Severe Wx Flying

4 Ingredients for Wx

1. Water
2. Temperature
3. Lifting
4.Stability

1. Water ( all Wx is made out of water)

e.g. : icing clouds,ts,...

Where can you find it ? lakes ,oceans,after a good rain,..2/3 of our planet consists
out of water.
Water is the enemy!

2. Temp.
Various type of Wx needs temp of various kind.
e.g. : icing : T° slightly below freezing
fog : T° near Td°(dewpoint)
Ts : warm T° at lower air layers ( Warm air hold more water dan Cold
air!!)

3.Lifting
L = bad Wx
Why? All air is sucked into a L press area close to the grnd
⇒ air doesn't compress by natural airspeed
⇒ there is no horizontal way out
⇒ below is the surface so it can only escape up!

4. Stability
Very important ingredient!

3 rules : 1.hot air rises,cold air descends

2.the sun doesn't heat the air that much. It generaly heats the
surface,and the surface(water and grnd) heats the air!
3. hot air mass over cold is STABLE

Td° : warm air climbs and has water vapour in it(the warmer the air the more
vapour it can hold) ⇒ air cools down untill the Dewpoint( where the air holds all
the vapour it can) is reached ⇒ if you cool the air more you get clouds (small
droplets of liquid water)⇒ when vapour condenses in small droplets
it releases heat so that if the cloud continious to rise it will cool down slower
(±1°/1000')
Dry adiabatic laps rate ( with very small amount of vapour) =>
cools down ± 3°c/1000'
Moist adiabatic laps rate ( lots of vapour) => cools down
±1°c/1000'

Warm over Cold air layers : the bubble will cool down and will be
colder than its surroundings and descends again
Cold over Warm air layers : the bubble will cool down at a rate
and if the air cools down with more than 3°/1000' your bubble will always be
warmer than the surrounding air,so unstable

400(T°-Td°) = height of cloudbase above AGL in ft

125(T°-Td°) = height of cloudbase above AGL in m