c

c
c

c
c 
 ccc 


c
c
c
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of two linked parts: the alimentary canal and the accessory
digestive organs. The alimentary canal is essentially a tube, some 9 meters (30 feet) long, that
extends from the mouth to anus, with its longest section- the intestines- packed into the
abdominal cavity. The lining of the alimentary canal is continuous with the skin, so technically
its cavity lies outside the body. The alimentary µtube¶ consist of linked organs that each play
their own part in digestion: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine. The accessory digestive organs consist of the teeth and tongue in the mouth; and the
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which are all linked by ducts to the alimentary
canal.

STOMACH
It is a J- shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly under the diaphragm in the epigastric,
umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen. When empty, it is about the size of a
large sausage; the mucosa lies in large folds, called RUGAE. Approximately 10 inches long but
the diameter depends on how much food it contains. When full, it can hold about 4 L ( 1
galloon) of food. Parts of the stomach includes
cardiac region
which is defined as a position near the heart surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter through
which food enters the stomach from the esophagus;
fundus
which is the expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardia region;
body
is the mid portion; and the
V

a funnel shaped which is the terminal part of the stomach. The pylorus is continuous with the
small intestine through the pyloric sphincter, or valve.With the gastric glands lined with several
secreting cells the zymogenic (peptic) cells secrete the principal gastric enzyme precursor,
pepsinogen. The parietal (oxyntic) cells produce hydrochloric acid, involved in conversion of
pepsinogen to the active enzyme pepsin, and intrinsic factor, involved in the absorption of
Vitamin B12 for the red blood cell production. Mucous cells secrete mucus. Secretions of the
zymogenic, parietal and mucus cells are collectively called the gastric juice. Enteroendocrine
cells secrete stomach gastrin, a hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and
pepsinogen, contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, mildly increases motility of the GI tract,
and relaxes the pyloricsphincter. Most digestive activity occurs in the pyloric region of the
stomach. After food has been processed in the stomach, it resembles heavy cream and is called
CHYME. The chyme enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.

c










c
cc
c
c
cc  cc
c

c 
cc
cccc
 c c
c cc c c
c 
cc  ccc

ccc cc

cc
ccc 
c
ccc
ccccc
c c
c cc
c c
cc

c
cccc
cc
c cc
c
cc

c  c
c
c ccc
cccc
cc
cc c
cc
c
  cc
c

ccc

c
 
c
cc
c cc cc


c
ccc

cc
cc cc
 c c

c c

c
cc

c
c
cc!cc
c c
cc
c cc

c
c 
cc


cc
c
  cc
c 
c

c
cc

 c 
c
c 
c
 cc
c
cc c
c
cc

c
c
c
c 
ccc
c 
c
c
cc


c
c
cccc c
c
 cc
c 
c cc
cccc
cc
c
c
c
c 
ccc
cc
 c ccc

c c
c
 cc
cc
  
cc"

c

cc
c  cc  ccc

 cc c
c
c
 cc
c c#c$c
cc

 
cc c
c c
c
 c
cc 
c
c
cc
c
c
cc
c
cc
c cc
%
c
  c c
c 
c
 cccc
cc

 
c
cccccc
c c
cc

 cc
 cc
 cc
  cc& 
c cc

c
c cc&  c'cc
c
c

cc
c 
cc

 cc
cc
cc
c

 cc
c
c cc


c
c c  cc
c 
c
 
c cc cc

c 
c cc
cc
c
c c 
c
 cc
c
 c
cc cccc
c  cc
cccc
c c  c
c
c 
ccc c
ccc
(
cc cc
cc

cc
c 
c
cc
c
cc
cc
c
cc
cc
 c
c
  c
ccc


c!cc
)c
c
c
 c

c
cc

cc
c
c
cc
 c c

cc
  cc
cc c
c
ccc

c
c cc cc
c 
cc c
c cc*c
cc



c

cc
cc c
c
 cc
cc
( c
 c(
ccc

c
c 
c c
c
cc



cc
%
c
  c
c
c
c c ccc
cc

ccc
c
c
c ccc
cccc

c cc
c
 c cc


c!cc
c c
cc


cc*c
c


cc
c
cc
c

c
c
cc

 cc 
cc cc 
c
ccc
ccc*cc

c
  c
c

c
c
cc
c
ccc
 ccc 
cc
ccc

c
ccc c
c cc

cc 
cc
c cc

c ccc*cc
cc

c
  cc ccc
c + c
c