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 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

Measurement of Pressure
The pressure of a fluid is measured by following devices:
i. Manometers
ii. Mechanical gauges

Manometers
‡ m manometer is a device for measuring fluid pressure consisting of a bent tube
containing one or more liquids of different densities.
‡ m known pressure (which may be atmospheric
is applied to one end of the
manometer tube and the unknown pressure (to be determined
is applied to the other end.
‡ Differential pressure manometer measures only the difference between the two
pressures.
Manometer Principles

The manometer has many advantages in this age of technology. ontaining no mechanical
moving parts, needing nothing but the simplest of measurements, the primary standard
manometer is readily available at modest cost. The principle of the manometer has not
changed since its inception, however great strides have been made in its arrangement and
the application of the instrument to various industrial measurement requirements. Whereas
formerly the manometer was considered a laboratory instrument, today we find the
manometer commonly used to measure pressures ranging from as high as 6

inches of
mercury to space vacuums.

The manometer utilizes the hydrostatic (standing liquid

balance principle wherein a
pressure is measured by the height of the liquid it will support. For example, the weight of
a column of mercury at
deg  that is one inch high and one inch in cross sectional area is
.48 pounds. Thus we can say that a column of mercury one inch high imposes a force of
.48 pounds per square inch or .48 P.

Manometer Uses
Liquid manometers, because of inherent accuracy and simplicity, have applications in
every industry and laboratory. They are unique in being both basic pressure measurement
instruments and standards for calibration of other instruments.
n addition to straight pressure and vacuum measurement, other process variables
that are a function of pressure can be readily measured with a manometer. ommon
applications are flow, filter pressure drop, meter calibrations, leak testing and tank
liquid level.
Manometer types

‡ imple U  tube manometer

‡ nverted U Tube Manometer
‡ U  tube with one leg enlarged
‡ Two fluid U  tube manometer
‡ nclined U  tube manometer

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 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

Using a "U"Tube enables the pressure of both liquids and gases to be measured with the
same instrument. The "U" is connected as in the figure below and filled with a fluid called
the  

. The fluid whose pressure is being measured should have a mass
density less than that of the manometric fluid and the two fluids should not be able to mix
readily  that is, they must be immiscible.

1. Simple U - tube manometer

Using a "U"Tube enables the pressure of both liquids and gases to

be measured with the same instrument. The "U" is connected as in the figure
and filled with a fluid called the manometric fluid. The fluid whose pressure
is being measured should have a mass density less than that of the
manometric fluid

g aracteristics of liquid used in U-tube Manometer:

. Viscosity should be low.

. Low surface tension is required.

. The liquid should stick on the walls.

4. hould not get vaporized.

5. The two fluids should not be able to mix readily  that is, they must be immiscible.

Advantages of U-tube Manometer:

. imple in construction

. Low cost hence easy to buy.

. Very accurate and sensitive

4. t can be used to measure other process variables.

Disadvantage

. Fragile in construction.

. Very sensitive to temperature changes.

. Error can happen while measuring the Rm.

*Limited pressure range (due to the length restriction

.

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4 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

*The densest fluid normally available in manometers of this type is mercury, with a density
.6 times that of water. To measure a pressure difference about 4 atm, for example, a
device height is about 
ft ü m and a ladder is required to read it.
Equating the pressure at the level XX¶ (pressure at the same level in a continuous body of
fluid is equal
,


The maximum value of P  P is limited by the height of the manometer. To measure

larger pressure differences we can choose a manometer with higher density, and to measure
smaller pressure differences with accuracy we can choose a manometer fluid which is
having a density closer to the fluid density.

Applications of U-tube manometer:-

. t is used for lowrange pressure measurements.

. Extensively used in laboratories.
. s used in Orifice meter and Venturi meter for flow measurements.
4. t is used for calibration of gauges and other instruments.
5. t is used for measuring pressure drop in different joints and valves.

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5 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

2. U-tube wit one Leg Enlarged

To read the locations of the two interfaces of Umanometer is rather

inconvenient. To overcome this problem, on can use the well with the cross
sectional area larger then the area of the transparent tube. When a pressure is
applied, the change in surface elevation of the well is extremely small and
only one reading is required:

ndustrially, the simple U  tube manometer has the disadvantage that the movement of the
liquid in both the limbs must be read. By making the diameter of one leg large as compared
with the other, it is possible to make the movement

the large leg very small, so that it is only necessary to read the movement of the liquid in
the narrow leg. n figure, OO¶ represents the level of liquid surface when the pressure
difference P  P is zero. 

Advantages and Uses of Well-type manometer :-

 The Welltype manometer is widely used because of the convenience in its

requiring the reading of only a single leg.n a singleleg instrument, high
accuracy is achieved by setting the zero level of the well at the zero level of the
scale before each reading is taken.
 For raisedwell manometers, the well connection can be used for gauge and
vacuum measurements.

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6 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

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7 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

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. Inverted U-tube Manometer

nverted Utube manometer is used for measuring pressure

differences in liquids. The space above the liquid in the manometer
is filled with air which can be admitted or expelled through the tap
on the top, in order to adjust the level of the liquid in the
manometer.

For inverted U  tube manometer the manometric fluid is usually air.

The inverted Utube manometer is used with liquids that may be

under pressure. t is shown diagrammatically in figure 8. The
Utube is now upside down and the two pressure connections
are made to the lower ends of the tubes. m nonreturn valve is
fitted to the top of the inverted tube. n order to start the
manometer the liquid in the pipe is first allowed to flow through
the manometer and then air is pumped in with a bicycle pump
through the nonreturn valve to separate the liquid in the two
limbs.

mir may be pumped through a valve V at the top of the

manometer until the liquid menisci are at a suitable level.

Application:-

. The inverted Utube manometer is used especially for flow of slurries where solids
tend to settle out.
.
f difference of densities is sufficiently small, a large value of ³h´ may
be obtained for a small value of differential pressure.. mir is used as the
manometric fluid.

Draw backs

t is very sensitive type of manometer used for high accuracy and measurement. t is
often used because of its operating cast. o, it is used necessarily where highly
accuracy and precision required for minute pressure difference.

4. Two fluid U-tube Manometer

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8 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

n accordance with the manometer principle, it is obvious that the higher the measured
pressure, the longer must be the indicating fluid tube. To provide greatest ease in reading
high range manometers, mall differences in pressure in gases are often measured with a
manometer of the form shown in the figure. Most of the pressure is absorbed by the fluids
used in the instrument. There are two reservoir for manometric liquids. One of the
manometric liquid which has relatively lower density than other changes its heads with
reference to differential pressure. Thus in this way the range of differential pressure
measured is increased.






























 

 The instrument thus combines the differential manometer's advantage of

compensation with the simple manometer's simplicity of reading and calculation.
 This type of manometer is used for more accurate readings of small pressure
differences.
 t is used for measuring small gas heads.
4 t has relatively large range of measuring the differential pressure.
·. Inclined U-tube manometer

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 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

Many applications require accurate measurement of low pressure such as drafts and very
low differentials, primarily in air and gas installations. n these applications the manometer
is arranged with the indicating tube inclined, as in Figure , therefore providing an expanded
scale. This arrangement can allow  " of scale length to represent " of vertical liquid
height. With scale subdivisions to .
 inches of liquid height, the equivalent pressure of
.


6
P per division can be read using water as the indicating fluid.




 This type of manometer is also used for more accurate readings of small pressure
differences.
6hemical engineering 6ession




Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

 The minimum pressure measured by U manometer (of
.5 in. of water ü 1pp

can be reduced to
. in. (
.mm g

by the use an inclined manometer.

Ñ. T e Piezometer Tube Manometer:

The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which is attached to

the top of a vessel containing liquid at a pressure (higher than atmospheric
to be measured.
mn example can be seen in the figure below. This simple device is known as a 0

. ms the tube is open to the atmosphere the pressure measured is relative to atmospheric
so is gauge pressure.

EQUATION:

DmDVm TmGE:

This method can only be used for liquids (i.e. not for gases

and only when the liquid height is convenient to measure. t must not be too small or too
large and pressure changes must be detectable.

7. Sealed Tube or Absolute Manometer

’ e term "absolute pressure" is derived from t e fact t at a perfect vacuum, t e complete absence
of any gas, is called "absolute" zero. In an absolute pressure manometer t e pressure being
measured is compared to t e vacuum or absolute zero
pressure in t e sealed tube above t e mercury column.
’ e most common form of sealed tube manometer is t e
conventional mercury barometer used to measure
atmosp eric pressure. Suc a barometer is a mercury filled
tube over 30 inc es ig immersed in a container of
mercury w ic is exposed to t e atmosp ere. ’ e mercury
column is supported by atmosp eric, or barometric
pressure.




Some processes, tests and calibrations are based on

pressures near or below atmosp eric pressure and are

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 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

most conveniently measured on a sealed tube manometer, referred to as an absolute pressure

manometer. ’ ese are available in U-type or well type configurations.

galibration of gauges:-
m new standard mercury manometer has been developed to calibrate low vacuum gauges in
the range from atmospheric pressure to >mbar. t consists of a cistern that is a small
stainless steel container used as mercury reservoir and also as the first g column
connected to a long glass tube used as the second g column. Manometer scale covers the
difference in g heights in two columns up to the length equivalent to 


>mbars. This is
a novel low cost manometer with simple design, compact fabrication, better accuracy, easy
operation, low vibration, and thermal stability. n order to evaluate the performance of the
equipment, its generated pressures are compared with those of secondary standard, i.e.,
calibrated capacitance diaphragm gauge, giving the average correction factor
.8.
Different uncertainties of the generated pressures are discussed in detail along with the
evaluation of correction factors. The relative uncertainty in the higher pressure side is
found to be in the range of 
4 which is within the limit ( § 
4
.

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6hemical engineering 6ession




 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

6hemical engineering 6ession




 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

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4 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

Assignment # 1

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5 Types Of Manometer yed hah Jehan Gillani (
 

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8. A Fringe gounting laser Interferometer Manometer

m prototype standard mercury manometer using a fringe counting laser interferometer to
measure the differential height of mercury columns has been built and successfully
operated. The 
.6 micron wavelength radiations from a O laser and specially treated
manometer tubes have been used to reduce the effect of disturbances on the mercury
surface so that reliable operation of manometer is possible.

REFERENgES

1. Mercury Barometers and Manometers U.S National bureau of standards

. hemical Engineering Volume  Richard olsin
. Unit operation Mcabe mith
4. 0 hemical Engineers'   (7th Edition

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