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COHERENCES (TEMPORAL AND SA~TIAL)

The coherence between two sources of light concerns with the existence of constant phase relation between them. This is of the following two types.

I Temporal or time coherence

2. Spatial coherence

Before we discuss these two types of coherence, let us explain coherence length and coherence time. We know that when an excited atom returns to initial state, it emits a pulse of a light of short duration of the order of 10-10 sec. For this time interval, the field remains sinusoidal. The average time interval for which the field remains

sinusoidal is known as coherence time. This is denoted by Tc. Moreover, the distancefor which thefield remains sinusoidal is known as coherence length. This is denoted by L.

The relationship between coherence length L and coherence time Tc is given by (LI Te) = C

where c is velocity of light.

Now, we shall discuss the two types of coherence.

1. Temporal or time coherence

Fig. (4a), shows an ideal sinusoidal wave emitted by a perfect coherence source as a function of time. This has a constant amplitude.

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However, no radiation emitted by an actual source produces an ideal sinusoidal field for all values of time. The reason is that every excited atom during their return journey to its initial state emit a light of short duration (1 0-10 sec). So, the field remains sinusoidal for time interval of the order of 10-10 sec. After this phase changes abruptly. Hence, the field due to an actual light source would be of the form as shown in fig. (4b). So, the average time interval for which the field remains sinusoidal (i.e., a definite phase relationship exists) is known as coherence time or temporal coherence. Therefore, if the phase difference of waves crossing the two points lying along the

direction of propagation of the beam is time-dependent then the beam of light is said to possess temporal or time coherence.

2. Spatial Coherence

The spatial coherence is the phase relationship between the radiation fields at different points in space. A beam is said to possess spatial coherence If the phase difference of the waves crossing the two points on a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam is time-independent.

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2.14. SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS

Light emitting diodes are basically semiconductor lasers. A widely used semiconductor laser is GaAs laser (A = 0·84 urn anJ band width 1011 Hz). GaAs laser output power at 77 K up to a few watts has been achieved with an overall efficiency of about 30%(ratio of emitted power to dissipated power). The quantum efficiency (ratio of number of emitted photons and number of electron hole pairs injected into the junctions) is even higher (70%).

The Fig. 21 gives a schematic diagram of p-n junction laser, The shaded layer is the depletion layer. The thickness of depletion is usually very small (0-1 urn). To obtain laser action, end faces are

Transverse' Profile of Emitted

Light

(b)

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Active Region

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polished, flat and parallel. The other two faces are left unfinished to suppress the oscillations. The active layer consists of a layer of thick~~ss of the order 1 um, a little wider than the deI2J£~i_on region. The transverse dimension of the beam is much greater (- 40 urn). The laser beam, therefore, extends

__... - ,---

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""~Op;~atiO_;~-PoI~j~tion inversion in semiconductors is achieved by using heavily doped (1024 atoms/nr' donor or acceptor atoms). We know that n type semiconductor has many highly mobile electrons whereas p type has the less mobile positive holes. When two types of structure are joined then the type of structure shown in Fig. 22 results. As the material is heavily doped, the Fermi level of p txpe falls within the valence band while that of n type falls within the conduction band. When no vol rage is applied the two Fermi levels lie in the same ·horizonfani~e. 'I he tw01iarlc.ISafe separated by an energy gap, Eg, known as-·fOrbijden~and:Due to this gap~u~~~lectr~~~~~n0t._?~Ccupy the h21~~i~}::typ~!l!.~teria1. If an external voltage V is applied, the conduction electrons can be made to be attracted towards p type if p is made positive (r,e., junction is forward biased). Thus, if eV> Eg, we can say that condition of population inversion is achieved. If this condition is satisfied. electrons jump across the forbidden gap to combine with a hole, giving rise to the emission of light.

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Thus LED is basi_calli'_!l junction betw.5E1.h~1l:y_ib~_dQped lUyge and n ty'p~semicQlli!uctQrs~ as GaAs. LEI:5'Sirecommonly available in near infra-red and red regions of the spectrum. They have

b~ made with a wavelength as short as the W'avel;ngth of green light. -

Now, if pn junction is forwaidbiased with an external voltage V such that eV> Eg• electrons are made to attract towards the p region and holes towards n region. They overlap at least in a small 1!.gion near the jU,nctio!!_known as d~pleti~~~jon. In deP1~tjon region the injected electrons and holes both appear in high concentration. A high hole concentration mea!fs a large number of empty statesTitio which electronscanfall. Thus population inversIon isachieved. Lasei--actu)n··follov.7S1o thi;-reglon when current how'through the diode-exceeds a certain threshold value. Population jnv~~ion t!l_~es place near thebottom of ' the conduction band and top of dle-'valence band. The reco1!lbination of el~c.!!?ns_ gly~~'coherent radiafioriOf wavelengths ranging-from infrared region to wavelength of greater light region with output power ranging from rnw to order to few watts.

Semiconductor lasers are widely used in communication. At present they find largest single market in the field of compact disc players. Semiconductor laser is a needle or probe that reads the information fro~~asa-resurror irradiating the small grooves in the disc. Other uses of semiconductor lasers include high speed printing, free space communication, pump sources for other solid state lasers, laser printers and various medical applications.

APPLICATIONS OF LASER

The lasers are put to a number of uses in different branches of science due to their narrow band width and narrow angular spread. A few applications are listed below:

(1) Communications

(i) Due to the narrow band width, lasers are used in microwave communication. We know that in microwave communication the signal is mounted on carrier waves by the process of modulation. As the band width of carrier waves is limited, the number of channels of message which can be caITied

simultaneously is limited. But by the use of lasers, more channels of message can be accommodated because the band width is very small.

(ii) Due to narrow, angular spread, the laser beams have become a means of communication between earth and moon or other satellites. The earth-moon distance has been measured with the use of lasers.

(iii) Laser, radiation is not absorbed by water and hence it can be utilized in under water communication networks.

(iv) Fibre guides. A laser beam in conjunction with optical fibre can be used to transmit audio signals over long distances without attenuation or disturbance.

(2) Computers

By the use of lasers, the storage capacity for information in computers is greatly improved due to narrowness of bandwidth. The IBM corporation is trying to transmit an entire memory bank from one computer to another by the use of laser beam.

(3) Industry

The lasers have wide industrial applications. Lasers can be focused into a very fine beam, resulting in raising the temperature about 1000 K. So, they. can blast holes in diamonds and hard steels.

(4) Medicine

They have wide medical applications. They have been used successfully in the treatment of detached retinas. Preliminary success had also been obtained to treat the human and animal cancers. Micro-surgery is also possible because laser beams can be focused on very small areas (due to the narrow angular spread) and hence one harmful component can be destroyed without seriously damaging the neighboring regions.

(5) Military Applications

Their study is also oriented for military purposes. Due to high energy density, a laser beam can be used to destroy very big objects like aircrafts, missiles, etc. in a few second by directing the laser beam into the target. As such it is called 'death ray' or 'ray weapon ','Laser beam can be used in laser gun. In a laser gun, highly convergent beam is focused on enemy targets at a short range.

(6) Chemical applications

Lasers have wide chemical applications. They can initiate or hasten certain chemical reactions which could not be possible in the absence of suitable photons. They can be used for investigating the structure of molecules. Raman spectroscopy is one in which laser have made so much impact that a separate branch named as Laser Raman

Spectroscopy has grown rapidly. By the use of lasers, the Raman spectrum can be obtained for much smaller samples and faster too. Not only that but some interactions also arise due to high intensity excitation which

provide additional information. "

(7) Weather forecasting

Pictures of clouds, wind movements, etc. can be obtained with laser beam, The data so obtained can be used in weather forecasting.

(8) Lasers in photography

Using laser, we can get three dimensional lens "less photography, Using interference techniques, we can take hologram which is analogous to negative of the photographic film.