Training Report

A
SIX WEEKS SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

On
TELECOMMUNICATION
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
From
ADVANCE LEVEL TRAAINING IN TELE COMMUNICATION (ALTTC)
GHAZIABAD
Submitted to Submitted by
Mr.Sohail Khan Vidyanshu Shankhadhar

Roll No.-0723131085
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

R.D. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GHAZIABD-201206 1
PREFACE
Industrial training is must for every student perusing professional degree because the
ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial training helps us to
get an idea of things.
We should known in order to get a good job i.e. have a good professional carrier.
Industrial training teaches us a lot of things. It helps us to know the kind of environment
we would be getting in an industry and help us to get with the kind of environment.
Industrial training helps us to know what kind of grade an engineer of specific branch
plays in an industry. It help us to get used to working in groups of known people in it teach
us team work because my work in industrial is accomplished by a group and not an
individual.
In totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. Some advance technical
knowledge how and help us to acquired with industrial working style.

GHAZIABD-201206 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Completing a job is never one-man effort. It is often the result of invaluable

contribution of number of individuals in a direct or indirect manner that helps in
sharing or making success.
I take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and whole hearted
thanks to all faculty members of ALTTC, for their valuable guidance, interest and
affectionate encouragement throughout the work.
Lastly i take this opportunity to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped
me during the course of this task.

GHAZIABD-201206 3
CONTENTS
Training certificate
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………3
1. Intoduction…………………………………………………………….5
• Company profile……………………………………………………..5
a. About the company
b. ALTTC vision
c. ALTTC mission
• Objective of training
2. PCM Principle
3. Advanced Optical Networks: DWDM
4. MOBILE COMMUNICATION & CELLULAR CONCEPTS
• Mobile Communications: Basic concepts
• Cellular Concepts
5. GSM Technology
• Call Processing in GSM

• GSM Network structure
6. CDMA Technology
7. Overview Of Intranet
8. Wi-Max
9. Wi-Fi
10.Conclusion
11.Bibliography

GHAZIABD-201206 4
2. PCM PRINCIPLE
Introduction
A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be provided
by using a pair of open wire lines or underground cable as early as early as mid of 19th
century. However, due to fast industrial development and increased telephone awareness,
demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate. To cater to the increased
demand of traffic between two stations or between two subscribers at the same station we
resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on either the open wire alignment, or in
underground cable. This could solve the problem for some time only as there is a limit to the
number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to headway
consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs
that can be installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance
problems. Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical and
leads to maintenance problems.
It, therefore, became imperative to think of new technical innovations which could
exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or underground
cables to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used to provide a number of
circuits using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing.
Multiplexing Techniques
There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques
i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM)
The FDM technique is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300-3400 Hz)
into pre-assigned frequency slots within the bandwidth of the transmission medium. The
frequency translation is done by amplitude modulation of the audio frequency with an
appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of the modulator a filter network is connected to

GHAZIABD-201206 5
select either a lower or an upper side band. Since the intelligence is carried in either side band,
single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used. This results in substantial saving of
bandwidth mid also permits the use of low power amplifiers. Please refer Fig. 1.
FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An

analogue transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying signals.
Fig. 1 FDM Principle
• Time Division Multiplexing
Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing

a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of
time slots during which individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus the entire
bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all time slots1 are equal in length.
Each channel is assigned a time slot with a specific common repetition period called a frame
interval. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.

GHAZIABD-201206 6
Fig. 2 Time Division Multiplexing
Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. All channels
are sampled one by, the cycle is repeated again and again. The channels are connected to
individual gates which are opened one by one in a fixed sequence. At the receiving end also
similar gates are opened in unison with the gates at the transmitting end.
The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete
samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant of
time, only one channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling a number of
channels can be staggered in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel at the same time as
in EDM systems. This staggering of channels in time sequence for transmission over a
common medium is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
Pulse Code Modulation
It was only in 1938; Mr. A.M. Reaves (USA) developed a Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) system to transmit the spoken word in digital form. Since then digital speech
transmission has become an alternative to the analogue systems.

GHAZIABD-201206 7
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same
transmission medium viz. open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by carrier,
coaxial, microwave or satellite system.
Basic Requirements for PCM System
To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing
steps are required
• Filtering
• Sampling
• Quantization
• Encoding
• Line Coding
Signaling In Telecommunications
The term signaling, when used in telephony, refers to the exchange of control information
associated with the establishment of a telephone call on a telecommunications circuit. An
example of this control information is the digits dialed by the caller, the caller's billing number,
and other call-related information.
When the signaling is performed on the same circuit that will ultimately carry the
conversation of the call, it is termed Channel Associated Signaling (CAS). This is the case for
earlier analogue trunks, MF and R2 digital trunks, and DSS1/DASS PBX trunks.
In contrast, SS7 signaling is termed Common Channel Signaling (CCS) in that the path
and facility used by the signaling is separate and distinct from the telecommunications channels
that will ultimately carry the telephone conversation. With CCS, it becomes possible to exchange
signaling without first seizing a facility, leading to significant savings and performance increases
in both signaling and facility usage.

GHAZIABD-201206 8
3. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS: DWDM
Introduction
The revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet, however,
have created capacity demands that exceed traditional TDM limits. To meet growing demands
for bandwidth, a technology called Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) has been
developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber. DWDM systems being deployed today
can increase a single fiber’s capacity sixteen fold, to a throughput of 40 Gb/s. The emergence of
DWDM is one of the most recent and important phenomena in the development of fiber optic
transmission technology. Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized
transmission technology by increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber. One of the major
issues in the networking industry today is tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth.
Before the introduction of optical networks, the reduced availability of fibers became a big
problem for the network providers. However, with the development of optical networks and the
use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a new and probably, a
very crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. The existing SONET/SDH network
architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than today’s high-speed data traffic. To upgrade
the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the
development of an intelligent all-optical network. Such a network will bring intelligence and
scalability to the optical domain by combining the intelligence and functional capability of
SONET/SDH, the tremendous bandwidth of DWDM and innovative networking software to
spawn a variety of optical transport, switching and management related products.
In traditional optical fiber networks, information is transmitted through optical fiber by a single
light beam. In a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network, the vast optical bandwidth
of a fiber (approximately 30 THz corresponding to the low-loss region in a single-mode optical
fiber) is carved up into wavelength channels, each of which carries a data stream individually.
The multiple channels of information (each having a different carrier wavelength) are transmitted
simultaneously over a single fiber. The reason why this can be done is that optical beams with
different wavelengths propagate without interfering with one another. When the number of

GHAZIABD-201206 9
wavelength channels is above 20 in a WDM system, it is generally referred to as Dense WDM or
DWDM.
DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks, which
includes the backbone networks, the residential access networks, and also the Local Area
Networks (LANs). Among these three areas, developments in the DWDM-based backbone
network are leading the way, followed by the DWDM-based LANs. The development on
DWDM-based residential access networks seems to be lagging behind at the current time.
Development Of DWDM Technology
Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the 1310 nm
and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband WDM. The early
1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in which two to
eight channels were used. These channels were now spaced at an interval of about 400 GHz in
the 1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were emerging with 16
to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the late 1990s DWDM systems had
evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel channels, densely packed at
50 or even 25 GHz intervals.
As fig. 1 shows, the progression of the technology can be seen as an increase in the number of
wavelengths accompanied by a decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths. Along with increased
density of wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of configuration, through add-
drop functions, and management capabilities.

GHAZIABD-201206 10
Figure 1 Evolution of DWDM
Varieties Of WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM and
the “follow-on” technologies of CWDM and DWDM have evolved well beyond this early
limitation.
• WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel counts
being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a distance limitation of less than
100 km.
• CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18
channels. The CWDM Recommendation ITU-T G.694.2 provides a grid of wavelengths for
target distances up to about 50 km on single mode fibers as specified in ITU-T
Recommendations G.652, G.653 and G.655. The CWDM grid is made up of 18 wavelengths
defined within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm.
• DWDM

GHAZIABD-201206 11
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching
up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification
and regeneration along such a route.
DWDM System Components
Figure 3 shows an optical network using DWDM techniques that consists of five main
components:
1. Transmitter (transmit transponder):
- Changes electrical bits to optical pulses
- Is frequency specific
- Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse
2. Multiplexer/ demultiplexer:
- Combines/separates discrete wavelengths
3. Amplifier:
- Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side
- Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side (post amplifier) and on the
receive side (preamplifier)
- In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at different distances from the source to provide
recovery of the signal before it is degraded by loss.
- EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier.
4. Optical fiber (media):
- Transmission media to carry optical pulses
- Many different kinds of fiber are used
5. Receiver (receive transponder)
- Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits

GHAZIABD-201206 12
- Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse
Figure 3: DWDM System Components
Benefits of DWDM
• Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)
• Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems
• Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs
• Less costly in the long run because increased fiber capacity is automatically available;
don't have to upgrade all the time.

GHAZIABD-201206 13
4. Mobile Communication & Cellular Concepts
Mobile communications: Basic concepts
From ancient to modern times, mankind has been looking for means of long distance
communications. For centuries, letter proofed to be the most reliable way to transmit
information. Fire, flags, horns, etc. were used to transmit information faster. Technical
improvements in the 19th century simplified long distance communications: Telegraphy, and later
on telephony. Both techniques were wire line. In 1873, J.C.Maxwell laid the foundation of the
electro-magnetic theory by summarizing empirical results in four equations, which are still valid
today. It would however be several decades before Marconi made economic use of this theory by
developing devices for wireless transmission of Morse signals (about 1895). Voice was
transmitted the first time in 1906 (R. Fesseden), and one of the first radio broadcast transmission
1909 in New York.
The economically most successful wireless application in the first half of the 20th century was
radio broadcast. There is one transmitter, the so-called radio station. Information, such as news,
music, etc. is transmitted from the radio station to the receiver equipment, the radio device. This
type of one-way transmission is called simplex transmission. The transmission takes place only
in one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver.
The first commercial wireless car phone telephone service started in the late 1940 in St. Louise,
Missouri (USA). It was a car phone service, because at this time, the mobile phone equipment
was bulky and heavy. Actually, in the start-up, it filled the whole back of the car. But it was a
real full duplex transmission solution. In the 50ies, several vehicle radio systems were also
installed in Europe. These systems are nowadays called single cell systems. The user data
transmission takes place between the mobile phone and the base station (BS). A base station
transmits and receives user data. While a mobile phone is only responsible for its user’s data
transmission and reception, a base station is capable to handle the calls of several subscribers

GHAZIABD-201206 14
simultaneously. The transmission of user data from the base station to the mobile phone is called
downlink (DL), the transmission from the mobile phone to the base station uplink (UL) direction.
The area, where the wireless transmission between mobile phones and the base station can take
place, is the base stations supply area, called cell. For conversation, a technical solution is
required, where the information flow can take place in two directions. This type of transmission
is called duplex transmission. Walky-talky was already available the early 30ies. This system
already allowed a transmission of user data in two directions, but there was a limitation: The
users were not allowed to transmit at the same time. In words, you could only receive or transmit
user information. This type of transmission is therefore often called semi-duplex transmission.
For telephony services, a technical solutions is required, where subscribers have the impression,
that they can speak (transmit) and hear (receive) simultaneously. This type of transmission
solution is regarded as full duplex transmission.
Base station
Downlink (DL)
Uplink
(UL)
Cell = supply area
Single cell systems are quite limited. The more and more distant the subscriber is from the base
station, the lower the quialty of the radio link. If the subscriber is leaving the supply area of the
cell, on communication is possible any more. In other words, the mobile communication service
was only available within the cell. In order to overcome this limitation, cellular systems were
introduced. A cellular mobile communication system consists of several cells, which can
overlap. By doing so, a whole geographical area can be supported with the mobile
communication service.

GHAZIABD-201206 15
But what happens, when a subscriber moves during moves during a call from one cell to another
cell? It would be very annoying, if the call is dropped. If the subscriber is leaving a cell, and in
parallel is entering a new cell, then the system makes new radio resource available in the
neighboring cell, and then the call is handed over from on cell to the next one. By doing so,
service continuation is guaranteed, even when the subscriber is moving. The process is called
handover (HO).
Mobile phone is active,

e.g. a call takes place
Service continuation
without interruption
A handover takes place during a call, i.e. when the mobile phone is in active (dedicated) mode. A
mobile phone can also be in idle mode. In this case, the mobile phone is switched on, but no
resources are allocated to it to allow user data transmission. In this mode, the mobile phone is
still listening to information, broadcasted by the base station. Why? Imagine, there is a mobile
terminated call. The mobile phone is then paged in the cell. This means the phone receives
information that there is a mobile terminated call. A cellular system may consist of hundreds of
cells. If the mobile network does not know, in which cell the mobile phone is located, it must be
paged in all of them. To reduce load on networks, paging in is done in small parts of a mobile an
operators network. Mobile network operators group cells in administrative units called location
areas (LA). A mobile phone is paged in only one location area.
But how does the cellular system know, in which location area the mobile phone is located? And
how does the mobile phone know? In every cell, system information is continuously transmitted.
The system information includes the location area information. In the idle mode, the mobile
phone is listening to this system information. If the subscriber moves hereby from one cell to the
next cell, and the new cell belongs to the same location area, the mobile stays idle. If the new cell
belongs to a new location area, then the mobile phone has to become active. It starts a
communication with the network, information it about it new location. This is stored in databases
within the mobile network, and if there is a mobile terminated call, the network knows where to
page the subscriber.

GHAZIABD-201206 16
Cellular Concepts
Traditional mobile service was structured similar to television broadcasting: One very powerful
transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius of up to fifty
kilometers. The Cellular concept structured the mobile telephone network in a different way.
Instead of using one powerful transmitter many low-powered transmitter were placed through
out a coverage area. For example, by dividing metropolitan region into one hundred different
areas (cells) with low power transmitters using twelve conversation (channels) each, the system
capacity could theoretically be increased from twelve conversations using one hundred low
power transmitters.
The cellular concept employs variable low power levels, which allows cells to be sized
according to subscriber density and demand of a given area. As the populations grows, cells can
be added to accommodate that growth. Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in
other cells. Conversations can be handed over from cell to cell to maintain constant phone
service as the user moves between cells.
Cells :
A cell is the basic geographic unit of cellular system. The term cellular comes
from the honeycomb areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations
transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies
depending upon landscape. Because of constraint imposed by natural terrain and man-made
structures, the true shape of cell is not a perfect hexagon.
A group of cells is called a cluster. No frequencies are reused in a cluster.
Features of Digital Cellular Systems:
n Small cells
n Frequency reuse
n Small, battery-powered handsets
n Performance of handovers

GHAZIABD-201206 17
Cellular System Characteristics
General Cellular radio systems allow the subscriber to place and receive
telephone calls over the wire-line telephone network where ever cellular
coverage is provided. Roaming capabilities extend service to users
traveling outside their “outside” home service areas.
The distinguishing features of digital cellular systems compared to other

characteristics mobile radio systems are:
of digital
cellular systems Small cells
A cellular system uses many base stations with relatively small
coverage radii (on the order of a 100 m to 30 km).
Frequency reuse
The spectrum allocated for a cellular network is limited. As a result
there is a limit to the number of channels or frequencies that can be
used. For this reason each frequency is used simultaneously by
multiple base-mobile pairs. This frequency reuse allows a much higher
subscriber density per MHz of spectrum than other systems. System
capacity can be further
increased by reducing the cell size (the coverage area of a single base
station), down to radii as small as 200 m.
 Small, battery-powered handsets In addition to supporting much

higher densities than previous systems, this approach enables the use
of small, battery-powered handsets with a radio frequency that is
lower than the large mobile units used in earlier systems.
Performance of handovers
In cellular systems, continuous coverage is achieved by executing a “handover”

(the seamless transfer of the call from one base station to another) as the mobile
unit crosses cell boundaries. This requires the mobile to change frequencies
under control of the cellular network.

GHAZIABD-201206 18
Frequency Reuse :
Why frequency The spectrum allocated for a cellular network is limited. As a result there is
reuse a limit to the number of frequencies or channels that can be used. A
cellular network can only provide service to a large number of subscribers,
if the channels allocated to it can be reused. Channel reuse is implemented
by using the same channels within cells located at different positions in the
cellular network service area.
Radio channels can be reused provided the separation between cells

containing the same channel set is far enough apart so that co-channel
Cell clustering interference can be kept below acceptable levels most of the time. Cells
using the same channel set are called co-channel cells.
The figure on the opposite page shows an example. Within the service area
(PLMN), specific channel sets are reused at a different location (another
cell). In the example, there are 7 channel sets: A through G. Neighboring
cells are not allowed to use the same frequencies. For this reason all
channel sets are used in a cluster of neighboring cells. As there are 7
channel sets, the PLMN can be divided into clusters of 7 cells each. The
figure shows three clusters.
The number of channel sets is called K. K is also called the reuse factor. In
the figure, K=19. Valid values of K can be found using equation (where i
and j are integers):
K=i²+j²+I*j
Explaining this equation is beyond the scope of this course. Some

constraints to K are provided later in this chapter.
Note that in the example:
 Cells are shaped ideally (hexagons).

 The distance between cells using the same channel set is
always the same.

GHAZIABD-201206 19
Capacity/Performance Trade-offs :
n If K increases, then performance increases
n If K increases, then call capacity decreases per cell
The number of sites to cover a given area with a given high traffic density, and hence the
cost of the infrastructure, is determined directly by the reuse factor and the number of traffic
channels that can be extracted from the available spectrum. These two factors are compounded in
what is called spectral efficiency of the system. Not all systems allow the same performance in
this domain: they depend in particular on the robustness of the radio transmission scheme against
interference, but also on the use of a number of technical tricks, such as reducing transmission
during the silences of a speech communication. The spectral efficiency, together with the
constraints on the cell size, determines also the possible compromises between the capacity and
the cost of the infrastructure. All this explains the importance given to spectral efficiency.
Many technical tricks to improve spectral efficiency were conceived during the system
design and have been introduced in GSM. They increase the complexity, but this is balanced by
the economical advantages of a better efficiency. The major points are the following:
• The control of the transmitted power on the radio path aims at minimizing the
average power broadcast by mobile stations as well as by base stations, whilst
keeping transmission quality above a given threshold. This reduces the level of
interference caused to the other communications;
• Frequency hopping improves transmission quality at slow speeds through

frequency diversity, and improves spectral efficiency through interferer diversity;
• Discontinuous transmission, where by transmission is suppressed when possible,

allows a reduction in the interference level of other communications. Depending
on the type of user information transmitted, it is possible to derive the need for
effective transmission. In the case of speech, the mechanism called VAD (Voice
Activity Detection) allows transmission requirements to be reduced by an
important factor (typically, reduced by half);
• The mobile assisted handover, whereby the mobile station provides

measurements concerning neighboring cells, enables efficient handover decision
algorithms aimed at minimizing the interference generated by the cell (whilst
keeping the transmission quality above some threshold).

GHAZIABD-201206 20
5. GSM Technology
INTRODUCTION
A GSM system is basically designed as a combination of three major subsystems: the

network subsystem, the radio subsystem, and the operation support subsystem. In order to ensure
that network operators will have several sources of cellular infrastructure equipment, GSM
decided to specify not only the air interface, but also the main interfaces that identify different
parts. There are three dominant interfaces, namely, an A interface between MSC and the Base
Station Control (BSC), an A-bis interface between BSC and the Base Transceiver Station (BTS),
and an Um interface between the BTS and MS.
Call Processing in GSM
In this we discuss the call processing aspect and look into specifics case of a mobile originated
(MO) call and a mobile terminated (MT) call. We also look into short message (SMS) and voice
mail service (VMS) as implemented IMPCS pilot project.
RF channel overview: - RF channel play important role in call processing case. These are
basically three types of RF control channel.
1. Broadcast control channel : The broadcast channels are points to multi-point channel,
which are defined only for down-link direction (BTS to mobile station). They are divided into:
BCCH (Broad cast control channel:- BCCH acts as a beacon. It informs the mobile about system
configuration parameters (e.g. LAI, CELL IDENTITY, NEIGHBOURING CELL). Using this
information MS choose the best cell to attach to.
BCCH is always transmitted on full power and it is never frequency hopped.
FCCH frequency correction channel. MS must tune to FCCH to listen to BCCH. FCCH
transmits a constant frequency shift of the radio carrier that is used by the MS for frequency
correction.
SCH (synchronization channel). . SCH is used to synchronize the MS in time .SCH carries
TDMA frame number and BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)

GHAZIABD-201206 21
2. Common control channels : Common control channels are specified as point to multi-point,
which operate only in one direction either in up-link or down-link direction.
PCH (Paging Channel): - PCH is used in down-link direction for sending paging message to MS
whenever there is incoming call.
RACH (Random Access Channel ) :-RACH is used by the MS to request allocation of a specific
dedicated control channel (SDCCH) either in response to a paging message or for call origination
/registration from the MS. this is an up-link channel and operate in point to point mode.
AGCH (Access Grant Channel ):- AGCH is a logical control channel which is used to allocated
a specific dedicated control channel (SDCCH) to MS when MS request for a channel over
RACH. AGCH is used in downlink direction.
3.Dedicated Control Channel : dedicated control channel are full duplex, point to point
channel. They are used for signalling between the BTS and certain MS. They are divided into: -
(I). SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel): the SACCH is a duplex channel, which is
always allocated to TCH or SDCCH. The SACCH is used for
- Radio link supervision measurements.

- Power control.
- Timing advance information.
In 26 frame traffic multi-frame 13th frame (frame no .12) is used for SACCH.SACCH is
used only for non-urgent procedures.
(II). FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel). FACCH is requested in case the requirement of
signaling is urgent and signaling requirement can not be met by SACCH. This is the case when
hand-over is required during conversation phase. During the call FACCH data is transmitted over
allocated TCH instead of traffic data. This is marked by a flag known as stealing flag.
(III). SDCCH (Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel)- The SDCCH is a duplex, point to
point channel which is used for signaling in higher layer. It carries all the signaling between BTS
& MS when no TCH is allocated to MS. The SDCCH is used for service request, location
updates, subscriber authentication, ciphering. equipment validation and assignment of a TCH.

GHAZIABD-201206 22
Mobile originated (MO) call: - There are four distinct phase of a mobile originated call-
-Setup phase.
-Ringing phase.
-Conversation phase.
-Release phase.
Out of these phases the setup phase is the most important phase and includes authentication of
the subscriber, Ciphering of data over radio interface, validation of mobile equipment, validation
of subscriber data at VLR for requests service and assignment of a voice channel on A-interface
by MSC. Whenever MS wants to initiate on outgoing call or want to send an SMS it requested
for a channel to BSS over RACH. On receiving request from MS, BSS assigns a stand-alone
dedicated control channel (SDCCH) to MS over access grant channel (AGCH). Once a SDCCH
has been allocated to MS all the call set up information flow takes place over SDCCH.
A connection management (CM) entity initiates a CM Service Request message to the

network. Network tries to establish an MM connections between the MS and the network and
upon successful establishment of MM connection a CM Service Accept message is received by
MS from the network. MS now sends a Call Set up Request to the network which contains the
dialed digits (DD) of the called party. As the call setup message is received at the MSC/VLR
certain check are performed at MSC/VLR like- whether the requested service is provisioned for
the subscriber or not, whether the dialed digits are sufficient or not, any operator determined
barring (ODB) does not allow call to proceed further etc. As these checks are performed at
MSC/VLR a Call Proceeding Message is sent from the network towards the MS. After all the
checks are successfully passed MSC sends Assignment command to the BSS which contains a
free voice channel on A-interface On getting this message BSS allocates a free TCH to the MS
and informs the MS to attach to it. MS on attaching to this TCH informs the BSS about it. On
receiving a response from the BSS, MSC switches the speech path toward the calling MS. Thus
at the end of Assignment the speech path is through from MS to MSC. It is important to note that
at this stage mobile has not connected user connection as yet. MS at this stage does not listen
anything.
When the destination party goes off hook, PSTN informs the MSC of this event. At this
point, MS is connected to the destination party and billing is started. MSC informs the MS that
connection has been established and MS acknowledges the receipts of the connect message.
Under normal condition, the termination of a call is MS initiated or network initiated. In

this scenario, we have assumed that MS initiates the release of the call by pressing “end” button
and MS send a disconnect message to the MSC. The PSTN party is notified of the termination of
the call by a release message from the MSC. The end- to- end connection is terminated. When
MSC is left with no side task (e.g. charging indication etc.) to complete a release message is sent
to the MS. MS acknowledges with a release complete message. All the resources between MSC
and the MS are released completely.

GHAZIABD-201206 23
Mobile Terminated (MT) call- The different phases of a mobile terminated call are
- Routing analysis
- Paging.
- Call setup.
- Call release.
The phases of mobile terminated (MT) call are similar to a mobile originated (MO) call
except routing analysis and paging phase. Call to a mobile subscriber in a PLMN first comes to
gateway MSC (GMSC). GMSC is the MSC, which is the capable of querying HLR for
subscriber routing information. GMSC need not to be part of home PLMN, though it is normal
practice to have GMSC as part of PLMN in commercially deployed networks.
GMSC opens a MAP (Mobile Application Part) dialogue towards HLR and Send /
Routing / Info-Request (SRI request) specific service message is sent to HLR. SRI request
contains MSISDN of the subscriber. HLR based on location information of this subscriber in its
database, opens a MAP dialogue towards VLR and sends Provide / Roaming / Number-request
(PRN request)to the VLR. VLR responds to PRN request with PRN response message, which
carries an MSRN (mobile subscriber roaming number), which can be used for routing toward
visiting MSC in the network. HLR returns MSRN to GMSC (MSC that queried HLR) in SRI
response message. On getting MSRN the GMSC routes the call towards VMSC The purpose of
this entire exercise is to locate where the terminating mobile subscriber is.
The MSRN received at GMSC is in international format (Country Code + Area Code +
subscriber number). Normally, based on the routing info at GMSC, the call may be routed out of
the GMSC towards VMSC of the terminating subscriber, in which case appropriate signaling
protocol (MF or ISUP) depending on the nature of connecting of GMSC with subsequent
exchange along the route will apply. If at VMSC the terminating mobile subscriber is found to be
free (idle), paging is initiated for terminating mobile subscriber. MSC uses the LAI provided by
the VLR to determine which BSS’s should page the MS. MSC transmit a message to each of
these BSS requesting that a page be performed. Included in the message is the TMSI of the MS.
Each of the BSS’s broadcasts the TMSI of the mobile in a page message on paging channel
(PCH).
When MS detects its TMSI broadcast on the paging channel , it responds with a channel
request message over Random Access Channel (RACH). Once BSS receives a channel request
message , it allocates a stand –alone Dedicated Control Channel(SDCCH) and forwards this
channel assignment information to the MS over Access Grant Channel (AGCH). It is over this
SDCCH that the MS communicates with the BSS and MSC until a traffic channel assigned to the
MS. MS transmits paging response message to the BSS over the SDCCH. Included in this
message is MS TMSI and LAI. BSS forwards this paging response message to the MSC. Now
Authentication and Ciphering phases are performed to check the authenticity of MS and encrypt
data over radio interface.

GHAZIABD-201206 24
On the network side after paging is initiated, while waiting for paging response, a defensive
timer called, ”Early ACM” timer is run at MSC to avoid network timeouts. On successfully
getting paging response, a setup message is constructed to be sent towards terminating MS. In
case paging fails due to authentication failure or when the subscriber is out of radio-coverage, the
call is cleared.
In case CLIP is not subscribed by the terminating mobile subscriber, calling number is not
included in set-up message. In case CLIP is subscribed and PI value in calling number parameter
indicates “presentation allowed” the number is included in the set-up message. In case CLIP is
subscribed but PI received in calling number parameter indicates “presentation restricted” then
number is included only if CLIRO is also subscribed to.
MS on receiving the set-up message performs compatibility Checking before responding

to the set-up message – it is possible that MS might be incompatible for certain types of call set-
ups. Assuming that MS passes compatibility checking, it acknowledges the call setup with set-up
confirm message. After getting set-up confirm message from the MS, MSC performs assignment
phase (similar to one discussed in MO call) and a voice path is established from MSC to the MS.
MS begins altering the user after it receives the traffic channel assignment. MS send alerting
message to the MSC .MSC upon receiving the alerting indication from the MS, begins
generating an audible ringing tone to the calling party and sends a network alerting via GMSC to
the PSTN. Prior to this the calling party heard silence.
At this point in the call, MS is alerting the called party by generating on audible tone.
One of the three events can occur-calling party hangs-up, mobile subscriber answers the phone,
or the MSC times out waiting for the mobile subscriber to the answer the call. Since radio traffic
channel is a valuable resource, GSM does not allow a MS to ring forever.
In the present scenario we have assumed that the mobile subscriber answers the phone.
The MS in response to this action stops alerting and sends a connect message to the MSC. MSC
removes the audible tone to the PSTN and connects the PSTN trunk to BSS trunk (terrestrial
channel) and sends a connect message via GMSC to the PSTN. The caller and the called party
now have a complete talk path. This event typically marks the beginning of the call for billing
purposes. MSC sends a connect acknowledge message to the MS.
The release triggered by the land user is done in similar way as the release triggered by
mobile user. MSC receives a release message from the network to terminate end-to-end
connection. PSTN stops billing the calling landline subscriber. MSC sends a disconnect message
towards the MS and MS responds by a Release message. MSC release the connection to the
PSTN and acknowledges by sending a Release Complete message to PSTN. Now the voice trunk
between MSC and BSS is cleared, traffic channel (TCH) is released and the resources are
completely released.
The mobile-to-mobile call scenario is a combination of phases encountered in mobile

originated (MO) and mobile terminated (MT) call.

GHAZIABD-201206 25
5. CDMA Technology
Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom
Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So
far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective
solution in past. Quick deployments of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote
locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access
Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows:
1. Multi Access Radio Relay
2. Wireless in Local Loop
3. Fiber in the Local Loop
Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)
Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in Local Loop
(WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global telecommunications today.
WLL is generally used as “the last mile solution” to deliver basic phone service expeditiously
where none has existed before. Flexibility and expediency are becoming the key driving factors
behind the deployment of WILL.
WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes where
people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables
and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed shall depend upon
various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.
Different technologies have been developed by the different countries like CT2 from France,
PHS from Japan, DECT from Europe and DAMPS & CDMA from USA. Let us discuss CDMA
technology in WLL application as it has a potential ability to tolerate a fair amount of
interference as compared to other conventional radios. This leads to a considerable advantage
from a system point of view.

GHAZIABD-201206 26
Spread Spectrum Principle:
Originally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the
interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise to
“Spread Spectrum”. A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency
(RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is
inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.
A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and
thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency
at the same time.
Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS – A CONCEPT

On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and
original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals, whose codes do not
match contribute only to the noise and are not “despread” back in bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This
transmission and reception of signals differentiated by “codes” using the same frequency
simultaneously by a number of users is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Technique as opposed to conventional method of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time
Division Multiple Access.
In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps is
spread using a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. At

GHAZIABD-201206 27
the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell,
users of different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined
with the desired signal but using a correct PN code the original data can be reproduced back.
CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)
channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system are as follows:
Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 MHz
Duplexing Method: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels
RF Spacing: 1.25 MHz
Coverage: 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx.
20 Km with fixed units.
Architectu
Mobile switch center (MSC)
MSC is a functional entity that performs control and switching to the mobile stations within the
area that it serves, and an automatic connecting device for the subscriber traffic between the
CDMA network and other public networks or other MSCs. MSC is the kernel of the CDMA

GHAZIABD-201206 28
MS
cellular mobile communication system, and it is different from a wired switch in that an MSC
must consider the allocation of the wireless resources and the mobility of subscribers, and at least
it must implement the follows processing activities:
1. Location Registration processing;
2. Handoff.
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
When a non-CDMA subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to an MSC,
which will inquires the corresponding HLR and further route the call to the called party’s MSC.
This kind of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC). It is up to the network operator to select
which MSCs as GMSCs.
Visitor location register (VLR)
VLR is responsible for the storage and updating of the subscriber data of mobile stations that
roamed to the service area of this VLR. The VLR is generally configured together with the MSC.
When the mobile station enters a new location area, the MSC will notice the VLR, which will
initiate registration processing to the HLR to update the subscriber location information. The
VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of calls in the database for the MSC
to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas.
Home location register (HLR)
The HLR provides subscriber information storage and management functions for the mobile
network, including mobile subscriber subscription and cancellation and service authorization and
cancellation. At the same time, it helps in the implementation of subscriber’s call and service
operations. A CDMA can contain one or more HLRs based on the number of subscribers,
equipment capacity and network organization mode, with multi-HLR mode realized in the form
of virtual HLRs. The subscriber information stored in the HLR includes the following two types
in information:
1. Subscription information
2. Subscriber-related information stored in the HLR

GHAZIABD-201206 29
Authentication center (AUC)
Authentication center is a function entity for the management of authentication information

related to the mobile station. It implement mobile subscriber authentication, stores the mobile
subscriber authentication parameters, and is able to generate and transmit the corresponding
authentication parameters based on the request from MSC/VLR. The authentication parameters
in the AUC can be stored in the encrypted form. The authentication center is generally
configured together with the HLR. The authentication parameter stored in the AUC includes:
1. Authentication key (A_KEY);
2. Share secret data (SSD);
3. Mobile identification number/international mobile subscriber identity (MIN/IMSI);
4. Authentication algorithm (AAV);

5. Accounting (COUNT).
Short message center (MC or SC)
As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, the short
message center works in coordination with other entities such as MSC, HLR to implement the
reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile
communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data.
Short message entity (SME)
SME is a function entity for synthesis and analysis of short messages.
Operation and maintenance Center (OMC)
The OMC provides the network operator with network operation and maintenance services,
manages the subscriber information and implements network planning, to enhance the overall
working efficiency and service quality of the system. There two type of operation and
maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. An OMC-S is mainly used for the maintenance work
at the mobile switching subsystem (MSS) side; an OMC-R is mainly used for the maintenance
work at the base station subsystem (BSS) side.
Third Generation Standards

GHAZIABD-201206 30
• CDMA2000/FDD-MC — CDMA2000 using Frequency Division Duplexing-Multicarrier
(FDD-MC) mode. Here multicarrier implies N x 1.25 MHz channels overlaid on N existing
IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum. CDMA2000 includes:
1. 1x —using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps
2. 3x —using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps
3. 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)—using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps
optimized for data
• WCDMA/FDD-DS —Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division Duplexing-Direct
Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz channel. WCDMA uses a
single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of 3.84 Mcps.
• UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA — Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed
(TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no
separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous
Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame
and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot
can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.

GHAZIABD-201206 31
7. OVERVIEW OF INTRANET
WHAT IS INTRANET
• Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprise-wide

network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
• It may or may not include connection to Internet.
• Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web protocols
for implementation within a corporate organization.
• This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the immense

informational resources of an organization to each individual’s desktop with minimal
cost, time and efforts.
Who needs an Intranet?
In an Intranet environment is used to communicate over two or more networks across different
locations.
1. Users having multi-locations with multi-networks.
2. Users having single locations with multi-networks.
3. Users having single locations with single networks.
What’s really HOT about Intranets?
From a technology point of view, an Intranet is simply beautiful. because:
1. It is scaleable.
2. It is Interchangeable.
3. It is platform independent
4. It is Hardware independent.

GHAZIABD-201206 32
5. It is vendor independent.
Why Intranet for an Organization:
• Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
• Variety of valuable applications of Intranet applications improve communication and

productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
An Intranet can give immediate access to products specifications, pricing charts and new
collateral’s, sales lead, competitive information and list of customer wins including profit/loss
analysis, thus boosting the success of the business.
A Typical Intranet setup
Technical Overview Of The Intranet Technology
Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of servers and
browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed over the corporate LAN.

GHAZIABD-201206 33
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which can be
accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already connected by
LAN. Most popular Intranet web servers can run on a platform widely found in most
organizations. Basic requirements for setting up an intranet site are:
Requirements:
Software:
• Server : OS can be Windows server, Unix, LINUX .Web Server s/w should be installed
• Client : OS can be Windows workstation, LINUX .Web Browser software
Hardware:
• Server: 4 GB RAM, 360 GB secondary storage, Pentium processor with CD ROM.
• Client: 1GB RAM, 180 GB Secondary storage, Pentium processor.

GHAZIABD-201206 34
8. Wi-MAX
Introduction:
Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of the
telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on their own
enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. The staggering growth of the Internet is driving demand for
higher-speed Internet-access services, leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption.
So what is broadband wireless? Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband

experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience.
There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first type
attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but
using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be
thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband
wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity
and mobility. Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience
scenarios and hence can offer the end user a very different value proposition. Wi-MAX is an
acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access and this
technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband applications.
EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS
WiMAX technology has evolved through four stages, albeit not fully distinct or clearly
sequential: (1) narrowband wireless local-loop systems, (2) first-generation line-of-sight (LOS)
broadband systems, (3) second-generation non-line-of-sight (NLOS) broadband systems, and (4)
standards-based broadband wireless systems.

GHAZIABD-201206 35
Wimax And Other Broadband Wireless Technologies
WiMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX occupies a
somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared in the key
dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price. Table provides a summary
comparison of WiMAX with 3G and Wi-Fi technologies.
Table Comparison of WiMAX with Other Broadband Wireless Technologies
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 1x EV-DO Wi-Fi

Rev A
Standards IEEE 802.16- IEEE 802.16e-2005 3GPP Release 6 3GPP2 IEEE 802.11a/g/n
2004
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 1x EV-DO Wi-Fi

Rev A
9.4Mbps in 46Mbps with 3:1 DL- 14.4Mbps 3.1Mbps; 54 Mbpsshared
3.5MHz with to-UL ratio TDD; Rev.
using all 15 using 802.11a/g;
Peak down 3:1 DL-to-UL 32Mbps with 1:1
codes; B will support
link data ratio TDD;
more than
rate 6.1Mbps with
7.2Mbps with 10 4.9Mbps 100Mbps peak
1:1
codes layer 2 throughput
using 802.11n
Peak uplink 3.3Mbps in 7Mbps in 10MHz 1.4Mbps 1.8Mbps
data rate 3.5MHz using using 3:1 DL-to-UL initially;
3:1 DL-to-UL ratio; 4Mbps using
5.8Mbps later
ratio; 6.5Mbps 1:1
with 1:1
Bandwidth 3.5MHz and 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 5MHz 1.25MHz 20MHz for
7MHz in 5MHz, 10MHz, and 802.11a/g;
3.5GHz band; 8.75MHz initially

GHAZIABD-201206 36
10MHz in
20/40MHz for
5.8GHz band
802.11n
Modulation QPSK, 16 QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QPSK, 16 QAM QPSK, BPSK, QPSK, 16
QAM, 64 QAM QAM QAM, 64 QAM
8 PSK, 16
QAM
Multiplexin TDM TDM/OFDMA TDM/CDMA TDM/CDMA CSMA
g
Duplexing TDD, FDD TDD initially FDD FDD TDD
Frequency 3.5GHz and 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 800 / 900 / 1,800 800/900/1,80 2.4GHz, 5GHz
5.8GHz 3.5GHz initially / 1,900/ 2,100 0/1,900MHz
initially MHz
Coverage 3–5 miles < 2 miles 1–3 miles 1–3 miles < 100 ft indoors; <
(typical) 1000 ft outdoors
Mobility Not applicable Mid High High Low
A broad industry consortium, the WiMAX Forum has begun certifying broadband
wireless products for interoperability and compliance with a standard. WiMAX is based on
wireless metropolitan area networking (WMAN) standards developed by the IEEE 802.16 group
and adopted by both IEEE and the ETSI HIPERMAN group.
WiMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The WiMAX NWG has developed a network reference model to serve as an architecture
framework for WiMAX deployments and to ensure interoperability among various WiMAX
equipment and operators. The network reference model envisions a unified network architecture
for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model.
Below is simplified illustration of an IP-based WiMAX network architecture. The overall
network may be logically divided into three parts:
1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.

GHAZIABD-201206 37
2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and one
or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core
network functions.
The network reference model developed by the WiMAX Forum NWG defines a number of
functional entities and interfaces between those entities. Fig below shows the logical
representation of the network architecture.
NSP
R2 NAP
Mobile BS AAA
HA
Subscriber ASN
Station GW
R1 BS (FA) R3
CSN
R6
ASN
R5
R4
Another
Another Operator’s
ASN CSN
Fig. WiMAX Network Reference Model

GHAZIABD-201206 38
Base Station (Bs): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MS.
Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions,
such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy
enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key
management, session management, and multicast group management.
Access Service Network Gateway (Asn-Gw): The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2
traffic aggregation point within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part of the ASN
gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource management
and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client
functionality, establishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and
policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected
CSN.
Connectivity Service Network (Csn): The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP,
other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and includes
AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users, and specific services. The
CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also
responsible for IP address management, support for roaming between different NSPs,
location management between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber
billing and inter operator settlement, inter-CSN tunneling to support roaming between
different NSPs.
9. WI-FI
Scope:

GHAZIABD-201206 39
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The products tested and approved as "Wi-
Fi Certified" are interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturer. It is
Short form for “Wireless-Fidelity” and is meant to generically refer to any type of ‘802.11’
network, whether ‘802.11’b, ‘802.11’a, dual-band, etc.
General description of Wi-Fi Network:

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as
Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final few
metres of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user thereby providing mobility,
scalability of networks and the speed of installation.
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to
Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wifi enabled phones etc.
In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access

Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard cabling. A
wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic, usually
from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters. The AP can
reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto
the wired network as shown in Figure-1. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access
Point (AP) depending on the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of
roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through another AP. The Access Point
(or the antenna attached to the Access Point) is usually mounted high but may be mounted
essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired radio coverage is obtained.

GHAZIABD-201206 40
Figure -1: A typical Wi-Fi Network.
Like a cellular phone system, the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and re-
connecting to the network through other APs residing at other points on the wired network. This
can allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage
by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment as shown in Figure 2.
Figure -2: Extending Wi-Fi coverage with multiple APs.

GHAZIABD-201206 41
An important feature of the wireless LAN is that it can be used independent of a wired network.
It may be used as a stand alone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without
having to build or extend a wired network. Then a peer to peer workgroup can be established for
transfer or access of data. A member of the workgroup may be established as the server or the
network can act in a peer to peer mode as Shown in Figure-3.
Figure-3: Wireless LAN workgroup.
End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as cards in
desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters
provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS) and the airwaves via
an antenna. The nature of the wireless connection is transparent to the NOS. Wi-Fi deals with
fixed, portable and mobile stations and of course, the physical layers used here are fundamentally
different from wired media.
Wi-Fi Network Configuration:
A Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network: This mode is also known as ADHOC mode. Wi-Fi
networks can be simple or complex. At its most basic, two PCs equipped with wireless adapter
cards can set up an independent network whenever they are within range of one another. This is
called a peer-to-peer network. It requires no administration or pre-configuration. In this case,

GHAZIABD-201206 42
each client would only have access to the resources of the other client and not to a central server
as shown in Figure-4.
Figure-4: A Wi-Fi Peer-To-Peer Network.
Client and Access Point:
This is known as INFRASTUCTURE mode and is normally employed.

However, wireless gateway can be configured to enable peer to peer
communication in this mode as well.
In this mode, one Access Point is connected to the wired network and each client would have
access to server resources as well as to other clients. The specific number client depends on the
number and nature of the transmissions involved. Many real-world applications exist where a
single Access Point services from 15 to 50 client devices as shown in Figure-5.
Figure-5: A Server and Clint Wi-Fi Network.

GHAZIABD-201206 43
Multiple Access Points and Roaming:
Access points can be connected to each other through UTP cable or they can be
connected to each other over radio through wireless bridging. There is an option to
connect access points in a mesh architecture where in event of a fault in an access
point the network heals itself and connectivity is ensured through other access point.
This changeover takes place dynamically.
Access Points have a finite range, of the order of 500 feet indoor and 1000 feet outdoors. In a
very large facility such as a warehouse, or on a college campus, it will probably be necessary to
install more than one Access Point. Access Point positioning is done by a site survey. The goal is
to blanket the coverage area with overlapping coverage cells so that clients might range
throughout the area without ever losing network contact. The ability of clients to move
seamlessly among a cluster of Access Points is called roaming. Access Points hand the client off
from one to another in a way that is invisible to the client, ensuring unbroken connectivity as
shown in Fig-6.
Figure-6: Multiple Access Points and Roaming.
Use of an Extension Point: To solve particular problems of topology, the network designer
some times uses Extension Points (EPs) to augment the network of Access Points (APs).
Extension Points look and function like Access Points, but they are not tethered to the wired
network as are APs. EPs function just as their name implies: they extend the range of the
network by relaying signals from a client to an AP or another EP. EPs may be strung together in
order to pass along messaging from an AP to far-flung clients as shown in Figure-7.

GHAZIABD-201206 44
Figure -7: Wi-Fi network with Extension Point (EP).
The Use of Directional Antennae: One last item of wireless LAN equipment to consider is the
directional antenna. Let’s suppose you had a Wi-Fi network in your building-A and wanted to
extend it to a leased building-B, one mile away. One solution might be to install a directional
antenna on each building, each antenna targeting the other.
The antenna on ‘A’ is connected to your wired network via an Access Point. The antenna on ‘B’
is similarly connected to an Access Point in that building, which enables Wi-Fi network
connectivity in that facility as shown in Figure-8.
Figure-8: A Wi-Fi network using Directional Antennae.

GHAZIABD-201206 45
CONCLUSION
I saw various division of C.T.O. Compound Ajmer Exchange and tried to group as much as I
could, which switched my knowledge and logic. As a student of ECE. I learned Telecom
Networks which is mainly concerned with my focus area.
At last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me through my
training period.
THANKS!
VIDYANSHU SHANKHADHAR
Final Year (ECE)
R.D. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
Bibliography
1. Material provided by Advance Level Training in Tele

Communication (ALTTC) center.
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.tec.gov.in

GHAZIABD-201206 46
4. www.tcoe.in
5. www.tdsat.nic.in
6. www.itu.int
7. www.aptsec.org
8. www.etsi.org
9. www.mtnl.net.in
10. www.tcil-india.com
11.www.itiltd-india.com

GHAZIABD-201206 47

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SIX WEEKS SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ADVANCE LEVEL TRAAINING IN TELE COMMUNICATION (ALTTC)

Mr.Sohail Khan Vidyanshu Shankhadhar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Completing a job is never one-man effort. It is often the result of invaluable

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

• Call Processing in GSM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An

Fig. 1 FDM Principle

• Time Division Multiplexing

Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Pulse Code Modulation

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Basic Requirements for PCM System

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Development Of DWDM Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

DWDM System Components

1. Transmitter (transmit transponder):

- Changes electrical bits to optical pulses

- Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse

- Combines/separates discrete wavelengths

- Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side

- EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier.

4. Optical fiber (media):

- Transmission media to carry optical pulses

- Many different kinds of fiber are used

5. Receiver (receive transponder)

- Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Figure 3: DWDM System Components

• Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)

• Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems

• Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Mobile communications: Basic concepts

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Cell = supply area

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

Mobile phone is active,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

A group of cells is called a cluster. No frequencies are reused in a cluster.

Features of Digital Cellular Systems:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

The distinguishing features of digital cellular systems compared to other

there is a limit to the number of channels or frequencies that can be

used. For this reason each frequency is used simultaneously by

multiple base-mobile pairs. This frequency reuse allows a much higher

subscriber density per MHz of spectrum than other systems. System

capacity can be further

 Small, battery-powered handsets In addition to supporting much

In cellular systems, continuous coverage is achieved by executing a “handover”

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.