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AIM: - Introduction to Operational Amplifier and its characteristics.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS: -

1) Infinite voltage gain A.


2) Infinite input impedance so that almost any signal can drive it and there is no loading
of the preceding stage.
3) Zero output impedance so that output can drive an infinite number of other devices.
4) Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero.
5) Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signals from 0 to ∞ can be amplified without
attenuation.
6) Infinite common-mode rejection ratio so that the output common-mode noise voltage
is zero.
7) Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously with input
voltage changes.

PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS: -

1) Typical Large signal voltage gain - 2,00,000


2) Typical input impedance - 2 MΩ
3) Typical output impedance - 75 Ω
4) Typical input offset voltage - 1 mV
5) Typical bandwidth - 1.5 MHz
6) Typical common mode rejection ratio - 90 dB
7) Typical slew rate - 0.5 V/µsec

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN OP-AMP: -

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PIN DIAGRAM: -

PIN-1(Offset null) :-
Since the op-amp is differential type, input offset voltage must be controlled so as to
minimize offset.Offset voltage is nulled by application of a potentiometer between pin-1 and
pin-5.

PIN-2(Inverting input) :-
All input signal at this pin will be inverted at output pin-6.

PIN-3(Non-inverting input) :-
All input signal at this pin will be processed normally without inversion Rest is same as pin-2

PIN-4(-Vee) :-
This pin is the negative supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage operating range for 741 is -5
to -15 V dc.

PIN-5(Offset null) :-
Same as pin-1.

PIN-6(Output) :-
Output signal’s polarity will be the opposite of the input signal’s when this signal is applied to
the op-amp’s inverting input. Output signal’s polarity will be the same as the input’s when
this signal is applied to the op-amp’s non-inverting input.

PIN-7(+Vcc) :-
This pin is the positive supply voltage terminal. Supply voltage operating range for 741 is +5
to +15 V dc.

PIN-8(N/C) :-
Not connected.

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