Analize biochimice (analiza zaharului din sange - glicemia si din

urina - glicozuria)
skdookheea@yahoo.com

Zaharurile din sange

Exista mai multe felui de zaharuri in organismul omului: glucoza, fructoza,

lactoza etc.
Glucoza este cea mai importanta zaharida care se gaseste in mod normal in
organele si sangele omului si constituie combustibilul cel mai pretios pentru
obtinerea energiei necesare activitatii omului. Din arderea unui gram de
glucoza, de catre organism, rezulta 4 calorii. Glucoza in organism provine
din alimentele consumate de catre om. Cele mai bogate alimente in glucoza
sunt dulciurile (zaharul, produsele zaharoase, mierea), precum si alimentele
care contin amidon (faina de cereale si produsele cerealifere, cartofii etc.)
care in organism se transforma prin actiunea enzimelor hidrolitice in
glucoza. Dar organismul poate fabrica zahar din orice nutriment, chiar din
proteine si grasimi prin procesul de gluconeogeneza. Pentru aprecierea
cantitatii de zahar din organism, in laborator se analizeaza zaharul din
sangele total ori din ser sau plasma.
Valori normale ale glucozei din sange: 65-110 mg la 100 ml sange.
La persoanele de peste 40-50 ani, valorile medii ale glicemiei sunt mai
crescute decat la tineri, deoarece la ele si consumul de glucoza in organism
este mai redus. Scaderea sau cresterea glicemiei in afara acestor valori
produce perturbari grave organismului.

Hipoglicemia

Astfel, scaderea glicemiei prea mult sub valorile normale (hipoglicemie)

poate produce ca simptome: slabiciune, tremuraturi, transpiratii si chiar
pierderea constientei (coma hipoglicemica). Acest lucru se intampla cand
organismul este subalimentat cu alimente ce contin glucoza (glucide) sau in
caz de infometare (inanitie). Eforturile fizice mari, mai ales pe munte, care
consuma rezervele de glucide din ficat (in special la bolnavii de ficat) pot
predispune la hipoglicemie. Hipoglicemia se intalneste mai rar in bolile unor
glande endocrine care secreta hormoni insuficienti (hipofiza, tiroida,
suprarenale), precum si la bolavii de diabet care se trateaza cu doze prea
mari de insulina sau alte medicamente antidiabetice.

Hiperglicemia

Cresterea glicemiei (hiperglicemie) se intalneste si la persoanele sanatoase

daca analiza sangelui se face dupa un consum crescut de dulciuri. De
asemenea, persoanele care au avut un traumatism fizic sau psihic (stres) sau
care s-au tratat cu anumite medicamente, pot avea o glicemie crescuta, fara a
fi bolnavi de diabet. In aceste situatii glicemia revine la normal dupa ce a
disparut si cauza care i-a provocat cresterea.
O glicemie marita se intalneste in bolile glandelor endocrine care au rolul de
a regla concentratia glucozei in sange. Astfel, secretia in exces a hormonilor
unor glande (hiopofiza, tiroida, suprarenalele) produce hiperglicemie.
Dar cea mai mare crestere a glicemiei se intalneste in diabetul zaharat sau
diabetul pancreatic. Pancreasul este o glanda mixta, cu secretie endocrina de
insulina si exocrina de enzime digestive ce se elimina in duoden. Insulina
este un hormon ce are rolul de a ajuta la consumul si la arderea glucozei din
sange si celule. In unele boli ale pancreasului acesta secreta mai putina
insulina sau nu mai secreta deloc si din aceasta cauza glucoza, in loc sa se
consume, sa se arda, se acumuleaza in sange, crescand glicemia. Astfel,
glicemia poate ajunge la 200-300 mg% si chiar mai mult, ceea ce duce la
coma diabetica (coma hiperglicemica) mai ales la acele persoane care nu stiu
ca au diabet.
De aceea, pentru depistarea persoanelor cu diabet se fac analize care dozeaza
cantitatea de glocoza in sange si depisteaza prezenta ei in urina.

Dozarea glucozei din sange - glicemia

Analiza zaharului din sange (glicemia) nu este obligatorie pentru persoanele

tinere considerate sanatoase. Dar dupa 30-40 ani varsta cand apare de obicei
diabetul, este bine ca, cel putin odata pe an sa se dozeze glicemia in special
la unele categorii de persoane, cum sunt:
- persoanele care au parinti sau frati cu diabet
- persoanele care sunt predispuse la obezitate
- persoanele care observa ca de la un timp au o pofta prea mare de mancare
si care mananca mai mult ca de obicei
- persoanele care au o sete nepotolita si beau cantitati mari de apa, peste 3-4
litri chiar si in sezonul rece
- persoanele care urineaza cantitati prea mari de urina, peste 2-3 litri in 24 de
ore.

In prezenta acestor simptome cronice trebuie consultat un medic care va

indica si efectuarea unei glicemii. De mentionat ca persoanele care isi
analizeaza glicemia trebuie sa vina nemancate la laborator, sa anunte daca
urmeaza un tratament antidiabetic si sa intrerupa timp de 24 de ore orice
tratament cu hormoni, care pot modifica rezultatele de laborator.

Testul de toleranta la glucoza

Hiperglicemia provocata se face la unele persoane pentru a preciza daca

glicemia crescuta se datoreaza diabetului zaharat sau altor cauze. In acest
scop, i se da bolnavului glucoza fie pe gura, fie injectata intravenos si la
intervale de cate 30 de minute se recolteaza mai multe probe de sange pentru
dozarea glicemiei. In mod normal dupa consumul de glucoza, zaharul din
sange creste si la oamenii sanatosi, dar nu mult si revine la normal dupa 2
ore. Dar la persoanele diabetice glicemia creste foarte mult, caci zaharul din
sange nu se consuma si revenirea la normal, la valorile initiale se face mai
tarziu de 2 ore.
Persoanele care isi fac "hiperglicemie provocata" nu vor tine un regim strict,
de infometare, in speranta ca analiza le va iesi normala. Din contra, datorita
perturbarii produsa de foame, analiza poate sa fie chiar mai "anormala"
ducand astfel la concluzii gresite privind gravitatea diabetului. De aceea, se
recomanda ca in zilele dinaintea efectuarii analizei aceste persoane sa
manance normal, dar in dimineata in care se executa analiza sa vina la
laborator nemancate. De asemena, tratamentul cu medicamente antidiabetice
inainte efectuarii analizei, poate induce medicul in eroare.
Determinarea glucozei in urina - glicozuria

Prezenta zaharului in urina se numeste glicozurie. In mod normal urina nu

contine glucoza. Dar cand glicemia a depasit 150-200 mg% atunci glucoza
trece din sange prin rinichi si se varsa in urina de unde se poate analiza.
Pentru dozarea glicozuriei se va strange urina din 24 de ore.

Alte analizeSus

In afara de modificarile valorilor glucozei, in diabet sunt perturbate si alte

componente ale sangelui.
Astfel ca si in cazul subnutritiei, pentru a face fata cheltuielilor de energie
organismul recurge la rezervele de grasime, pe care le mobilizeaza din
depozite si le trece in sange spre a le utiliza in locul glucozei. De aceea,
sangele diabeticilor este gras, laptos si analiza arata valori crescute ale
grasimilor totale si ale colesterolului sanguin. Dar acest efort al
organismului de a suplini prin grasimi lipsa glucozei este sortit esecului caci
grasimile nu se ard pentru a da energia necesara decat in prezenta zaharului,
a glucozei.

Se spune ca "grasimile ard in flacara produsa de glucoza" drept urmare

grasimile sunt arse incomplet rezultand substante toxice pentru organism
(corpi cetonici, acetona). Prezenta acestor substante in sangele si urina unei
persoane arata aproape sigur ca este vorba de un diabet grav, nedescoperit
sau netratat corect. Intoxicatia organismului cu acetona si alte substante
cetonice poate duce la coma diabetica. De notat ca acetona din sange creste
asa de mult incat se elimina pe cale respiratorie, astfel ca aerul expirat de un
bolnav de diabet in aceasta faza sau de un bolnav in coma diabetica miroase
a acetona sau a mere coapte. In aceasta situatie analiza corpilor cetonici din
sange si urina are o mare importanta pentru diagnosticul de diabet.

In diabetul grav, pentru a face rost de glucoza organismul mobilizeaza nu

numai grasimile ci si proteinele corpului. Din aceasta cauza, cu toate ca
mananca mult diabeticul slabeste, caci isi consuma propriile lui proteine
(diabetul cu slabire). Drept urmare, cresc si deseurile proteinice din sange:
acidul uric, ureea, creatinina. Datorita iritatiei cronice a rinichiului de
catre glucoza crescuta ce ajunge la acel nivel, se produce alterarea filtrului
renal, care lasa sa treaca albumina din sange in urina (albuminurie).
Masurarea volumului de urina din 24 de ore care este foarte mare ca si
determinarea densitatii urinei care datorita glucozei creste foarte mult sunt
analize complementare foarte utile pentru diagnosticul de diabet si usor de
executat chiar si la domiciliu.

Biochemical analysis (analysis of blood sugar - glucose and in urine -

glycosuria)

Blood sugars
There are several felu of sugars in the human body: glucose, fructose,
lactose, etc..
Glucose is the most important saccharide that is found normally in human
blood and organs and is the most precious fuel energy required for obtaining
human activity. The combustion of a gram of glucose by the body, resulting
4 calories. Glucose in the body comes from food consumed by humans. The
glucose-rich foods are sweets (sugar, sugar products, honey), and foods that
contain starch (flour cerealifere grain products, potatoes, etc..) Which
transforms into the body by the action of hydrolytic enzymes into glucose.
But the body can manufacture sugar in any nutrient, even in protein and fats
through the process of gluconeogenesis. In assessing the amount of sugar in
the body in the laboratory analyzes total blood sugar or serum or plasma.
Normal levels of blood glucose: 65-110 mg per 100 ml of blood.
In people over 40-50 years, mean glucose levels are higher than in young
people, because to them, and consumption of glucose in the body is lower.
The decrease or increase blood glucose levels outside of these serious
disturbances of the body.
Hypoglycaemia
Thus, blood glucose decreased too far below normal (hypoglycemia) can
cause the symptoms: weakness, tremors, sweating and even loss of
consciousness (hypoglycaemic coma). This happens when the body is
underfeed with foods containing glucose (carbohydrates) or in case of
starvation (fasting). Great physical effort, especially in the mountains,
consuming carbohydrate reserves in the liver (especially in patients of liver)
may predispose to hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia meets less frequently in
diseases of insufficient glands that secrete hormones (pituitary, thyroid,
adrenal), as well as diabetes bolavii which is treated with large doses of
insulin or other antidiabetic medicines.
Hyperglycaemia
Increased blood sugar (hyperglycemia) meets and healthy people if the
blood analysis is done by a high consumption of sweets. Also, people who
have a physical or psychological injury (stress) or were treated with certain
medications, can have a high blood sugar, without being diabetic. In these
situations blood sugar returned to normal after he disappeared and because
of who caused the increase.
An increased blood glucose meets on diseases of endocrine organs that are
designed to regulate blood glucose concentration. Thus, excess secretion of
hormones of the glands (hiopofiza, thyroid, suprarenalele) produces
hyperglycemia.
But the biggest increase in blood glucose meets pancreatic diabetes or
diabetes. The pancreas is a gland mixed with insulin endocrine and exocrine
secretion of digestive enzymes that eliminate in the duodenum. Insulin is a
hormone that is designed to help consumption and the burning of glucose in
the blood and cells. In some diseases of the pancreas that secrete insulin less
or no secret at all and because of that glucose, rather than consume, to burn,
accumulates in the blood, increasing blood sugar. Thus, glucose can reach
200-300 mg% and even more, leading to diabetic coma (hyperglycemia
coma) especially to people who do not know they have diabetes.
Therefore, to detect people with diabetes are dozeaza analysis that the
amount of blood and glocoza detected its presence in urine.
Determination of blood glucose - glicemia
Analysis of blood sugar (glucose) is not compulsory for young people
considered healthy. But after the 30-40 years age when diabetes usually
occurs, it is good that, at least once a year to dozeze glucose especially to
some people, such as:
- People who have parents or siblings with diabetes
- People who are prone to obesity
- People notice that the time had an excessive desire to eat and that eating
more than usual
- People who have an insatiable thirst and drinking large quantities of water,
more than 3.4 liters, even in winter
- People who urinate too much urine, 2-3 liters in 24 hours.
With these chronic symptoms should consult a doctor who will perform a
show and glucose. It mentioned that people who analyze blood glucose to
come hungry to the laboratory, announce if you are a diabetic and
discontinue treatment for any 24-hour treatment with hormones, which can
alter laboratory results.
Tolerance test glucoza
Hyperglycaemia caused to some people is to clarify whether high glucose is
due to diabetes or other causes. To this end, the patient is given glucose
either by mouth or injected intravenously and at intervals of 30 minutes is
harvested several blood samples for glucose determination. Normally after
consumption of glucose, blood sugar increases and healthy people, but not
much and returned to normal after 2 o'clock. But in diabetic persons blood
sugar too much, because blood sugar is consumed and not return to normal
baseline is later than 2 o'clock.
Persons who are "caused hyperglycaemia" will not keep a strict, by
starvation, in the hope that analysis will come out normal. On the contrary,
due to disruption caused by hunger, the analysis can be even more
"abnormal" thus leading to wrong conclusions on the seriousness of
diabetes. It is therefore recommended that in the days before the test the
person to eat normally, but this morning in which to run the laboratory
analysis to come hungry. Also, treatment with hypoglycemic drugs before
the test, your doctor may induce in error.
Determination of glucose in urine - glicozuriaSus
The sugar in the urine is called glycosuria. Normally urine contains no
glucose. But when blood sugar 150-200 mg% then surpassed blood glucose
passes through the kidneys and flows into the urine where it can analyze. For
determination of glucose in urine will collect urine over 24 hours.
Other analizeSus
In addition to changes in glucose levels in diabetes are disturbed and other
components of blood.
Such as in the case of malnutrition, to meet the costs of energy use body fat
reserves, it mobilizes in storage for them in the blood to use them instead of
glucose. Therefore, diabetes is the blood fat, milk and fat analysis shows
elevated total cholesterol and blood. But this effort to replace the fat body is
doomed to failure because the lack of glucose does not burn fat for energy
needed to give than this sugar, glucose.
It is said that "fats burn in the flame produced by glucose" consequently
resulting fats are incompletely burned substances toxic to the body (ketones,
acetone). The presence of these substances in the blood and urine of a person
looks almost certain that it is a serious diabetes, undiscovered or not treated
properly. Poisoning the body with acetone and other substances ketones can
lead to diabetic coma. Note that acetone in the blood increases so much that
it eliminates the airway, such as exhaled air of a diabetes patient in this
phase or a sick smell of acetone in diabetic coma or baked apples. In this
situation analysis of blood and urine ketone bodies is of great importance for
the diagnosis of diabetes.
In severe diabetes, glucose to get not only mobilizes body fat but body
protein. Because of this, although diabetic eat much weakened, because they
consume its own protein (diabetes with weight loss). As a result, increased
protein in the blood and waste: uric acid, urea, creatinine. Due to chronic
irritation of the kidney by high glucose that reach that level occurs altering
kidney filter, which let you pass blood in urine albumin (albuminuria).
Measuring the volume of urine in 24 hours is very high as determining the
density of urine due to increased glucose are highly complementary analysis
very useful for diagnosis of diabetes and easily performed even at home.

Analize biochimice - analiza bilirubinei si a grasimilor

sanguine (colesterol, lipide totale, trigliceride,
lipoproteine)

Importanta lipidelor (grasimilor) in organism

Grasimile sau lipidele sunt substante organice grase, care constituie

cea mai mare sursa de energie pentru organism, deoarece prin
"arderea" unui gram de grasimi se elibereaza 9 calorii. Aproximativ
15% din greutatea corpului uman este constituita, in mod normal, din
grasimi. Marea majoritate a grasimilor sunt depozitate sub forma
solida in diferite organe sau piele, iar o mica parte circula in sange
sub forma lichida. Grasimile depozitate constituie rezerve de energie
pentru cazurile in care omul este subalimentat din diferite cauze si
sursa de energie pentru eforturile fizice. In aceste situatii grasimile
stocate se mobilizeaza, intra in sange si prin arderea lor contribuie la
eliberarea de energie, necesara pentru activitatea vitala a
organismului. Cand depozitarea de grasimi se face in cantitati mult
mai mari decat necesitatile organismului apare obezitatea de diferite
tipuri si grade, iar cand cantitatea de lipide din sange creste peste
limitele normale se vorbeste de hiperlipidemie.
Grasimile corpului provin din consumul alimentelor grase ca: unt,
untura, slanina, ulei sau a dulciurilor, fainoaselor, carnii etc. care se
pot transforma in grasimi.

Cand lipidele depasesc concentratiile normale din sange ele se pot

depune in peretii arterelor rezultand ateroscleroza. Cu timpul arterele
se ingroasa, iar interiorul lor se stramteaza in unele cazuri pana la
obstructie (astupare). Din aceasta cauza sangele nu mai poate
circula si iriga organele importante ca inima, creierul etc. Astfel, prin
obstructia arterei coronare, care iriga inima se produce angina
pectorala si infarctul miocardic. Datorita cresterii rigiditatii (sclerozarii)
arterelor (ateroscleroza), acestea se pot rupe producand hemoragii in
creier sau in alte organe.
Pentru scopuri medicale, se analizeaza numai grasimile din sange,
care sunt de mai multe tipuri: lipide totale, trigliceride, acizi grasi,
colesterol, lipoproteine si altele.

Cuprins articol
1. Importanta lipidelor (grasimilor) in organism
2. Lipide totale">Lipide totale
3. Trigliceride">Trigliceride
4. Acizi grasi">Acizi grasi
5. Colesterolul">Colesterolul
6. Lipoproteine">Lipoproteine
7. Grasimile din scaun (steatoree)">Grasimile din scaun
(steatoree)
8. Greutatea corporala">Greutatea corporala
9. Bilirubinemia (bilirubina sanguina)">Bilirubinemia (bilirubina
sanguina)

Lipide totale

Reprezinta toate substantele grase care circula in sange exprimate la

100 ml ser. Valori normale ale lipidelor totale: 550-750 ml/100 ml.
Scaderea lipidelor sub 500 mg% se intalneste in subalimentatie, in
bolile ficatului, in boala Basedow (hiperfunctia glandei tiroide), in
afectiunile acute, dupa eforturi fizice. Dar scaderea lipidemiei nu are
semnificatie patologica deosebita.
Mai daunatoare pentru sanatate este insa cresterea lipidelor totale
serice peste valorile de 1000 mg% (hiperlipidemie). Atunci sangele
devine albicios, circula mai greu, mai ales la inima si creier. Prin
actiunea cronica, indelungata a hiperlipidemiei asupra vaselor
sanguine se favorizeaza aparitia precoce a arterosclerozei.

Cresterea lipidelor totale se intalneste in:

- supraalimentatie in special cu grasimi
- in unele boli ereditare, constitutionale, in care cresterea lipidemiei
nu este in legatura cu alimentatia, ci cu sinteza crescuta de lipide in
ficat
- in unele boli de ficat si de rinichi
- in insuficienta glandei tiroide
- in diabetul zaharat netratat, in inanitie cand lipidele sunt mobilizate
in sange
- in intoxicatia cu alcool si alte substante toxice
- in stresul psihic puternic (teama emotii, suparari), situatii care
mobilizeaza grasimile din depozitele corpului si le trec in sange.
La 4-8 ore dupa masa, lipidele totale cresc la toti oamenii de aceea
este necesar ca analizele lipidelor sa se faca dupa 12 ore de la ultima
masa. Hiperlipidemia de origine alimentara dispare dupa o zi in care
nu se consuma grasimi, pe cand cea de origine nealimentara nu
numai ca nu dispare dar se si accentueaza.

Trigliceride
Sunt lipide mai simple care intra in compozitia grasimilor si au rol
energetic. Cresterea lor este produsa de aceleasi cauze care produc
si cresterea lipidelor totale, dar trigliceridele in exces prezinta un risc
mult mai mare pentru screlozarea arterelor.
Valorile normale ale trigliceridelor se incadreaza intre 50-150mg/100
ml.

Acizi grasi

Sunt lipide si mai simple pentru ca din ei se sintetizeaza trigliceridele.

Sunt de doua tipuri: acizi grasi saturati (palmitic, stearic, etc.) care se
gasesc mai mult in grasimile animale si acizi grasi nesaturati (olei,
linoleic, etc.) care se gasesc mai mult in grasimile vegetale. Un
consum prea mare de acizi grasi saturati in dauna celor nesaturati
duce la ateroscreloza si implicit la boli cardiovasculare. Eschimosii
care consuma mult ulei de foca bogat in acizi grasi nesaturati fac rar
ateroscleroza. Concentratia acizilor grasi din sange variaza mult in
raport cu alimentatia. De obicei, acesti acizi cresc in sange odata cu
cresterea lipidelor totale si a trigliceridelor.
Valori normale ale acizilor grasi: 200-450 mg/100 ml.

Colesterolul

Face parte din lipidele mai complexe. Pe langa rolul sau fiziologic
foarte important in buna functionare a celulelor organismului, el poate
contribui atunci cand este in exces la sclerozarea arterelor.
Colesterolul sau colesterina din organe si sange provine din
alimentele bogate in colesterol ca: oua, unt, lapte, icre, creier etc.
Interesant este ca ficatul are proprietatea de a-l sintetiza din unele
alimente care nu contin colesterol cum sunt grasimile, proteinele si
glucidele.
In general, scaderea colesterolului nu are importanta mare pentru
organism. Acest lucru se intampla in cazul subnutritiei si dupa eforturi
fizice intense care consuma o parte din colesterol. In bolile ficatului,
organ care sintetizeaza colesterolul, scaderea acestuia este un
indiciu de reducere a functiei ficatului (insuficienta hepatica, ciroza
hepatica).

Cresterea colesterolului seric se datoreaza unui consum exagerat de

alimente care contin colesterol, unei supraalimentatii, vietii sedentare
etc. Cea mai frecventa cauza a cresterii colesterolului
(hipercolesterolemia) insa este sinteza foarte crescuta a acestuia de
catre organism.
Colesterolul mai poate creste si in insuficienta glandei tiroide, glanda
a carei hormon are rolul de a "arde" substantele grase. Daca
colesterolul crescut apare la o varsta mai tanara si ramane
permanent crescut, riscul de a produce modificari cardiovasculare
este mare. De aceea prevenirea cresterii colesterolului sanguin
trebuie facuta la o varsta tanara, nu dupa ce s-au produs modificari
mai mult sau mai putin irevesibile in artere. Excesul de colesterol din
sange se depune pe peretii arterelor contribuind la formarea
aterosclerozei. La unele persoane colesterolul se depune si sub
piele, mai ales la fata sub forma de pete galbui (xantom). Multe
persoane confunda starea de obezitate cu un colesterol mare
nestiind ca acesta nu se gaseste in grasimea corpului, ci in sange si
in unele organe.

Valorile normale ale colesterolului depind si de varsta omului, astfel,

colesterolul creste cu varsta pana 50-60 ani. Dupa varsta de 60 ani,
valorile colesterolului nu mai cresc mult, ramanand stationare.
Un colesterol de 2,50-3,00g/l este un semnal de alarma, in timp ce un
colesterol de peste 3g/l pune urgent problema unor masuri de
tratament.

Ateroscleroza

Desigur ca exista si persoane cu hipercolesterolemie, care nu fac

ateroscleroza si nici accidente vasculare (cardiace sau cerebrale),
dupa cum exista persoane cu valori normale ale colesterolului care
prezinta semne de ateroscleroza. Acest fapt arata ca la producerea
ateroscrelozei mai contribuie si alti factori printre care:
- alimentatia nerationala, bogata in grasimi, care depasesc 30% din
totalul caloriilor sau cu un aport excesiv de dulciuri
- suprasolicitarea psihica, care duce la surmenaj, la oboseala
nervoasa
- sexul, legat de factorul hormonal; femeile desi consuma aceleasi
alimente ca si barbatii au colesterolul mai scazut si ele fac mai rar
boli cardiovasculare
- factorul genetic, care contribuie la sinteza crescuta de colesterol din
orice aliment; sunt pareri care arata ca nu atat colesterolul alimentar
este daunator cat cel sintetizat in organism, care ar fi de 3-4 ori mai
mare decat colesterolul provenit din alimente.

Cercetarile recente au aratat ca exista doua feluri de colesterol: bun

si rau. Persoanele care au o cantitate mai mare de colesterol "bun"
prezinta un risc mai mic de a face ateroscleroza decat persoanele
care au in sange o proportie mai mare de colesterol "rau". Se admite
ca valorile normale ale colesterolului sanguin variaza intre 1,20-
2,6g/l. Dar exista mari variatii individuale ale acestor valori, in raport
de varsta si sex, asa cum rezulta urmatoarea statistica:
Valori normale ale colesterolului:

Pentru scaderea colesterolului sanguin se va urma regimul alimentar

recomandat de medic, la care se vor asocia exercitii fizice in vederea
consumari excesului de colesterol. La persoanele obeze, scaderea in
greutate poate duce si la scaderea colesterolului sanguin. Evitarea
stresului psihic, a oboselii deconectarea nervoasa, renuntarea la
fumat pot contribui la scaderea colesterolului. Daca prin aceste
metode colesterolul nu scade in mod semnificativ, probabil ca este
vorba de o sinteza crescuta in organism si in acest caz medicul
curant va indica si un tratament medicamentos.

Lipoproteine

Sunt lipide legate de proteine. Ele ajuta la dizolvarea si transportul

grasimilor mai grele spre celule unde sunt arse. Concentratia
lipoproteinelor sanguine se exprima in mg la 100 ml/sange.
Valori normale ale lipoproteinelor:150-250 mg/100 ml.
Lipidograma, daca printr-o hartie de filtru pe care s-a pus o picatura
de ser se trece un curent continuu, lipoproteinele din ser se separa in
mai multe fractiuni. Ultimele trei fractiuni ale lipidogramei au o valoare
foarte importanta in aprecierea predispozitiei spre ateroscleroza si
boli cardiovasculare.

Trebuie retinut ca o crestere a beta-lipoproteinelor peste 80%

inseamna o perturbare a repartitiei grasimilor in corp, care
favorizeaza depunerea de grasimi in artere. De obicei persoanele
care au un colesterol crescut, au si beta-lipoproteinele crescute. Prin
cresterea procentului de beta-lipoproteine, scade procentul de alfa-
lipoproteine care au un rol de prevenire a aterosclerozei si astfel
creste raportul dintre beta-lipoproteine de alfa-lipoproteine care in
mod normal este de 2,3-3,0.

In mod normal grasimile din alimente sunt absorbite in intestin si nu

trec in fecale sau trec in cantitati foarte mici. Dar in tulburarile de
digestie ale grasimilor, asa cum se intampla in bolile de ficat si cele
ale vezicii biliare sau in bolile de pancreas (care nu mai produce
suficienti fermenti pentru digestia grasimilor), acestea nu se mai
absorb din tubul digestiv ci trec in cantitati mari in fecale. Acelasi
lucru se intampla si dupa operatii pe intestin. Punerea in evidenta cu
ajutorul microscopului, a grasimilor din fecale poate aduce date
indirecte despre felul cum functioneaza ficatul si pancreasul
bolnavilor. De altfel, scaunul acestor bolnavi este mai decolorat,
albicios, unsuros si diareic.

Grasimile din scaun (steatoree)

In mod normal grasimile din alimente sunt absorbite in intestin si nu

trec in fecale sau trec in cantitati foarte mici. Dar in tulburarile de
digestie ale grasimilor, asa cum se intampla in bolile de ficat si cele
ale vezicii biliare sau in bolile de pancreas (care nu mai produce
suficienti fermenti pentru digestia grasimilor), acestea nu se mai
absorb din tubul digestiv ci trec in cantitati mari in fecale (steatoree).
Acelasi lucru se intampla si dupa operatii pe intestin.
Punerea in evidenta cu ajutorul microscopului, a grasimilor din
fecalepoate aduce date indirecte despre felul cum functioneaza
ficatul si pancreasul bolnavilor. De altfel, scaunul acestor bolnavi este
mai decolorat, albicios, unsuros si diareic.

Greutatea corporalaSus

Mai trebuie mentionata o metoda de analiza indirecta a grasimilor

corpului pe care o poate face oricine la domiciliu si anume cantarirea
periodica. Cunoscand greutatea si inaltimea se poate stabili gradul de
incarcare cu grasimi a unei persoane.
Un criteriu simplu de apreciere a greutatii corporale normale este
indicele Broca. Dupa acest indice:

greutatea ideala (in kg) =inaltimea (in cm) minus 100.

De exemplu o persoana care are inaltimea de 170 cm, trebuie sa

aiba greutatea ideala de 170-100=70 kg.
O crestere a greutatii peste aceasta cifra cu 10-20 % (7-14 kg) indica
obezitata de gradul intai sau usoara. Cand depasirea greutatii
normale este de 20-30% (14-21 kg) se vorbeste de o obezitatea
mijlocie sau de gradul doi. Iar cand greutatea corpului depaseste
30% din greutatea ideala se considera ca este o obezitatea mare, de
gradul trei.

Bilirubinemia (bilirubina sanguina)

Bilirubina este o substanta colorata in verde-galbui, pe care o fabrica

ficatul si care intra in compozitia bilei. In mod normal, bilirubina nu se
gaseste in sange decat in cantitati foarte mici. Insa cu ocazia bolilor
de ficat (hepatita infectioasa sau toxica), cand seobstrueaza canalul
biliar (calculi ai vezicii biliare) atunci cand bila nu se mai poate scurge
spre intestin, intra in circulatia sanguina, colorand pielea bolnavului
(icter) si serul sanguin.
Cresterea bilirubinei sanguine are aceeasi valoare pentru
diagnosticul bolilor ca si cresterea pigmentilor biliari si a
urobilinogenului din urina.

Valori normale ale bilirubinei sanguine:

Bilirubina directa = 0-0,2 mg%
Bilirubina indirecta=0,8-1 mg%
Bilirubina totala=1-1,2 mg%.

The advice - of a doctor and blood fats (cholesterol, total lipids,

triglycerides, lipoproteins)

The importance of lipids (fats) in the body

Fats or lipids are fatty organic substances, which constitute the largest
source of energy for the body as the "burning" a gram of fat is 9 calories
releases. Approximately 15% of body weight consists, usually, of fat. Most
fat is stored in solid form in various organs or skin, and a small part of
circulating blood in liquid form. Fats stored energy reserves for cases in
which man is underfeed different reasons and source of energy for the
physical. In these situations mobilizes stored fat, enters the blood and by
their combustion contributes to the release of energy necessary for vital
activity of the body. When fat is stored in much larger quantities than
obesity is the body needs different kinds and degrees, and when the amount
of fat in the blood increases above the normal speaking of hyperlipidaemia.
Body fat from fatty food consumption as: butter, lard, lard, oil or
confectionery fainoaselor, meat, etc.. that can turn into fat.

When concentrations exceed normal blood lipids they can lodge in arteries
resulting in atherosclerosis. In time the arteries thicken and inside them
narrows in some cases to blockage (occlusion). Because of this blood can
not circulate and irrigate major organs like heart, brain, etc.. Thus, by
coronary artery blockage, which irrigate the heart produces angina and
myocardial infarction. Due to higher rigidity (sclerozarii) arteries
(atherosclerosis), they may break causing bleeding in the brain or other
organs.
For medical purposes, is analyzed only in blood fats, which are of several
types: total lipids, triglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, lipoproteins and
others.
Article Contents
1. The importance of lipids (fats) in the body
2. Total fat "> Total Fat
3. Triglycerides "> Triglycerides
4. Fatty acids "> fatty acids
5. Cholesterol "> Cholesterol
6. Lipoprotein "> lipoprotein
7. Fat in the stool (steatoree) "> fat seat (steatoree)
8. Body weight "> body weight
9. Bilirubin (bilirubin blood) "> bilirubin (bilirubin blood)
Total Fat
Represents all fatty substances that circulate in the blood expressed per 100
ml serum. Normal levels of total lipids: 550-750 ml/100 ml.
Lowering lipids in 500 mg% in subalimentatie meets in liver diseases in
Basedow disease (hiperfunctia thyroid gland), in acute, after physical effort.
But the decrease has lipidemiei great pathological significance.
May be harmful to health but increase total serum lipid values over 1000 mg
% (hyperlipidaemia). When blood is white, hard run, especially the heart and
brain. The action of chronic, long the blood vessels favors hiperlipidemiei
the early appearance of arteriosclerosis.

Increasing the total lipid meets on:

- Overnutrition, especially with fat
- In some hereditary diseases, constitutional, in which growth is lipidemiei
about nutrition, but with increased synthesis of fat in the liver
- In some liver and kidney
- In the thyroid gland failure
- In untreated diabetes in fasting when blood lipids are mobilized
- To intoxication with alcohol and other toxic substances
- In strong psychological stress (fear of emotions, anger), situations that
mobilizes fat stores them in body and blood.
At 4-8 hours after meals, total lipids increase to all people therefore it is
necessary for lipid analysis are made in 12 hours after last meal.
Hyperlipidemia of food origin disappeared after a day in which fat is
consumed, while the non-food origin not only disappears but is and
emphasizes.
Triglycerides
Simple lipids are contained in fat and energy serve. Their growth is
produced by the same causes that produce and increase the total lipids, but
excess triglycerides show a much higher risk for screlozarea arteries.
Normal values of triglycerides are covered by 50-150mg/100 ml.
Fatty acids
I am fat and easier because of them synthesize triglycerides. There are two
types: saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, etc..) Which are found in
animal fats and more unsaturated fatty acids (Olei, linoleic, etc..) Which are
found more in vegetable fats. Excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids
in the unsaturated damage and lead to default ateroscreloza cardiovascular
diseases. Eskimos consuming seal oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids are
rarely atherosclerosis. The concentration of fatty acids in the blood varies
greatly in relation to diet. Typically, these acids in the blood increase with
the increasing total lipid and triglyceride levels.
Normal levels of fatty acids: 200-450 mg/100 ml.
Cholesterol
Part of complex lipids. Besides the very important physiological role in
smooth functioning of body cells, it can help when in excess sclerozarea
arteries. Cholesterol or offal and blood cholesterol comes from foods high in
cholesterol such as: eggs, butter, milk, eggs, brain, etc.. Interestingly, the
liver is the property of some foods that do not synthesize cholesterol as fats,
proteins and carbohydrates.
In general, lower cholesterol has great importance for the body. This
happens in case of malnutrition and after strenuous efforts that consume a
portion of cholesterol. In liver disease, organ that synthesizes cholesterol,
decreased it is an indication of reduced liver function (liver failure, liver
cirrhosis).

Increased serum cholesterol is due to excessive consumption of foods that

contain cholesterol, a supraalimentatii, etc. sedentary life. The most common
cause of the increase of cholesterol (hypercholesterolaemia) but is very high
its synthesis by the body.
Cholesterol can increase in renal gland and thyroid gland whose hormone is
to "burn" fat substances. If high cholesterol is at a younger age and stays
increased risk of cardiovascular changes occur is high. Therefore prevention
of blood cholesterol increase should be made at an early age, not after the
changes occurred more or less irevesibile artery. Excess blood cholesterol
deposited on artery walls contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol in some people and is filed under the skin, especially in front of
the form of yellow spots (xantom). Many people confuse the state of obesity
with a high cholesterol knowing that it is not in the fat body, but blood and
some organs.
Normal cholesterol values depend on age and human, thus, cholesterol
increases with age until 50-60 years. After the age of 60 years, cholesterol
not grow much, remaining stationary.
A cholesterol 2,50-3,00 g / l is an alarm, while a cholesterol of over 3g / l
put urgent problem of treatment measures.

Atherosclerosis

Of course there are people with hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and do

not even strokes (heart or brain), as there are people with normal cholesterol
levels with signs of atherosclerosis. This shows that the production of other
factors contribute May ateroscrelozei including:
- Irrational diet rich in fat, which exceed 30% of total calories or an
excessive intake of sweets
- Over-physical, leading to breakdown, nervous fatigue
- Sex-related hormonal factor, although women eat the same food as men
have lower cholesterol and they are less cardiovascular disease
- Genetic factors that contribute to increased synthesis of cholesterol in any
food, are currently showing that food is not as harmful as the cholesterol
synthesized in the body, which is 3-4 times higher than cholesterol derived
from food.
Recent research has shown that there are two kinds of cholesterol: good and
evil. People who have a larger amount of "good" cholesterol presents a
lower risk of atherosclerosis than do those in the blood have a greater
proportion of "bad" cholesterol. It is recognized that normal values of blood
cholesterol varies between 1,20-2,6 g / l. But there are large individual
variations of these values in relation to age and sex, as evidenced by the
following statistics:
Normal levels of cholesterol:

To lower blood cholesterol is to follow the diet recommended by your

doctor, who will join the exercise in excess consumption of cholesterol. In
obese people, weight loss can lead to lower blood cholesterol. Avoid mental
stress, fatigue disconnect nervous, quitting smoking can help lower
cholesterol. If by these methods cholesterol does not decrease significantly,
it is likely that an increased synthesis in the body and in this case will show
doctors and medication.
Lipoprotein
They are fat-related proteins. They help dissolve fat and heavy transport to
cells which are burned. Blood lipoprotein concentration is expressed in mg
per 100 ml / blood.
Normal levels of lipoproteins :150-250 mg/100 ml.
Lypidogram, if a filter paper which was placed a drop of serum is passed a
current, separate serum lipoproteins into several factions. The last three
fractions Lypidogram have a very important value in assessing
predisposition to atherosclerosis and heart disease.
It should be noted that an increase in beta-lipoprotein than 80% means a
disruption of the distribution of fats in the body, which favors the deposition
of fat in arteries. Usually people who have high cholesterol, and beta-
lipoproteins were elevated. By increasing the percentage of beta-lipoprotein,
decreased the percentage of alpha-lipoprotein with a role in preventing
atherosclerosis and thereby increases the ratio of beta-lipoprotein alpha-
lipoprotein, which normally is 2,3-3,0.

Normally fats from food are absorbed in the intestine and pass in the feces or
go in very small quantities. But in disorders of fat digestion, as happens in
the liver and the gall bladder or pancreatic disease (which no longer produce
enough yeast to digest fats), they no longer absorb the digestive tract but
passes in amounts children in the feces. The same thing happens after
operations on the intestine. Highlighting using microscope, the fat in faeces
can provide indirect information about how work ill liver and pancreas.
Moreover, the seat of these patients is bleached, white, sticky and diarrhea.
Fat in the stool (steatoree)
Normally fats from food are absorbed in the intestine and pass in the feces or
go in very small quantities. But in disorders of fat digestion, as happens in
the liver and the gall bladder or pancreatic disease (which no longer produce
enough yeast to digest fats), they no longer absorb the digestive tract but
passes in amounts children in the feces (steatoree). The same thing happens
after operations on the intestine.
Highlighting using microscope, the fat of fecalepoate bring indirect data
about how work ill liver and pancreas. Moreover, the seat of these patients is
bleached, white, sticky and diarrhea.
Weight corporalaSus
May be mentioned a method of indirect analysis of body fat that can make
everyone at home and that is weighing Periodicals. Knowing the weight and
height can determine the load of fat a person.
A simple criterion for assessing the normal body weight is the index of
Broca. After this show:
ideal weight (in kg) = height (in cm) minus 100.

For example a person who has a height of 170 cm, must have the ideal
weight of 170-100 = 70 kg.
A weight increase over that figure by 10-20% (7-14 kg) indicates the degree
obezitata first or easy. The excess is 20-30% of normal weight (14-21 kg) is
spoken by a middle or second degree obesity. And when body weight
exceeds 30% of ideal weight is considered obesity a high level three.
Bilirubin (bilirubin blood)
Bilirubin is a green-yellow dye, a factory that contained in liver and bile.
Normally, bilirubin is not found in blood only in very small quantities. But
when liver disease (hepatitis, infectious or toxic), when seobstrueaza bile
(gall bladder calculi of) when the ball is no longer flows to the intestine,
enter blood circulation, skin colorand patient (jaundice) and blood serum.
Increased blood bilirubin has the same value for diagnosis of diseases that
increase bile pigments and urobilinogen in urine.
Normal levels of blood bilirubin:
Direct bilirubin = 0-0,2 mg%
Indirect bilirubin = 0,8-1 mg%
Total bilirubin = 1-1,2 mg%.