to be broken, weakened, and corrupted. Her people continued to be ‘oppressed and subjugated, unable to prevent lawlessness or to ward off injury, until the reign of Ardashr ibn Babak of the lineage of Sisin. He changed their disagreements into unity, joining together th ions land conquering theit enemics, He beeaime master of thee land, seizing for himself the rule over them. Thus he did away with theie schisms, assuming for himself the sovercignty. Then he sent to India and China for the books in those directions, and also tothe Greeks. He copied what cever was safeguarded with them, even seeking forthe little that remained in al“Irdg. Thus he collected what was scattered, gathering together the things dispersed.* ‘Shipir, his son, followed his example, so that there were transcribed into Persian all of those books, such asthe ones of Hemes the Babylonian, who ruled Egypt: Dorotheus the Syrian; Phaedrus the Greek from the city of Athens, famous for learning; Ptolemy [Prlemaeus Alexandrinus}; and Farmisib the Indian. They explained them [the books) teaching the people about them in the same way that they learned from all of those books, which originated in Babylon. "Then after dhe tine of these two [Ardashie and Shapie] there appeared Chosroes Anshun, who collected, edited, and worked over them [the ‘books] because of his interest in learning and his love for it. Thus for the people of every time and age there is new experience and a renewal of scholarship as foreordained by the stars of the zodiac, which is the master of time's destiny 38 commanded by Allah, exalted be His majesty. Here ends the account of Abi Sahl [al-Fad! ibn Nawbakht} 2 Although the Fgel version has the poral form "kings (aalit), MS 2934 has the singular "rule" (lt), "The word trated "formed one kingdom’ ate erally “tusmbled to one Kingdom.” "™ For the disturbed peti of history atthe end ofthe Parthian period and the restoration by Atdahir the Sinan, se Sykes, Hisory of Psa, 1, 410-20, 7 Instead of Farms, Taba, Aaa, Pare I, pp. 1052 n. by 105) L 10, give Farmish,, Guschmid, ZDMG, XXXIV (1880), 749, set. 371, wggests Pulukéshs “This name i not inched in the Biog. Index, as the identification is uncertain ‘The mame should alo be compared wich Pulakesin I, founder of the Chalukys ‘Dynasty in India, a. 390 ee "Chaka," En. Bri, V, 812) and with Viktamaditys (ce "India," En. Brit, XIV, 399) As tranlation from Indian ino Persian and then fom Perian into Arabic involved dificulizs of wansitration, the names ere Inevitably confused16 CHAPTER SEVEN Ishaq al-Rahib rclatesin hishistory that when, Piolemy Philadelphus, who was one of the kings of Alexandria, reigned, he made a search for books of learning, placing a man named Zamirah'® in charge. According to what is related, he collected fifty-four thousand one hundred and twenty books. ‘Then he said, “Oh, King, there are still a great many more [books] in the world, in Sind, India, Persia, Georgia, Armenia, Babylon, al-Mawsil, and among the Greeks.” ‘Another Account ‘Abii Ma'shar [Ja'far ibn. Muhammad] said in his book about the variations of astronomical tables:!” Because of their care in preserving [the books aout] the sciences, their cagemess to make them endure throughout the ages, and their guarding them from celestial happenings and earthly damages, ehe kings of Persia actually chose for them the writing material" which was the most durable in case of accident, the longest lasting in time, andthe least prone to decay cor effacement, This (writing material] was the bark of the white poplar tree, the bark being called iz. The peoples of India, China, and the neighboring countries imitated them. "They alo sclected this [material] for their bows with which they shot, because ofits hardness, smoothies, and durability in the bows during a long period cf time. ‘Then, after they {the kings of Persia] had obtained the best writing ‘materials in the world to preserve theie sciences, they desired [to store the books about] them in the place which among all of the regions of the earth and the towns of the provinces had the cleanest soil and the least amount of decay, being also the furthest removed from earthquakes and ‘eclipses, as well as posessing the most cohesive chy with the quality of construction, which would endure the longest throughout the ages. Afier they had made a complete survey of the lands and regions of ther king dom, they were unable to find under the vault of the heavens any place 1 Thisis probably a mispeling for Demetri Phaleres, The erroneous pling inal ofthe versions of Alito that che name war evidently coped ffom an older source, The Arabic zim (Zamisah) and B ac (Demetri) might cay be confsed. "The great astonomer Abi Ma'thar wrote numerous books about the asto- oma ables; see Chap. eat. 87, andthe tiles of Qi, pp. 152-S4 © The Arabic word trarlated “writing materia” i moka plural frm. fe ‘ally means “school.” Taz shjar althadenk i the inner bark ofthe Khadang ‘white poplar re. Asa rue ie was wed for wrapping bow wings. SECTION ONE sm ossessing these advantages to a greater extent than did ybahin.!® Then they tamined the dict ofthis local, they did no find any spot in it that could excel Rustiq Jay” Furthermore, in Rustaq Jayy they did not find any place mote completely like what they desired than the locality in which, later on, the city of Jayy was marked out during the time of Dahir. "Then they went to the quhundue,# which i inside the city of Jayy, to make it the depository for their sciences. This [depository] was called ‘Sirwayh (Siriyah)® and it has lasted until our own time. In regard to this building, the people knew! who the builder was, because many years before our time a side [ofthe building] became ruined. ‘Then they Found a vault in the clef-of sie, buile without mortar, and in which they discovered many books ofthe ancients, written on white poplar bark (tz) and containing all of the sciences of the forefathers written in the old Persian form of writing ‘Some of these books came into the possession of a man interested in them, Upon reading them, he found among them a book related to the ancient kings of Persia. In i it was mentioned that Tahmirath, the king who loved the sciences and scholars, was forewamed of an atmospheric ‘phenomenon in the west, in the form of a series of rains which were to be ‘excessive in both duration and abundance. surpassing the [normal] limit. From the first day of the years of his reign, ta the frst day when this ‘phenomenon in the west began, was two hundred and thirty-one years and three hundred days. From the beginning of his reign the astrologers [ed him to fear that this occurrence might pass from the west tothe eastern regions. So he ordered the engineers to reach an agreement for the selee- ting ofthe bes place in the kingdom, with regards to soil and atmosphere. ‘They chose for him the site of the building which is known as Siewayh and still exists at the present time within the city of Jayy.#® So he com- sanded the construction of this well-guarded building. When it was 1 Unlike the other versions, the Flge edition hat Ty, ayy wat an old town near Ibahin, ao called Shahratn, Rustiq signed a riliary encampment. ‘See Yaqse, Geo, Il, 181; I, 342 bottom; TV, 452, 1045.9. "This was the Persian name for a fortes inside 3 ct. The fortress called by Zorousrans Jem-gied and ter Sowa, building where early Persian records were discovered sce "skin," En Brit, famous asthe WV, “The Tonk MS has variation from dad ("knew") 16 The manunrpts give a-dawm, whereas Fligel has -Gwim; both forms ean bundance." There sre unimportant other variations. For the proper names, see nn. 20,22.sn CHAPTER SEVEN completed there was moved to it fom his libraries a great deal of scientific ‘material of various sort, copied for him on white poplar bark (72) and placed ina pare of the building o that it might be preserved for mankind ‘until afer the phenomenon should come to an end, ‘There was in ie (the building] a book which w:s related to some of the ancient sages and which contained [knowledge of] the years and known «ycles for deriving the intermediate postions of the stars and the reasons {for their motions. ‘The people of the time of Tahiirath and those who lived carlie than they did in Persia ealled these the cycles of thousands (eduaral-hazird), The wise men, the kings of India who were on the face of the earth, the former kings of Persia, and the ancient Chaldeans, who were tent dwellers belonging to the earliest Babylonian period, reckoned the intermediate positions of the seven stars from these years and cycles" He [the king] gave special care to this [book] from among the astronomical tables of is time, because he and his contemporaries found upon examina- ‘ion that i was the bestand briefest. The astrologers of the period, there fore, derived from it the astronomical tables, which they called the Astronomical Tables of al-Shahnya. This isthe end of the statement of Abii Mo'shar. ‘Thus saith Muhammad ibn Ishag [al-Nadim]: A reliable authority once told me that during the year three hundred and fifty after the Hijrah [4.b. 961/62], another vaulted building cracked open. As it hhad appeared solid on the surface, the location [of the books) did not become known until after it had become a ruin, Many books were discovered in this place, but nobody found out how to read them, ‘A thing which I saw and witnessed myself was [the occurrence] when, some time after the year forty [A.D. 951/52), Aba al-Fad) ‘ibn al'Amid sent here some torn books which he had found at Isbahin, in boxes in the wall of the city. As they were in Greck, suitable authorities like Yuhannd [al-Qass] and others deciphered theie contents, [which dealt] with the names of the troops and the amounts of theit wages. The books had the worst possible stench, as bad as though the skins had been frcshly tanned. But after they ‘The words “wise men" and “of Persia” are Found ony in the lige edition "The seven stars probably fete to the a, moon, an ive known planets % As al-Nadim was young at this ime, he probably aw the books smewhat lute after they had been brought to Baghisd for tanto. SECTION ONE 9 hhad been at Baghdad for a time they dried and changed, so that the smell left them. Even at the present time some of them are with our shaykh, Abi Sulaymn [Muhammad ibn Bahram]. It is said that the Sarwayh* is one of the solid ancient buildings, with such mar- ‘vellous construction that it is compared in the East with the pyramids, which are in Egypt in the land of the West, both in magnificence and wonder of structure. Another Account In ancient times earning was forbidden, except for those who were scholars or known to be able to receive it [learning] by natural genius. Philosophers examined the times of birth of those who sought learning and philosophy. If it was ascertained that a person when born was endowed with it [the genius for leaming and philos- ‘ophy] at birth, they enlisted his servies, imparting to him learning, but if not, then no. and efor Philosophy appeared among the Grecks and Romans before the cel fade Ef the Menta for whom be pee When the Byzantines became Christians, they prohibited it. Some of the books about it they burned, bue some they treasured. ‘They, more ‘over, prevented people from speaking about anything in philosophy which was opposed to the prophetic doctrine. Then, later, the Byzantines returned to the schools of philosophical thought. “This ‘was duc to the Byzantine king Julian3* who used to stay at Antioch and whose minister was Themistus, the commentator on the books of Aristotle “When Shapiir dha al-Akeaf [Shapir Il] sought him (Julian] out, he was overcome by Julian. This was either in battle, or else itis seon22 cal, "fom its people the Arabi i Lidiya corruption for Ayn, derived fom the vane fr the Eopeoe jlo " “The fling wry rioy gut om a legen shot Shi Jn the legend, Shia Il traveled nt the Byrancne Empire i disguise, as Fecope zed and imprisoned, ba cd by > girl. resumed to the cy Jan Shape in tine to defeat the invading yeas emperor, ulan. For thi ory, se Fi Shaimana, Vi 3374 Sykes sory of Pst 44a; "Ships on 1V, sues$80 CHAPTER SEVEN said because Shipir was recognized and caught when he went to the Byzantine country to seize its rule. ‘The accounts about this are confused. Julian invaded Persia, coming to Jundi-Shipir.® where tuntil our own day there is a breach known 2s the Breach of the Byzantines. When the chief of the Persians, the cavalry leaders, and the ret ofthe king's guard arrived, the anack against it (Jundi- ‘Shapar] became prolonged. Entering it was difficult. Shipir had been imprisoned in the Byzantine country, in the palace of Julian, whose giel (daughter) fell in love and released him, He secretly crossed the land until, reaching Jundi- ‘Shapiir, he entered it. ‘Then the spirits of his companions who were there were so revived that they immediately set forth to attack the Byzantines, regarding the rescue of Shapiir 28 good omen. They took Jalan prisoner and killed him, s0 tha the Byzantines were lisrupte Constantine the Great™ was in the host of the army, but the Byzantines differed as to whom they should make their ruler, being weak from their lack of support for him. As Shipir was solicit- ‘ous for Constantine [Jovian] and his succession [to rule] over the Byzantines, for his sake he was kind to them, arranging for them a means of withdrawing from his [Shipit's] country. This, how- ever, was on condition that Constantine [Jovian] would make an * Jndi-Shipar (Jundaysibie) became 2 centr of earring when, nA. 489, the Emperor Zeno closed the school at Edewa and King Kotad of Pera gave some of "he professors refuge. Then, when the Neo-Pltonitt school at Athent was dowd, ‘AD. 29, King Chostoes Anishinegn gave a number ofthe philosopher hit patronage in Pensa. As Jond-Shpdr was the center ofthese émiges, it beame 2 point of exchange for the leaning of Pers, Indi, Greece, Roms and Syria Scholar from {ere contributed a knowledge of science wo the "ABbEsd caliph, as 2ecounts inthe chapter of Alfirist explain. ‘The city fll ito eu, but before he ded in 1963, De. Allen ©. Whipple identified its site in Southern Peri. For the hitory of ti it see Campbell, Arabion Medicine and Its Influence in the Mile Age, 1,463 Sarton, 1, 485: Yight, Geel 130; Whipple, Armas of Medial History. New Ser, 8 Oly 1939), pp. 313-23; “Djundai Sibi Ene. lla, 164 % This isan obvious mirake. The king cefered to was of couse not Constantine but Joien, who was withthe Byzantine aemiy in Persia when Jlin wat Killed. Because ofthe collapse of morale cused by Jlan’s deh, Jovian was obliged to ‘make an ignominious peace. See Smith, GRBM, Il, 61. It was Jovian who te «stablshed Christianity a he wate religion inthe Byantine Empire, after the pegs Fegime of Julian the Apostate SECTION ONE sh olive tree to grow in the place of cach palm tree cut down in al- Sawad* and in his domains and, also, that he would send him Byzantines to build up what Julian had destroyed when he moved the war equipment from the Byzantine country3* He kept his pledge with him. Christianity, moreover, retuned to its [former] status, the prohibition of philosophical books and the treasuring of them being renewed in the form that it is in at the present time. In ancient times the Persians translated portions of books about logic and medicine into Persian. Then, later, ‘Abd Allah ibn al- ‘Mugafa’ and others translated this material into Arabic. ‘Another Account ‘Khilid ibn Yazid ibn Mu‘awiyah was called the “Wise Man of the Family of Marwan.” He was inherently virtuous, with an interest in. and fondness for the sciences. As the Art [alchemy] attracted his attention, he ordered a group of Greek philosphers who were living in a city of Egypt to come to him. Because he was concerned with literary Arabic, he commanded them to translate the books about the Art from the Greek and Coptic languages into Arabic. ‘This was the fist translation in Islim from one langnage into another. ‘Then atthe time of al-Hajjj [ibn Yasuf] the registers, which were in Persian, were translated into Arabic” The person who trans- lated them was Salih ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman, a protégé of the Banti Tamim:* The father of Salih was one of the prisoners from Sijisin3* He [Salih] used to write for Zad Infarrdikh ibn. Yabra, the secretary of al-Haijaj, doing his writing in Persian and Arabic under his supervision. As al-Hajjaj grew to like him, Salih said to Zid Infarrikh, “You are my contact with the governor, who 1 notice has come to like me. I am not sure, but he may raise me "This was similar o ancient Chakaes % robably this refer to moving ares and equipment into the enemy" tesitry, so that he coud pile for supplies and destroy obtaces to hie miliary movements. This acount should be compared with Baidhari, Oxgins,p. 465. When the Musi it conquered the easter provinces, they used Persian forthe tax accounts and government records. ‘See “Tamim,” Ee. Iam, IV, 642. Only the Figel edition includes "Band." 1% Dating the year A.D. 640/51 -Rabi iba ZiySd invaded Sijstn, eking many Prisoner; see YSght, Gop, IV, 728 L 18sh CHAPTER SEVEN above you, so that you will lose your position.” He [Zid Infarrakh] replied, “Do not imagine that, for he is more in need of me than I am of him. ‘There is nobody except myself who is satisfactory for keeping his records.” Then he [Salih] said, “By Allah, if he wishes to change the accounts into Arabic, Iwill change them.” Sohhe [Zad Infarrikh] said, “Change some lines for me to see." This he did, ‘Then it was said to him, “Peign sick, feign sick."*® When al-Haiiaj sent him his physician, Theodorus, he found that he had no iliness. This reached Zid Infarrikh, who ordered him to appear [back at work] It ae during the revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath, that as Zid Infarrikh was leaving some place to go to his house, he was killed. ‘Then al-Hlajjaj appointed Salih to be the secretary in his place. ‘When he [Sahib] told him about what had taken place between his associate and himself in connection with the translation of the records, al-Hlajjaj decided upon the plan [to translate the records into Arabic}, making Salih responsible for it. ‘Mardin Shah ibm Zid Infarrikh then said to him [Salih], “What will you do with dahwiych and shashwiyak?” He replied, “I shall write ‘wshr (ten) and nusf‘ushr (half of ten).” Then he [Mardin Shah] said, “How will you deal with abwid?” He answered, “I shall write wa-aydin (and likewise). Then he went on to say, “Al-wid, alnayf, and al-ziyadah signify ‘something more increase).”” He [Mardin Shih] retorted to him, “May Allsh cut off your seed from the earth, as you have cut off the basis of Persian!"* ‘The Persians offered him [Salih] onc hundre¢ thousand silver coins (6, dirkom) on condition that he would appear to be incapable of translating the records. But refusing to give up the translation, he 4 The Arabic tet, a trandated in Balidhur, Org. 465, indicates chat 754 Infarct sid “feign sick.” But ir more resonable to believe thatthe fiends of Sip told hin to pretend ile 0 a8 to expe the anger and jeslomy of Zid Infra, ‘Thir name scems to be mistake. Thesdous war the name of abHajis ys, PACE Balbus, Origin, p. 465. Madan Skah hoped o succed his father a the secretary, using Pesan, He was jelous when Sikh persuaded the governor to we ‘Arabic forthe records and accounts, making his own knowledge of Persian unneces- sary. For this and the next sentence, see Fliga edition, p. 242, nn. 7,8 SECTION ONE 3 actually did translate them. ‘Abd al-Hamid ibn Yaby3 said, “What an excellent man Silih is! How great is his graciousness to the secretaries!” Al-Haijij, moreover, honored him groatly. "The records at Damascus were in Greek. The man who kept them in writing for Mu'dwiyah ibn Abi Sufyin was Sayjn (Sergius) ibn Mansir; later it was Mansir ibn Sarjin. The records were translated during the time of Hisham ibn ‘Abd al-Malik. Aba ‘Thabit Sulaymdn ibn Sa‘d, a protégé of al-Hlusayn, translated them, He was in charge of the correspondence during the days of ‘Abd al-Malik. It has [also] been said that the records were translated during the time of ‘Abd al-Malik. When he asked Sarjéin to do some ‘of the work, he desisted from it. This angered ‘Abd al-Malik, so that he consulted Sulayman, who said to him, “I will translate the records (din) and be responsible for them.”# ‘Mention of the Reason Why Books on Philosophy and Other ‘Ancient Sciences Became Plentiful in This Country** ‘One of the reasons for this was that al-Ma'min saw in a dream the likeness of a man white in color, with a ruddy complexion, broad foichead, joined eyebrows, bald head, bloodshot eyes, and good qualities sitting on his bed. Al-Ma’miin related, “It was as though I was in front of him, filled with fear of him. ‘Then I said, “Who are you?” He replied, ‘I am Aristotle” ‘Then I was delighted with him and said, ‘Oh sage, may I ask you a question?” He said, “Ask it.” Then I asked, ‘What is good?" He replied, ‘What is good in the mind.” I said again, “Then what is next?” He answered, “What is good in the law.” I said, “Then what next?” He replied, “What is good with the public.” "I said, "Then what more?” He answered, “More? There is no more.”” According to another quotation: “I [abMa’man] said, ‘Give me something more!" He ©The Toak MS omits part ofthe sentence. Tissot certain who ab}fsayn was ‘Compare dis account with Baidhuri, Origins, pp. 301M Literally,“ will eanlte the recor and ndertake th Compae this acoune with Qi, p. 29, which gives text uses Maid” throughout, bue to make the passage readable, other words are substued. Inthe fit sentence ofthe fellowing paragraph, MS 1934 amis “colo” and gives “eye” inthe singular. ations, The Arbiesi CHAPTER SEVEN [Aristotle] replied, ‘Whosoever gives you advice about gold, let him be for you like gold; and for you is oneness fof Allah].”** This dream was one of the most definite reasons for the ourput of books. Between al-Ma'miin and the Byzantine emperor there was correspondence, for al-Ma'miin had sought aid opposing him.*? ‘Then he wrote to the Byzantine emperor'® asking obtain a selection of old scientific [manuscripts], stored and treasured in the Byzantine country. After first refusing, he complied with this. Accordingly, al-Ma'miin sent forth a group of men, among ‘whom were al-Hajjajibn Matar; Ibn al-Batrig, Salnn, the director of the Bayt al-Hikmah; and others besides them. They brought the books selected from what they had found. Upon bringing them to him [al-Ma'miin], he ordered them to translate [the manuscripts], so that they made the translation. Tewas said that Yahannd ibn Masawayh was one of those who went to the Byzantine country. ‘Thus saith Muhammad ibn Ishaq [al- Nadim]: Among those who were concemed with the bringing of books from the Byzantine country there were Muhammad, Ahmad, and al-Hasan, the grandsons of Shakir al-Munaijim.!* ‘There will follow an account about them and their liberality with gifts, sending. ‘Hunayn ibn Ishaq and others to the Byzantine country to bring them rare books and unusual compositions about philosophy, geometry, ‘music, arithmetic, and medicine. Qustd ibn Liigi al-Ba'labakki also brought some material with him, which he translated, it also being 4 This whole conversation between al-Ma'mtin and Ariotle endorses the Mea {hat resto (good inthe mind) and revelation (good in the law) can be combined for the good of the public As abMz'mn shocked the orthodox asthortes by upholding Greek scence and che rationalise tenes ofthe Mutant, he needed endorsement ofthis kind. Inthe final sentence ofthis pragraph there i play the word dhaha, which means gold” but abo gives the connotation of adopting a doctrine, such as that ofthe Mutanah. ‘The oncnes of Al evidently refers tO the Ma'tala, who were called the People of Justice and Onenes ‘Had sought aid opposing him” (tarar ‘ald pep erally "had overcome him” Bue i was nt utd end of his reign that a-Ma' mn stated 2 war which seed in dete for the Byamns. Qi. 9, geste Form “ered hie He wat Leo the Armenian, Sce Nicholson, Literary iy ofthe Arai p. 389; ‘Arabs, 310. Mutonmad ba Mii ib Shiki, Almad ib Mis bm Shakir, and alas ‘bn Shiki in the Biog Index. SECTION ONE sts translated forhim. Abi Sulayman al Mantiqial-Sijstin’ [Muhammad ibn Bahram} said that the sons of al-Munajjim [Bandi Mas] sup- ported a group of translators, among whom there were Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Hubaysh ibn al-Hlasan, habit ibn Qurrah, and others besides them. Each month the translation and maintenance amounted to about five hundred gold coins (s., dint). 5° ‘Thus saith Mubammad ibn Ishq [al-Nadim]: 1 heard Abi Ishq ibn Shahrdm tell in a general gathering that there is in the ‘Byzantine country a temple of ancient construction.** Tt has a portal larger than any other ever seen with both gates made of iron. In ancient times, when they worshipped heavenly bodies and idols, the Grecks exalted this [temple]. praying and sacrificing in it. He [ibn Shahram) said, “I asked the emperor of the Byzantines to open it for me, but this was impossible, as it had been locked since the time that the Byzantines had become Christians. I continued, how- ever, to be courteous to him, to correspond with him, and also to entreat him in conversation during my stay at his court.” He [Ibn Shahrim] said, “He agreed to open it and, behold, this building was made of marble and great colored stones, upon which there were many beautiful inscriptions and sculptures. I have never seen or heard of anything equaling its vastness and beauty. In this temple there were numerous camel loads of ancient books.” He exaggerated to the extent of a thousand camel [loads]. “Some of these [books] were worn and some in normal condition. Others ‘were caten by insects.” Then he said, “I saw there gold offering utensils and other rare things.” He went on to say, “After my exit the door was locked, causing me to feel embarrassed because ofthe 4 For the translators, sce Hit, Ares, p. 31011; O'Leary, How Greck Scene Passed to the Arab, pp. 183-75 cording to Shuji! and Smith (blow), Ibn Shakin was sent a6 an envoy to ‘Basil I, the emperor at Constantinople, by ‘Adad al-Dawlh. As Basi It ruled A. 976-1025, and Adu: 49-83, scents event mut have taken place between g76and 983, On the other hand, AL-Friasys, the following Paragraph, “That was daring che days of Sayf aLDawlah,” who ruled at Aleppo 3, 4 member ofthe Hamdin Dynasty, 4.0, 944-67. Either there ia mike, ore Ib ‘Shahrin was sen to Constantinople on te ocesions. For dates and farther dee, see Shuji, Vi, 23 25); Smith, GRBM, I, 469.36 CHAPTER SEVEN favor shown me.” He said, “That was during the days of Sayf al- Dawlah.” He believed that the building was a three-day journey from Constantinople. ‘The people of the district were a group of Chaldean $ibians, whom the Byzantines left alone in connection with their doctrines, but they collected tribute ftom them, ‘The Names of the Translators from [Forcign] Languages into the Arabic Tongue Stephen al-Qadim, who translated books on the Art [alchemy] and other subjects for Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah, [Al-Barig, who was contemporary with al-Manst, who ordered him to translate some of the ancient books. His son, Aba Zakariys’ Yahy3 ibn al-Barig, who belonged to the group of al-Hasan ibn Sahl. Al-Hajj ibn Yasu] ibn Matar, who interpreted for al-Mé'min and was the person who translated the Almaget and Euclid. + fee probable that Ibu ShaheSm journeyed by sea, Inthat case che building was very likely thes days by boat from Constantinople, near Epes or Milt By the oth century, dhe grea temple of Apollo Didyrnacar st Branchida near Mest dnd the Smour library a Peart were almost cerenly in euins. Te likey, Sercfce that this Heeary wat accond-ceatury building. st Epes oith the mous temple of Dana nearby. ‘The ibrary lest may ave been in ily good condition. Magic, Reman Rale is Asie Minor, 1 584 and Ul, 158, describes this Tibrary: "The mot fous ofall the gifts to Epeave during this period was perhaps the great library dedicated to the memory of Tiberias Jats Celus Polemacans, 2 native of the city, whe after having held vaiousadintrative pots, had been ‘roconsl of Asa [about a. rs), The building was ected and endowed inthe rly second century by Polemacsnar’ ron and complted by the later’ hess. ‘Contemporary with ic was another large structure, froning on one ofthe streets leading tothe harbor and consisting of a great hall with aroom a either end, which Ina brs roparded ae either the Mowicion op 2 sor of azsa.” For the Chaldean Sibian, sce "Sabian in Glossary. This term may refer to a r0ap of person from Earn or southern “iq who belonged 10 one of the sets ff Sabine in those region, residing in Aa Minoe for wade- It also may simply tells to-2 group of pagans, permitted to live in Asia Minor and called Chaldean Sabian by the Arabs bocaie they were accustomed t0 think of the undisturbed thei tertitories a Sabian. One sefool of thought believes that the name Ftbian comes fom the word to "baptize," so that they se a connection between Joh the Baptist and the Sabin of ancient Chaldes, People holding sich views ‘might connect the Sabianr mentioned here with the diiples of John a Ephesus: sce Acs 19:3. This lationship with John, however, seas very frfetched "See Hit, Arb, pp. 511-16; Leclerc} “Syriac Literature,” Ene Brit (th ed), XXIl 4-6 SECTION ONE so whose name was ‘Abd al-Masih ibn ‘Abd Allih al-His Salam al-Abrash, who was one of the extly translators atthe time of the Barmak family, and among whose translations there is the Natural Hearing [Physica ausultto), according to the statement of our lord ‘Aba al-Qisim ‘Ii ibn ‘Alr ibn “Iss, may Allah strengthen him, ‘Habib ibn. Babel, the metropolitan bishop of al-Mawsl, who interpreted 1 number of books for al-Ma'min, Zadwiyi ibn Mi Hawah al-Natimi al-Hims.* “Hilal iba. Abi Hilal al-Hlims Tad. Photio ‘Aba Nasr ibn Miri ibn Ayyab. Basil, the metropolitan bishop.** ‘Aba Nak [brahim] ibn al-Sal. Eustatius Heron Stephen, son of Basi ba Rabie. Tafil (Theophilus). Sha fa ibn Nab. Quvayr, whose name was Ibrahim, sumamed Aba Ishq, Tadinus al-Singal. Da al-Rahib Hayya Pethidn, Saliba, Ayyit al- Rubi That ibn Quma’. Ayyib and San‘én, who translated Ptolemy's astronomical tables and other ancient books for Mahammad ibn Khalid ibn Yaby3 ibn Barmak, "This name is taken from MS 1934: the Arabic is perhaps a transteration ofthe Syriac name Zadi ibn Mir Hawah. Figel has Zaraba sa Marjswah, ‘MS 1934 inserts Photos (Futhydn) sith Aba Nae, but these two names un- Aube refer to diferent perions. This mame is gabled. Bas ea gues. "The way in which Heron and Eusathias are writen in MS 1934 sugges Shag AbG Nh ranted te work See Sith GREAT 0.487 Unlike the Fligl edition, MS 1934 separates this name from the one whic se nite igs MS 1936 separates this mame fra8 CHAPTER SEVEN Basil, who seeved [Tahir ib al-Husaya] dhii al-Yamninayn.® Ibn Sahdi al-Karkhi, who transted badly from Syriac into Arabic. "Among the works which he translated there was Hippocrates’ book on embryos.** [Abii "Amr Yahannd ibn Yasuf aLKatb, who was one of the transators, He translated Plato's book on the training of boys. Aryl ibn al-Qisim al-Raggl, who translated from Syria into Arabic. “Among his translations was the book Iagoge.® Midi (Maclhi), who dusing our own time has a good knowledge of Syria, but stammers in pronouncing Arabic. He has translated from Syriac into Arabic, and served ‘AMT ibn Ibrakim al-Dahaki, Ibn al- ‘Dahakt improved his translation. Dish’ (Didshi’), who interpreted feom Syriac into Arabic for Ishq ibn Sulaymin ibn ‘Alt al-Hashim (Quad ibn Lagi al-Ba'labakki, who was skilled in trandating and had a good literary style in Greek, Syriac, and Arabic. He translated some things and corrected many other] translations. Mention of him will bbe made in the proper place among the scholars who were authors. Hunayn [ibn lshiq) [shag fbn Hunayn ibn Ishq). ‘habit ibn Querah]. Hubaysh (ba al “Ta ibn Yabyi. Al-Dimashg (Dimisha}). {ya ib al-Sale [AS Nab]. Ityabim ibn “Abd All, Yahya ibn ‘Adi al-Nafish > JF Allah Almighty so wills, we shall deal thoroughly with these ‘men later on, for they were composers of books sn al-A‘sam). ‘This means “ambidextrous” and refers to"TShir ibe Hasayn, who was appointed jovemor in Khuriein A.D. 820. rabably De restioe ft Although this might tefer to the second and thd sections of the Republi bout the education of guardians and rulers, i more licly refers to the dialogue Lhe "Almost certainly the well-known book of Porphye. 1 -Aethi point there i+ space in MS 1934, evidently left for other names to be Site in, in MS 1934, writen perpendicularly over Ligh, the following phasis found: “From the handwriting of Ibn al-Kalb: “He was susamed Abi Sad.” © Only dhe Toak MS gives this name clearly as al-Nofs. SECTION ONE sto ‘The Names of the Translators from Persian into Arabic Ibm al-Mugafa, who has already been mentioned in the proper place. The family of Nawbakhr, most of them. Mention of them has already been made and {more] will follow if Allah so wills _Miied and Yasuf, the sons of Khalid, who served Da'ad ibn ‘Abd Allsh ibn Humayd ibn Qabraba, transating for him from Persian into Arabic. Al-Tamimi, whose name was ‘AIt ibn Ziy3d, sumamed Abi al-Hasan He translated from Persian into Arabic. Among the works which he translated, there were the Astronomical Tables of al-Shaheiyar Al-Hason ibn Sahl {ibn Nawbakht], mention of whom will be made in the proper place with accounts of the astrologers. Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya bn Jib, who has already been mentioned ‘and who translated from the Persian tongue into Arabic. Jabalah ibn Salim, the secretary of Hishim,*” who has already been mentioned. He translated from Persian into Aral {shag ibn. Yazid translated from Persian into Arabic. Among the works ‘which he translated there was a book about the record of Pesia, known as The Book of Choice (Ikhtiyir Namah). ‘Among the Translators of Persia ‘Mahara iba alJahmn a-Barmaki. Hisham ibn al-Qisimn, ‘Masa ib "Ta Zistvayh bm Shahwayh abghahani. ‘Mabammod ib Bahram ibn Mise a-Igbahini. Bahram ibn Mardin Shih, the priest of the city of Nis cone of the cities of Persia, “Umar ibn al-Farcukhin, whom we shall mention in more detail among the authors. which was ‘Translators of India and the Nabatacans Manksh [Kankah] alHlindi, who was one of a group [employed by] ‘sky ibn Sulayman ibn ‘Ali alHishim. He translated from the Indian language into Arabic. ‘This probably means that most of them translated Persin books, The Tonk (MS has variation, This was probably Hishn iba 1-Qisim 1 Thee i corrected on the margin of MS 1934. See “choices” in Glosary. iti p- a6 calls him Kankah, and devotes two pages to him.4 CHAPTER SEVEN Ibn Dahn, al-Hindi, who administered the Bimiristin (Hospital) of the Barmak family. He translated from the Indian language into Arabic. Ibn Wabshipah, who translated from Nabataean into Arabic. He trans- lated many books, asis recorded, Mention of him will follow, if Allah so wills "The First to Speak about Philosophy”* ‘Aba al-Khayr ibn al-Khammar fal-Hasan ibn Suwar] told me in the presence of Abi al-Qasim ‘Is ibn ‘Al, when I asked him who the firse person was to speak about philosophy, that Porphyry of Tyre asserted in his book, History, which wasin Syriac, that the fist of the seven philosophers was Thales ibn Malis al-Amlis.°" Two chapters of this book were translated into Arabic. Abii al-Qisim said, “So it was,” not denying it. (Others have said that the first person to speak about philosophy was Pythagorus, who was Pythegorus son of Mnesarchus, one of the people of Samos. Plutarch said chat Pythagorus was the first person to call philosophy by that name. He wrote epistles known as The Golden, which were called by this name because Galen wrote them swith gold s0 28 to glorify and ennohle them. “The books of Pythagorus which we have scen are the following: His epstle to the tyrant (ccbel) of Sicily; his epstle to Sifinus,™ The Derivation of Meaning: his epstle, Rational Polit "These epistles have come down with the commentary of Malchus. He suid that after that Socrates, the son of Socrates? of Athens, a city of scholars and wise men, spoke about philosophy with state- ‘ments about which nota great deal is known. What has come from his writings are Discourse about Politics and his epistle, The Beautiful Life, which is said to be authentic as his own, ta the fellowing accounts of Gres and Latin gilosophy and scence, the referees have been limited toa fee standard works, avaiable in madera Ubvare. TMS 1034 gives Mls, Fligel gives Malls Mis and Amit may both be conruped forms for“ Milesians Thal” father lived 3: Miletus. Hi patenes were famed Examyus and Cleobalne "The Arabic name suggests Staphanus, but cannot be identified. 7 His father was tally Sophronicu SECTION ONE sor ‘Another Account “Socrates” means “holding health (truth) (mask ab-sabhah).” He ‘was an Athenian, ascetic, eloquent, and wise. The Greeks killed him because he disagreed with them. Information about him is well Known. ‘The king in charge of his death was Arcakhasht.”* Plato was one of the associates of Socrates. From what is written in the handwriting of Ishag ibn Hunayn: “Socrates lived neatly as long as Plato lived.” Also ftom the hand- writing of Ishq: “Plato lived for cighty years.” Plato From the book of Plutarch: “Plato was the son of Ariston.” ‘The meaning [of his name] is “breadth.""® Theon states that his father was called Astin [Ariston] and that he was one of the aristocrats of the Greeks. In his early life he [Plato] became interested in poetry, from which he derived a large share [of good fortune}. Then, when he attended the sessions of Seerates, he saw that he [Socrates] did not approve of poetry, but from him also he derived a latge sha good fortune].”® After that he went over to the doe Pythagoras about rational phenomena. According to what has been said, he lived for eighty-one years. Aristotle learned from him and succeeded him after his death. Ishaq {ibn Klunayn] states that he learned from Hippocrates. Plato died during the year in which Alexander was born, which ‘was the thirteenth year ofthe reign of Lawkhus.?” Aristotle followed him. In those days the king of Macedonia was Philip, the father of Alexander. % Perhaps Argakhasht is mean to be Araneres. In that case, some carly writer probably sd tha Socrates’ death occured doving the reign of Araxeras Hin Persia and then alter writer infeed hae Arearrscs was esponble for Socrates! dew. "Actually, the penal accusers of Soctates were: Meletus and Anytu Plyeuctus pronounced the rentenes- "This name refers to the Breadth of his shoulders or his forehead, or pos to the breadth of his le; ee "Po," Ee Bri, XXI, 808. For the name of bis er hc eee ih lows, Digec Latip135 Sith RBM, 392 + The tanlatonitaken from MS 1934 and the Tonk MS._Figel and MS 1135 donor repeat “he deived a large dare” Instead hey give “elf” "lac did y47 nc, whereas Alexander was bor 336. Diogenes Lari, 127, my that Aleandee was born during the 13th year ofthe reign of Philip ofssa CHAPTER SEVEN From what is written in the handwriting of shag ibn Hunayn]: “Plato lived eighty years.” ‘The Books He Composed according to What Theon Recorded and ‘Arranged in Sequence” ‘The Republic (AI-Siyisah), which Hunayn iba Ishq explained; The Laws (Al-Nawmis), which Hlunayn translated, as did also Yahyaibn ‘Adi Theon said, “Plato wrote his books as dislogucs in which were discourses with people, and he named cach book with the name of the person with whom the composition was related.” Among these there were: A dialogue which he called Theages, about philoiophy;, a dialogue which he called Laches, about courage; dialogue which he called Erastae, about philosophy; a dialogue which he called Charmides, about temper- ance; two dialogues which he called Alcibiades, about the beautifl; a dialogue which he ealled Euthydemus; 2 dialogue which he called Gor= gias; two dialogues which he called Hippias; a dialogue which he called Ton; a dialogue which he called Protagoras; a dialogue which he called Euthyphro; a dialogue which he called Crito; adialogue which he ealled Phaedo; a dialogue which he called ‘Theactets; a dialogue which he called Clitophon; a dialogue which he called Cratylus; a dialogue which he called Sophistes Macedon; perhaps Lawkhus has been confused with PHlip. Or perhaps ee meant to be Lagu, the father of Polemy and the husband of one of Philip's concubines; See Smith, CREM, M, 712. Another possibility is that, 6 the Wh inthe name is not Acsgnatd in MS 1934, the form may be a corruption of Lois, the month in which ‘Alesander was bors. See Plutarch, Lives, IV, 243; Qi p18. These tes, although many ae spelled incorrectly check rem the moder li of Pat's works, see "Plato," Bu. Bre, XX, Diloges of Pat (Jowett); Plato, The Republic of Pat (Jowet). Some ties have ‘ben aterbueederroncouly to Plato, and several of his works are omited, including smumerous dislogoes; cf. Plato, The Disloger of Pla (Jowett). Cra x probably ‘mitted Beene twa cpa as part of Timacns Lys, Phils, the Apalgy, and ‘Symp ate aio omitted, At Theon ends his lit with the Polis, i seems resonable to suppose thatthe frst tle which he giv, AL-Sipaiah refers to the [Republi rather than tothe Palit. Mos authorities question the authenticey of Alabide, Hippie, Theses, Exacae, Cltophon, Minas, Hipparcus, and Menexena, although Jowerinclades Albis I, the Leer Hipp, and Menesenir with Plato's works The ists of Plato's works in AL-Fibrit should be compared with Qi, Peay SECTION ONE ss read what was written in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi, “Ishaq fibn Hunayn] translated the Sophistes, with the commentary of Olympiadorus. {A dialogue which he called Timacus, which Yaby3 ibn ‘Adi corrected; a dialogue which he called Parmenides, the compilation of which was made by Galen; a dialogue which he called Phacdrus; a dialogue which he called Meno; a dialogue which he called Minos; 2 dialogue which he called Hipparchus; a book which he called Menexenus; 2 book which he called Politicus. From Other Than the Statement of Theon From what I myself have seen and from the inform: reliable person about what he has seen: Timacus; three dialogues which Ibn al-Bawig trandated, and_ which Hunayn ibn Ishi either translated or ele Hunayn corrected what Ibn al-Batriq had transated;"” Relationship, [taken from] the handwriting ‘of Yahya ibn “Adi; book of Plato to the Cretan about the laws, [taken from] the handwriting of Yaby3 ibn ‘Adi; Oneness (ALTawhid), with his dialogue about the soul (al-nafi), che intelligence (al-aq), the elemental substance (alnjawhar), and the dependent properties (al-'ard);*. Sense Perception and Pleasure, a dialogue," Tinwets, about which Platael spoke, according to [what is written in] the handwriting of Yahy8 [ibn “Adil; Theactetus!* which Olympiodorus translated, according to the handwriting of Yahyi: Education of Young Men (Ta'dib al-Abdath). He also wrote epistles, which are extant. ‘Theon said, “Plato arranged his writings for reading. Each group, consisting of four ion of a 1 The thre dialogues were the Tinaes, the Crit, andthe unfinished Herma lige is probably correct in suggesting tha this the Cratyl,with ies refer ‘ences to the relationship in language. Although Qift, p18, gives the tle a imply Onowes, the manuscripts and gel are probably corer in connecting it with the pase of explanation which follows. ‘Ths book seems to refer to the Tins, which deals with the four man tions mentioned in the tle, and ends with the word, “the only begotten universe Se Plo, ioe M4 617, 676. Fr ao ate, Leste, Pa 208 "This is probably abba (ene perception”) lh ld fe Plato's lalogue more accurately sf wea alum "beat" pleasure” is ‘tadhdhch. ‘This dialogue i almost exsinly Pill ‘The texts are unclear Thistle might be, instead, Soph This is most ely the Lace,4 CHAPTER SEVEN books, he called a tetralogy."** Ishq the Monk said, “Plato became known and his work became famous during the days of Artaxerxes [1] known as ‘the Long Hand.” ‘Thus saith Muhammad ibn Ishiq [al-Nadim]: ‘This king [Artaxerxes] belonged to Persia, so that there was no connection between him and Phito. It [probably] was Hystaspes, the king to whom Zoroaster presented himself; i is Allsh who knows: Book of Plato: The Roots of Geometry, which Quuta translated *” Account of Aristotle The meaning [of his name] is “lover of wisdom,” or, it is said, “the excelling, the complete,” there also being given “the perfect, the excelling.” He was Arisiotle, the son of Nicomachus son of Machaon, one of the descendants of Aesculapius, who invented medicine for the Grecks. Prolemy the Foreign (al-Gharib) recorded and suid: “His mother's name was Phacstias and she traced {her lineage] to Aesculapius. He came from a city of the Greeks named Stageira, His father, Nicomachus, served asa physician to Philip, the father of Alexander. He himself was one of the pupils of Plara"** Prolemy ako said, “His submission to Plato was because of a revelation from the god in the Pythian temple.” He went on to say, “He continued to teach** for twenty years, and when Plato was absent. Sicily, Aristotle ook his place in the court of instruction.” “Although Aristophanes of Byzantium arranged some of Plato's works in tiloges, Thasylus formed tealogies. Thoon evidenly accepted this ter arange~ see Smith, GREM, Il, 398 Zoroust’s date i uncertain, but the best authors think that he lived about ‘6. The King Hystaspes converted by Zoroaster ws probably a provincial sce Browne, Litrary Hisory of Pes, 1, 95-96. ALNadin is obviously sho, * This book was probably not written by Plato. The name ofthe trator it sgsbled, lige suggests thst iis mean to be Quin Ligh “Arion's mother’s fail ved at Stages (Stags) where Aitde was bom, 384 2. Alice spending twenty yeas with Plato, 361-347 tse he served 28 toe to Alexander, 343-395 8. Then he spent 12 year inthe Lyecum before he ded For Plato in Sicily, see Smith, CRIM, I, 393. The story of the oracle at Delph is probably legen SECTION ONE 395 Ie is sid that he studied philosophy after he had lived for thicty years. He was the master of eloquent style among the Grecks and among their excollent writers. After Plato, he was the most honored of their scholars, holding the highest rank in philosophy among the ancients" He also had an exalted position among the kings. Matters used to be administered in accordance with his opinion by Alexander, to whom he addressed a quantity of letters and com- ‘munications about politics and other subjects. ‘Among these there was an epistle on politics which began,”* “As for wondering about your good qualities, the evidences for them have become dissipated, they are out-of-date, forgotten, no longer new of causing astonishment. What the populace says about you is true: "He who praises you is not a teller of falschood."” There is in the same epistle: “When people are saddened by misfortunes, they are moved [to turn] to whatsoever is for their benefit. But if they attain security, they turn to evil, stripping off the bridle of caution. ‘Thus, during a time of safety and calm, people are in the greatest need of the law.” “There is also in it: “Treat enemies with injury; those who have absolution with forgiveness; confestors with compassion; those who assault with opposition; troublemakers with social amenity: the envious with anger; the insolent with magnanimity; assailants with dignity; the seditious with disdain; those who vex sting) with caution; ambiguous matters with postponement; things that are clear with firmness; affairs that are confused with investigation; and association with kings with confidential secrecy, guidance about affairs, praise and assiduity, for what they desire for themselves is praise, while demanding servitude from the people.” This is a saying of utmost wisdom, eloquence, and fallness of meaning, in 1 -This is fre translation ofan om, y come From one of Aritod's short prose works, which Tis asiociaton with Plato, and some of which ae well (with permiting”) SMS 1934 har biab-wudkhahah (*with social amenity"). Flgel has bea mumagadsh with contention” or “with disputation”)96 CHAPTER SEVEN spite of being translated from one language to another. How great it must have been in the language of its stterance! Iris said that when Philip died and when, upon becoming king, Alexander turned his attention to wars against the nations, Aristotle withdrew, becoming ascetic. He went to Athens and established a place for teaching, the place with which the Peripatetics are associ ated. He turned his attention to the interest of the people, the aiding of the weak, and restoration of the buildings of the city of Stageira, ‘The accounts about him are many; we have given only a few of thems Aristotle died at the age of sixty-six, during the end of the period of Alexander, or it is said at the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy Lagus. His sister's son, Theophrastus, followed him in his teaching ™* ‘The Will of Aristotle Al-Gharib'” said, “When death attended him, he [Aristotle] stated: Thave made Antipater my executor permanently overall that I have left behind. Until Nicanor arives, let Aristomedes, Timarchus, Hiapparchus, and Dioteles be responsible for seeking whatever there isnced to seek for, and for handling whatever there may be need to take eare of, on behalf oF the people of my house and Tespylis, my servant, as well as for the rest of my slave girls and slaves and those whom I have let behind, If s easy and feasible for Theophrastus to in them in this afar, he should also be one of their number. When my daughter gains maturity, Jee Nicanor have charge of het. In ease she should happen to die before she martes, or afterwards before having a child, the responsibilty for my son, Nicomachus falls to Nicanor. My charge to him in this case is that he shall manage the affairs which he handles in « way both desirable and scemly 1 The Tonk MS add the words “for information.” Arise died 323 m0. a eae afer Alexander die, athe tine when Polen I Soter son of Lagu, founded his dynasty in Egypt " ALGharb was Ptolemy Cheatus, se Polemy the Forigh in the Biog Inde. ‘As most of the names mentioned in the will have nothing to do with the clea topics of ALFiivit only Nieanor, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus ae included ‘the Big. Index. The version ofthe will given in Arabic shoul he compared with Diogenes Laéris, p. 185, 2 there are numerous vartions Most ot the Greek anes are greatly garbled in AL-Pi, ‘The tulatcn gives the peoperspeling ‘of these names and on the whole fllows MS 1934, which differs fromthe Higa text only in minor ways, SECTION ONE 7 Incase Nicanor dies before he marries my daughter, or after her marriage bbat before she has a child, I charge that whatever Nicanor bequest ina will shall be valid and authoritative. In case Nicanor dies without a will and if its convenient for Theophrastus, I should lke to have him serve as his substrate in caring for my childfen and others whom I have left behind. Bue in case this is not agreeable to him, then let the executors ‘whom t have named return to Antipater, 0 as to ask for his advice about wat they should do witha ha ae le To chem mange the affair in accordance with what they agree upon.”* ce the exes and Nicaor lake eof Herp forme, She deserves that from me, because of what I have seen of her solicitude in my service and her diligence in connection with what fulilled my desis Let them give her all she needs and, if she desires to marry, let her take conly a man who is virwous. Let there be given her in addition to what she possesses a talent of silver, which is one hundred and ewenty-five rottles, as well as three female slaves whom she shall choose in addition to the handmaid she already has and her servant boy. If she desires to reside at Chalcs, she may live in my house, the guest house on the edge (of the garden. Or if she chooses to live in the city of Stageira, let her dwell in the house of my fathers. Whichever one of the houses she may select, let the executors provide there for her what she records that she vice ly and children, 1d od to give a charge “With regards to my family and children, Ido not need to give a charge for thes protection and the care oftheir fis Let Nicnor look afer ‘Myrmex, the slave boy, until he sends him with all his possessions to his town, in the way that he longs for. Let him set free my handmaid Aubracis. In the event that, after being emancipated, she offers to serve ‘my daughter until she marries, give her five hundred drachmae and her slave git ef there be given to the girl Tales, whom we have recently acqui + Youngman fom ang eu vad netted Scie the price ofa slave boy be paid to Timon so that he can purchase for z Evidetly Antipter wat an important man who wat permanent executor of the wily withthe ar Toa persons mentioned to han the peace dea or Nim, but ot certain ha he wa the regent oF Macedonia who was ving athe "She wat a slave, the mother of Arto’ son Nicomachs, so that she had 2 ace of scl importance is howl Se Aniotle was bom at Stages, When he reid rom the Lye, be went to Chaley wher he dial, Stgeira (Stags) warm the Chalice Penola of Macedon, wheteat Chas warn the wes oat the and of Eaboe.8 CHAPTER SEVEN himself someone in addition tothe boy whose price has already been paid to him. Let there alo be given to him whatever the executors may se it. ‘When my daughter marries, let there best feee my slave boys Tychon, Philon, and Olympius. Let not the son of Herpylis be sold, let none of the boys who have served me be sold, but let them be continued in service until they reach the maturity of manhood. Then when this stage is reached, let them be enfranchised, with arrangements made to give them what they deserve, if God Almighty 10 desires. From what is written in the handwriting of Ishig [ibn Hunayn], and in his own words, “Aristotle lived for sixty-seven years.” ‘The Order of His Books on Logic, the Physical Sciences, Meta- physics, and Ethics!™™ Statement about His Books on Logic: Eight Books Categoria, which means “definitions”; De interpretatione, which means “expressions”:!® Analytica, which means “anal}ss of the syllogism” 3 ‘Apodeiktikos, whichis the second Analytica and means “proof”; Topic: which means “argument”; Sophistci, which means “those in error Rhitorica, which means “oratory”; “Abjitigi, which is called Poetica and which means “poctry."1™ Account of the Categoriae with the Translation of Hunayn ibn Ishq ‘Among those who explained it and wrote commentaries about it there were Porphyry, Stephanus the Alexandrian, Aclianos, Yahyd al-Nabwi, Ammonius, Themistus, Theophrasts, and Simplicius. A man known as Theon has made both Syriac and Arabic translations). From the commentary of Simplicius there is an addition to the supplement. Among the odd! commentaries, there is a fragment 1) The word eansated “metsphysis” i often used for “theology.” Ta the original manuscrpe, rome ofthe tes by Greek author, such a tho below, ate ‘Arabic eanstertions ofthe Greck. Unles there is 90 Latin equivalent, these tes axe given in the more femuliar Lain, In Grek eranliteration this is Pek Hemet This tile and the one which flows were the Analytica prine andthe Analytica poseroa 08 AS there is no leer p in Arabic, dhe name Abifgf wat evidently wed a8 4 comrupe way of wating Petia ‘The Arabic, hand, might refer to Prolemy al-Gharb (the Foreign), but since ‘he atl is ome, “od” probably the meaning, SECTION ONE eo ascribed to Janblichus. Shaykh Abii Zakaiy “Ie is likely that this was falsely ascribed to lamblichus, as T saw among the supplementary words, “Alexander says.”” Shaykh Abii Sulayman said that Abi Zakariy’’ worked over the translation of this book ‘with the commentary of Alexander of Aphrodisia; [it amounted to] about three hundred leaves. ‘Among those who explained this book there were Abii Nast al-Firabi and Abi Bishr Matta. The book has the abridgments and compilations, both tabulated and not tabulated,©” of a group including Ibn al-Mugaff, Ibn Bahriz, Al-Kindi, Ishaq ibn Hlunayn,! ‘Almad ibn al-Tayyib, and al-Razi Account of the De interpretatione “Hurayn {ibn Ishq] translated itinto Syriac and Ishag fibu Elunayn] into Arabic, the distinctive part!" ‘The Commentators ‘Alexander [of Aphrodisias]: not extant. Yahyd al-Nahwis amblichus; Porphyry, a compilation; Stephanus; Galen, a com- mentary which is rare and not to be found; Quivayri; Matta, ‘Aba Biche; al-Fivdhr; ‘Theaphracue ‘Among the Abridgments [Those of] Hunayn, Ishag, Yon al-Mugaff’, al-Kindi, Ton Bahriz, ‘habit ibn Qurrah, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib, al-Razi. Account of the Analytica priora ‘Theodore {the Commentator] translated it into Arabic. It is suid that he showed it to Hunayn, who correctedit. Hunayn translated a portion into Syriac and Ishaq translated also into Syriac what was lef Se Qi . 368.18, where Yabys iba ‘Adit led Shaykh AbG Zakariy3 In the following sentence ABI Slaymin wat probably. Maan ibn Babes l.Sijsin, and MSS 1934 and 1133 have diferent forms for “worked over ve The Arabic word refers to diagrams sranged like fail ees. For smplifia- tion i i translated “tabulated” The Tonk MS has Hnayn tn Ibiq and abo contains other errors due co cateles copying "HF MS O94 as ab, 'itinctive par), Fg hat ana ("ex"), with 2 ‘to quent is accuracy. "Fel places “complain” with Stephanus, probably wrongly. The manu script suggest that it goer with Porphyry600 CHAPTER SEVEN ‘The Commentators Alexander made two commentaties as far 28 al-ashkel al-jumliyah, fone of them more complete than the other. Themistius wrote a commentary on the two sections together. Yahya al-Nahwi made a commentary a far as al-ashkal al-junliyah and Quwayti wrote a commentary as far as al-thalathah al-ashkal. Abi Bishr ‘Matté made 2 commentary on the two sections together and al- Kindt also wrote a commentary on this book." Account of the Apodeiktids, which is the Analytica postriora, in Hunayn translated part of it into Syriac and Ishq translated it in complete form into Syriac. Matti translated the version of Ishiq into Arabic. ‘The Commentators ‘Themistius made a complete exposition of this book. Alexander also explained it, but his work is not extant. Yahya al-Nahwi com- ‘mented upon it. Abi Yahyaal Macwasi, with whom Matt studied, had a statement about it, while Abi Bishr Mara, al-Fardbr, and al- Kindi wrote explanations of it. Account of the Topica shaq [ibn Hlunayn) translated this book into Syriac, while Yahya ibn ‘Adi translated into Arabic what Ishiq had rendered. Al- Dinashgi translated seven of its sections, the eighth being translated by dbrahim ibn ‘Abd Allah." There also existed an ancient trans- lation. "The expresion chashl july is probably cher “oniveralsllogisms” ‘or “compose sillogisms; see Aritote, Por an Postion Analytic, pp. 305.444. ‘The term abthlatheh lak probably refers to sllgiome in the tind gure: ii, p. 362. These two terms ae subjects deale with in the Analytics priv Themis’ commentary was evidently about the two books which compen the Aalis pri, "Inthe Greek edition there are eight sections and in the Latin ition ight books, See Aristotle, Opera enmia I 173 SECTION ONE 601 ‘The Commentators Yahya ibn ‘Adi said at the beginning of the commentary on this book, “I find no commentary on this book by any predecessor except for Alexander's commentary on part of the first section, and also the fifth, sixth, seventh, and cighth sections. There is also the commentary of Ammonius on the first, second, third, and fourth sections. For what I sought in my commentary, [relied upon what 1 understood in the commentaries of Alexander and Ammonius. 1 also improved the diction of the translators of those two commen= taries.”” The book, with the commentary of Yahya, has nearly one thousand leaves. From an account other than that of Yahya: Ammonius explained the first four sections and Alexander the last four, a far as the twelfth topic in the cighth section." Themistins explained the topics in it, while al-Fardbi also wrote a commentary on this book, with an abridgment of it. Marté made a commentary on the fist section, Ishaq translated what Ammonius and Alexander commented upon in the book, and Abi “Uthman al-Dimashg’ translated this book. Account of the Sophistc Te means “falsified wisdom.” Ibn Na'inah and Aba. Bishr Motta translated it into Syriae, while Yahya ibn “Adi translated it into Arabic from the version of] Theophilus. ‘The Commentators Quiayr wrote a commentary on this book and Tbvahin: ibn Bakiis al'Ushari translated into Arabic what Ibn Na‘imah rendered, with corrections. Al-Kindi also wrote a commentary on this book, and itis said that a commentary on the book by Alexander was found at al-Mawsil.# Account of the Rhetorica Te means “oratory.” ‘There has come down an ancient translation. Itis said that 1skiq eransated it into Arabic and that Ibi iba ‘Abd AAllzh also made a translat ©» There were fourteen topic. For the twelith, see Arte, Catariar pic, P96 18 This was probably Tif ia Tad 10 The reference fo Maw isomited in MS 135tox CHAPTER SEVEN ALFirdbi, Abii Nast, wrote a commencary on it, and I saw, written in the handwriting of Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib, “In an ancient translation this book had about one hundred leaves.” Account of Poetica, Which Mcans Poctty Ab Bishe Mata translated it from Syriac into Arabic, and Yahyé ibn ‘Adi also translated it. It is said that in it there was statement bby Themistius butitisalso said that this was falsely claimed to be his. Al-Kindi wrote an abridgment of this book. Account of the Natural Hearing [Physica Auscltaio].¥* with the Commentary of Alexander: Fight Sections ‘Thus saith Muhammad ibn Ishaq [al-Nadin]: The portion of the commentary of Alexander of Aphrodisias which is extant isthe first section, which was [taken] from the text of Aristotle's statement and is given in two parts, one of which with a portion of the other still exists, Abi Rwh al-Sabi translated it and the translation was then corrected by Yahya ibn ‘Adi. ‘The second section from the text of Aristotle's statement is given in one section, which Himayn translated from Greck into Syriac, and Yahyd ibn ‘Adi translated from Syriac into Arabic. ‘The third section has no exposition of the text of Aristotle's treatise. ‘The fourth section has been commented upon in three divisions. ‘The first part, the second, and a portion of the third, as far as the statement about time, are extant!” Although Qua [ibn Liga] translated this, what is actually known is the translation of al- Dimashgl. The filth section from the teatise of Aristotle is in one unit, which Qusti ibn Liga translated. The sixth section is also ‘one unit, a little over half of which is extant, The seventh section isone unit, which Qusta translated. ‘The eighth section is one unit, only a few leaves of which exis" 2 tn Arabic this is AlSandtal-Tab't See Aritotls, Oper emia, {ati ths book i sometanes abo elle Natali usuitions 1 This very likely a5 fr a the tenth topic ofthe feurth section; se Arist, Oper ona, 98 "This passages very confsed,becase the word alah used both fo refer tothe original eight sections in Aristotle's own work and also to the parts or chapters into which the tansltions and commentaries were divided by the medieval holes ‘The English rasation ian atempe to make the meaning clear. The word al- kale is abo wid in a confsing way. Is eanated at “teats” and “statement” 248 ls SECTION ONE os ‘Account of the Natural Hearing [Physica auscultati), with the Com= mentary of Yahya al-Nahwi of Alexandria ‘Thus saith Muhammad ibn Ishaq [al-Nadim]: The partof this book which Quid fib Liga] translated is in the form of precepts, but the part which ‘Abd al-Masih ibn Na‘imah translated is not in this form of precepts." Qusti translated the first half, which is in four sections, and Ibn Na‘imah the last half, also four sections. Account of the Natural Hearing [Physica auscultatio}, with the Com- ‘mentaries of a Varied Group of Philosophers Porphyry’s commentary on the first, second, third, and fourth sections is extant. Basil translated it. “Abi Bishr Mattd wrote an explanation in Syriac of Themistus’ commentary on this book. Part of the first section in Syriac is extant. Aba Ahmad ibn Karnib wrote a commentary on part of the first section and part of the fourth scction, as far as the statement on time.!# ‘Thabit bn Querah made a commentary on pact of the frst section, while [Aba Nah] brahim ibn Sale translated the first section of this book. I saw it ‘written in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi. Abii al-Faraj Quddmah ibn Ja'far ibn Qudimah also wrote a commentary on part of the first section of the Physica auscultatio. Account of the Book Heaven and Earth [De coef} Tt has four sections. Ibn al-Bufriq translated this book, while Hunayn [ibn Ishiq] corrected it. Abii Bishr Mattd translated part of the first section and Alexander of Aphrodosius made an exposition of part ofthe frst section of this book. Themistius wrote an exposi- tion of the entire book. Yahya ibn “Adi cither translated or corrected it and Hunayn wrote something about it [entitled] The Sixteen Questions. Abi Zayd al-Balkhi explained the first part of this book for Abii Jafar al-Khizin.® M8 The Arabic word trandated “precepts” is “concepts” oe, more specalzed, "mathematical propos Sen. 217 °% In Arabi, Kits alSani!waal‘Alan, See Aristde, Opera omnia 367 "CE Qiffyp. 40 45 which may signifyoy CHAPTER SEVEN ‘Account of the Book Being and Corruption [De generation et conrup= tione} = -Hunayn translated it into Syriac and Ishag into Arabic, s did also al-Dimashgi. It is recorded that bn Bakiis Joakim] translated it too. Alexander wrote an exposition of the entire book, Matti translated it, and Quid [ibn Liga) translated the first section. Olympiodorus wrote an exposition of Eustatius’ translation. Matt ‘Abii Bishr translated this and, after examining it, Abii Zakariyi™ corrected it, that is, the translation of Matti. A commentary by Themistius on De generation et coruptione has recently been found. It consists of two expositions, one large and cone small. Yahya al-Nahwi wrote a complete exposition of De {generatione et corruption, but the Arabic is inferior in excellence to the Syria. Account of the Signs on High [Meteorologica!*> Olympiodorus wrote a long exposition: Abi Bishr [Mott@ and] al-Tabart translated it™* There was an exposition by Alexander, which was translated into Arabic, but was not translated into Syria. Later, Yahya ibn ‘Adi translated it! into Arabic from the Syriac. Account of the Book The Soul [De anima}!* It is in three sections. Humayn [ibn Ishaq] translated al of it into Syriac. Ishag [ibn Hunayn} teanslaed all buta small part of t. Then, 1 In Arabic Ki l-Kaum wa-a-Fatd, See Arstole, Oper omnia 432 2% This was probably Valid ibn “Adi, 2 eanslstor of scientific books. 2 In Arabic Kitth abAthir al Ula; sce Arivole, Opera onmia Ul, $535 “Arial” Ene. Iam, 433, where the tile is given a+ AL-Atar aA In MS 113s pars oftheie pases are misplaced '™ The name Olympiodores cn be questioned, asthe Arabic orginal i not propedty written. Here, iis given ia MS 1034 at Alamfldorus, bu the consonant ‘mark on che eter writen afi omited. Ia numerote passages which follow, this leer is ceasy matked ag. Wenrich, p. a9 has Macidors, but Pauly; Smith, GRBM; Sarton: Diogenes Latins; andthe Enylpardia Brana do not mention man ofthis name. "What i ikly i that some sibe wrote what show have beet Fras, placing two dots ovce the leer instead of one. Tt was casy for the Arabs we for pas they didnot have pin thei alphabet, Unllyb represents p, but not always. ‘As Olympiodorus was well kiown and wrote a commentary on the ‘Metorolagis (ee Sih, GRBM, I, 2) i Seems reavenable to int tle man as Olympiodorus, "8" This probably seers to the Mocorlogic rather than tothe commentary, 2 In Arabic, Kit a-Nefi. See Aristotle, Opers om, I, 437 SECTION ONE os Ishaq translated it a second time in its entire form, with improve- ments. Themistius wrote an exposition of the whole book; two chapters on the first [section], wo chapters on the second, and three chapters on the third. Olympiodorus wrote a commentary which I ead written in Syriac in the handwriting of Yahy ibn ‘Adi. There hhas been found an excellent commentary in Syriac ascribed to ‘Simplicis, which he wrote for Athawalis™ An Arabic edition has also been found. "The Alexandrians had an abstract of this book, about one hundred eaves in length, and Ibn al-Batrig made compilations of the book. Ishaq said, “I translated this book into Arabic from a manuscript ‘which was in poor condition. ‘Then after thirty years, when I found a manuscript in the best possible condition, I compared it with the first translation, which was of the exposition of Themistus.”®™ ‘Account ofthe Book Perception and the Perceived [De sens et sensili]® Ie is in two sections. No translation which can be relied upon is known or recorded. What is recorded is a small portion which al- Tabari derived from Aba Bishe Motta ibn Y nus. Account of the Book of Animals: Nineteen Sections bn al-Bafrig translated it, and there was also an old Syriac transla tion, which was better than the Arabic one. From what I have read written in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi, “In the catalogue of his books there was; moreover, an ancient compilation.” Then according to what is writen in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi, “Nicolaus wrote an abridgment” of this book. Abi ‘Als ibn Zur‘ah commenced to translate it into Arabic, as wel as to correct it. 1 This probably meant to be Anmonius son of Hermeas, the master of Sim Plcias, See Sith, GRBM, I, 146. For Olympiodrs, ssn, 126 "it This quotation should be compared withthe rendcring i Qi p. Ds fn Arabic AL Hs wand Male, ‘See Arist, Opera omnia Hl 76 which there are wven chapets instead of two setions. Tye incon sections probably clade Misti annalian, De pasaninainm, and De atimaliom geveratone, These works total nincteensctions; sce Aritotle, 7-26, The small teas, De ail motion and De ‘animal ices, were probably nota pat of this Work,ot CHAPTER SEVEN ‘Account of the Book of Letters known as the Divine Things [Meta- physica) The arrangement of this book was according to the sequence of the Greek letters, the first of which was the lesser A. Ishaq [ibn Hunayn] translated it. ‘The work is extant as far as the letter M, which letter [section] was translated by Abii Zakariya’ Yahya ibn “Adi. The letter N’ was extant in Greek in the commentary of Alexander, Eusiathius, moreover, translated these letters [sections] for al-Kindi, who gives information about it! ‘Aba Bishr Marta translated into Arabic the letter L, the eleventh letter, witha commentary by Alexander, Hurayn ibn Ishiq translated itinto Syriac, Themistius wrote a commentary a8 far asthe letter L, and Aba Bishr Matta translatedit with thecommentaryby Themistius nlialso translated it. Ishaq ibn Hunayn translated a number of the leaters and Syrianus wrote a commentary a: fat as the leter B. It appeared in Arabic and was catalogued in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi in the catalogue of his books. From among the Books of Aristotle as Copied from What Is ‘Written in the Handwriting of Vahyaibn ‘Adi, from the Catalogue of His Books: Ethics!**Porphyry wrote a commentary on twelve sections which were translated by [shag ibn Hunayn. A number of the sections, together wi the commentary of Themisius, were in the posession of Aba Zakari [Yay ibn Adi] and weitten in the handwriting of Ishiq ibn Hlamayn. i was written in Syriac. The Visage!*—al-Hajaj ibn. Matar translated i. ‘Theology (Theologia).27 about whi 1 In Arabic, Kith al-Alahipst, The thitten sections are designated by leters A through N. The “loser A” the lax part ofthe fine section. See Avitode, ‘Opera oma, W458: Metaphysic,L 1-910; Ariss Metaphysics, Vos a Ih ‘SCHL Khalifa, V sie and QUg,p. 4212, have variations leis likely that Eustatius Romanus dd provide alKindi witha tran, "In Arabic APAbily AS this included twelve seston, it probably consid ofthe ten scion ofthe Eikica Nihomathea and two sation of the Mapu mata, See Aristotle, Opera ons 1-183: Ethic of Arte 6 "The Arabic word alma’ indicates something ctvisaged. Hj Kha, V, 14, cll this book Liber de Speco, which probably signifies the Latin De divnaione Pe oui. See Aristotle, Opes enna, I, 507 1»'An abridged paraphrase of par of the Emel of Poti, belived by al-Kind and others to belong to Arise See “Asti.” Blan, b43) 525 al-Kind? wrote a commentary. SECTION ONE oor ‘Theophrastus He was one of the disciples of Aristotle, and his sister's son. He was also one of the executors whom Aristotle appointed. After his [Aristotle's] death, he succeeded him at the court of learning.” ‘Among his books there were: “The Soul [De animal, one section: Signs on High [De meterors}, one section; Morals {Theophrasti de moribus], one section; Sense and Objects of Sense [Theophrasti de sensu et sensbili, four sections tran lated by Tian ibn Bakts; Metaphysics [De metaphysca], one section, which Aba Zakariys’ Yabya ibn ‘Adi tansated; The Causes of Plan [De causs plantarum), which Ibrahim ibn Baktis translated —the part oft ‘which is extant is commentary of part of the first section; a work attributed to him, which is a commentary on the book “Categoriae.” Diadochus Proclus from the People of Attaleia.* the Platonist Definitions of the Origins of Natural Phenomena [Elementa physica]! ‘The Eighteen Questions [Duodeviginti_quaesiones siva argumenta Christianos], which Yahya al-Nabwi refuted; Exposition of Plato's Statement that the Soul Is Not Essence [Commentarius in Platonis ialogum de anima immortalitate]; Theology [Institutio theologica}, * tewasanAnbraton hat he was Arto’ nephew. The cour oflening wa of cours the Lysum, for sit of books of Thsophrnn sce Dioner, Tai p17. Ym Sent, GRBM I, oR, forthe Fin, son, Ft, and he. Fo hts se Diogenes Lap 97 fr the flowing, ibid 9. 98 * See Theophnn I 33 308 ve AEF ives ti place ame a8 ASHyah, alough QUE, p. #9, get ‘Aah As rel was Coogi up Xan thismay Be ee ge ey ay ‘Sd Atle nn il Pera, mdm Analy “The folowing nei writen iwyson the mug of MS 954, but incorpratcd ing the tut MS nips and Pgee “Yabyh ENG nenoned inthe fk ‘oon of is finan oh [Pris wort hat be (roc ved dong te Gopi period af ioc. a the teponing of he Ghd cetery af i fp ‘This tue” Thi satement wrong, ar Dotan scigned 0.384305 ed Prohalied 412-8. See Fg p 8532 “Chronology” xe By V3 Fora modem book sbot Pri, Ron, The Phony of Pre TMS" rry becomes tour thi oy fer nino a conf, with the cep ta the paige ome fn the cone of Areoles De gratin ‘Sapo ero red st th acento rol 7a Tis of books shold be compared wih Wench, p. 288. tn che thi Sie the arabic word wanted “ence eampah Qi p39 mbttes 1 beer knem form may which slike he Geek oa we Spengea 38Got CHAPTER SEVEN which pertains to God;!"" Commentary on the Golden Testaments of Pythagoras [In Pythsgorac aurea carmina commentarius]—‘it is about one Ihundred leaves and extant in Syriac. He wrote itfor his daughter. Thabit [ibm Qurrah] translated chree of its leaves, but [then] died, so that he did not complete ic ** ‘The Sublime Elements; book of Procus called Diadochus,thatis, “the follower of Plato,” about the Ten Questions [De decem quaestionibus, sive dubitationibus circa providentiam]; The First Good:!? The Ten Difficult Questions [Decem dubitationes circa providentiam); The ‘Atom Which Cannot Be Divided:!* The illustration Which Plato Gave in His Book Entitled “Gorgias” [De parabola, quam Plato in dialogo, qui Gorgias inseribieur, protulit], in Syriac; Commentary on the ‘Tenth Section about Happening, appearing in Syriac:#* book of Proclus, the Platonist, entitled the Smaller Stoicheiosis; book of Proclus on a commentary on the “Phaedo,” about the soul—Abi ‘Ali (‘Tea ibn shaq) ibn Zur‘ah translated a small part of it into Arabic. Alexander of Aphrodisias He lived during the days of the Kings of the Tribes, after ‘Alexander [the Great]. He learned from Galen and associated with him!9! Henicknamed Galen “Mule Head,” and between them the were differences and disputations. In our zccount of Aristotle we have mentioned his expositions of Aristotle's books. ‘Abii Zakariyi’ Yahya ibn ‘Adi said: Alexander wrote an exposition on all of the Hearing [Physica auscutatio] and also of The Proof [Analytica poterora}, which I have scen among the ‘things lft by Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Nagid, the Christian, ‘The two expositions were offered to me forsale for one hundred and twenty gold 6 See Wentich, p. 268, nd Sarton, I, 44 This war 3 composition ascribed 0 Pythagoras and called “golden” because Galen was supposed to have copied it with gold ik ee text near 71 "This wa very likely Pol Dad in Plans inact cums This book estnot be identified and is probably not known in modeen times, “This book cannot be identified. 1 This may be De provident eft ‘This wa very likely a abridgment of Inti hala ' For the Kings ofthe Tribes, the Glossary. In he following two sentences the man refered toi Galen, the grest medial authority, who ded 4. 199, about the time Alexander of Aphrodisas became diector of the Lyceum. For “Mule Head," see Smith, GRBM, Il, 317 SECTION ONE 9 coins (6, dint). I went to fetch the coins and upon returning found that the people had sold the two expositions along with other books to a man from Khurisin for three thousand gold coins. ‘Another person whom I can trust said to me, “These books used to be carried in the sleeve.” ‘Abii Zakariys’ [Yahya ibn ‘Adi] said that he offered fifty gold coins (6 dinar) to Ibrahim ibn ‘Abd Allzh for a copy of the Sophistci, a copy of the Oratory [Rhictorica}, and a copy of the Poctry [Poctica}, as translated by Ishag, but he would not sell them. At the time of his death he burned them. ‘Among Alexander's books there were: ‘The Soul [De anima}, one section; Refutation of Galen about Posibilty [Alexandr Aphrodisienss contra Galenuim de possbili disserttio}, one section'#—also one section refuting him about time and place; Vision (Sight) [Visum], one section; The Sources of Providence [De provi- dlentia}, one section; Contradiction of Premises [De praemissorum inversione}, one section; The Origins of the Whole according to the Opinion of Aristotle [De universalibus];! What Exists Is Not Homo~ sReneous with the Ten Categories! Providence [De fto], one setion; ‘The Difference between Primordial Matter and Genus [De mat genere differentia]; Refutation of Whoever Says that Nothing E: Except from Something Ele [Refutato illorum, qui adseront nihil ex nihilo fri]; That Visual Perceptions Do Not Exist Except by Rays ‘Traced from the Eye and a Refutation of Whoever Speaks of Diffusion of the Rays [Refutatoillorum, qui contendunt, visum nonnisi ope radioram x oculis emanantium effi], one section; Color [De coloribus}, one section;!#* Differentiation according to Aristotle [De differentia ex AAristoteis sententia}, one section; ‘Theology [De theologia], one The word for “possibility” isnot given conectly in the Arabic. Iti not ‘ntely certain thatthe Latin tle applic inthe book which follows ‘The Lain tle ems to fi the Arabic one, but the iensifiation isnot certain. Alexander wrote numerous commentaries on Atttl's works. ‘The Lat for tis commentary i noe denied. ‘Gif p.s5 top, and MS 1135 have alkaun (“exitenee"). Alexander wrote 2 ‘book wih thi tile which sealed De goeratone. Flgel and MS 1934 have alow “color”, a given in the randlation, Thos ses shoul be compared with Wenrih, Baars a610 CHAPTER SEVEN Porphyry He came after Alexander [of Aphrodisiss], but before Amnuonius}®* and was one of the people of the city of Tyre. Coming after the time of Galen, he expounded the books of Aristotle as we have men- tioned in the place where we have given an account of Aristotle. His additional books were Isagoge [Porphyri iagoge], an intcoduction to books on logie!** Intco- duction to the Categorical Syllogisms [Introduetio in syllgismos cate- goricos) eranslated by Aba ‘Uthman al-Dimashgi; Intelligence and the Ineligible [De intellects arque ineligibil) in an old translation; two bbooks addressed to Ancho [Ad Ancbonem]:*** refutation of Longinus in connection with “Intelligence and the Ineligible” [De intellects atque ineligibili, seven sections in Syriac; Seeking an Explanation, one section in Syriac! Accounts ofthe Philosophers [Philosophorum historia] hhave sen its fourth section in Syriac; Abridgment of Asstotl'sPhilo- sophy [Philosophize Aristotcleae compendium} Ammonius'*? In his history Ishaq ibn Hunayn said that he [Ammonius] was one of the philosophers who lived aftcr the time of Galen. He wrote ‘commentaries on the books of Aristotle. We have alrady m the ones among them which are extant when we were recording the bbooks of Aristotle. Among his other books there were Exposition of Aristotle's Doctrines About the Creator: Aristotle's Aimsin His Books; Aristotle's Proof of Onenes. joned. Themistins He served as secretary to Julian, the apostate from Christianity who [supported] the doctrine of the philosophers, later than the time of Alexander of Aphrodisia lived during the late second and ctl third century ‘Ab. Ammonis live dee centuries Iter "3 For the Lago, sce Sarton, 1,335; Wentch, pp. 280-81; “Isghtd) ‘Hla, 273 Porphyry, Tog "See Anebo inthe Bog. Index. CE. Chap. Vil st. 173 "9 MS 1934 hae iar seeking an explanation’). The other versions omit of ‘confine the tide. Another possi is thatthe word i meant to be eit (abridge ment”) and is an unfinhed ele; the tle Abrdqnent of Aiuole’s Philsophy (liar Fatah Aviat) is given a5 de le eney inthe lit in MS 4835. Ie 's omitted in Flgel and MS 1054 For Ammonia and Themis, ce Wentich, pp 286, a8 SECTION ONE ou Galen. We have already mentioned the commentaries which he [Themistius] wrote about the books of Aristotle in the proper place. ‘Among his [other] books there were: Book to Julian, Administration; The Soul [De anima], two sections; Epistle to Julian the Emperor. Nicolaus He was a commentator on the books of Aristotle! We have already mentioned his commentaries in their proper place. In addi- tion to these there were among his books: (On the Beauty of Arstot’s Philosophy about the Soul [Summa philo- sophiae Aristoteleac}, one section; Plants [De plants}—a number ofits sections have appeared; Refutation of Whoever Makes Action and the Enacted the Same Thing [Refutatio illorom, qui intllectum ct intl gibile unum ese statuunt]; Abridgment ‘of Aristotle's: Philosophy [Compendium philosophiae Aristoteleae]. Plutarch ‘Opinions of Nature [De placitis philosophorum physics] which in- chides the opinions of the philosophers about natural phenomena, in five scctione Quad ibn LOgS al-Ba'lbakki trandatrd it: Morale [Morais], about what he pointed out in connection with the teatment of an enemy and the way to benefit by him; Anger [De ira]; Self- Training [De virus exercitio}, one section in Syriac; The Soul [De anima], one seetion.™ Olympiodorust*s Hee was a commentator on the books of Aristotle. Mention has already been made of the commentaries which he wrote, in the passage giving an account of Aristotle. Nothing particular from his ‘works has fallen into our hands. st MS 1044 h stead of “commentator.” evidently 2 mistake, ‘These tides shouldbe compared with Wentch,p. 294 "ME This patage should be compared with Wench, p25. ‘= Thiet probably De Capious ex ininiis wir, bound with other treaties ‘o form Malia, Soe Platrch, Mora, , exxi-noiv ‘M0 Thi may be confined with the erative on Aristotle's De ating which 2s ot ‘written by the famous Pltarch, but by the Athenians sce Big. Index, Ptah son of Nestorius. 1 For this name seen, 136on CHAPTER SEVEN Hippocrates From [what is written in] the handwriting of Yahya [He wrote] Epistle to Democritus about Proof ofthe Creator. Epaphroditus From what I read written in the handwriting of Yahya ibn ‘Adi, there was among his books Commentary on Aristotle's Account of the Halo of the Moon and the Rainbow. habit ibn Querah translated it. Plutarch, Another One ‘Among his books there was Rivers, Their Peclirites, the Wonder- ful Things in Them, Mountains, and Other Things Account of Yahya aleNabwi Yahya was a pupil of Sduiri and a bishop over some of the churches of Egypt, upholding the Christian sect of the Jacobites. Then he renounced what the Christians believe about the Trinity, so that the bishops assembled and debated with him. As he got the better of them, they conciliated him, treating him courteously and asking him to relinquish his point of view and to abandon his declarations." As, however, he maintained his position, refusing "In the Arabic the name is Dyocrate, but itis probably meant to be Hippoc- rates.”Both Hippocrates of Cos and Hippocrates of Chios were continporary ‘with Democritus and one of them wat a personal fren, sce Diogenes Lact, 39%. The name which follows i probable though not certain. "This may have been the ow ofthe Famens Plutarch, but as more likely Plutarch son of Nesorive of Athens "After this shor satementaboue the other Pltarch, the Tonk MS terminates with the following inscription: “The second section ef the book ALF hat ‘ded, sith the help of Al, the Almighty, and with His kindnes. If Allsh Ale ‘mighty 0 wills there will follow ie in the third section an account of Yahya ak [Nabwi. Hunayn ibn “Abd AIEh, the nephew of Yah abJawhar, has writen i thanks be to the Lord of the Knoweing.” The sections mentioned do ot coincide With those ofthe moe authentic manuscripts, The name mentioned i undoubtedly that ofthe copyist. As this Hanayn ibn Abd Alih and hs nce, YabyialJawhars, have lived some ime after AL-Fbrit wae frst waite, their ames ate not fluded inthe Big. Inde. ii. p 354. gives the teacher's name at Shiwis Qi p. 354, gives an accoune of the legend abut the aponasy of Yabys ‘Wat is very ikey is that he wefsed to acepe the Mouothelite doctrine of the Trinity, which che Emperor Heals was eying to force upon the Coptic Church, sing perceution, The Bishop of Alexandra weleomed the Misi invasion 3 2 ‘eats of avoiding this persecution; see Hit, Aras, p. 165; Senth, GRBMF. I 21 SECTION ONE os to back down, they deposed him, He lived until Egypt was invaded by ‘Amr ibn a-'As, who, when he went to him, honored him and found a position for him. He wrote commentaries on the books of Aristotle. I have men- tioned the commentaries which he wrote in their proper place. His additional books were: Refutation of Prods, eighteen sections; That Every Body Is Finite, So “That Its Force!” Is Ako Finite, one section; Refutation of Aristotle, six sections; Commentary on What Occurred to Aristotle, the Ten: a dissertation in which he refuted Nestorius; book in which he refuted people who do not profes [their belief, wo sections; another treatise in which he refuted another group. He also had some explanations of some of Galen's books on ‘medicine, which we shall mention when we give an account of Galen. In the fourth section of his commentary on Natural Hearing [Physica auscalttio}7¥ in the statement about time, Yahy8 al-Nabwi ‘mentioned a comparison, saying, “Like this year of ours, which is the three hundred and forty-thied Coptic year of Diocletian.” ‘This indicates that between us and Yahya al-Nahwi there are more than three hundred years. Ieis reasonable w suppuc tat the writing of the commentary on this book was at the beginning of his life, because he lived during the days of ‘Amr ibn al-'As.™" "The Names of the Philosophers of Natural Science ‘Their periods and order of sequence arenot known, They are: Ariston Among his books there was The Sou! [De anima]. an 56 hee en fe ae See Cai, p. 396, whete the word tated “the ten” it omit ten" smay be instead “the tenth” a-Si), in which ese it might eer tothe las section ofthe Canaria, otto the lst of ton books. Haj Khalifa, I, 620, says that che ommentary of Yabys wat in ton volumes. On the other hand, “the fen” may fefer cathe ten categories themselves, "Already mentioned in the paste on Ariot's Physce acuta 2" The Coptic year of Diocletian dates fFom the aeceson of the emperor, ‘A, ay, so chat 343 yeas ater would be a. 627, ‘An ibn alb"Ay invaded Egypt ‘ND. G4o at whic time he befriended Yabys. For the Coptic year of Diocletian, see “Egypt” Ene, Br IX, 89.ou CHAPTER SEVEN Pantuleius!* ‘Among his books there was Secrets of Nature, one section, Tarius ‘Among his books there was The Dream, one section. Artemidonus He was the author of The Dream. He also wrote Interpretation of @ Dream, in five sections, translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq. Gregorius He was the Bishop of Nyssa. Among his books there was The Disposition of Man. Prolemy the Foreign (al-Gharib) He admired Aristotle and divulged his good qualitic, Among his books there was Account of Aristotle, His Death, and the Sequence of His Books. Theon He was a zealous partisan of Plato. Among his books there was Sequence of Reading Plato's Books and the Titles of His Compositions. (On the back of a piece [of manuscript] I found written in an ancient handwriting the names of persons whose names have come down to us from among [those of the commentators on the books of the philosopher [Aristotle] in connection with logic and other branches of philosophy. ‘They are Theophrasis, Eudemus, Herminus, Jovian;”* Tamblichus, Alexander, Themistius, Porphyry, Simplicius, ‘Syrianus, Maximus, Aedesius, Lycus, Nicstratus, Plotinus, 1 This name fis the Arabic letters bette thn anyother name that can be found, bt no philosopher ofthis name is recorded, s0 thatthe Arabic may be garbled, ‘on Arabic this Yaanide, This may be dhe Emptor Jovian, or some phils. ‘opher of minor importance Compate Mas‘ Il, 324, for identification of the name. Its impouble to be sue ofthe scholars indicated by the Arabic names in ‘thi et, bu ce the Biog, Index forthe persons probably eefred to SECTION ONE ois Account of al-Kindi He was Abi Yasuf Ya‘qab ibn Ishq ibn Sabbah ibn ‘Amein ibn Isma‘ll ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash‘ath ibn Qays al-Kindi ibn ‘Ma‘di Karib!™” ibn Mu‘wiyah ibn Jabalah ibn “Adi ibn Rabi‘ah ibn Mu‘awiyah ibn al-Hirith ibn Mu‘awiyah ibn Kindah, who was "Thawr ibn Marta ibn ‘Adi ibn al-Hlarith ibn Muerah ibn Adad"?* ibn Zayd ibn al-Humaysa’ ibn Zayd ibn Kahlin ibn Saba ibn Yashjub ibn Ya'rub.™ He was the distinguished man of his time and unique during his period because of his knowledge of the ancient sciences as a whole. He was called “the Philosopher of the Arabs.” His books were about a vaticty of sciences, such as logic, philosophy, geometry, calculation, arithmetic, musi, astronomy, and other things. He was, miserly.** ‘We are mentioning him with the natural philosophers so 25 to indicate is preeminent position in science. We shall mention every thing that he compiled about all of the sciences if Allsh Almighty so wills 8 ‘Names of His Philosophical Books®™ Elementary (First) Philosophy, introductory to natural phenomena and unity:!™ Intrinsic (liner) Philosophy, Logical and Difficult Questions, 1" See Durayd, Gavel, p. 219 bottom, for this element ofthe name. 18 This name i very likely incorrect. Figel sels it witha double. Compare variations in. QIK, p. 366 L 16: Durayd, Cowal, p.2ia Ls "ALKind.” Be 1, tort, See “Al-King;” Bn Islam, Il, 1018, where ths name is writen “Udad.” See Durayd, Gone p 247 1 Foran amusing description ofthe miserly tits of al-Kind, se thi, Le Lime es vars, pp. 115-33. "it Compare tis account of a-Kingl with Qi, pp. 366-78; Tighn, Tura al "Misi, Scene ara, pp. 8, 81: Har, Lisi al Mz, Pat 6, p. 305: 1h 35,388. Compare the lie of abKind's works which follow with McCarthy, Ai-Tasini.p- 818, Paraybiy AKind, p64 4 1 Tei probable thatthe epites writen by ai-Kindl were simular to. modern essays. The word ff about” or “on”) is often placed aftr “his episle’” inthe ‘Arabic; it i omited in the tration, Compare the following lit of philosophical books vith Kind, Raid al-Kind al alfa "Talim didnot regard spirit and matter as to existences, but insted upon the ‘nenes of ereation. ‘This Was 2 difical subject forte philosopher, inflenced by Greek thought o discs,6x6 CHAPTER SEVEN and Metaphysics (he Supernatural): his episte on the subject that philosophy cannot be acquited except with a knowledge of mathematics; Encouragement for the Leaming of Philosophy: Arrangement of the Books of Aritole; about the intention of Aristotle in the “Categoria,” what they [the categories] aim at, and thee subject matter; ‘The Essence of Science and Its Divisions; The Divisions of Human Learning; his long episte, Scientific Evaluation; is episte epitomizing scientific evaluation; ‘That the Works of the Creator, May His Name Be Glorified, ‘Are Al Just, There Being No Injustice in Them; about the Essence ofthe Phenomenon!#® Which Has No Termination, and in What Way It Is Said That fe Has No Termination. His episte, Evidence that the Firmament of the World Cannot Be ‘without Termination and That This Is [Known] by Power [of Intellect]; about Agents and the Things Acted upon among the First Natural Phenomena;, about Explanations of the Combizations of Thought (l= Jawimi' l-Fikriyah); Questions Asked about the Benefit of Mathematics; about investigating the statement of one claiming that natural objects produce uniform action duc to the inevitability of their creation; about the Origins of Perceptible Phenomena; epistle, Benevolence in the Arts: epistle about the procedure for letters to the caliphs and viziers; epistl, Division of the Laws!” piste, The Essence of the Mind, with an explanation of it His Books about Logic His episte on an introduction to logie, with a fll discussion of it; his epistle on an introduction to logic, with abridgment and summary: his epistl, The Ten Categories" his episte about the clarification of Polemy’s statement at the beginning of his book "Almagest”™®in connec tion with what Aristotle sid in the “Analytica”; his epistle about choos ing of the four books:! his epstle, Guarding against the Deecits of the ‘This may seer to the spriul force active in mater: see “al-Kin." Be, I, 1030, All oF the texts have aaa ("benevolence") 9° Divison of the Law (* ‘Qinin") doce not sem appropriate in a bist ‘of philosophical hooks.” Perhaps the tide is meant to bea reference tothe Cano of Euclid, orto musial divisions ofthe dulcimer (qin) For the word trated “esone,” sce m1 This mune refer t the C comprehen See Chap. 29 Thistle appears only in MS 1934 1 SECTION ONE 6 Sophists; his epstle with summary and abridgment about the logical proof (proof of logic); his epistle on the five sounds: his epistle on “Haring of Existences” [Physica auscultatio};™ his epste on the action cof a [sense] organ for the derivation ofa union of premises™ His Arithmetical Books His epistle, An Introduction to Arithmetic, five sections; his epistle, ‘The Use of Indian Arithmetic, four sections;_ his epste, Clarification of the Numbers, which Plato mentioned in his book "The Republic”; his cepistle, The Composition of Numbers:_ his epstle, Oneness, from the point of view of numbers; his epistle, The Derivation of the Concealed and Conceived; his epstle, Divination and Augury, from the point of view of numbers; his epstle, Redaction" and Mukiplication by Sha‘ Countings:4* his epistle, Added Quantity; his epistle, Relatvites of ‘Time; his epistle, Numerical Arifices and Knowledge of Them.!*? His Books on Spherics!** His epistle, That the World and All the Things In It Are Spherical in Shape:!* his epistle explaining, That None of the Original [Heavenly] Bodies or Remote Firmaments Are Other than Spherical; his epste, ‘That the Sphere Is the Largest of Bodily Forms and thatthe Circle Is the Greatest of All Plane Shapes; his epistle, That the Surface of the Water ‘of the Sea Is Spherical; his epstle, Spreading Out the Sphere to a Plane his epistle, Spherics; his epistle, Calculating the Azimuth on a Sphere; his epste, Formation of the Six Zones and Their Functions." 1 This may refer tothe five vowel sounds, a tis ot inched wih the Books on "Here che Arabic Sam l-Kipan, whereas the Physic surat of Aristo is no. 31. For “union of premises.” se Rescher, Stuis in the History of Arabic Logi, Pp. 35.18, 36 "oth QU, p. 370, and Fligel have Hhuty (lines), be the manoscripts do not give a consonant sign over the fist eter, and the word makes more seme at Int redston of 3 Faction”) 1% Ashtris defined as 2 mame of weigh equal to 2 buley gran, or of length ‘qual to six mule hats, sie by side. See Lane, Lescon, Book I, Patt 4 . 156 "9 MS 1034 adde an extra il which ito badly writen to be sure of mean 19" Fligel gives alcariya, which i not a ual form and does woe make ss it, p37, and the manusries have al-briyt, which in modern times wed oe spheres, bur formerly may have been used in more general way for spheres. 9" Qi, p. 370, omits the word “shape” ‘9 This le probably refers wo che spaces between the seven heavenly bod.on CHAPTER SEVEN His Musical Books His long (great) epistle, Composition; his piste, The Ordering of Melody according to the Heavenly Bodies, and the Similtty of Theit Composi- tion; his epistle, An Introduction to the Art of Music; his epistl, Information about the Art of Composion;% his episle, Making Melody; his epistle, The Arts (Works) ofthe Poets; his epistle, Accounts of the Art of Music##* His Astronomical Books His epistle, That Visibility of the New Moon Cannot Be Determined Accurately, 2. Statement about It Being Approximate; his episle, Questions Which Are Asked about the States ofthe Stars; his epstle, The Answers to Questions of Physics about Astronomical Procedures; his cepistle, Projection of the Rays; his epstle, The Two Divisions: his cepistle, How Each One of the Countries Is Related to One of the Signs of the Zodiac and to One of the Stars; his episte, What Has Been Asked as an Elucidation Regarding How Variation Has Taken Place in Connec= tion withthe Forms of the Newly Born; his epstle, What Is Said about the Age of People in Ancient Times and he Difference in Out Time his epistle, Verifying the Operation [of Calculations] for Natviies, Labor, and the Star Predominant at Birth: his eisle, An Explanation of the Cause uf the Retiogvession of die Stas His episte, The Speed Appearing with the Movement of the Stars, ‘When on the Horizon, and Their Slowness afer They Have Risen; his episle, A Clarification of the Diversity Existing among the Heavenly Bodies: his epstle, The Rays: his epistle, The Difference between al- ‘Tasyie** and the Operation for {the Projection of] the Rays; his epistle, ‘The Causes for the Positions (Settings) of the Stars; his epste related to the heavenly bodies designated as beneficial and inauspicious: his eps, 1 Farner, in Anal of Lerde University Oriental Sait, (1959-63). P46, ltansates this tide a8 The Arangnent of Pleasing Melly torn tothe Sublime Corporal Natures, 3 The word tandated “information” is probably Hhabar or Khubr, but i not early writen. Qi p. 37, has abr, the plural form. 1 For abKind?s articles about music ce Kind, Mig b-Kindt Pe ho "Tha may sfe to the exons: se Sprenger, p. 1139 top. 1 See the Glosary for “alclations Yor tativtes” and “labor and the sar predominant at birth.” t Alsi ie alo spoken of 25 “dirctic™ and “theria planetarium.” For an ‘ndersanding ofthis term as applied to atzology, see "AL Tasyn." Be lela, 1V, 694; “Astrology,” Enc. lla, 1,498; and Sprenger, p66 in, SECTION ONE 69 ‘The Causes of Forces Related to the Heavenly Bodies Which Indicate Rain; his epistle, The Causes of Accidents in the Heavens; his epistle, ‘The Reason Why Rain Rarely Falls in Certain Places His Geometrical Books His piste, Explanations ofthe Book of Euclid" his epstle, Correction of the Book of Euclid; his epistle, Reversal of Observations; his epistle, How the Ancients Related Each of the Five Polyhedra to the Elements: his epstle, Approximating Archimedes’ Statement about the Measuring of the Diameter of a Citcle from Its Circumference; his episle, Establishing the Form of the Medians: his epste, Approximating the Chord of a Circle; his epistle, Approximating the Chord of a Ninth:! his episle, ‘Arcas of Vaulted Chambers; his epistle, Division of the Triangle and che Square and Claculating Both of Them; his episte, How to Form a Circle Equal to the Surface of a Designated Cylinder; his piste, The Risings and Settings of the Stars by Means of Geometry. His epstle, Dividing the Circle into Three Parts; his epstle, Correction of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Propositions ofthe Book of Euclid; his epistle, The Proofs from Surface Measurements of What Is Shown by Astronomical Caleulations;_his epstle, Correction of the Statement of Anaxikus®® about Risings [of Heavenly Bodies]; his epstle, Reversal ‘of Observations in a Mintors2* his eptle, Laying Out an Astolabe by ‘Means of Geometry; his epistle, Determination of the Meridian and the Direction of the Qiblah by Means of Geometry; his epstle, Making 2 Sundial by Means of Geometry; his epste, Determination of the Hours fon a Hemisphere by Means of Geometry: his epstle, Determination of the Hours by a Sundial Which Is Se on a Plane Parallel to the Horizon, and Is Better than Any Other Methods; hisepistle, Auspicious Auguries. 2 Both Fligel and Qifit,p. 378, have aphid (“porpox”), whereas the mana- scripts give aad (explanations). Two ts following, Revel of Observations Should be compated with the fh ede nee Flowing paragraph, sbout reversed "eflections ins misror. "8 A chord ine Between two point on the crcumrence of cle. Heri Probably refers tothe ine marking» segment eal to nth ofthe circumference. ‘The word “ater” in dhe tide whith follows is uncertain "The manwsripts do no hae the ewer m inthis name. Qi p 7, give an account of Anansi “Thir scholar was very Heely Ansa of Lari. 'A sein page, for instance, eld before eror reads backwards ‘Tis probably refers toa hemipheri sunda. * Qifsp. 7, and Fgel have saudi, which means “auspicious augurcs.” 1 may ako mean “accidents” ot may imply “obiquenes,” such chat of oid having an axis which sno perpendicular, othe obliguenes ofan obtuse angle0 CHAPTER SEVEN His Cosmological Books [About the Impossibility of Measuring the Surface ofthe Farthest Sphere, “Which Governs the [Other] Spheres; his epistle, The Nature of the Celestial Sphere Is Diiferent from the Natures of the Four Elements Being a Fifth Nature; his piste, Manifestations ofthe Celestial Sphere; his epistle, The Most Remote World (Extreme Universe); his episte, Worship of the Most Remote Sphere of Is Crestor; his epistle, Reta tion of the Manichacans in Connection with the Ten Questions about Subjects Related to the Cosmos: his epistle, Forms; his epistle, Ie Is Impossible tha the Sphere of the Cosmos Should Be without Termina- tion; his epistle, Celestial Objects of Observasion;*™ his epistle, The Inposibilty for the Most Remote Sphere to Change; his epistl, Prolemy’s Art of Cosmology:# his epstle, Termination of the Sphere ‘of the Cosmos: his epstle, The Essence of the Celestial Sphere and the Inherent Azute Color Perceived in the Direction of the Heavens; his apistle, The Essence of the Celestial Sphere, Bearing in Its Nature the Characteristics of the Four Elements;2 his episle, Proof of the Moving. Body# and the Essential Quality of Lights and Darkness; his epistle, ‘The Concealed. His Medical Books His epistle, Hippocratic Medicine; his episte, Nutrition and Deadly. Medicine; his episte, Vapors Which Cleanse the Atmosphere feom 10 ‘The four ements are earth, ae ite, and water. The ith sete. SceSaton, 1,87, 93 bottom 8 CE aa 6,189. "Form isvar, which might abo meas “inclcation” Another posiiicy is gaa, hich might sigily “constellations” Be “objec of ebservation” is mimizir, whieh can aio mean “equals” or “things si Tn this tte the word ht alo indicate “work.” For the cosmology of Ptolemy, se Smith, GREM, Il, $75-77 "The word erandatd “character tal, which 25 2 rle means “olor.” ‘bu here more likely refers tothe characterises of cath, at, fe, and wate. ‘ors 135 has 4 diferent form, “The translation follows MS 1954 and Qi Psme 2 The tration follows MS 1135, which ives abn ("hings concealed”) Fligel and MS'1934 give alpar things given") The teanstion follows [MSS 1934 and 1135 in placement ofthe title; Ftigel laces it eewhere inthe lis. Qiiomite hei, "Things concealed” probably ef othe ivinbilty of certain beavenly odes a certs dines SECTION ONE on Pestilences; his epistle, Medicines Which Give Healing (Protection) feom Harmful Odors; his epstle, How to Facilitate (Lubricate) Medicines and Compound the Humors:#™ his epstle, The Cause (Disease) of Spitting Blood; his epstle, Remedies for Poisons; his eistl, The Regime of the Healthy; his epistle, The Cause of Vertigo with Acute Diseases his epistle, The Soul, the Principal Part of Man, with an Explanation of ‘Man his epistle, The Procedure of the Brain (How the Brain Works). His epistle, The Cause (Disease) of Leprosy and Its Remedies; his cpistle, The Bite of a Mad Dog: his epistle, The Secretion Which Occurs Due to Catarth, and the Cause of Sudden Death; his epistle, Pain in the Stomach and Gout: his episte to a man conceming a discase (cause) about which he complained to him: his epistle, Types of Fevers; his cpistle, Remedy for 2 Spleen Hardened by Black (Bilious) Secretion; his epistle, The Bodies of Animals, When Decomposed; his epistl, Determining the Usefulness of the Art of Medicine; his epistle, Making Foods from [Other than} Theie Elements; his episle, Regulating of Foods! His Astzological Books! His epistle, Ofering Knowledge about Questions by Indication of the Heavenly Bodies; his frst, second, and third epistles about forming. fastrological]jadgenents by divsion;#* his epsle about an introduction to astrology in accordance with questions; his epistle, Questions:2” his epistle, Indications of the Two Maleficent [Planes] in the Sign of 1 “Compound the humo” i inhib aakhla Te probably means drawing together af de four bodily humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile (cole) and black bile (melancholy). ‘lt bahia i cransated the “cause of vertigo.” In this connection “eause™ makes beter sense than the aternative tration, "diene." Dozy, Supplement, 1 53, sugges “fainting” for barn, while Richardson, Dicionary, p. 244, gives “ams of distemper” = Qif p. 372 gies maf ("soul") without the article and with purt of the remaining tile in panties. Nafe evidently refers to the soul 3s the principal ‘xltence inthe body. Fllgel gives the lant word of his ttle as a-abib (“quin- ‘euences"), This sees to bean creor and MS 1934 is apparently correct in giving shinai (Yan of individual”) EMS 1135 has tity Crepuatng"). Taghayyer (*changing”) is given by (itp. 372, and Fligel. MS 1934s incomplete. ‘Kiln, Magadidah (Rosencha) Ml 133-37 St The word for "division i -tqin, hich in this connection evidently has 4 more technical astrological meaning "See Glosary: MS 1135 omits this ile,fas CHAPTER SEVEN Cancer" his epstle, Determining the Useflness of Choices his episte, Determining the Usefulness of the Art of Astrology, and Who the Man Is Who Is Deservely Called an Astrologer; his abridged eps, ‘The Ordinances of Natvities; his epstle, Revoluion (Transfer) of the Years of Natvities3®* his epistle, Obtaining Indications about Happen- ings feom Eclipses. His Books of Disputations!* His epstle, Refutation of the Manichacans; his piste, Refutation of the Dualit; his epstle, Guarding against the Deccit of the Sophist his cpistle, Confuting the Questions of the Heretics: his epistle, Confirma- tion of the Apostle, for whom May There Be Peace; his epistl, That the First Agent Is Perfect and the Second Agent Figurative: his epistle, Istit‘ah and the Period of Its Existence; his epistle, Refutation of Who- ‘ever Thinks that There Is Arresting of Motion foe Bodies in Their Descent in the Sky;_his episle, The Falschood of the Statement of Whoever "Thinks that There Is Rest between Natural ané Accidental Motion; hie cpistle, It Is a False Conception that, When Fist Originated, a Body Is ‘Neither at Rest Nor in Motion; his epistle, Oneness, with explanations; his epistl, Falsity of the Statement of Whoever Thinks that an Atom Is Indivible; his epistle, Essences of Bodies (Substances); is cpistle, ‘Beginnings (Origin) of « Bouly (Sulotance), his epile, The Diference between the Sects about Oneness and {the Fact that] although They Are All for Oneness, Each Has Disagreed with Is Associate;. his epistle, Glorifying [God]; his epstle, Proof His Books about the Souls! His episle, The Soul Is an Uncombined Essence, Impershable, Affecting Bodies (Substances); his epistle, The Essence of Man and His Principal Pare; his episl, Information about the Agreement of the Philosophers Regarding the Signs of Pasionate Love; his episte, That of Which the 2 These planets are Saturn and Mats; see Dory, Supplémont, I, 64s. 1 See Glomary for “choices 1 See Glosary for this subject. 1 “Disputed evidently refers tothe argumentative compositions of a-Kind ‘To understand thistle, se “al-Kind" Be, Ilan, MH, 1030, The ist agent, the inteligence, was the fist emanation, called in Arabic aiag. ‘The second one, the workd-oul or nf, was not clearly diingusied by abKindl from the fi. 373, hara somewhat dilfcrent rendering ofthis le. Here, “soul” is mafia arate form. SECTION ONE 65 Soul Was Mindful, When in the Realm of Intellect, before Is Existence in the Realm of Sense; his epistle, The Cause of Sleep, Dreams, and What the Soul Manifest. His Books about Politics (Government) His long (great) epistle, Politics (Government); his epistle, Facilitating the Ways of the Virtues; his epistle, Averting the Making of Grief; his epistle, The Government (Politics) of the Common People; his epistle, Ethics; his episle, Calling Attention to (Admonition regarding) the Virtues; his episte, Information about the Virtwe of Socrates:®* his

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