WELCOME

CHAPTER
CHAPTER 1:1:
Introduction to Science
Chapter
Chapter 1:
1: Introduction
Introduction to Science
1.1
1.1 What
What is
is Science?
Science?

1) Science is the systematic study of natural Phenomena and how it

effects us and the environment.

2) Science is studied through observation and scientific investigation.

3) Natural Phenomena that happen in the environment can be explained

through science.
Examples:
a) the melting of ice
b) the birth of a baby
c) lightning
d) Earthquake (gempa bumi)
4) Science has the following uses and benefits:
a) it helps us to understand things around us.
b) it make our lives easier, healthier and comfortable.
c) it helps us to improve the environment.
d) it trains us to think logically and creatively.
5) Science covers a very wide area of study:

a) BIOLOGY- The study of living things.

b) PHYSICS- The study of interaction of motion and forces.
c) CHEMISTRY- The study of chemical properties, their
reactions and uses.
d) GEOLOGY- The study of rocks and minerals.
e) ASTRONOMY- The study of the stars and planets.
f) METEOROLOGY - The study of weather and climates.
6) Careers in Science including:
Doctor, Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Engineer, Architect, Chemist, Computer programmer,
pilot, scientist, astronomer, dentist forensic, Biologist, chemist and etc…….

(Exercise 1.1 page 4) –exercise book

 Mark (/) for true statements or (x) for false
statement.

1) A natural phenomenon is an occurrence that

involves only non living things

2) Science is an arrangement of knowledge about

the environment

3) Knowledge of science can only be obtained

through experiments

4) Computer programming is a career in science

1.2 Science Laboratory

*Laboratory Safety Rules and

Precautions
(See text book pg 5).

*Common laboratory apparatus

(see text book pg 7, 8 and 9).
• Outline drawing for laboratory apparatus
(Pg 10)

Retort stand and

clamp Gas jar Test tube

Round-bottom flask Beaker Conical flask

 Hazard symbols
1) Hazard symbols are recognizable symbols designed to
warn about hazardous materials or locations

Corrosive
(mengakis)
Highly flammable
(mudah terbakar)

Explosive
(mudah meletup)
 Toxic/Poisonous
(Toksik/beracun)

Harmful/Irritant
(Berbahaya/merengsa)
 Radioactive
(Radioaktif)

See also textbook page 11

Exercise 1.2 (page 12)

1.3 Steps in Scientific Investigation
Identify Propose a
the Problem Hypothesis

Making Plan the

Conclusion Experiment

Analyse and Write a

interpret Report
the data Control the
variable
Collect (experiment)
Data
PHECDACR
• Exercise 1.3 (page 16)
Activity 1.5 : Scientific Investigation (pg 14) - REPORT

Date : ___________

Problem : How does the length of a simple

pendulum affects its period of oscillation?

Hypothesis : The shorter the length of pendulum,

the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillation.

Variables : a) Constant : Mass of the pendulum bob

b) Manipulated : Length of the thread
c) Responding : Periods of oscillation

Apparatus : Pendulum bob, string, retort stand and clamp,

metre ruler and stop watch
Retort
stand String

Pendulum bob

One complete swing meaning

A swing to B and swing back to A
Steps:

1) A pendulum with a 10cm long thread is prepared.

2) The pendulum is pulled to one side, then it is released.

3) The time taken for 10 complete oscillation is recorded

in a table.

4) The experiment is repeated using a pendulum of

different lengths as shown in the table.
Results:
Time taken for 10 complete
Experiment Length of simple oscillation (s)
pendulum (cm)
Reading 1 Reading 2 Average
1 10 8.8

2 20 13.2

3 30 16.0

4 40 18.4

5 50 20.0
 Plot a graph:

20

16

12
) s( nekat e mi T

0 10 20 30 40 50

Length of the pendulum (cm)

Analysis : From the data, we can say that the
pendulum with a longer string takes
longer time to oscillate.

Conclusion : The time taken for the simple pendulum

to make one complete oscillation
increase with the length of the pendulum.
The hypothesis is accepted.
 Question :

Which of the following is not one

of the steps in using the
scientific method?

A)Making a hypothesis
B) Collecting a data
C) Identify a problem
D) Making a theory
 1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units
1) A physical quantity is a quantity which can
be measured.

Physical quantity SI Unit/symbol Measuring instrument

Length Metre (m) Metre rule
Mass Kilogram (kg) Beam balance
Time Second (s) Stop watch
Temperature Kelvin (K) Thermometer
Electric current Ampere (A) Ammeter
Table 1.1: The SI units and measuring instruments
2) Physical quantities are measured in SI units.
3) SI units is the abbreviation of the French term “Le
systeme International d unite”
= International System
4) SI units are used as standard units all over the
world
5) Prefixes are used in the SI unit to state a very
small or a very big value.
Table 1.4 symbols and values for
prefixes (Pg 17)
Prefix Symbol Numerical Value Value

mega M 1 000 000 6

10
kilo k 1 000 3

10
centi C 0.01 -2

10
milli m 0.001 -3

10
micro µ 0.000001 -6

10
 Example:
Value of physical quantity Prefix form

• 5 000 000 k = 5 Mk

• 3 300 g= 3.3 kg

• 0.081m = 8.1 mm

• 0.000 006 A= 6µm

Try it!

0.02 m = 2 cm
4 000 g = 4 kg
0.007 A = …………….
9 500 m = …………….
0.008 m = …………….
2cm
4kg
7mA
9.5 km
8 mm
 Weight
1) The pull of earth’s gravity
on that object.
2) The weight of an object
change depends on the
gravitational force that
acts on the object at the
place.
3) The SI unit – Newton (N)
4) Measuring weight- spring
balance, compression
balance (pg 18)
Mass
1) The quantity of matter in the
object.
2) The mass of an object is
constant everywhere-
because the quantity of
matter in an object is the
same wherever the object is.
3) The SI unit- Kilogram (kg)
4) Measuring mass- beam
balance, Lever balance and
electronic balance, chemical
balance
Beam balance – measure mass
Measuring length

1) Length is the distance between 2 points

2) The SI unit for length – metre (m)
3) Short lengths are measured in cm or mm while long
distance measured in km
a) Measuring the length of straight line

1) A metre ruler can be used.

2) The correct reading obtained only when the eyes
vertically above the mark on ruler

3) Parallax error occurs if the position of the eye

is wrong when taking the reading

4) Measuring tape can be used to measure

The length of long straight lines
b) Measuring the length of curved line

1) A piece of thread and a metre ruler can be used.

2) using opisometer

Measuring curve line

Measuring curve line using an opisometer
 2) Measuring the diameter of object
The diameter of an object can be measured using
calipers and ruler

The external calipers is used to measure the external

diameter of an object

The internal calipers is used to measure the internal

diameter of an object

External calipers Internal calipers

Measurement area

Mark (/) on each square that is fully covered,

half covered or more than half covered
12 unit2
a
d
c
b
Measuring Volume of the object
= Water displacement method

45 ml

30 ml stone

What is the volume of the stone?

Volume of the stone = (45 - 30)

= 15 cm3
Measuring Volume object less dance than water

55.5 cm3

Object x
45 cm 3

30 cm3
load

What is the volume of x?

Volume of object x = (55.5 -45)

= 10.5cm3
Volume
of stone
How to read the volume
of liquid
 Measurement Skill
1) The measurement is accurate if it is very close
to the actual value
2) Inaccurate measurement may lead a scientific
investigation to make a wrong conclusion to an
experiment.
3) We can increase the accuracy:
a) using suitable measuring tools
b) using right technique – avoid parallax error
c) taking several readings – take the average