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SURBHI DUBEY
B.TECH (E&C), 7th Sem
MAIET,
JAIPUR
The Doordarshan Kendra Jaipur
An Overview
Doordarshan Kendra Jaipur is part of the DD India, the largest
television network in the world. The first television programme
was viewed by the people of Rajasthan on 1st August,1975 under
the satellite Instructional Television Experiment in the districts of
Kota, Sawai Madhopur & Jaipur. Special educational programme
were then produced at Delhi on 1st March,1977, Upgrah
Doordarshan Kendra was set up at Delhi. The programmes
produced at UDK for Jaipur were relayed. On 1st June 1987 Jaipur
Doordarshan Kendra was set up at Jhalana Doongri and
transmission started on 6th July 1987. Initially the Kendra
produced only 30 min of programming and this was gradually
increased to about 4 hrs. From 2nd Oct 1993 the LPTs located at
Ajmer, Udaipur and Bikaner and HPT at Bundi were connected
with DDK Jaipur via satellite. Doordarshan introduced commerc ial
service at Jaipur Kendra on 11th Dec 1993.
PRESENT STATUS
Technical Overview
DDK Jaipur has the following main departments which manage the production,
storage transmission and maintenance of the two DD National channels and the
DD Rajasthan channel.
1. STUDIO
2. PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR)
3. VIDEO STORAGE AND TRANSMISSION ROOM(VTR)
4. MAIN SWITCHING ROOM(MSR)
5. DIGITAL EARTH LINK STATION
6. TRANSMITTER
Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to the relevant
engineering aspects. The studio has
• Camera and lights and other equipment required for production of a
feed.
• Camera control unit or CCU
It is in the studio that all aspects related to the production of a video takes place.
The DDK has two large studios and a small studio for news production.
The PCR is where the post production activities like minor editing and
management of feed during a live program takes place. The production manager
sits in the PCR and directs the camera men and selects the angles sound parameters
etc during the production stage in the PCR. It is in the PCR that we can control all
the studio lights and all the microphones and other aspects. The PCR has a vision
mixer and an audio mixer. Its working and other aspects are discussed in detail in
the following pages. The PCR is where the phone in console and other systems are
also kept.
The VTR is the next section where copies of all programs are stored. All the
programs shot in the camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also the
VTR plays back all the videos as and when required. Videos of pre-recorded
events are queued up in the VTR and are played back without a break. Videos of
famous people and important events are stored in the central film pool.
The MSR stores all the circuitry of the DDK. All the camera base units, all the
vision mixer base units and all the audio processor base units are kept in MSR. The
audio chain and video chain of MSR is explained in detail. The monitoring and
control of all activities takes place in MSR. It is the MSR which decides what is to
go in air. The MSR also performs some additional functions like logo addition etc.
The next station is the earth station which has an uplink chain, simulcast
transmitters, audio processors video processors, up converters, modulators etc. The
earth station is in fully digital domain.
The last stage is the transmitter which has the antenna and facilities for terrestrial
transmission.
FUNDAMENTAL OF MONOCHROME AND
COLOUR TV SYSTEM:-
Picture formation:-
A picture can be considered to contain a number of small
elementary areas of light or shade which are called PICTURE
ELEMENTS. The elements thus contain the visual image of the
scene.
The frame is divided in two fields. Odd lines are scanned first and
then the even lines. The odd and even lines are interlaced. Since
the frame is divided into 2 fields the flicker reduces. The field
rate is 50 Hertz. The frame rate is 25 Hertz (Field rate is the
same as power supply frequency).
So if we take R - Y
R - Y = R - (0.3 R + 0.59 R + 0.11 R) = 0
Similarly B - Y = 0
As such colour difference signals are zero for white or any shade
of gray whereas, Y carries the entire Luminance information.
STUDIO CENTRE
A Studio centre of Doordarshan has the following objectives:
1) To originate programmes from studios either for live telecast or
for recording on a video tape.
2) To knit various other sources of programs available at the
production desk i.e., camera output from studios, feed from
other kendras, outdoor, playback from pre recorded tape, film
based programs slides, video graphics and characters
generator etc. This knitting or live editing includes generation
of special effects and desired transitions between various
sources.
3) Processing/distribution of different sources to various
destinations in technical areas.
4) Routing of mixed programme for recording/transmission via
master switching room and Micro Wave to the transmitter or
any other desired destinations.
1) Action area,
2) Production control room, and
3) Central apparatus room,
Action area
This place requires large space and ceiling as compared to any
other technical area. Action in this area includes staging, lighting,
performance by artists, and arrangement to pick up picture and
sound. Hardware required for these activities in a studio (typical
size 20 x20x8.5 cubic meters) are:
1. Very efficient air conditioning because of lot of heat dissipation
by studio light and presence of large number of persons
including invited audience performing artists and operational
crew.
2. Uniform and even flooring for smooth operation of camera
dollies and boom microphone etc.
3. Acoustic treatment Keeping in mind that a television studio is
a multi purpose studio with lot of moving person and
equipment during a production.
9. Tie lines box for video and audio lines from control room
10.Cyclorama and curtain tracks for blue and black curtain for
chroma keying and limbo lighting respectively.
12.Studio warning light and safety devices like fire alarm system
and fire fighting equipments etc.
or
Character Generator(CG)
Character Generator provides titles and credit captions during
production in Roman script. It provides high resolution
characters, different colours for colorizing characters,
background, edges etc. At present bilingual and trilingual C.G are
also being used by Doordarshan.
Sync Pulse-Generator(SPG)
It is essential that all the video sources as input to the switcher
are in synchronism i.e., start and end of each line or all the
frames of video sources is concurrent. This requirement is
ensured by the sync pulse generator (SPG). SPG consists of
highly stable crystal oscillator. Various pulses of standard width
and frequency are derived from this crystal electronically which
form clock for the generation of video signal. These pulses are
fed to all the video generating equipment to achieve this
objective of synchronism. Because of its importance, SPG is
normally duplicated for change over in case of failure.
• Line drive
• Field drive
• Mixed blanking
• Mixed sync
• colour subcarrier
• A burst insertion pulse
• PAL phase Indent pulses
All the camera control voltages are fed from the CCU to the
camera head over the multi-core camera cable. The view-finder
signal is also sent over the camera cable to the camera head
view-finder for helping the cameraman in proper focusing,
adjusting and composing the shots.
Light Control
The scene to be televised must be well illuminated to produce a
clear and noise free picture. The lighting should also give the
depth, the correct contrast and artistic display of various shades
without multiple shadows.
Audio facilities
An audio mixing console, with a number of inputs, say about 32
inputs is provided in major studio. This includes special facilities
such as equalisation, PFL, phase reversal, echo send/receive and
digital reverberation units at some places Meltron console tape
recorders and EMI 938 disc reproducers are provided for playing
back/creating audio effects as independent sources (Unmarried)
to the switcher.
New centers are being supplied with Sony U-matic high band
VCRs along with ½” Sony Betacam SP VCRs, DVC Pro.
Video Chain :
The block diagram on facing page connects all these sections and
it can be observed that the CAR is the nodal area. Now let us
follow a CAM-I signal. CAM-I first goes to a Camera electronics in
CAR via a multi-core cable, the signal is then matched/adjusted
for quality in CCU and then like any other sources it goes to video
switcher via PP (Patch Panel) and respective VDAs(Video
Distribution Amplifiers) and optional Hum compensator/Cable
equilizers.
Light Source
Any light source has a Luminance intensity (I) which is measured
in Candelas. Candela is equivalent to an intensity released by
standard one candle source of light.
Fill Light : Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also
provide catch lights in the eyes. Normally it is a soft source.
Back light : Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to
the subject and reveals texture. Normally it is hard source.
TV CAMERA:-
Introduction
CCD CAMERAS
Introduction
Any camera will need a device to convert optical image into an
electrical signal. Now let us consider a picture frame made of
small picture element. For more sharpness or better resolution
we have to increase these elements. This picture frame can now
be focused on to a structure of so many CCD elements. Each CCD
element will now convert the light information on it to a charge
signal. All we need now is to have an arrangement to collect this
charge and convert it to voltage. This is the basic principle on
which CCD cameras are based.
Latest CCD Cameras
CCD were launched in 1983 for broadcasting with pixel count
from a mere 2,50,000 which increased to 20,00,000 in 1994 for
HDTV application. Noise and aliasing has been reduced to
negligible level. CCD cameras now offers fully modulated video
output at light level as low as 6.0 lumens. A typical specification
for a studio camera now available in market are some thing like
2/3 inch, FIT, lens on chip CCD with 6,00,000 pixel, 850 lines H
resolution, S/N more than 60 dB, sensitivity F-8 (2000 lux) etc.
Design:-
All the TV transmitters have the same basic design. They consist
of an exciter followed by power amplifiers which boost the exciter
power to the required level.
Exciter:-
The exciter stage determines the quality of a transmitter. It
contains pre-corrector units both at base band as well as at IF
stage, so that after passing through all subsequent transmitter
stages, an acceptable signal is available. Since the number and
type of amplifier stages, may differ according to the required
output power, the characteristics of the pre-correction circuits can
be varied over a wide range.
BEL 10 kW TV TRANSMITTER
A block diagram of BEL 10 kW TV Transmitter is shown in Fig. 10.
It consists of :
Block
Diagram of TV Exciter
DP/DG Corrector
This is also used in the exciter preceding LPF (mark III) for pre-
correcting the differential gain and differential phase errors
occurring in the transmitter.
Video Processor
The block diagram of video processor is given in fig. 3.
Functions
Vision Modulator
The block diagram of Vision modulator is given in fig. 4 and
schematic diagram is shown in fig. 5
Functions
• Amplification of Vision IF at 38.9 MHz.
• Linear amplitude modulation of Vision IF by video from the
video processor in a balanced modulator.
IF Amplifier
IF is amplified to provide sufficient level to the modulator. It
operates as an amplitude limiter for maintaining constant output.
Modulator
A balanced modulator using two IS-1993 diodes is used in the
modulator.
VSB Filter
Surface Acoustic wave (SAW) filter provide a very steep side band
response with high attenuation outside designated channel. It
has a linear phase characteristic with a low amplitude and group
delay ripple. (Fig. 7.)
.
Local Oscillator
The block diagram of Local Oscillator is given in fig. 8. It supplies
three equal outputs of + 8 dBm each at a frequency of fv + fvif.
This unit has 3 sub units.
AUDIO CHAIN:-
Aural Modulator
The aural modulator unit consists of audio amplifier, VCO, mixer
and APC.
Audio Amplifier
A balanced audio signal at + 10 dBm from studio is converted to
unbalanced signal by audio transformer T4. The output of this is
taken through potentiometer to the input of Hybrid Audio Amp
BMC 1003. A 50 micro second pre-emphasis is also provided.
VCO
This is a varactor tuned oscillator. Its frequency can be varied by
coil L4. Transistor TR-17 forms the oscillator. VCO output is
frequency modulated by the audio signal. Output level is 0 dBm.
Standards
The characteristics of the TV signal is sections 1 and 2 refer to
CCIR B/G standards. Various other standards are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Frequency Range Vision/sound carrier
spacing channel width
Vision sound carrier spacing 5.5 MHz
Channel width 7 MHz (B) in VHF OR 8 MHz
(G) in UHF
Sound Modulation FM
FM deviation (maximum) + 50 kHz