XI BIOLOGY

Chapter – 1

The Biology
Short Answers:

Q1: What is five kingdom classification system?

Ans: Biologist today have classified and divided all living things into five groups
according to their similarities and dissimilarities they call these groups kingdoms.

Q2: What is biological method?

Ans: Biological method is a systemized way to solve biological problems.

Q3: What is an antibiotic?

Ans: An antibiotic is a substance that kills or slows the growth of micro-organisms.

Q4: What do you understand by hydroponics?

Ans: It is the practice of growing plants without soil.

Q5: What is immunization?

Ans: Immunization helps the protection against a particular disease, so that if body comes
in a contact with that particular disease, it will be able to fight against it.

Q6: What do you mean by hypothesis?

Ans: An explanation derived by scientists from careful observation and supported by
results from experiments and other evidences is called hypothesis.

Q7: How does law differ from theory?

Ans: law is a constant fact of nature which is virtually irrefutable theory while the theory
can be disprove by scientists after greater efforts.

Q8: What is deductive reasoning?

Ans: It is the drawing of specific conclusions from some general assumptions.
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Chapter – 2

Biological Molecules
Short Answers:

Q1: Define amino acid?

Ans: These are small building block molecules that make up protein.

Q2: Define triglycerides?

Ans: It is a lipid compound formed from one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid
molecules.

Q3: Define oligosaccharides?

Ans: It is carbohydrate molecule which yields from 2 to 10 monosaccharide molecules on
hydrolysis.

Q4: Define nucleotides?

Ans: It is the building block of nucleic acid made up of a nitrogen containing base, a five
carbon sugar and phosphate group.

Q5: Define secondary proteins?

Ans: Spirally coiled polypeptide chain of amino acids is called secondary proteins.

Q6: Define terpenoids?

Ans: Larger lipids compounds which are made up of simple repeating isoprenoid units
are called terpenoids.

Q7: Name the carbohydrates suitable as food for man?

Ans: Glucose, fructose and galactose.

Q8: What is the percentage of water in brain cells of man?

Ans: Brain cells of man contain 85 percent water.

Q9: What is the function of mRNA?

Ans: The messenger RNA takes the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosomes in
the cytoplasm to form a particular protein.

Q10: What is meant by saturated acyglycerol?

Ans: They do not contain any double bond between carbon atom and they are solid at
ordinary temperature mostly found in animals.

Q11: What is dextrin?

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Ans: The oligosaccharides which contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide are commonly known

as dextrin.

Q12: Name the four main types of biological molecules?

Ans: (1) carbohydrates (2) Lipids (3) Protein (4) Nucleic acid

Q13: What are biochemicals?

Ans: The chemical compounds of living organisms are called biochemicals and these are
mainly composed of six elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulphur these substances form the 98% of the biochemicals.

Q14: Define buffer?

And: It is a substance that binds hydrogen ion when concentration of H+ are higher and
releases hydrogen ions when concentration of H+ are low.

Q15: How many structures of protein are found?

And: There are four basic structures of protein are found i-e primary, secondary, tertiary,
and quaternary.

Q16: What is condensation?

Ans: The joining of two monomers is called condensation.

Q17: What is meant by organic molecules?

Ans: Molecules which contains carbon as basic element and bounded hydrogen
covalently are known as organic molecules.

Q18: What is hydrolysis?

Ans: The process in which macromolecules are broken down into smaller subunits by the
addition of water is known as hydrolysis.

Reasons:

Q1: Why butter solidifies at room temperature but not mustered oil?
Ans: Butter solidifies at room temperature because butter is saturated fatty acid and
saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and mustered oil is unsaturated fatty
acid this is why it usually liquid at room temperature.

Q2: How DNA is different from RNA in nucleotides?

Ans: Nucleotides of DNA contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine where
nucleotides of RNA contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uricil.

Q3: Why lipids are used to store energy?

Ans: lipids are used to store energy because of higher proportion of C-H bonds and very
low proportion of oxygen and they store double amount of energy as compared to any
carbohydrate.
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Q4: Why DNA is considered as heredity material?

Ans: DNA considered as genetic material because it contains genes and genes contains
heredity characters which are transferred into new generation.

Q5: Why proteins are called nitrogenous compounds?

Ans: Proteins are called nitrogenous compounds because they contain nitrogen.

Q6: Why carbohydrates are called as hydrated carbons?

Ans: Carbohydrates are called as hydrated carbons because they contain the ratio of
hydrogen and oxygen is the same as in water.

Q7: How conjugated molecules are formed?

Ans: When two different groups of biomolecules are combined together, conjugated
molecules are formed.

Q8: Why glycolipids are also called as cerebrosides?

Ans: Glycolipids are also called as cerebrosides because these are found in brain.

Q9: Why monosaccharides are also called as simple sugars?

Ans: These are also called as simple sugars because they can not further hydrolysed into
simple sugars.

Q10: Why phospholipids are most important class are most important class of lipids?
Ans: Phospholipids are most important class of lipids because these are present in all
living cells and are associated with membranes and related with vital functions of cell.

Q11: Why water requires higher amount of energy to change into vapours or ice?
Ans: Water requires higher amount of energy to change into vapours or ice because water
contains hydrogen bonding which holds the water molecules together and gives stability
to water molecules also.

Q12: Why water molecules are considered as amphoteric molecules?

Ans: Water molecules are considered as amphoteric molecules because water acts both an
acid and a base.

Q13: How many essential amino acids are found in the body of living organisms?
Ans: There twenty essential amino acids are found in the body of living organisms.

Q14: Do mononucleotides work independently as heredity material? Why?

Ans: Mononucleotides do not work independently as genetic material because they are
not associated with RNA or DNA and they are found singly in the cell or as a part of
other molecules.
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Q15: Many birds must store large amounts of energy to power flight during migration
which type of organic molecules would be the most advantageous for energy storage
why?

Ans: Lipids would be most advantageous organic molecules for energy storage because
lipids have higher proportion of C-H bonds and very low proportion of oxygen; lipids
store double the amount of amount of energy as compared to carbohydrates.
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Chapter- 4

The Cell

Short Answers:

Q1: What is nucleoid?

Ans: In prokaryotic cell nucleic material is usually coiled and concentrated in a region of
the cell is called nucleoid.

Q2: What is active transport?

Ans: It is the process in which movement of molecules from lower concentration to the
higher concentration by energy.

Q3: What is pinocytosis?

Ans: It is the process of taking fluid in large amount. When the living cells take up fluid
vesicles and it is also called as cell drinking.

Q4: What is meant by nucleoplasm?

Ans: The nucleus is filled with protein rich substances called nucleoplasm.

Q5: Define chromatides?

Ans: Each chromosome consists of two threads like structures called chromatides.

Q6: What is cytosol?

Ans: Cytoplasm consists of a fluid matrix called cytosol in which the organells are found.

Q7: What is fluid mosaic model of DNA?

Ans: Singer and Nicholson proposed working model of plasma membrane called fluid
mosaic model.

Q8: What are the main functions of cell membrane?

Ans: The main functions of plasma membrane are protection of protoplasm, regulation of
flow of solutes and material across it due to its selective permeability.

Q9: Define vacules?

Ans: Vacules are non protoplasmic liquid filled cavities surrounded by tonoplast.

Q10: How many components are of plasma membrane?

Ans: There are two components of plasma membrane, phospholipids and protein.
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Q11: What is cyclosis?

Ans: Cytoplam shows a movement in circular manner called cyclosis.

Q12: What is cytoskeleton?

Ans: The network of fibrous proteins give three dimensional structure to cell called
cytoskeleton.
Q13: Define microfilaments?
Ans: Cytoplasm consists of a mass of tiny filaments are called microfilaments.

Q14: Define osmosis?

Ans: Movement of solvent molecules from the region higher concentration to the region
of lower concentration in the presence of a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis.

Q15: What is chromatin network?

Ans: A network of fine loosely connected threads in the nucleoplasm is called chromatin
network.

Q16: What is fractionation?

Ans: It is the isolation of cellular component by breaking and spinning the cell.

Q17: What are proplastides?

Ans: Proplastides are colorless, immature plastids found in meristematic tissues, where
division of cells takes place.

Q18: What is the function of microtubules?

Ans: Microtubules help in the storage of cellulose, movement of chromosomes during
cell division, movement of organelles within cytoplasm and movement of cilia and
flagella.

Q19: What are plastids?

Ans: Plastids are found in plant cells as a chemical synthesizers and storage bodies.

Q20: What is the function of microfilaments?

Ans: They help in the internal motion of Cells.

Reasons:

Q1: Why cell membrane referred as selective permeable membrane or differential

permeable membrane?
Ans: Cell membrane referred as selective permeable membrane or differential permeable
membrane because it offers a barrier between the cell contents and their environment;
allow only selective substances to pass through it.

Q2: Why phagocytosis referred as cell eating process?

Ans: Because plasma membrane absorbs solid particles in this process.
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Q3: Why mitochondria are known as power house of the cell?

Ans: Mitochondria are known as power house of the cell because they are the main
centers of the intercellular energy production.

Q4: Why ribosomes are called as protein factories?

Ans: Ribosomes are called as protein factories because they are composed of RNA and
protein and they take part in the protein synthesis.

Q5: Why nucleus is considered as a brain of cell?

Ans: Nucleus is considered as a brain of a cell because it controls all the vital activities of
a cell.

Q6: What will happen if the function of lysosomes would disturb in cell?
Ans: It may cause the abnormal conditions or diseases.

Q7: Why did it take nearly 200 years from the time of Robert Hooke for the cell theory to
develop?
Ans: Because scientists had to wait for the technology to develop.

Q8: Say for instance you are looking a single cell that is green in colour. How do you it is
a plant cell?
Ans: Animal cells do not have the chloroplast which makes plant cells look green, so it is
a plant cell.

Q9: Which organelle act as a lysosome in plant cell and why?

And: Vacules sometime act as a lysosome in plant cell because they contain hydrolytic
enzyme and after the death of cell the enzymes of vacule cause the break down of cell.

Q10: How prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes?

Ans: Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization
specifically they lack nuclear membrane and they also lack any intracellular organelle
which is double membranacious.

Q11: What will happen if chromosome loses its centromere?

Ans: It will be unable to pair with any other chromosome and will result the cell death.

Q12: Why lysosomes are referred as suicide sacs?

Ans: Lysosomes contain power digestive enzymes and they have capacity of total cell
destruction because of this they are referred as suicide sacs.

Q13: What would happen to a plant cell that suddenly lost its chloroplast?
Ans: If the chloroplast die or disappear then the plant would die of hunger.

Q14: Why organelles are important in cells?

Ans: Organelles are important in cells because without organelles a cell would not be
able to anything and it would be dead.
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Q15: How rough endoplasmic reticulum is differs from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Ans: Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on their outer surface while
smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes on their surface.
Q16: Which organelle of a cell is transferred from mother only to new generation? and
why?
Ans: Mitochondria are transferred from mother to new generation because these are
present only in eggs not in sperms.

Q17: Which organelles of a cell have its own DNA except nucleus?
Ans: Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA.
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Chapter – 5

Variety of life

Short Answers:

Q1: What is the basic unit of classification?

Ans: Species is the basic unit of classification.

Q2: Previously organisms were divided in how many kingdoms?

Ans: Previously organisms were divided in to two kingdoms. The plant kingdom and The
animal kingdom.

Q3: Define species?

Ans: Species is the group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding and are
producing fertile offspring.

Q4: What is capsid?

Ans: Protein coat that encloses the viral genome is called capsid.

Q5: Name the different parts of viruses?

Ans: Viral genome, capsid, envelops, and tail fiber.

Q6: What modifications were proposed by Margulis and Schwarts in Whittaker`s

scheme?
Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom and
placed along with all unicellular organisms in a new kingdom called the protoctist which
would replace Whittaker`s protist kingdom.

Q7: What was the major snag in Whittaker`s scheme?

Ans: The major snag of his scheme was placing of unicellular algae in protist and
multicellular algae in plant kingdom.

Q8: What are two criteria used by Whittaker in his scheme of classification?
And: He based his classification on two main criteria
1) Level of organization and 2) Methods of nutrition.

Q9: What are virods?

Ans: These are pathogens without capsid consists of tiny molecules of naked RNA and
they infect only plants.
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Q10: Define bacteriophage?

Ans: Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage.

Q11: What diseases are caused by Rhinoviruses?

Ans: Rhinoviruses caused the diseases of nose and throat.

Q12: What is meant by taxon?

Ans: Grouping of organisms within the hierarchy is called taxon and each taxon has a
rank and a name.

Q13: binomial nomenclature?

Ans: Linnaceus`s system of giving each species a scientific name comprising of two
words is known as binomial nomenclature.

Q14: Define kingdom monera?

Ans: It is the kingdom of prokaryotes which take their food by different methods.

Q15: On what basis previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms?
Ans: Previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms on the basis of presence or
absence of cell wall.

Q16: Which virus causes the AIDS?

Ans: AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) a retrovirus.

Q17: What are two major routs by which a plant viral diseases can spread?
Ans: A plant viral disease can spread by horizontal transmission or vertical transmission.

Reasons:

Q1: Why bacteria and fungi previously placed to the plant kingdom?
Ans: Previously bacteria and fungi placed to the plant kingdom because they were like
plants and possessed a cell wall.

Q2: Why protoctista considered a something of ‘Rag-bag’?

Ans: Protoctista considered as something of ‘Rag-bag’ because it contains all
multicellular and unicellular organisms which can not be fitted to any of the other
kingdom.

Q3: Why scientists suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant
kingdom?
Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom
because multicellular algae is more close to unicellular algae than plants and this is why
they placed in new kingdom called protoctista.

Q4: How fungi are different from green plants?

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Ans: Fungi lack chlorophyll, they feed heterotrophically through absorption and their
cellular structures are also different from plants.

Q5: Why viruses are not included in five kingdoms?

Ans: Viruses are not included in five kingdoms because they are on the borderline
between the living and nonliving due to its noncellular nature, presence of only nucleic
acid surrounded by protein coat and it is parasite.

Q6: Why Tobacco Mosaic disease is called as Mosaic disease?

Ans: Because it causes the leaves to wrinkle and become mottled and mottled effect has
the appearance of Mosaic.

Q7: Why virus which attacks on bacteria is known as bacteriophage virus?

Ans: They are so called because they attack bacteria and destroy it.

Q8: Why a virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent?
Ans: A virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent because it causes
death of bacterial cell.

Q9: How viruses are classified?

And: Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology and nucleic acid they contain.

Q10: Why lysogenic phase of virus is known as temperate phase?

Ans: Because it replicates the viral genome without destroying it.

Q11: Why some viruses are referred as arboviruses?

Ans: Some viruses are referred as arboviruses because they are transmitted by insects and
other arthropods.

Q12: How chemical constitution can be helpful in the classification of living organisms?
Ans: When morphological characters are failed to classify living organisms because of
their similar cellular structures then their chemical constituents are used to classify and
identify them.

Q13: Why bacteriophage is known as tadpole virus?

Ans: Bacteriophage is known as tadpole because of its tadpole shape with its head and
tail regions.

Q14: Why viruses are harmful for other living organisms?

Ans: Viruses are harmful for other living organisms because they cause many widespread
diseases in living organisms.
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Q15: How living organisms are classified?

Ans: Living organisms are classified on the basis of homology, comparative
biochemistry, cytology and genetics.

Q16: How plus strand RNA viruses are different from minus strand RNA viruses?
Ans: Plus strand RNA act directly as mRNA after infecting the host cell, attacking to the
host`s ribosomes and being transmitted where minus strand RNA carry the RNA strand
complementary to the mRNA that carries the genetic information of the mRNA, which
then function in the cell.
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Chapter – 6

The Kingdom Prokaryotae

(Monera)
Short Answers:

Q1: What are cynobacteria?

Ans: Cynobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria which were previously known as blue
green algae and they true prokaryotes.

Q2: What are photosynthetic bacteria?

Ans: Bacteria which synthesize organic compounds by using light energy are called as
photosynthetic bacteria.

Q3: What are parasitic bacteria?

Ans: Bacteria which grow inside the tissues of other living organisms and obtain food by
harming their host are called parasitic bacteria.

Q4: What are saprophytic bacteria?

Ans: Bacteria which get their food from dead organic matter are known as saprophytic
bacteria.

Q5: What is plasmid?

Ans: It is the small circular, double stranded DNA molecule and self replicating present
in many bacteria.

Q6: What are akinets?

Ans: Akinets are non motile asexual spores formed during unfavourable conditions.

Q7: what are pili?

Ans: Pili are fine, hollow, filament like structures and not used for the locomotion but
help in the conjugation of bacteria.

Q8: What are mesosomes?

Ans: The plasma membrane of bacterial cell is folded inward to form a special structure
called mesosomes.

Q9: What does Atrichous mean?

Ans: Atricous means bacteria without flagella.
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Q10: What is meant by binary fission?

Ans: It is the process of asexual reproduction present bacteria.

Q11: What are obligate aerobes?

Ans: Bacteria which only can survive in the presence of oxygen are known as obligate
aerobes.

Q12: What are heterocysts?

Ans: In the filament of Nostoc some larger, yellowish, thick walled cells are present
called heterocysts which are also take part in the reproduction and nitrogen fixation.

Q13: What is coenobium?

Ans: In Nostoc when filaments are intermixed in a gelatinous mass forming a ball like
structure called coenobium.

Q14: What is transduction?

Ans:It is the type of genetic recombination in which one bacterial genetic material is
transferred into cell through bacteriophage.

Q15: What are hormogonia?

Ans: The filament of Nostoc breaks up into many pieces called hormogonia and each
hormogonium grows into a new filament.

Q16: What is genetic recombination?

Ans: The combination of genetic material from two different sources is called genetic
recombination.

Q17: What are antibiotics?

Ans: These are the chemical substances which are used to kill micro-organisms that
cause infection diseases.

Q18: What is immunity?

Ans: The resistance against the infection by pathogenic organisms is called immunity.

Q19: What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

Ans: Bacteria which get energy by the oxidaticen and reduction process of various
inorganic compounds such as nitrates, sulphur, ammonia etc are known as
chemosynthetic bacteria.

Q20: How many shapes of bacteria?

Ans: There are four shapes of bacteria.

Reasons:
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Q1: Do any other microbial groups besides bacteria have prokaryotic cell?
Ans: Cynobacteria or blue green algae are also having prokaryotic cell.

Q2: How bacteria are classified as gram positive and gram negative?

Ans: Certain bacteria are stained with a violet or bluish colour are said to gram positive
where other bacteria do not stained with violet dye are known gram negative bacteria.

Q3: How conjugation takes place in bacteria?

Ans: The genetic material of one bacterial cell is transferred into another bacterial cell
through a tube known as conjugating tube, the process is known as conjugation.

Q4: Why bacteria are called symbiotic?

Ans: Some bacteria are called as symbiotic because they form an association with other
living organism and they get their food without harming them.

Q5: Why obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen?

Ans: Obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen because they respire
without oxygen.

Q6: Bacteria are prokaryotes therefore chloroplast must not be present in their cell then
how photosynthetic bacteria synthesize there food?
Ans: These bacteria have same pigments similar to chlorophyll and their pigments
dispersed in the cytoplasm. Through these pigments photosynthetic bacteria synthesize
their food.

Q7: How elementary canal bacteria are useful?

Ans: These bacteria are present in intestine of living organism and help in the digestion
of cellulose, by an enzyme cellulase.

Q8: How Nostoc and Anabana are useful in the field of agriculture?
Ans: They are used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture to improve soil fertility.

Q9: If conditions are not favourable than how Nostoc would reproduce?
Ans: They would produce non motile spores from vegetative cells are known as akinets.

Q10: How bacteria are helpful to clean the world?

Ans: Some bacteria decompose the dead organisms into simpler compounds in this way
they help to clean the world.

Q11: How cell walls of archaeobacteria are different from other groups?
Ans: Most groups of bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls where
peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls of archaeobacteria.

Q12: How bacteria would reproduce in unfavourable conditions?

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Ans: Bacteria would reproduce through endospore formation in unfavourable conditions.

Q13: how pili are different from flagella?

Ans: Pili are fine, thin, and smaller then flagella and they do not help in the locomotion.

Q14: Mitochondria are absent in bacterial cell then how respiration takes place?
Ans: Plasma membrane of bacteria contains enzymes for respiration process and it acts as
mitochondria.

Q15: Why centroplasm is called as central body in Nostoc?

Ans: Centroplasm is called as central body because heredity material is present in it due
to the absence of nuclear material in it.

Chapter-7

The Kingdom Proctoctista

Reasons

Q1: Why we say that Ulva has isomorphic alternation of generation?

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Ans: Because Ulva has the sporophyte and gametophyte in similar morphology.

Q2: Why Euglena is considered as an animal as well as plant like protoctist?

Ans: It is considered as animal as well as plant like protoctist because it has chlorophyll
which is the characteristic of plants and it has no cell wall and motile these are the
characteristics of animals.

Q3: How Slime molds form a special group of organisms?

Ans: Slime molds form a special group of organisms because these are animal like in
their body and plant like in their reproduction.

Q4: Why Chlorella is used in physiological experiments?

Ans: Chlorella is used in physiological experiments because it is easily cultured and used
in the research on photosynthesis and respiration.

Q5: Why class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata?

Ans: The class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata because they possess flagella on
their outer surface of body.

Q6: How colonial protozoan can be distinguished from a multicellular animal?

Ans: Colonial protozoan can be distinguished from multicellular organisms due to their
cell size and their cells are not specialized for any function.

Q7: On what basis protozoa are classified into five classes?

Ans: They are divided into five classes on the basis of their mode of locomotion.

Q8: Why female mosquito bite causes the malaria not male mosquito?
Ans: Only female mosquito bite causes the malaria because it contains malarial parasite
in its salivary glands while male mosquito does not contain it.

Q9: What causes the shivering in malaria?

Ans: The simultaneous bursting of millions of red blood cells causes shivering in malaria.

Q10: Why biologists regarded proctist kingdom as a prophylactic group of organisms?

Ans: Because they are found in great diversity and these organisms do not have their
common ancestor.

Chapter-7

The Kingdom Proctoctista

Reasons
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Q1: Why we say that Ulva has isomorphic alternation of generation?

Ans: Because Ulva has the sporophyte and gametophyte in similar morphology.

Q2: Why Euglena is considered as an animal as well as plant like protoctist?

Ans: It is considered as animal as well as plant like protoctist because it has chlorophyll
which is the characteristic of plants and it has no cell wall and motile these are the
characteristics of animals.

Q3: How Slime molds form a special group of organisms?

Ans: Slime molds form a special group of organisms because these are animal like in
their body and plant like in their reproduction.

Q4: Why Chlorella is used in physiological experiments?

Ans: Chlorella is used in physiological experiments because it is easily cultured and used
in the research on photosynthesis and respiration.

Q5: Why class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata?

Ans: The class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata because they possess flagella on
their outer surface of body.

Q6: How colonial protozoan can be distinguished from a multicellular animal?

Ans: Colonial protozoan can be distinguished from multicellular organisms due to their
cell size and their cells are not specialized for any function.

Q7: On what basis protozoa are classified into five classes?

Ans: They are divided into five classes on the basis of their mode of locomotion.

Q8: Why female mosquito bite causes the malaria not male mosquito?
Ans: Only female mosquito bite causes the malaria because it contains malarial parasite
in its salivary glands while male mosquito does not contain it.

Q9: What causes the shivering in malaria?

Ans: The simultaneous bursting of millions of red blood cells causes shivering in malaria.

Q10: Why biologists regarded proctist kingdom as a prophylactic group of organisms?

Ans: Because they are found in great diversity and these organisms do not have their
common ancestor.