Problems

Q: A signal has fundamental frequency of 1000 Hz, What is the period?

A: λ = /f = 1/1000 = 0.001 Sec. = 1 ms.

Q: Express the following in the simplest form you can?

a) sin(2π ft - π ) + sin(2π ft + π )
b) sin 2π ft + sin(2π ft - π ).
A:
a. sin (2π ft – π ) + sin (2π ft + π ) = 2 sin (2π ft +π ) or 2 sin (2π ft –
π ) or –2 sin (2π ft)
b. sin (2π ft) + sin (2π ft – π ) = 0.

Q: Sound may be modeled as a sinusoidal function. Compare the

relative frequency and wavelength of musical note. Use 330 m/s as the
speed of sound and the following frequencies for the musical scale.
Note C D E F G A B C
Frequency 264 297 330 352 396 440 495 528

A:

N = note; F = frequency (Hz); D = frequency difference; W =

wavelength (m)

Q: Find the period of the function f(t) = (10 cos t)2.

A: We have cos2x = cos x cos x = (1/2)(cos(2x) + cos(0)) = (1/2)
(cos(2x) + 1). Then: f(t) = (10 cos t)2 = 100 cos2t = 50 + 50 cos(2t).
The period of cos(2t) is π and therefore the period of f(t) is π .

Q: Given an amplifier with effective noise temperature of 10,000 K and

10-MHz bandwidth , what is the thermal noise level in dBW, may we
except at output.
A: N = 10 log k + 10 log T + 10 log B
= –228.6 dBW + 10 log 104 + 10 log 107
= –228.6 + 40 + 70 = –118.6 dBW

Q: What is the thermal noise level of a channel with a bandwidth of

10 kHz carrying 1000 watts of power operating at 50°C.
A: N = K T = 1.38 × 10–23 × (50 + 273) × 10,000 = 4.5 × 10–17
watts

Q: What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300-Hz

bandwidth and a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 dB, where the noise is white
thermal noise?
A: Using Shannon's equation: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
We have W = 300 Hz, (SNR)dB = 3
Therefore, SNR = 100.3
C = 300 log2 (1 + 100.3) = 300 log2 (2.995) = 474 bps

Q: A digital signaling system is required to operate at 9600 bps.

a) If the signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the
minimum required bandwidth of the channel?
b) Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit.

A: Using Nyquist's equation: C = 2B log2M, We have C = 9600 bps

a. log2M = 4, because a signal element encodes a 4-bit word
Therefore, C = 9600 = 2B × 4, and B = 1200 Hz
b. 9600 = 2B × 8, and B = 600 Hz

Q: Given audio bandwidth of a telephone transmission facility, a

nominal SNR of 56 dB (400,0000), and a certain distortion, what is the
maximum channel capacity of a traditional telephone line.

A: C = B log 2 (1 + SNR )
Using Shannon’s formula: C = 3000 log2 (1+400000) = 56 Kbps

Q: Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20 Mbps, the

bandwidth is 3 MHz. Assuming white thermal noise, what is SNR is
required to achieve this capacity?
A: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
20 × 106 = 3 × 106 × log2(1 + SNR)
log2(1 + SNR) = 6.67
1 + SNR = 102
SNR = 101
Q: If the received signal level for a particular digital system is -151
dBW and the receiver system effective noise is 1500 K, what is Eb/N0
for a link transmitting 2400 bps.
A: (Eb/N0) dB = S dBW – 10 log R – 10 log T – 228.6 dBW
(Eb/N0) = –151 dBW – 10 log 2400 – 10 log 1500 + 228.6 dBW =
12 dBW

Q: If an amplifier has 30-dB voltage gain, what voltageratio does the

gain represent?
A: NdB = 30 = 20 log(V2/V1)
V2/V1 = 1030/20 = 101.5 = 31.6

Q: An amplifier has an output of 20 W. What is the output in dBW?

A: Power (dBW) = 10 log (Power/1W) = 10 log20 = 13 dBW