Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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REDACTOR-ù()
Grigore Nicola
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Redactori: Corina Bistriceanu–3DQWHOLPRQ%RJGDQ'DQFLX/HWL LD'REUDQLFL
Beatrice Manu, Cristinel Pantelimon, Elena-Claudia Rusu, Mihaela-&RULQD X X
Secretariat: Laura Goran-% ] UHD'DQLela Pârlea-Buzatu
Secretariat tehnic: Alexandru Dumitru
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revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor.
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Tehnoredactor: Georgiana GÎRJOI
Bun de tipar: 12.12.2008; Coli tipar: 17,5
Format: 16/70x100
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DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU, ÌQWUHSULQGHULOH LQGXVWULDOH URPkQHúWL vQWUH
HYROX LHúLLQYROX LH ………………………………………………………………….. 25
$172,1(+((0(5<&.)UDQ DUne analyse des rapports hiérarchiques dans
une firme multinationale de Pologne: légitimation des effets micro-politiques du
marché .....................………………………………………………………………… 35
0,+$(/$ &25,1$ 8 8 Evaluarea stilurilor manageriale în context
VLWXD LRQDO ..........…………………………………………………………………….. 53
Sociologia familiei
'$152ù&$)DPLOLDúLVRFLDOL]DUHDFRSLOXOXL, ................................................... 63
BEATRICE MANU, 6WXGLL úL FHUFHW UL DVXSUD YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH UHDOL]DWH vQ
România .............…………………………………………………………………….. 73
SociologLDFXOWXULLúLHGXFD LHL
$1&8 $ 3/ (ù8 Tinerii din România – YDORUL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH GLQ VIHUD
culturii politice ..…………………………………………………………………….. 95
MARIA COBIANU-% &$18(GXFD LDúLFXOWXUDQD LRQDO vQ(XURSD8QLW ...... 107
Filosofie - psihologie sRFLDO
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU-GALICENI, *HQH]D VRFLDO D WUHEXLQ HORU
umane (I) …………………………………………………………………………….. 111
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA), The Power of Authentic Dialogue ........………… 125
CRISTI PANTELIMON, &RUSRUDWLVPXO úL UHLHUDKL]DUHD VRFLHW LL în viziunea lui
Julius Evola …………………………………………………………………………. 131
1(/$ 0,5&,& &RQILJXUDUHD VRFLRORJLHL vQ JkQGLUHD ILORVRILF D OXL $XJXVWH
Comte ......……………………………………………………………………………. 147
%2*'$1 '$1&,8 0$5*$5(7$ ',1& &RQFHSW úL PHWRGRORJLH vQ VWXGLXO
strategiilor de coping ...................................................................................………… 153
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MIHAI GOLU, &RPSOH[LWDWH úL SUHGLFWLELOLWDWH FRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQ VLVWHPXO
SHUVRQDOLW LL ………………………………………………………………………… 161
NICOLETA GHEORGHE, &HVXQWMRFXULOHSVLKRORJLFHúLGHFHOHMXF P"5HOD LD
GLQWUHMRFXULDWDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPLH......................................................................... 173
3
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RODICA MATEI, 6XV LQHUHúLLQWHUSUHWDUHvQGHPHUVXOSVLKDQDOLWLF ........................ 183
AMALIA GABOR, De la scenariu la autonomie .................................…………….. 189
IOANA OMER, &RPXQLFDUHD GLDJQRVWLFXOXL GH FDQFHU úL HIHFWHOH VDOH DVXSUD
UHOD LHLWHUDSHXWLFHODDGXO LLGHSUHVLYLLQWHUQD LvQVHF LLOHGHRQFRORJLH,....…….. 201
,VWRULHVRFLDO
MONICA POPA, 2EúWHDúLFRPXQLWDWHDGHDYHUH6WXGLXFRPSDUDWLY ...................... 215
AUREL V. DAVID, 6WDUHDVRFLDO DXQHLDúH] ULUXUDOHGLQMXGH XO6 ODMvQDQXO
1938 ...........………………………………………………………………………….. 227
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viziunea Departamentului de Stat al S.U.A. .……………………………………….. 235
DEZBATERI
ù7()$1&267($9LLWRUXOXQLYHUVLW LL– universitatea viitorului ……………….. 247
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CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON, Virgiliu Constantinescu-Galiceni:
SociologLDFRPXQLW LORUUXUDOH...........…………………………………………….. 267
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON, Avram Cristea, Jan Nicolae,
3ULQDO LLVSUHVLQH....……………………………………………………………….. 269
DIANA GAVAJEC, „Semnele Timpului” -UHYLVW GHDQDOL] úLRSLQLHFUHúWLQ 271
CLAUDIA BUZOIANU, ANCA COMAN, George Kohlrieser, 6ROX LRQDUHD
FRQIOLFWHORUúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HL0HWRGHED]DWHSHQHJRFLHUHDGHRVWDWLFL …... 273
4
CONTENU
ÉTUDES ET ARTICLES
Sociologie de la transition
DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU: Les entreprises industrielles roumaines entre
évolution et involution ............................................................................................….. 25
ANTOINE HEEMERYCK (France): Une analyse des rapports hiérarchiques dans
une firme multinationale de Pologne: légitimation des effets micro-politiques du
marché ............................…………………………………………………………….. 35
0,+$(/$&25,1$ 8 8Évaluation des styles managériaux dans un contexte
situationnel ………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Sociologie de la famille
'$152ù&$La famille et la socialisation de l’enfant (I) .......................………… 63
BEATRICE MANU: Études et recherches roumaines sur la violence domestique .... 73
Sociologie de la culture et de l'éducation
$1&8 $ 3/ (ù8 Culture politique – valeurs et comportements des jeunes
roumains .........................…………………………………………………………….. 95
MARIA COBIANU-% &$18 L’éducation et la culture nationale dans l'Europe
unie ..........................………………………………………………………………… 107
Philosophie - psychologie sociale
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU: Genèse sociale des besoins humains (I) .....……. 111
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (États-Unis): Le pouvoir du dialogue authentique ............ 125
CRISTI PANTELIMON: Le corporatisme et la re-hiérarchisation de la société
dans la vision de Jules Evola ........................................……………………………... 131
NELA0,5&,& La configuration de la sociologie dans la pensée philosophique
d'Auguste Comte ...........……………………………………………………………... 147
%2*'$1 '$1&,8 0$5*$5(7$ ',1& Concept et méthodologie dans
l'étude des stratégies de coping ...................................………………………………. 153
Psychologie de personnalité
MIHAI GOLU: Complexité et prévisibilité comportementale dans le système de la
personnalité .............................................……………………………………………. 161
NICOLETA GHEORGHE: Que sont les jeux psychologiques et pourquoi y joue-t-on ? Le
rapport entre les jeux, l’attachement et l’autonomie..............................…….. 173
5
Consultation psychologiques et psychothérapie
RODICA MATEI: Soutien et interprétation dans la démarche psychanalytique ....... 183
AMALIA GABOR: Du scénario à l’autonomie ............................………………….. 189
IOANA OMER: La communication du diagnostique du cancer et ses effets sur la
relation thérapeutique aux patients dépressifs internés dans les départements
d'oncologie (I) .....................................................……………………………………. 201
Histoire sociale
MONICA POPA: La collectivité et la communauté de biens. Une étude
comparative ……....................………………………………………………………. 215
AUREL V. DAVID: État social d'un établissement rural dans le département de
S laj, 1938 .....................…………………………………………………………….. 227
Géopolitique
)/25,$1 7 1 6(6&8 Les solutions alternatives au règlement de la frontière
Roumaine-Bulgare en Dobroudja à la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale dans la
vision du département d'État des États-Unis ……………………………………….. 235
DISCUSSIONS
ù7()$1&267($Le futur de l'université, l'université du futur .................………. 247
LA VIE SCIENTIFIQUE
ELENA-CLAUDIA RUSU: La conférence nationale d'analyse transactionnelle
„Attachement et autonomie” (29 novembre - 3 décembre 2007) ................................ 251
JOHN PARR (Anglia): Discours d'ouverture à la conférence nationale d'analyse
transactionnelle „Attachement et autonomie”..........................................…………... 253
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (États-Unis): Discours de clôture à la conférence
nationale d'analyse transactionnelle „Attachement et autonomie” .................……... 259
ù7()$1 &267($ La XVIIIème conférence internationale de l'Alliance des
Universités pour la Démocratie (Cluj, 4-7 novembre 2007) ............................……. 261
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: L’école académique de sociologie de
Bran, octobre 2007............................……………………………………………….. 265
6
SUMMARY
Professor AURELIAN GH. BONDREA, Ph. D., President of Romania Tomorrow Fonda-
tion, Rector of Spiru Haret, University, General Manager of the Institute of Sociology and
Public Opinion: An Always Postponed Fundamental Issue .......................……………… 9
DISCUSSIONS
ù7()$1&267($The Future of the University, the University of the Future ........ 247
SCIENTIFIC LIFE
ELENA-CLAUDIA RUSU: The National Conference of Transactional Analysis
”Attachement and Authonomy” (November 29th- December 3rd 2007) ..........………. 251
JOHN PARR (Anglia): The Opening Speech at The National Conference of
Transactional Analysis ” Attchement and Authonomy” ............................................. 253
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA): The Closing Speech at The National Conference
of Transactional Analysis ” Attachament and Authonomy” .....................…………... 259
ù7()$1 &267($ The 18-th International Conference of the Universities
Alliance foe Democracy (Cluj, 4-7 november 2007) ................……………………... 261
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Academic School of Sociology, Bran,
October 2007 ......................................................................................................…….. 265
8
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ABSTRACT
In Romanian history, one of the current issue, the subject of public dialogues, of
social, political and cultural approaches, a problem caused by the birth and evolution of
the nation, of the state, by the specificity and originality of social structures was and still is
the peasant issue, the socio-economical destiny of a large part of the population: the rural
people. Spiru Haret approached this issue in his work (1915) anastatically published in the
previous pages as a proof in that era, a work with a great historical and sociological
significance, very valuable and actual in many ways as we’ve presented below.
∗
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5
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8
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10
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19
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DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU
ABSTRACT
This study emphasizes some socio-humanistic and economic dimensions of human
behaviour within organizations. There are two perspectives on specific social dynamics,
turmoil, leaderships styles, attitude towards property and labour, people involvment in
decision process, communication and so on: one related to the management of the
organization and another one related to the employees. At the end of the study we
summarized some of the conclusions and recommendations, in order to create a larger view
over the present problems of the Romanian organizations, to find the adequate balance
between management and efficiency.
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32
BIBLIOGRAFIE
33
UNE ANALYSE DES RAPPORTS HIERARCHIQUES DANS UNE
FIRME MULTINATIONALE DE POLOGNE: LEGITIMATION DES
EFFETS MICRO-POLITIQUES DU MARCHE1
ANTOINE HEEMERYCK
RESUMÉ
Depuis la chute de l’URSS, un certain tissu idéologique règne sur les Pays de
l’Est. Il y a quelques années, l’ « adhésion /intégration » de la Pologne, la Tchéquie
et la Hongrie à l’OTAN, préalable à l’intervention militaire en ex-Yougoslavie, est
venue rappeler cette position stratégique qu’occupent ces trois sociétés dans la
conjoncture post-guerre froide. Les considérations intéressées des
diplomaties occidentales ne trompent guère, tout comme la réputation de « bon
élève2 » de la Pologne auprès des institutions économiques internationales,
réputation qui semble esquintée depuis l’élection de Lech Kaczynski.
Disons-le rapidement, la zone des pays de l’Est est toujours écartelée entre
l’Est et l’Ouest. Cette zone géographique aux délimitations un peu floues et
manipulables faisait partie, il y a peu encore, du « bloc soviétique », ensemble
positionné face à l’OTAN avec en arrière plan la Russie face aux Etats-Unis. Dans
cette optique, le cas de la Pologne est à plusieurs égards, forts intéressant. Tout
d’abord, elle faisait partie du système communiste pendant plus de quarante ans, un
système qui reste, et restera peut-être, imparfaitement connu. Sa position, au niveau
international, était inscrite dans des enjeux qui opposaient deux acteurs majeurs : le
bloc soviétique, et les pays occidentaux. Depuis 1989, elle est assignée aux sociétés
dites « postcommunistes » englobée dans les économies de « transition ». Plus
particulièrement, la Pologne se présente à l’Est, après les USA, la Grande-
1
Cet article est tiré d’un mémoire de maîtrise (Cordeau S. & Heemeryck A. 2001)
réalisé sous la direction de Laurent Bazin que nous remercions vivement pour ses lectures
critiques et ses innombrables conseils fructueux. Dans ce mémoire, nous abordions deux
entreprises ainsi que l’investissement de l’ancienne aristocratie roumaine dans la nouvelle
classe d’entrepreneurs. Cet article ne reprend qu’une de ces trois études.
2
La Roumanie représente un contrexemple dans la grille de lecture idéologique
dominant le développement des pays de l’Est. Cf. Heemeryck A. (2007).
35
Bretagne, l’Argentine, comme l’un des premiers pays à mettre en œuvre une
politique néolibérale après la chute du communisme. La Pologne est aussi montrée
comme l’exemple de mouvement démocratique, ce qui est renforcé fortement par
de pesants fantasmes occidentaux ethnocentristes. Nous sommes face à une
dynamique de transformations politiques, économiques et sociales inédites.
Pour tenter d'apporter un « éclairage partiel » à cette situation confuse,
nous nous proposons d’aborder les transformations des formes de
légitimation/d’imposition du pouvoir, des hiérarchies et de la domination à travers
les changements de régime politico-économique, à l’aide des outils de l’anthropo-
logie politique. Dans ce paysage, l’importance des capitaux étrangers, la volonté de
suivre les politiques d’institutions internationales posent la question de la
dépendance à l’Occident.
Autrefois, lieu où s’exerçaient avec force le pouvoir et l’idéologie de
l’État-parti et les mouvements sociaux censés s’y opposer, l’entreprise en Pologne,
comme dans tout contexte d’ailleurs, est un espace social de cristallisation d’enjeux
politiques globaux. Elle apparaît comme une entrée pertinente pour une étude des
changements sociaux contemporains. Les recherches en anthropologie industrielle,
sociologie du travail, de l’entreprise, dans des lieux et conjonctures différentes
l’ont bien montré (Bazin & Sélim 2001).
La problématique de cette enquête consistait à interroger toutes les catégories
de salariés d’une entreprise sur les liens qu’ils entretiennent dans l’entreprise. D’un
point de vue méthodologique, l’entreprise a été considérée comme un champ social
possédant un minimum d’autonomie (Althabe & Sélim 1998). Cette hypothèse
incite à considérer qu’elle ne peut être séparée artificiellement de la société
englobante dont elle reflète les évolutions ; inversement, l’opération d’enquête ne
l’y dissout pas non plus et a pour axe d’observation premier les logiques de
configuration des rapports sociaux qui sont produites dans une situation singulière.
Notons que des enquêtes de terrain de ce type sont peu développées ou
totalement ignorées en Pologne. Au contraire, pendant la période de préadhésion à
l’UE du moins, le champ de la recherche (en « développement » et en sciences
sociales) teinté d’expertisme, est très orienté vers « la construction d'élites », pour
mettre en place les « mécanismes économiques », afin de « faire valoir les intérêts
de la Pologne auprès de l'Union Européenne en vue de l'intégration ». Ce dernier
item idéologique très en vogue en Pologne3 montre l’intériorisation d’un stigmate
global et donc d’une forme de domination entre pays à intégrer à l’Union
Européenne dans « le monde » et les pays intégrés porteurs des modèles considérés
comme socialement, moralement, politiquement et économiquement légitimes.
Après de nombreuses péripéties, c’est par le biais du hasard que nous prenons
contact avec le manager général d’une entreprise. Celle-ci, que nous nommerons
fictivement l’UPEP (Unité de Production en Pologne), fut créée à l’initiative d’un
entrepreneur Belge en 1993-94. C’est une unité qui produit à moindre coût des
3
Bon nombre des productions scientifiques, quelle que soit la manière dont on les
juge, sont teintées de thèmes qui tournent autour de l’Union Européenne.
36
biens (équipements lourds de transport) destinés à être centralisés et vendus dans
l’Union Européenne. Soixante-huit salariés y travaillent.
Cette entreprise importée de l’étranger qui relève d’une configuration
hiérarchique particulière, pose la question des modes de légitimation des pouvoirs,
de leur intrication, et du rapport à la figure symbolique de « l’étranger ».
L’investigation a duré trois semaines. L’enquête reste donc modeste. Les deux
ethnologues se rendent sur le terrain alternativement un jour sur deux, à tour de
rôle. Quinze entretiens formels ont été réalisés, mais la présence continue dans
l’entreprise a été l’occasion de nombreuses discussions fructueuses avec les
employés.
L’UPEP (Unité de Production En Pologne) est aujourd’hui située entre les
villes de Cracovie et de Katowice aux abords d’une petite ville. Pour atteindre
l’entreprise, il faut arpenter sur deux kilomètres une route ancienne formée de
quelques pavillons anciens qui bordent une végétation assez dense. La route se
termine par un complexe industriel, à l’orée d’une modeste forêt. Cet ancien
complexe est assez représentatif des grands chantiers désaffectés que l’on peut
trouver dans des régions à vocation industrielle comme le bassin de la haute
Silésie. C’est ici que se situe l’UPEP, parmi des bâtiments qui constituaient un
centre de production soviétique. Après 1989, le site a été disloqué et les différents
bâtiments ont été vendus, projet de démantèlement industriel qui s’insérait à un
niveau plus général dans « la thérapie de choc ». Autrement dit, la politique de
privatisation accélérée opérée par les anciens membres prestigieux du syndicat
Solidarité avec le parti libéral.
L’UPEP ne figurait pas parmi les premières entreprises installées sur ce site.
Elle fut tout d’abord implantée à Cracovie, en 1995. Les coûts liés à la location des
bâtiments ne cessant d’augmenter, son propriétaire et directeur (Philippe), résidant
en Belgique, décida de transférer l’unité de production. Par la même occasion, le
syndicat local fut supprimé, ce qui amène les ouvriers à s’interroger sur la
possibilité de créer dans d’autres modalités un syndicat. C’est à partir de 1997 que
machines et matériaux commencèrent à arriver de Cracovie. Depuis sa création,
l’entreprise vend la plupart de ses produits à l’entreprise belge appartenant aussi au
directeur et propriétaire de l’UPEP. Une grande majorité des produits fabriqués
dans l’usine est destinée à l’exportation : « On exporte en Belgique, et les Belges
vendent aux Français et aux Hollandais. On vend aussi un peu en Pologne »,
témoigne une des employés de la direction. En fait, les exportations représentent
plus de 90% du chiffre d’affaire. Cette entreprise occidentale comme beaucoup
d’autres s’est implantée pour bénéficier de coûts de production moindres et
notamment d’une main-d’œuvre au rabais. L’UPEP peut être considérée comme
une extension de l’entreprise belge. Même si formellement, elle n’est pas une
filiale, elles ont en commun le propriétaire et fondateur, Philippe. La Pologne
représente l’opportunité pour les entreprises d’Europe occidentale de générer des
profits tout en conservant une bonne « image de marque », « offrant » un travail
stable et rémunéré à une partie de la population dans un pays qui comptait un taux
de chômage officiel de 15,6% en janvier 2001.
37
L’entreprise se présente comme un centre de production dépendant
principalement du marché occidental. Elle fait partie indirectement d’une grande
compagnie belge qui est un des leaders européens dans son domaine. Les
commandes affluent, l’usine produit en conséquence. La circulation des biens et de
l’argent met en exergue une dépendance objective à l’Ouest dans l’échange. Karel,
jeune manager général belge au niveau de l’entreprise, personnalise cette présence
« étrangère » à l’intérieur de l’entreprise. Il est l’intermédiaire entre le propriétaire
de l’entreprise et les informations centralisées au bureau.
1 - Distribution de l’effectif
Exposons avant tout la distribution des effectifs en fonction de l’espace. Trois
personnes sont situées dans la partie bureau de l’entreprise : la secrétaire de
direction [Karolina], le directeur de production [Antek], la conceptrice graphique
de produits (qui se charge aussi de travaux administratifs) [Monika]. Le bureau de
Karel, le manager belge est juste à côté de ce secteur. Dans l’atelier, on trouve deux
« brigades » de trente personnes avec chacune un « brigadier », équivalent du
contre-maître en France. Enfin, un chauffeur livreur, passe une à deux fois par
semaine, avant de partir livrer au Benelux, la firme multinationale qui achète les
produits.
3 – Figure de l’étranger
Issue d’une famille modeste du Benelux, Karel (âgé de trente ans au moment
de l’enquête) termine ses études par l’équivalent d’un brevet de technicien
38
supérieur (BTS) en management. Sans obligation familiale, il décide après
plusieurs années au service d’une autre entreprise de la compagnie belge de saisir
l’opportunité qui lui est offerte de devenir manager dans une entreprise en Pologne.
Le salaire, l’expérience professionnelle, la « découverte » de la Pologne ont été des
motivations majeures. Mais plus qu’une simple décision, cette expatriation relève
bien d’une stratégie d’évolution de carrière. Maître de ses propres horaires, on peut
dire, après un suivi hors du contexte de l’usine, qu’il profite pleinement de la
liberté qu’il s’accorde. Il n’a pas été rare que celui-ci soit absent de la journée pour
des raisons diverses. Précisons ici que du fait de la proximité d’âge, de langage
avec les enquêteurs, il se montre peu méfiant et nous avoue que parfois il reste tout
simplement chez lui. Investi partiellement dans son travail, Karel représente avant
tout la figure de l’étranger dans l’entreprise. S’il s’adresse parfois aux ouvriers lors
de rares contrôles dans l’atelier de production, il passe généralement par Antek
pour faire suivre ses instructions, quand il ne s’adresse pas directement aux
brigadiers. Sa position de manager n’est effective que dans le sens où son travail
consiste à faire le lien entre la compagnie belge et l’unité de production basée en
Pologne. Il incarne la personne déléguée par la compagnie belge pour assurer une
présence symbolique plutôt que d’assumer la gestion effective de l’unité polonaise.
Ainsi, à chaque instant, sa présence rappelle aux employés que l’entreprise dépend
d’une compagnie étrangère. Il est d’ailleurs remarquable que Karolina le
surnomme à plusieurs reprises « Big brother ». La secrétaire générale fait référence
à une émission télévisée populaire internationale. Que la référence soit 1984 de
Georges Orwell, l’émission télévisé « Wielki Brat » (ce qui ne manque pas de sel),
l’allusion que ce surnom implique est celle d’une « caméra », d’un regard
permanent. La secrétaire de direction exprime ainsi la position de Karel qui
est l’œil de Philippe.
4
Les deux enquêteurs sont différenciés par la lettre (A) ou (B) quand cela s’avérera
nécessaire.
39
Non, non. Eh ! [il se retourne vers les autres ouvriers] on sait jamais où ils vont
envoyer ça. [il rit légèrement].
Pourtant, il n’émettra aucune réticence à répondre à toutes les questions. Mais
l’introduction par la secrétaire, lui a fourni une opportunité de suspicion fictive et
réelle explicitement assumée envers les dires de l’ethnologue, qu’il a d’ailleurs
rendue public. D’un autre côté, la présence d’un enquêteur français a permis à
Karolina de tenter d’imposer une situation aux ouvriers dans un lieu où elle ne
pénètre jamais habituellement. Elle s’est immiscée dans la partie réservée aux
ouvriers de manière autoritaire et démonstrative, telle une dirigeante, libre de
circuler où bon lui semble. Présentant d’elle-même les objectifs de l’étude, dont
elle n’a qu’une idée très approximative, elle place l’enquêteur dans une position
pour le moins difficile. Pris dans le jeu des relations internes à l’entreprise,
l’ethnologue (A) se voit malgré lui inscrit dans un rapport de proximité avec la
fraction dirigeante de l’entreprise. Or, c’est aussi cette autorité que lui ont refusé
les ouvriers.
Le second enquêteur (B) s’introduit de lui-même auprès des ouvriers. La
scène se déroule dans le vestiaire de l’atelier. Au centre de la pièce est situé un
bureau qui sert de table. C’est là qu’aura lieu la plupart des discussions. Tout
d’abord, très surpris par la présence d’un « étranger », les ouvriers submergent
rapidement l’ethnologue de questions et de demandes d’explications. Les questions
concernent principalement le coût de la vie en France et les explications, faisant
suite aux questions de l’enquêteur, concernent la possibilité de création d’un
syndicat. Cependant, cette discussion tourne rapidement au brouhaha. Finalement,
les rôles s’inversent et l’ethnologue est remercié à de multiples reprises pour les
informations (salaire d’un ouvrier, taux des prêts bancaire en France, etc.) qu’il
fournit aux ouvriers. Voici, un extrait de ce premier contact. Nous sommes à
l’heure du changement de « brigade », par conséquent la salle se remplit
d’employés qui quittent leur travail.
Raphao : Ici, quand je suis arrivé, il n'y avait pas de syndicat. Mais avant à la
fonderie, il y en avait un.
Piotr : Il faudrait un syndicat dans l'entreprise, mais indépendant, parce que...
Leszek, le coupant : Ce syndicat doit être fait par secteur. Parce que si c'est dans
l'entreprise ça peut créer des conflits avec le chef.
Piotr : Et en France ?
Les syndicats ont un pouvoir, mais il y des syndicats par secteur, nationaux, et il y a
aussi des conventions collectives. Il y a pas mal de grèves, et elles sont importantes. C'est
populaire en France.
Piotr : Oui, on sait.
Leszek : Parfois en France, les ouvriers n’ont pas de contacts avec l’administration.
Même l'éducation ne permet pas de toucher le plafond. Mais si tout le monde fait des
études supérieures qui va travailler pour les gens qui ont fait des études supérieures ? On
doit réfléchir à ça.
Piotr : Combien gagne un ouvrier français ?
S’il travaille 35 heures par semaine, parce que, généralement, c'est 35 heures, ou 39
heures en France, c'est 5400 francs.
40
Piotr : Ca coûte combien la vie d'un Français qui vit dans un HLM ? Loyer ? Téléphone ?
L'électricité ? C'est la base pour vivre. Même la voiture ce n’est pas essentiel. Combien ça coûte
en argent par mois? C'est suffisant 5400 francs par mois pour vivre?
Oui vivre. Mais comment ? Ça dépend des situations.
Leszek : C’est tragique par rapport à la Pologne, et à nos salaires.
La situation est-elle difficile en Pologne ?
Leszek : Moi, je gagne 1200 zlotys par mois. L’appartement me coûte 700 zlotys, le
téléphone 100 zlotys, l’électricité 60 zlotys, la crèche 200 zlotys. Pour le reste, il n’y a pas
d’argent, il n’y a plus [d’argent]. C’est ma femme qui gagne l’argent pour la nourriture.
Piotr : Les crédits sont-ils élevés en France ? Quel est le taux…
L’explication est certes ici plus détaillée, mais c’est bien dans l’extériorité
qu’est renvoyé le pouvoir légitime. La dépendance est justifiée par la stabilité des
salaires, la sécurité de l’emploi. Ce qui pour les employés la différencie des
entreprises qui évoluent sur le marché polonais. La peur du chômage, tout comme
les sous-rémunérations sont présentes dans tous les esprits. L’entreprise polonaise
est aussi pour ces acteurs et par rapport à leur passé, synonyme de « faillite »,
« banqueroute », de peu d’argent. On pourrait résumer les propos des acteurs dans
une opposition floue, plastique entre d’un côté, la situation polonaise « funeste », et
43
de l’autre, les « bonnes conditions de travail », « les bonnes rémunérations » que
procure le fait de travailler pour un étranger et d’être branché sur le marché
européen. Les propos de ce type traversent toute la hiérarchie de l’entreprise.
Si l’aspect positif de la situation à l’UPEP est bien relevé et justifié par les
acteurs, qu’en est-il de cette situation si catastrophique ? Quels éléments lui sont
associés ?
Deux éléments principaux ressortent des entretiens, l’État d’un côté et de
l’autre, les « investissements étrangers », qui soulignent la dépendance à la figure
symbolique de l’étranger. Nous allons prêter attention à leurs propos dans les
lignes qui suivent.
Mais le pire, c’est le chômage ! Et on voit que le gouvernement ne fait rien pour ça.
Naturellement, ils disent qu'ils font beaucoup, mais en réalité ils ne font rien ! Il n'y a pas
d'effet positif. Par exemple, ils pourraient supprimer certaines taxes. Je ne sais pas. Je ne suis
pas bonne en économie. Je ne sais pas ce qu'ils pourraient faire pour améliorer cette situation.
Ils peuvent utiliser certains outils pour contrer cette situation. Evidemment, ils pourraient faire
beaucoup plus. Mais, maintenant, ils ne font que ce qu'ils sont obligés de faire. S'ils font ça
c'est parce qu'ils ont des intérêts personnels dans tout ça. J'estime tout ça très négatif.
Vous pensez qu’il n’y a aucun changement positif?
Non, par exemple la réduction du temps de travail, ça n'a pas de sens. Peut-être c'était
une propagande pour montrer qu'ils faisaient quelque chose dans ce domaine. La réduction
du temps de travail c'est comme montrer aux gens qui ne connaissent pas ça, qu'ils font
quelque chose dans ce domaine. Mon opinion ? C'est complètement le contraire, parce que
ce n'est absolument pas bénéfique pour les personnes qui travaillent maintenant.
44
Dans les propos de Monika, l’action politique de l’État est associée à l’intérêt
personnel des agents qui dirigent cette institution. Les réformes « nécessaires »
sont une « propagande » qui trompe les polonais et qui est « totalement négative ».
Pour elle, le gouvernement (puisque État et gouvernement ne sont pas ici dissociés)
ne fait rien, même s’il affirme le contraire. Finalement, l’État et/ou le
gouvernement sont mis en accusation et relégués dans une sphère négative.
Passons maintenant à Marcek. Cet ouvrier est l’un des plus anciens dans
l’entreprise6. Ses propos se différencient des autres acteurs, qui de par leur âge,
n’ont pu connaître de la même manière les changements de la société polonaise.
Marcek : Depuis 1989, je suis parti une seule fois en vacances. C’est plus dur,
l’appartement cher. Avant je pouvais vivre, mais c’était le minimum. Maintenant, c'est très
difficile avec 1200 zlotys par mois. […] Je suis très en colère après Solidarité. Ils ont promis
énormément, et ils n'ont rien donné. Grâce à nous, eux ils ont tout. Ce sont des ouvriers qui
ont profité des ouvriers et maintenant, ils nous ignorent. Vous savez je gagne 1200 zlotys par
mois, ma fille a diplôme d'ingénieur et elle cherche un travail depuis deux ans.
Les propos de cet homme sont orientés dans un sens qui réfère à une histoire
plus ancienne. Le syndicat Solidarité est accusé de s’être accaparé les efforts qu’ont
produits des ouvriers en un temps donné, pour les « ignorer » à l’heure actuelle.
Précisons que, depuis le milieu des années 80, une partie des membres du syndicat se
sont recyclés en hommes politiques, appliquant par la suite une politique de
libéralisation brutale en réponse aux bailleurs de fonds et avec une certaine dose de
naïveté ou de résignation quant aux résultats escomptés (Wedel, 1998).
Il convient de noter que pour tous les employés, les salaires sont plus élevés à
l’UPEP que dans les autres entreprises polonaises, même si pour les ouvriers les
montants ne sont pas assez conséquents.
On voit donc que la domination symbolique et réelle de l’État polonais sur
l’économie, l’entreprise, la production des lois qui concernent le monde du travail
en général, est dans l’imaginaire de ces employés ramené à une sphère négative. A
l’inverse, le dominant « étranger », à la fois dans la hiérarchie et sur l’économie
polonaise, toujours si l’on suit les propos des acteurs, est inscrit dans une sphère
positive parce qu’il se différencie de la situation « funeste » en Pologne, en
fournissant la survie à l’entreprise qui assure elle-même les moyens de subsistance
à ces employés.
Les données que nous venons d’exposer et d’analyser visaient la
compréhension des rapports autochtone/allochtone dans l’entreprise, et la légitimité
que les premiers fournissent aux seconds.
Quelle peut être l’orientation donnée par les acteurs de l’UPEP à leurs
relations dans l’entreprise ? Quelle forme prend la relation entre le propriétaire
(Philippe), le manager général (Karel) et le reste des employés ?
6
Il est dans l’entreprise depuis sa création et il est également un des employés les
plus âgés.
45
Entre communistes et compétents… Les formes de légitimation hiérarchique
J’ai beaucoup de contacts avec « Big brother » [Karel]. Après, j'ai beaucoup de
contacts avec ma très bonne amie. Mais, je n’en ai pas trop avec le brigadier. Et avec les
ouvriers uniquement lorsque je leur donne leur salaire et aussi avec les compagnies avec
qui on fait des affaires. Je m'occupe des commandes des matériaux.
Karolina créée une proximité avec Karel et ensuite de Monika tandis qu’elle
met à distance les ouvriers. Les observations que nous avons pu mener démentent
catégoriquement cette façade. En effet, Karel ne s’adresse qu’en anglais aux
employés du bureau, or les connaissances de Karolina en cette langue paraissent
bien pauvres en comparaison d’Antek, le directeur de la production. D’ailleurs,
toutes les données communiquées par téléphone à Karel puis au propriétaire de
l’entreprise, ne sont pas transmises par Karolina mais bien par Antek. Exclue en
quelque sorte de la direction productive de l’entreprise, incarnée dans la relation
Karel/Antek, Karolina construisait dans sa relation avec Karel un rapprochement
avec « l’étranger », en dehors de la structure hiérarchique de travail. La proximité
fictive de Karel se présente donc comme un facteur de légitimité pour cette
employée. Sa relation avec la conceptrice graphique relève d’une configuration très
différente. En fait, toutes deux se connaissent de longue date. C’est d’ailleurs, la
secrétaire qui contacta Monika lorsque la place qu’elle occupe à l’heure actuelle,
s’est trouvée vacante. En ce qui concerne ses relations avec d’autres entreprises,
elle ne s’occupe que des démarches administratives (envoi de fax par exemple). En
fait, toutes les commandes et les ventes, et tout ce qui peut être connecté à ces deux
opérations (taxes douanières, achat de matériaux, etc.) est géré concrètement par
46
Antek7. Enfin, ses assertions sur ses contacts avec les ouvriers se sont avérées
fausses. Parfois, certains d’entre eux passent les saluer au bureau.
Karolina par quelques gestes « anodins », tenta de gêner l’un des étudiants
(B). Par exemple, lors de l’entretien avec Monika, celle-ci viendra nous
interrompre à plusieurs reprises, sur un mode très courtois du type : « Je m’excuse,
mais nous devons déjeuner », quelques minutes avant l’heure où elles partent
déjeuner habituellement. L’étonnement fut perceptible sur le visage de Monika
face à la réaction de son « amie », puis une expression désolée qui était adressée à
l’étudiant. Dans les faits, Karolina s’est rapidement aperçue que l’ethnologue était
moins naïf qu’elle ne l’imaginait au début de l’enquête. Les situations qui mettaient
à mal ses propos l’ont amenée à des réactions peu habituelles, auxquelles même
son amie [Monika] n’est pas restée insensible. La réaction de Karolina est sans
doute conditionnée par le fait que Karel en utilisant la langue française avec les
étudiants pose une barrière entre lui, les enquêteurs et le reste des employés.
Revenons, maintenant sur Monika. Voyons comment celle-ci décrit ses
relations avec le propriétaire de l’UPEP.
On voit que les actions de Philippe sont, pour cette employée, légitimes.
Monika: Tous les chefs d'entreprises essayent d'éviter de payer les heures
supplémentaires, parce que les employés doivent faire ce qu'ils doivent faire à temps, et s'ils
n'y arrivent pas, ils doivent le faire pendant les heures supplémentaires. Tous les employés
ont un travail à faire pendant la semaine, et s'ils n'arrivent pas à le faire pendant la semaine,
ils doivent venir le samedi.
Je vois maintenant que la jeune génération est très différente de la plus ancienne.
Parce que, par exemple, les gens qui travaillaient sous le communisme étaient sûrs de
garder leur emploi, ils se sentaient en sécurité, et ils ne pensaient pas qu'ils allaient arrêter
de travailler même pour un jour. Maintenant, il y a une très forte concurrence. Ils voient
l'avenir et espèrent différemment que les plus anciens. Ils doivent avoir de plus en plus de
qualifications, ils doivent être capables d'être compétents.
7
En réalité, Antek ne fait que collecter les données, les transmettre à Karel, et enfin,
toutes décisions sur la vente sont l’apanage du propriétaire de l’UPEP, propriétaire aussi de
la multinationale qui achète pratiquement la totalité des produits, pour les revendre
principalement en France et aux Pays-Bas.
47
On voit apparaître dans ce discours une dichotomie entre « jeunes » et
« vieux ». D’un côté, les jeunes avec plus de « compétences » et de
« qualifications » sont face à la « concurrence ». De l’autre, les plus « anciens » qui
« travaillaient sous le communisme » qui « se sentaient en sécurité »8. Cependant,
tous vivent dans le même contexte et comme le montre l’exemple de Marcek, tous
sont dans une situation de concurrence sur le marché de l’emploi.
Passons maintenant à Antek, le directeur de la production. Cet homme de 29
ans, marié, est arrivé en octobre 1999 à l’UPEP. Diplômé de l’université
polytechnique de Cracovie, son expérience du monde du travail se limite à trois
entreprises dont l’UPEP. La première entreprise lui servit de stage de fin d’études.
Il a commencé le travail rémunéré à partir de 1997 en tant que vendeur. Ensuite, il
s’est chargé des opérations de transport et de logistique. Le salaire et l’absence de
possibilités de promotion l’ont fait changer d’emploi.
Antek: J’ai trouvé mon deuxième travail dans une annonce dans le journal. Enfin,
c’est ma femme qui l’a trouvé et m’a demandé d’appeler. Je n’avais pas d’augmentation de
salaire, et je suis resté un an et demi à la même place. Je pensais à d’autres choses. Je
voulais travailler dans l’industrie, la maintenance, la robotique et les automates. Je voulais
plus d’expériences, changer ma position, je voulais plus de responsabilités.
Quels problèmes avez-vous dans votre profession ?
Antek: J’ai juste beaucoup à dire sur le directeur (rires). Dans tous les emplois, il y a
des problèmes. Pour moi, c’est avec les ouvriers, à cause de leur mentalité, ils viennent
d’entreprises publiques, ils n’étaient pas préparés.
À quoi ?
Antek: Àh ! Tous ces changements. Avant, ils faisaient une chose à la fois,
maintenant, ils doivent en faire deux ou trois. Ils ne faisaient jamais attention aux machines.
Les plus gros problèmes tournaient autours des machines, alors je devais les reprendre.
Antek est arrivé dans l’entreprise il n’y a qu’un peu moins de deux ans, soit
dix ans après la chute de l’ancien régime, ce qui place la « mentalité » relativement
loin dans le temps et dans son expérience. De plus, il n’a jamais travaillé
officiellement sous le régime communiste. Ces propos réfèrent à un jugement
communément admis. Le passage d’un travail stable et sans pression sur la
production à une exigence de rentabilité assortie à un marché du travail incertain.
Toutefois, l’effectif des ouvriers regroupés à l’UPEP est composé en majorité
d’acteurs dont l’âge ne dépasse pas trente ans. Par conséquent, les acquis
professionnels de cette catégorie d’employés réfèrent à la période 1989-1999. Les
accusations produites par Antek sont fictives et elles attestent d’une volonté de
distanciation du groupe d’employés le plus bas dans la hiérarchie, assigné aux
règles de fonctionnement des entreprises sous l’ancien régime. Et l’on sait que
l’appartenance passé au communisme forme une image d’infériorité sur un plan
national autant qu’international. Antek justifie sa position hiérarchique dans le
cadre des transformations idéalisées des normes et règles de production.
8
Pour éviter toute confusion, précisons que l’on parle de la sécurité de l’emploi.
48
Parmi ces propos, ceux qui concernent Karel, ont toujours été émis de façon
sarcastique et évasive, notre apparente relation avec le manager général, le
dissuadant d’expliciter la désapprobation ou le mépris qu’il laissait néanmoins
sous-entendre.
On remarque aussi la volonté des acteurs de s’inscrire en rupture avec une
image stéréotypée du « travailleur » de l’ancien régime « socialiste ». Cette image
récurrente est d’autant plus malléable qu’elle réfère à une situation passée. Notons
que la volonté de Karolina et d’Antek de se distancier des ouvriers est strictement
contraire de cette idéologie dite « égalitaire » qu’ils projettent sur les ouvriers.
Cette production idéelle « égalitariste », qui rapprochait « cadres » et « ouvriers » a
sans doute toujours été contestée, mais elle sert ici de corollaire légitimant les
« nouvelles valeurs » portées par ces acteurs. La mise en avant d’un renouveau
revendiqué par Antek s’accompagne de l’injection d’un passé réifié (le
communisme) dans le présent. Le tout étant basé sur un présupposé général
explicité par B. Pudal : « la relation nécessaire entre communisme et classe
ouvrière est un préjugé […] qui ne fait qu’entériner la représentation dominante
que le communisme donnait de lui-même »9. Ce discours est d’autant plus légitime
qu’il est socialement accepté et dans divers lieux de la société polonaise.
Il y avait un syndicat, mais on l’a viré [rires]. Avec le syndicat, on ne pouvait pas
virer les gens. […] Alors, on a viré le syndicat, mais il reste des groupes entre les ouvriers.
9
Pudal B., 2000: « Politisation ouvrière et communisme » în Le siècle des
communismes, p. 513.
10
Akcja Wyborcza Solidarnosc. Action Electorale Solidarité.
11
Unia Wolnosci, Union pour la Liberté.
49
politique. La plupart déclarent ne pas vouloir s’intéresser à cette politique ou
encore qu’ils prendront le temps de s’en préoccuper une fois en retraite. Ils parlent
plus volontiers d’un syndicat national par secteur d’activité. En effet, l’expérience
du syndicat local disparu, fait qu’ils se retournent vers cette « solution » qui semble
stratégiquement plus viable. On entend souvent dire qu’un syndicat local pourrait
créer des antagonismes avec « le chef », ce qui serait terriblement gênant puisque
ce dernier est, rappelons-le, « réglo ». Les assertions qui s’expriment dans la
relation avec l’« ethnologue » (2) montre que l’enquête devient un support des
revendications qui concernent, entre autres, les salaires. L’attitude de Karel
lorsqu’il nous a demandé de rester silencieux sur la question des salaires, et des
droits salariaux en France prend alors tout son sens. Il se dessine entre les ouvriers
et le manager une relation conflictuelle qui prend la forme d’une
revendication/répression. Les ouvriers de leur côté, placent l’enquêteur dans une
position de médiateur de ce rapport, avec la direction étrangère. Conscients des
avantages relatifs que procure ce travail, ils restent très prudents.
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
51
52
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59
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dominant s-DXFDOFXODWFRHILFLHQ LLGHFRUHOD LH%UDYDLV– Pearson. S-a constatat
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stilul dominant este mai particLSDWLYFXDWkWOLGHUXOYDILPDLDGHFYDWVLWXD LHLOD
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PRG DXWRULWDU HILFLHQ D VWLOXOui managerial amplasându-se la un nivel mediu.
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4. Concluzii
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sunt cele mai complete din multitudinea de teorii formulate asupra conducerii;
• diferitele stiluri manageriale sunt de fapt strategii de luare a deciziilor,
modul în care sunt luate deciziile reprezentând caracteristica definitorie a diferi-
telor stiluri manageriale;
• VWLOXOPDQDJHULDOVHSRDWHPRGLILFDvQIXQF LHGHVSHFLILFXOVLWXD LHLIDSWXO
F VWLOXOLQHILFLHQWQXHVWHH[SUHVLDVWLOXOXLGRPLQDQWFRUHVSXQ] WRUDUHFDXWLOLWDWH
SUDFWLF IDSWXOF SXWHPVFKLPEDVWLOXOLQDGHFYDWvQWU-un stil managerial eficient;
• H[LVW XQ UDSRUW GH HILFLHQ vQWUH VWLOXULOH PDQDJHULDOH úL VWUDWHgiile
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IDSWXO F RIHU R PRGDOLWDWH FRQFUHW GH HYDOXDUH D VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH úL GH
optimizare a procesului decizional, permit elaborarea unor programe de formare
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GHSURJUHVúLDPRGHOHORUGHvQY DUHIRUPDWLY GLULMDW DVWIHOvQFkWPDQDJHULL
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60
.
$QH[
Tabel 1.
5H]XOWDWHRE LQXWHvQXUPDDSOLF ULLLQVWUXPHQWHORU
61
BIBLIOGRAFIE
&KLULF 6RILD 3VLKRORJLH RUJDQL]D LRQDO 0RGHOH GH GLDJQR] úL LQWHUYHQ LH.
Cluj-Napoca, Casa de EdLWXU úL&RQVXOWDQ Ä6WXGLXORUJDQL] ULL´
Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J. W. and Woodman, R. W., (1992), Organizational Behavior
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9O VFHDQX 0LKDHOD 3VLKRVRFLRORJLD RUJDQL]D LLORU úL FRQGXFHULL %XFXUHúWL
Editura Paideia.
Zamfir, C W OLQ 3VLKRVRFLRORJLD RUJDQL] ULL úL D conducerii, %XFXUHúWL Editura
3ROLWLF
Zlate, Mielu & Zlate, Camelia (1982), &XQRDúWHUHD úL DFWivarea grupurilor sociale,.
%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD3ROLWLF
Zlate, Mielu, /HDGHUVKLSúLPDQDJHPHQW,DúL(GLWXUD3ROLURP
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62
SOCIOLOGIA FAMILIEI
)$0,/,$ù,62&,$/,=$5($&23,/8/8,,
'$152ù&$
ABSTRACT
Changes regarding the family standpoint and its part in our society and family life
determined several themes reorientation upon sociological approach. There are many
studies regarding divorces and remarried couples, and a special attention is drawn up to
the divorces consequences or alternative forms of life, apart from classical family
(concubinage, homosexual coabitation, children before or outside the marriage). Very
much connected with alternatives ways of living they show a special importance on
consequences analyse that those alternative had upon children’s socialisation and their
scholar and professional success or their social recognition as well.
1. TeQGLQ HDFWXDOHDOHVWXGLHULLIDPLOLHL
1
J. Huber, G. Spitze, Trends in Family Sociology, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills,
DSXG 3HWUX ,OX 6RFLRSVLKRORJLD úL DQWURSRORJLD IDPLOLHL (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
2005, p. 22.
63
'LQWUH RULHQW ULOH WHRUHWLFR–metodologice conturate în studiul familiei, le
DPLQWLPSHFHOHIUHFYHQWDWHPDLPXOWGHGLIHUL LFHUFHW WRUL2:
– Paradigmele structural-IXQF LRQDOLVW úL VLVWHPLF FDUH DERUGHD] IDPLOLD
pornind de la perechile de termeni „sistem –VXEVLVWHP´úLÄLQWU UL–LHúLUL´6XQW
DVWIHO VWXGLDWH VWUXFWXULOH úL UHOD LLOH GLQWUH PHPEULL IDPLOLHL GLQWUH JUXSXULOH
UHVWUkQVHVDXO UJLWHGHIDPLOLHÌQDFHODúLVSLULWPXOWHGLQWUHWH[WHOHDQWURSRORJLFH
despre familie folosesc frecveQW FRQFHSWXO GH ÄIXQF LH´ 3H GH DOW SDUWH WHRULLOH
structural –IXQF LRQDOLVW úLVLVWHPLF DXvQYHGHUHúLIXQF LLOHIDPLOLHLFDLQVWLWX LH
VRFLDO DQFRUDW vQVRFLHW LOHLQGXVWULDO úLSRVWLQGXVWULDO
– 7HRULD FRQIOLFWXDOLVW vPEUDF GRX IRUPH 3ULma este o orientare, cu
U G FLQL vQ GRFWULQD PDU[LVW FDUH VXV LQH F IDPLOLD UHSUH]LQW PLFURPHGLXO FH
UHIOHFW H[SORDWDUHD RPXOXL úL FRQIOLFWXO LQHUHQW RULF UHL VRFLHW L FH DUH OD ED]
FODVHFXLQWHUHVHRSXVH$VWIHOIHPHLOHDUILH[SORDWDWHGHF WUHE UED LLDUFRSLLL
GHF WUHS ULQ L([LVW úLRYDULDQW PDLXPDQ GHDERUGDUHXQDQHPDU[LVW FDUH
DSUHFLD] F vQWUH PHPEULL IDPLOLHL DSDU WHQVLXQL LQHYLWDELOH ùL DVWD GHRDUHFH
SDUWLFLSDQ LLODYLD DGHIDPLOLHDXSURILOXULSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHGLIHULWHDVSLUD LL
úL LQWHUHVH QX GH SX LQH RUL RSXVH 'HúL vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ WRW PDL GHV
deciziile familiale sunt luate în mod democratic, prin negociere, puterea membrilor
IDPLOLHL QX HVWH HJDO LDU UHVXUVHOH VXQW GLIHULWH ÌQ DFHDVW YDULDQW FHa
QHPDU[LVW WHUDSLDúLDVLVWHQ DVRFLDO DUSXWHDDPHOLRUDVLWXD LLOHWHQVLRQDWH
− 2DUHFXPGHULYDWHGLQWHRULDFRQIOLFWXDOLVW perspectivele feministe asupra
familiei aduc în prim-SODQLQHFKLW LOHH[LVWHQWHvQGHIDYRDUHDVR LLORUúLDPDPHORU
− Teoria inWHUDF LRQLVPXOXLVLPEROLFDFFHQWXHD] LGHHDHPHUJHQ HLUHDOLW LL
IDPLOLDOHGLQLQWHUDF LXQHDDFWRULORUvQED]DVLPEROXULORUúLDúWHSW ULORUGHURO
− 3DUDGLJPDDQDOL]HLFRVWXULORUúLEHQHILFLLORUUHSUH]LQW vQRSLQLDOXL3HWUX
,OX FHD PDL HILFLHQW DERUGDUH VXE UDSRUW HSLVWHPLF $LFL VXQW LQFOXVH
DO WXUL GH FRVWXULOH úL EHQHILFLLOH PDWHULDOH úL FHOH FXOWXUDOH SVLKRORJLFH úL DOWHOH
3RWULYLW WHRULHL DOHJHULL UD LRQDOH &ROHPDQ DFWRULL VRFLDOL LDX vQ FDOFXO vQ
deciziile lor, raportul dintUH FDSLWDOXO SH FDUH vO GH LQ FRVWXULOH úL EHQHILFLLOH
LPSOLFDWH úL PDL PXOW VXQW FDSDELOL GH UHJXO V DOHDJ YDULDQWD RSWLP vQ
realizarea unui scop.
− 2 YDULDQW DSURSLDW GH DFHDVWD R UHSUH]LQW teoria schimbului social.
Potrivit acesteia, interac LXQLOH GLQWUH RDPHQL DVRFLHULOH GLQWUH DFHúWLD DX ORF vQ
ED]DXQXLVFKLPEGHEXQXULúLVHUYLFLL$VWIHOSXWHPH[SOLFDIXQF LRQDUHDvQYLD D
GH]LFX]LDOHJLLUHFLSURFLW LLHX L-DPGDWLDUDFXPP DúWHSWFDúLWXV vPLGDL
− 0DLUDILQDW teoriaHFKLW LL pune accent în special pe egalitatea raportului
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UHSUH]HQWDW GH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH XQXO VDX DPELL VR L SHUFHS R LQHJDOLWDWH VHYHU vQ
raportul respectiv.
DiQFROR GH DFHDVW SUH]HQWDUH VXFFLQW D FkWRUYD GLQWUH RULHQW ULOH WHRUHWLFR-
PHWRGRORJLFH PDL LPSRUWDQWH vQ DQDOL]D IDPLOLHL H[LVW R vQWUHEDUH GHRVHELW GH
LPSRUWDQW SH FDUH R ULGLF FHUFHW WRULL RFFLGHQWDOL +XEHU úL 6SLW]H YRU SXWHD
PHQ LQH VRFLHW LOH LQGXVWULDOL]DWH R UDW D IHUWLOLW LL FDUH V DVLJXUH VLVWHPXO GH
SHQVLRQDUH SHQWUX R SRSXOD LH WRW PDL QXPHURDV " %HQHILFLXO HFRQRPLF GLUHFW DO
FUHúWHULL FRSLLORU VH GXFH vQ SULQFLSDO F WUH VHJPHQWXO SRSXOD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLW GLQ
2
3HWUX,OX op. cit.
64
pensionari. Persoanele FDUH FUHVF FRSLL SULPHVF GLQ SDUWHD VRFLHW LL XQ EHQHILFLX
HFRQRPLFGLUHFWH[WUHPGHUHGXVÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLVHQDúWHvQWUHEDUHDHVWHFUHúWHUHD
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VRFLRELRORJLVPXOXLQXQXPDLF QXVHvQGRLHVFGHSUH]HQ DXQXLDVHPHQHDIDFWRUFL
PDL PXOW vQFHDUF V GRYHGHDVF IDSWXO F úL DOWH FRPSRUWDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDWH FD
ILLQGFRQVHFLQ HDOHVRFLDOL] ULLFXPDUILDOWUXLVPXOVXQWGHQDWXU ELRORJLF
2. Conceptul de socializare
8QXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH FRQFHSWH FX FDUH RSHUHD] VRFLRORJLD HVWH
acela de „socializare”.
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EHQHILFLD] GHXQHOHGHILQL LLúLGHWDOLHULGHRVHELWGHVHPQLILFDWLYH
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VRFLDOL] ULL XQ RUJDQLVP HPLQDPHQWH ELRORJLF VH WUDQVIRUP GHYLQH R ILLQ
VRFLDO RILLQ FDSDELO V DF LRQH]HvPSUHXQ FXDO LL3URFHVXOGHVRFLDOL]DUHVH
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individ apare pe lume într-R DQXPLW FXOWXU $FHDVW FXOWXU HVWH SUHOXDW
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DVHPHQHD F ÄVRFLDOL]DUHD UHSUH]LQW SURFHVXO VRFLDO IXQGDPHQWDO SULQ FDUH RULFH
societaWH vúL SURLHFWHD] UHSURGXFH úL UHDOL]HD] SULQ FRQGXLWH DGHFYDWH DOH
PHPEULORUV LPRGHOXOQRUPDWLYúLFXOWXUDO´ 4
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SURFHVHOH PHFDQLVPHOH úL LQVWLWX LLOH SULQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD VH UHproduce în
IL]LRQRPLD SHUVRQDOLW LL XPDQH FDUH vL HVWH VSHFLILF vQ DQXPLWH VWUXFWXUL GH
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UL]HD] VRFLDOL]DUHD Fa fiind „proces psihosocial de transmitere-asimilare a
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ne.”67RWRGDW DXWRUXOSXQHDFFHQWSHIDSWXOF VRFLDOL]DUHDHVWHXQSURFHVLQWHUDFWLY
3
,RDQ 0LK LOHVFX 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO , (GLWXUD 8QLYHUVLW LL %XFXUHúWL %XFXUHúWL
2000, p. 96.
4
,RDQ 'U JDQ FRRUG 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO 7LSRJUDILD 8QLYHUVLW LL %XFXUHúWL
%XFXUHúWL apud. Maria Voinea, Sociologia familiei 7LSRJUDILD 8QLYHUVLW LL
%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWLS.
5
Ibidem.
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%XFXUHúWLS
65
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DU IL SURFHVXO SULQ FDUH R ILLQ DVRFLDO FDUH QX VW SkQHúWH SULQFLSLXOVHQVXO
VWUXFWXULL VRFLDOH GDWH úL QX VH FRPSRUW vQ PRG VLVWHPDWLF DúD FXP R IDFH
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LQGLYLGXDOPHGLXDOFROHFWLYLW LL
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Jan Szczepanski8SUH]LQW VRFLDOL]DUHDFDILLQGDFHDSDUWHDLQIOXHQ HLPHGLXOXLFDUH
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socializaUHVRFLHWDWHDQXDUSXWHDVXSUDYLH XL'XS FXPQLFLLQGLYLGXOQXDUSXWHD
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7
(OLVDEHWD6W QFLXOHVFX6RFLRORJLDHGXFD LHLIDPLOLDOHYRO,(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
1997, p. 76.
8
Jan Szczepanski, 1R LXQL HOHPentare de sociologie (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF úL (QFLFOR-
SHGLF %XFXUHúWLapud: Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 61.
9
Apud Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 61.
10
,RDQ0LK LOHVFXop. cit., p. 96.
11
Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 62.
66
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& W OLQ=DPILU/D] U9O VFHDQX (coord.), op. cit., p. 321.
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16
Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 63.
17
(OLVDEHWD6W QFLXOHVFXop. cit., p. 15.
18
Norman Goodman, Introducere în sociologie(GLWXUD/LGHU%XFXUHúWLS
69
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Norman Goodman, op. cit., p. 263.
70
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
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apud3HWUX,OX 6RFLRSVLKRORJLDúLDQWURSRORJLDIDPLOiei(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
,OX 3HWUX3VLKRVRFLRORJLDúLDQWURSRORJLDIDPLOLHL(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
Jude, Ioan 6RFLRORJLHúLDF LXQH(GLWXUD'LGDFWLF úL3HGDJRJLF %XFXUHúWL
0LK LOHVFX,RDQ6RFLRORJLHJHQHUDO , Editura UniversLW LL%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL
6W QFLXOHVFX(OLVDEHWD6RFLRORJLDHGXFD LHLIDPLOLDOHYRO,(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
Szczepanski, Jan, 1R LXQL HOHPHQWDUH GH VRFLRORJLH (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF úL (QFLFORSHGLF
%XFXUHúWL Voinea, Maria, Sociologia Familiei, Tipografia Univer-VLW LL
%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL
=DPILU & W OLQ 9O VFHDQX /D] U FRRUG 'LF LRQDU GH VRFLRORJLH, Editura Babel,
%XFXUHúWL
*** 'LF LRQDUGH3VLKRORJLH6RFLDO (GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL1981.
72
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ÎN FAMILIE REALIZATE ÎN ROMÂNIA
BEATRICE MANU
ABSTRACT
Violence in the family enviroment has been a frequently debated topic for the
non-governmental organisations, who were highly interested in defendindg the rights of
the Romanian women. These organisations proceeded with an intensity that turned
family violence into a subject of debate for researchers and experts from various
areas such as psychology, sociology, medicine, criminology, and law science. Their
efforts materialized in a series of relevant research and studies which offered reference
points for those organisations that wished their procedures would turn into legislative
intiatives meant to protect women’s rights in Romania.
73
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VXELHF LGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLVDXvQXOWLPHOHOXQL
Tabelul 2.,QFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHODQLYHOQD LRQDOGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLúLvQ
XOWLPXODQSHIRUPHGHYLROHQ úLPHGLLUH]LGHQ LDOH (%)
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GHFODUDWF DXIRVWYLFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHDXVXSRUWDWvQWU-RP VXU PDL
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GLQWUHE UED LDXIRVWDIHFWD LGHYLROHQ DGLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOSURFHnte mai mari
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2
D. Banciu, E. Balica, AgUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG
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3
& &XUF FRRUG $VSHFWH DOH YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH vQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare
asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovici”&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
77
• VWDWXWXORFXSD LRQDO –YLFWLPHOHDXvQJHQHUDOXQVWDWXWRFXSD LRQDOGH
persoane active (70% GLQWUH SHUVRDQHOH DFWLYH FHOH FDUH VXQW PDL GLVSXVH V
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vQPDUHDORUPDMRULWDWHE UED LDFWHOHGHYLROHQ LQL LDWHGHIHmei fiind
destul de rare (7,7%). CHLPDLPXO LDJUHVRULDXYkUVWDSHVWHGHDQLSURFHQWH
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Diagrama 1
Topografia leziunilor victimelor violentei domestice
50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0 45,6
38,8
20,0
15,0
10,0 15,6
5,0
0,0
leziuni la nivel leziuni la nivelul leziuni la nivelul
cefalic corpului membrelor
4
' %DQFLX ( %DOLFD $JUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG
YLFWLPHOH YLROHQ HL LQWUDIDPLOLDOH FDUH DX DSHODW OD VHUYLFLLOe medicale ale Institutului
1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO Ä0LQD0LQRYLFL´&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
78
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DFWLYLW LOHVSHFLILFHORFXOXLGHPXQF HWF$úDFXPUH]XOW GLQLQYHVWLJD LLGRDU
GLQWUHYLFWLPHQXDXQHFHVLWDWvQJULMLULPHGLFDOHvQVFKLPEDSUR[LPDWLYGRX
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Diagrama 2).
Diagrama 2
5
& &XUF FRRUG $VSHFWH DOH YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH vQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare
asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovic”, &RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL8.
79
1.2.$QFKHWD©3ROLWLFLSHQDOHúLGLQDPLFDLQIUDF LXQLLGHRPRU
în ultimii 20 de ani»
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$FDGHPLHL 5RPkQH $GPLQLVWUD LD 1D LRQDO D 3HQLWHQFLDUHORU úL ,QVWLWXWXO
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paUWLFXODULW LOHVRFLR-GHPRJUDILFHDOHDJUHVRULORUúLYLFWLPHORULQIUDF LXQLORUGH
omor din România, care au fost publicate în reviste de specialitate. Omorul în
VSD LXOIDPLOLDODFRQVWLWXLWXQVXELHFWGHLQWHUHVSHQWUXFHUFHW WRULLLPSOLFD LvQ
acest proLHFWIDSWSHQWUXFDUHvQFHOHFHXUPHD] YRPSUH]HQWDXQHOHUH]XOWDWH
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$FDGHPLHL5RPkQHFDUHDXHYLGHQ LDWH[LVWHQ DPDLPXOtor tipuri de omor care
VH SURGXF vQWUH VR L úL UXGH DOH DFHVWRUD GDU úL vQWUH FRQFXELQL úL UXGHOH ORU
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S ULQ LL 6
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insistând asupra mediului familial în care s-au dezvoltat agresorii, asupra clima-
WXOXLGLQIDPLOLLOHSHFDUHúLOH-DXvQWHPHLDWUHOD LDGLQWUHDJUHVRUúLYLFWLP GDU
úL DVXSUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VRFLR-demografice ale acestora. Investi-JD LLOH
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marea lor majoritate, persoane de sex masculin (91%). De asemenea, agresorii
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UHOD LLGHFRQFXELQDMúLQHF V WRULWH
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S ULQ L GHúL QX OLSVLW GH FRQIOLFWH YHUEDOH VDX DJUHVLXQL IL]LFH 5HOD LLOH DJUH-
VRULORUFXS ULQ LLVXQWDSUHFLDWHODIHOGHSR]LWLYvQV VXQWPHQ LRQDWHúLRVHULH
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SHGHSVH FRUSRUDOH DPHQLQ UL YHUEDOH úL LQVXOWH $QWHFHGHQWHOH SHnale din
IDPLOLHQHUHIHULPODDQWHFHGHQWHOHS ULQ LORUúLDOHIUD LORUDXIRVWSX LQVHPQD-
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antecedente, printre faptele comise s-DXQXP UDWY W P ULOHFRUSRUDOHORYiturile
FDX]DWRDUHGHPRDUWHúLRPRUXULOH
6
Ambele studii sunt semnate de Ecaterina Balica, 3DUWLFXODULW L VRFLR-demo-
JUDILFHDOHDXWRULORULQIUDF LXQLORUGHRPRUGLQ5RPkQLD în „Revista de Criminologie,
3HQRORJLH úL &ULPLQDOLVWLF ´ QU úL 'HOLFWHOH GH RPRU vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO
românesc,vQ´5HYLVWD5RPkQ GH6RFLRORJLH´QU-2/2006.
7
Ecaterina Balica, 'HOLFWHOH GH RPRU vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO URPkQHVF în: „Revista
5RPkQ GH6RFLRORJLH´QU-2/2006, p. 28 – 33.
80
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YLROHQ HL DGLF DJUHVRUXO FDUH D HYROXDW vQWU-un mediu familial în care se
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IDPLOLLORU ORU DFHODúL FRPSRUWDPHQW YLROHQW FDUH D IRVW VHPQDODW OD QLvelul
IDPLOLLORUvQFDGUXOF URUDV-au dezvoltat.
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GHODUHOD LDGHUXGHQLHGLQWUHDJUHVRUúLYLFWLP 8
• 2PRUXOvQWUHVR LFRQFXELQL –YkUVWDDJUHVRULORUVLWXDW vQLQWHUYDOXO 31-
GH DQL QLYHO GH LQVWUXF LH VF ]XW úL PHGLX VWDWXWXO RFXSD LRQDO HVWH FHO GH
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FRQIOLFWHYHUEDOHúLIL]LFH agresorii au antecedente penale (25%),
unii dinWUHHLVXQWUHFLGLYLúWL
• 2PRUXOFRPLVDVXSUDS ULQ LORU– YkUVWDVLWXDW vQGHRVHELvQLQWHUYDOXO-30
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• Omorul comis asupra copiilor – agresorul provine dintr-un mediu fami-
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$JUHVRULLHUDXF V WRUL LFRQFXELQDMúLDYHDXvQJULMDORUPDLPXOWGHGRLFRSLL
Victimele aveaXPDLSX LQGHDQL
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ULW LOH FULPLQDOLW LL IHPLQLQH 'LQWUH OXFU ULOH SUH]HQWDWH GH F WUH VSHFLDOLúWLL
acestui grup vom insista asupra raportului 9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWatea
IHPLQLQ úLFemeia „criminal” – dimensiuni psihosociale.
9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWDWHDIHPLQLQ 9FRQ LQHRVHULHGHSUHFL] UL
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YXOQHUDELOLWDWHD YLFWLPHORU GDU DGXFkQG vQ ID D FHORU LQWHUHVD L GH DFHVW WLS GH
YLROHQ WHRULL PRGHUQH FDUH vQFHDUF V RIHUH R H[SOLFD LH FkW PDL DGHFYDW
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8
Ibidem, p. 34-37.
9
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81
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socio-GHPRJUDILFH 8Q ORF DSDUWH vQ VWUXFWXUD UDSRUWXOXL vO GH LQ victimele
YLROHQ HL IDPLOLDOH VSHFLDOLúWLL SUH]HQWkQG XQHOH SDUWLFXODULW L DOH YLFWLPHORU
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LQIRUPD LLVLVWHPDWL]DWHUHIHULWRDUHODYLFWLPHOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFH
Tabelul 4.9LFWLPHOHYLROHQ ei domestice din România
Omucidere 9LFWLPHOHPHPEULDLIDPLOLHLUHSUH]LQW GLQWRWDOXO
YLFWLPHORU RPRUXOXL VR L S ULQ L FRSLL
IUD LUXGHGHJUDGXO,9
9 W PDUHFRUSRUDO 9LFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW din totalul
YLFWLPHORU DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIUDF LXQH UXGH GH JUDGXO ,9
VR LIUD LS ULQ LFRSLL
9 W PDUHFRUSRUDO 9LFWLPHOHPHPEULDLIDPLOLHLUHSUH]LQW GLQWRWDOXO
JUDY YLFWLPHORU DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIUDF LXQH UXGH JUadul IV
S ULQ LFRSLLIUD L
Lovituri cauzatoare de 9LFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW VR L
moarte S ULQ L IUD L UXGH JUDGXO ,9
(1,9%), copii (0,9%)
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mod ilegal FRSLLLúLS ULQ LL
9LFWLPL]DUHVH[XDO Viol – YLFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW
copiii (4,6%)
Act sexual cu un minor – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW – copiii 2,4%
3HUYHUVLXQH VH[XDO – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW FRSLLL
&RUXS LH VH[XDO – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW PLQRULL
Abandonul de familie &RSLLL UHSUH]LQW FDWHJRULD GH YLFWLPH FHD PDL DIHFWDW
de acest tipGHLQIUDF LXQH
6XUVD $XURUD /LLFHDQX 'RLQD 6 XFDQ 0LKDL ,RDQ 0LFOH 9LROHQ D GRPHVWLF úL
FULPLQDOLWDWHDIHPLQLQ 5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLHS– 36.
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IDPLOLH FHUFHW WRULL DX IRUPXODW R VHULH GH FRQFOX]LL GLQWUH FDUH FHOH PDL
relevante par a fi cele privind factorii care cresc riscul ca un membru al familiei
V GHYLQ YLFWLP DYLROHQ HL
• Ä)DPLOLDHVWHORFXOXQRUVW ULHPR LRQDOHQHJDWLYH de o mare intensitate:
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GLVWUXJHSHFHLDSURSLD L
• &X FkW HVWH PDL LQWLP UHOD LD úL PDL VWUkQV LQWHUDF LXQHD vQWUH XQLL
membri ai familiei –VR úLVR LHVDXSDUWHQHULGHFXSOXFXDWkWYLROHQ DHVWHPDL
PDUHúLYLFWLPL]DUHDPDLJUDY RPRUORYLWXULFDX]DWRDUHGHPRDUWH
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7kUJúRUvQV-au concretizat în realizarea raportului Femeia „criminal” –
dimensiuni psihosociale. /XFUDUHD SUH]LQW LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG PRWLYD LLOH RPR-
UXOXL FRPLV GH IHPHL SHUVRQDOLWDWHD IHPHLORU FDUH FRPLW RPRUXUL úL SDUWLF-
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De asemenea, autorLLDGXFvQGLVFX LHLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHLVWRULFXOYLROHQ HLVXSRU-
tate de femeile criminal anterior faptelor pentru care sunt condamnate (nivelul
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FXWHQGLQ HGHDVXPDUHDULVFXOXLI U DQDOL]DFRQVHFLQ HORUúLDXQui nivel ridicat
al sindromului de stres posttraumatic pentru multe femei din lotul investigat.”13
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$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL,RDQ0LFOHop. cit, p. 36.
11
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL0LFOHFemeia „criminal” – dimensiuni
psihosociale, RapoUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLHS
12
Ibidem, p. 25 – 31.
13
Ibidem, p. 35.
83
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Ibidem, p. 37.
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15
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Raport final, 30 aprilie 2007.
85
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Marea Britanie, discurs, 8 septembrie, în: USAID, CEELI, ViROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ
5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDURaport final, 30 aprilie, 2007, p. 48.
86
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Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 69
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&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul
Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003.
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Ibidem, p. 91-92.
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&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul
Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 180.
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Ibidem, p. 93.
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Ibidem, p. 63.
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FRSLOXOXL vQ UkQGXO SRSXOD LHL úL DO VSHFLDOLúWLORU 5DSRUW GH FHUFHWDUH 6DOYD L FRSLLL
iunie 2007, disponibil la: www.salvaticopiii.ro
91
• (YDOXDUHDQHYRLLGHLQIRUPDUHDSXEOLFXOXLODUJúLDFHORUODOWHSHUVRDQH
LPSOLFDWHGLUHFWGHVSUHOHJLVOD LDúLSURJUDPHOHUHIHULWRDUHODSURWHF LDFRSLOXOXL
SULQFLSDOHOH VXUVH GRULWH GH SRSXOD LH SULQ FDUH V VH GLIX]H]H LQIRUPD LD
VSHFLILF ´29
Pentru atingerea acestor obiective a fost realizat un sondaj de opinie la
QLYHOXO SRSXOD LHL 5RPkQLHL úL LQWHUYLXUL LQGLYLGXDOH SH Eaza unui chestionar
VHPLVWDQGDUGL]DW FX UHSUH]HQWDQ L GLQ MXGH H DL XQRU FDWHJRULL GH VSHFLDOLúWL
LPSOLFD LvQDFWLYLW LFDUHYL]H] FRSLL,QVWUXPHQWHOHGHFHUFHWDUHDXIRVWDVWIHO
FRQFHSXWHvQFkWV SHUPLW RE LQHUHDXQRULQIRUPD LLFRPSOH[HSULYLQGJradul de
LQIRUPDUH DO SRSXOD LHL SULYLQG OHJLVOD LD FDUH SURWHMHD] GUHSWXULOH FRSLOXOXL
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD SRSXOD LHL GH D VH LPSOLFD vQ VHVL]DUHD FD]XULORU GH YLROHQ
VXUVHOHGHLQIRUPDUHSULYLQGFD]XULOHGHYLROHQ úLSHUFHS LDSXEOLF DVLQWDJPHL
„tratamente umilitoare asupra copilului”.
5H]XOWDWHOHvQUHJLVWUDWHHYLGHQ LD] F SRSXOD LD5RPkQLHLFXQRDúWHIDSWXO
F GUHSWXULOHFRSLOXOXLVXQWSURWHMDWHGHOHJLVSHFLDOHGDUSX LQLVXQWFHLFDUHVXQW
la curent cu prevederile legislative concrete referitoaUH OD SURWHF LD FRSLLORU 2
WUHLPHGLQWUHSHUVRDQHOHFDUHDXIRVWPDUWRUHODDFWHGHYLROHQ H[HUFLWDWHDVXSUD
FRSLLORUDXGLVFXWDWFXSHUVRDQHOHGLQLPHGLDWDORUYHFLQ WDWHSHPDUJLQHDúLGRDU
DSUR[LPDWLY DX VHVL]DW DXWRULW LOH FRPSHWHQWH 3RSXOD LD LQYHVWLJDW
DSUHFLD] F HVWHQHFHVDU LQIRUPDUHDSXEOLFXOXLSULYLQGOHJLVOD LDSURJUDPHOHúL
DF LXQLOHGHUXODWHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDGUHSWXULORUFRSLLORU
ÌQ RSLQLD SRSXOD LHL LQYHVWLJDWH VLQWDJPD ÄWUDWDPHQWH XPLOLWRDUH DVXSUD
FRSLOXOXL´ VH LGHQWLILF FX abuzul fizic asupra copilului GRX WUHLPL GLQWUH
VXELHF Labuzul psihologicRFLQFLPHvQFDUHVXQWLQFOXVHúLDOWHIRUPHGHDEX]
YHUEDOúLHPR LRQDOH[SORDWDUHDSULQPXQF DFRSLOXOXLúLQHJOLMDUHDHPR LR-DO
R]HFLPHúLPDLSX LQFXQHJOLMDUHDIL]LF VDXDEX]XOVH[XDO
BIBLIOGRAFIE
&HQWUXO GH 6RFLRORJLH 8UEDQ úL 5XUDO – CURS. SA, 9LROHQ D GRPHVWLF vQ 5RPkQLD
Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOH SVLKRORJLFH VRFLRORJLFH úL juridice,
&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
D. Banciu, E. Balica, $JUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG YLFWLPHOH
YLROHQ HL LQWUDIDPLOLDOH FDUH DX DSHODW OD VHUYLFLLOH PHGLFDOH DOH ,QVWLWXWXOXL
1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO 0LQD0LQRYLFL&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
& &XUF FRRUG AsSHFWH DOH YLROHQWHL GRPHVWLFH LQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare asupra
cazuisticii INML Mina Minovici, &RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
Ecaterina Balica, 3DUWLFXODULW LVRFLR-GHPRJUDILFHDOHDXWRULORULQIUDF LXQLORUGHRPRUGLQ
România, în „Revista de CriminologiH3HQRORJLHúL&ULPLQDOLVWLF ´QU
Ecaterina Balica, 'HOLFWHOHGHRPRUvQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOURPkQHVFvQÄ5HYLVWD5RPkQ GH
Sociologie”, nr. 1-2/2006.
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL,RDQ0LFOH9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWDWHD
IHPLQLQ 5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH
29
Ibidem.
92
$XURUD /LLFHDQX 'RLQD 6 XFDQ 0LKDL 0LFOH Femeia „criminal” – dimensiuni
psihosociale,5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH
&ULVWLQD 1LFRDU 2FWDYLDQ 2MRJ 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH 5RPkQLD vQWUH UHDOLWDWH úL
SHUVSHFWLY , disponibil la: www.mpublic.ro/minori_violenta.htm
USAID, CEELI, 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDU Raport
final, 30 aprilie 2007.
Dame Elisabeth Butler-6ORVV3UHúHGLQWHOH6HF LHLSHQWUX)DPLOLHDÌQDOWHL&XU L0DUHD
Britanie, discurs 8 septembrie, în: USAID, CEELI, 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ
5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDURaport final, 30 aprilie 2007.
9DOHQWLQD 0DULQHVFX 6LPRQD ùWHI QHVFX ,ULQD 6RUHVFX 0HGLDWL]DUHD YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH
6WXGLXGHFD]]LDUHOHFHQWUDOHURPkQHúWL Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2004.
&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul Parteneriat
pentru Egalitate, 2003.
9LROHQ DvPSRWULYDIHPHLORU, Sondaje Gallup, disponibilla:
www.gallup.ro/romana/poll_ro/releases_ro
6WXGLX SULYLQG QLYHOXO GH FXQRDúWHUH DO OHJLVOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO SURWHF LHL FRSLOXOXL vQ
UkQGXO SRSXOD LHL úL DO VSHFLDOLúWLORU 5DSRUW GH FHUFHWDUH 6DOYD L FRSLLL LXQLH
2007, disponibil la: www.salvaticopiii.ro
93
94
62&,2/2*,$&8/785,,ù,('8&$ ,(,
ABSTRACT
Significations that young people associate with politics are rooted in wider cultural
field of society, but also in the complexity of individual and contextual determinants where
the individuals are placed. This paper is focused on Romanian youth and is aimed to
describe the main characteristics of the young Romanians’ civic and political participation
and the cultural support of them, using a multiple, quantitative and qualitative
methodology. The study is based on qualitative data provided by 12 focus-groups carried
out in 4 large cities of Romania, with persons aged 14-35, and quantitative data provided
by annual Youth Barometer of the Youth Studies and Research Directorate. The indicators
considered to describe participation are organized on several levels: first, individual versus
social level, then subjective/attitudinal/value level (covered by indicators: trust, interest,
civic competence, availability to involve in comunity’s problems, involvement/noninvolvement
motivation, level of information on public issues and active NGO-s ) versus actional/manifest
level (reprezented by indicators: NGO-s membership, community activism, electoral
activism, informal political participation). The cultural support of participation provides
motivation elements for the manifest behaviour. But besides subjective motivation there are
also structural factors fundamentally influencing the way people relate to each other and
participate in social processes. The economic and social insecurity frequently invoked by
young people as nonparticipation reasons, the deficient institutional support, the lack of
information regarding the NGO-s activity and the participation mechanisms, are all
elements configuring structural and objective explanations for young Romanians’ reduced
civic and political participation.
1. Aspecte teoretico-metodologice
6HPQLILFD LLOH DWULEXLWH SROLWLFXOXL GH F WUH WLQHUL vúL au, desigur, geneza în
VSD LXO FXOWXUDO PDL ODUJ DO VRFLHW LL GDU úL vQ FRPSOH[LWDWHD GHWHUPLQDQWHORU
LQGLYLGXDOHúLFRQWH[WXDOHvQFDUHLQGLYL]LLúLJUXSXULOHVXQWSODVD L&RPSRQHQWHOH
YDORULFH DWLWXGLQDOH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH DOH SURFHVHORU GH SDUWLFLpare civic úL
politic DX vQV R UHOHYDQ VXEVWDQ LDO SHQWUX WUDLHFWRULLOH SROLWLFH úL HFRQRPLFH
DOHVRFLHW LORUPRGHUQHvQJHQHUDOúLDOHFHORUFXH[SHULHQ GHPRFUDWLF UHFHQW
în special. Aceast FRQFOX]LH VLQWHWLF D XQRU FHUFHW UL FRPSDUDWLYH H[tensive
vQWUHSULQVHvQVRFLHW LIRDUWHGLIHULWHOHJLWLPHD] LQWHUHVXOGHRVHELWPDQLIHVWDWúLvQ
5RPkQLD XOWLPXOXL GHFHQLX ID GH FHUFHWDUHD SDUWLFLS ULL SROLWLFH úL FLYLFH úL D
suportului cultural al acestora.
6WXGLXO GH ID HVWH IRFDOL]DW DVXSUD WLQHULORU GLQ 5RPkQLD úL vúL SURSXQH V
GHVFULH SULQFLSDOHOH GLPHQVLXQL FLUFXPVFULVH GH SURFHVXO SDUWLFLS ULL FLYLFH úL
SROLWLFHDDFHVWRUDXWLOL]kQGRPHWRGRORJLHPXOWLSO DWkWVXEUDSRUWFDOLWDWLYFkWúL
cantitativ.
95
$ERUGDUHD FDOLWDWLY D DYXW VFRSXO GH D surprinde aspectele latente, de
PRWLYD LHSHQWUXRDQDOL] YDOLG DHOHPHQWHORUGHVXSRUWúLGHUH]LVWHQ ODQLYHO
LQGLYLGXDOúLVRFLDOvQSURFHVXOSDUWLFLS ULL3XQHUHDvQUHOD LHDGDWHORURE LQXWHSH
DFHDVW FDOH FX GDWHOH FDQWLWDWLYH RIHULWH GH VRndajele de opinie, a permis analiza
complex D IHQRPHQXOXL SDUWLFLS ULL WLQHULORU úL FRQWXUDUHD RSRUWXQLW LORU úL D
IDFWRULORUGHULVFGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFRQILJXU ULLXQRUGLUHF LLDOHSROLWLFLORUSXEOLFHvQ
GRPHQLXOSDUWLFLS ULLFLYLFHúLSROLWLFHDWLQHULOor.
Studiul (realizat în perioada aprilie-iunie 2007) a utilizat metoda interviului
focalizat de grup∗ (focus-JUXS DSOLFDW DVXSUD SRSXOD LHL LQW GLQ RUDúH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYH DOH 5RPkQLHL %XFXUHúWL &OXM-1DSRFD ,DúL &RQVWDQ D SUHFXP úL
analiza secundaU DGDWHORUIXUQL]DWHGHVRQGDMHOHGHRSLQLHDQXDOHDOH'LUHF LHLGH
6WXGLL úL &HUFHW UL SHQWUX 3UREOHPHOH 7LQHUHWXOXL vQ VSHFLDO 'LDJQR]D 7LQHUHW
GLQ FDGUXO $16,7 úL GH DQFKHWD Ä<RXQJ (XURSHDQV´ UHDOL]DW vQ VWDWHOH
Uniunii Europene la începutul anului 2007 de „Gallup Organization”.
3RSXOD LD LQW D FHUFHW ULL R FRQVWLWXLH WLQHULL QHLQVWLWX LRQDOL]D L FX YkUVWH
FXSULQVHvQWUHúLGHDQLGLQ5RPkQLD
,QGLFDWRULL OXD L vQ FRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXDP VXUDSDUWLFLSDUHDFLYLF VHVWUXFWX-
UHD] SHPDLPXOWHSODQXULSHGHRSDUWHSODQXOLQGLYLGXDOúLFHOVRFLDOSHGHDOW
SDUWHSODQXOVXELHFWLYDWLWXGLQDOYDORULFDFRSHULWvQDQDOL] GHLQGLFDWRULLvQFUHGHUH
LQWHUHVFRPSHWHQ FLYLF GLVSRQLELOLWDWHGHLPSOLFDUHPRWLYD LHGHLPSOLFDUHQHLP-
plicarH JUDG GH LQIRUPDUH SULYLQG SUREOHPHOH SXEOLFH úL 21*-XULOH úL SODQXO
DF LRQDORELHFWLY UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ LQGLFDWRULL DSDUWHQHQ OD RUJDQL]D LL QHJXYHUQD-
PHQWDOHDFWLYLVPFRPXQLWDUDFWLYLVPHOHFWRUDOSDUWLFLSDUHSROLWLF LQIRUPDO
Planul subiectivFRQILJXUHD] H[SOLFD LLGLQ]RQDPRWLYD LHLLQGLYL]LORUSHQWUX
SDUWLFLSDUHDHIHFWLY GHVFULV GHSODQXODF LRQDO
ÌQ DIDUD PRWLYD LHL VXELHFWLYH vQV H[LVW FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH VWUXFWXULL VRFLDOH
de care depinde, în mod fundamental, modul în care oameniiVHUDSRUWHD] XQLLOD
FHLODO L úL SDUWLFLS OD SURFHVHOH VRFLDOH &RQVWUkQJHULOH SURYRFDWH GH LQVHFXULWDWHD
PHGLXOXLVRFLDOúLHFRQRPLFLQYRFDWHIUHFYHQWGHWLQHULFDPRWLYHGHQHSDUWLFLSDUH
OLSVDXQXLFDGUXLQVWLWX LRQDOFDUHV IDFLOLWH]HLQWHJUDUHDúL participarea, informarea
GHILFLWDU SULYLQGUH HDXDGHRUJDQL]D LLúLPHFDQLVPHOHGHSDUWLFLSDUHODDFWLYLW LOH
DFHVWRUDVHFRQVWLWXLHvQIDFWRULFDUHFRQILJXUHD] H[SOLFD LLGHQDWXU VWUXFWXUDO úL
RELHFWLY SHQWUXSDUWLFLSDUHDVF ]XW DWLQHULORUGLQ România.
∗
ÌQ FDGUXO FHUFHW ULL FDOLWDWive s-au realizat câte trei focus-grupuri pentru fiecare
ORFD LHDúDGDUSHQWUXFHOHORFD LLVWDELOLWHODFDUHDXSDUWLFLSDWWLQHULDSDU LQkQGXQRU
subcategorii socio-GHPRJUDILFHVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXWHPDFHUFHWDW HOHYLGHOLFHXIRFXV-
grup peORFD LHVWXGHQ LIRFXV-JUXSSHORFD LHúLWLQHULRFXSD LFXYkUVWHFXSULQVHvQWUH
úL GH DQL IRFXV-JUXS SH ORFD LH &ULWHULXO DSDUWHQHQ HL OD RUJDQL]D LL QHJXYHUQD-
PHQWDOHQXDIRVWFULWHULXGHVHOHF LHDVWIHOF XQHOHGLQWUHJUXSXULDXDYXWvQFRPSRQHQ
PHPEUL 21* DOWHOH FHOH PDL PXOWH DX IRVW FRQVWLWXLWH H[FOXVLY GLQ WLQHUL QHDVRFLD L
$FHDVW QHRPRJHQLWDWH GXS FULWHULXO DSDUWHQHQ HL OD 21*-XUL D SHUPLV FRPSDUD LL
VHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHRSLQLLOHúLDWLWXGLQLOHWLQHULORUSDUWLFLSDQ L
96
2. Dimensiuni atitudinal-YDORULFHúLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDOHSDUWLFLS ULL
vQRUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
17%
27%
1XP LQWHUHVHD]
Nu am avut ocazia
Nu am timp
1XFXQRVFQLFLRRUJDQL]D LH
1XDPQLPLFGHFkúWLJDW
Allte motive
Sursa: Diagnoza Tineret 2006, DSCPT
98
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VDQWH FX SRWHQ LDO H[SOLFDWLY SHQWUX VODED SDUWLFLpare a tinerilor din România.
$VWIHOXQQXP UPDUHGHWLQHULFRQWLQX V DLE RLPDJLQHYDJ S VWUkQGDFFHQWH
QHJDWLYHDVXSUDRUJDQL]D LLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLDVXSUDUROXOXLSHFDUHHOHO-ar
SXWHDDYHDvQFRPXQLW LOHORU'HúLFRQWDFWHOHVSRUDGLFHSe care unii dintre partici-
SDQ L OH-au avut cu ONG-XUL VDX DFWLYLW LOH DFHVWRUD DX SURGXV WLQHULORU LPSUHVLL
SR]LWLYH DFHúWLD S VWUHD] R LPDJLQH VWHUHRWLS UHODWLY QHJDWLY D DFHVWRU RUJDQL-
]D LL LPDJLQH U VSkQGLW SUREDELO vQ UkQGXO JUXSXULORU ORU GH DSDUWHQHQ $FHVW
DVSHFWHVWHSUREOHPDWLFSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDVRFLHW LLFLYLOHGLQ5RPkQLDLPDJLQHD
SXEOLF úLFUHGLELOLWDWHDGHFDUHVHEXFXU RUJDQL]D LLOHQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHvQUkQGXO
LQGLYL]LORUúLFRPXQLW LORULQIOXHQ kQGGLUHFWVXVWHQDELOLWDWHDVHFtorului, prin faptul
F DIHFWHD] FDSDFLWDWHDGHDWUDJHUHDPHPEULORUDYROXQWDULORUúLDIRQGXULORU
&HOHPDLPXOWHGLQWUHLQIRUPD LLOHSHFDUHSDUWLFLSDQ LLOHDXGHVSUH21*-uri
provin din mass-PHGLD úL SULYHVF RUJDQL]D LL QD LRQDOH VDX LQWHUQD LRQDOH Fe fac
RELHFWXO XQRU úWLUL VDX HYHQLPHQWH SXWHUQLF PHGLDWL]DWH 2UJDQL]D LLOH FDUH vúL
GHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHDODQLYHOORFDOQXVXQWFXQRVFXWHvQJHQHUDOGHF WUHWLQHULúL
QLFLQXVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUFRPXQLW LL
„-$U WUHEXL V H[LVWHQLúWH RUJDQL]D LL FHW HQHúWL FDUH V DLE WRWXúL
GUHSWXOGHDIDFHSURSXQHULFRPLVLLORUORFDOHSULP ULLORU´
− ùWL LGHVSUHH[LVWHQ DXQRUDVWIHOGHRUJDQL]D LL"PRGHUDWRU
− (XQXúWLXGDUVLQFHUY VSXQF QXY GGHFHOH-ar face (propunerile), nu
Y GURVWXOSHQWUXF QXDUDYHDQLFLRSXWHUH´VWXGHQW%XFXUHúWL
1HFHVLWDWHD LQIRUP ULL HVWH XQD RELHFWLY GDU úL SHUFHSXW DWkW vQ FHHD FH
SULYHúWH SDOHWD GH RIHUWH FkW úL PHFDQLVPHOH GH SDUWLFLSDUH vQ 21*-uri. Infor-
PD LLOH SH FDUH WLQHULL OH GH LQ GHVSUH DFHVW VHFWRU VXQW vQWkPSO WRDUH VWHUHRWLSH
nesistematice, provenind din surse incompetente.
,PSOLFDUHD vQ DFWLYLW LOH RUJDQL]D LLORU QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH DUH FD SUHPLV
PDMRU SUHRFXSDUHD FHW HQLORU ID GH SUREOHPHOH FRPXQLW LL 'DWHOH OD QLYHO
HXURSHDQLQGLF XQLQWHUHVVF ]XWDOWLQHULORUGLQ5RPkQLDID GHYLD DSROLWLF úL
SUREOHPHOHGHDFWXDOLWDWHDWkWODQLYHOORFDOFkWúLQD LRQDOúLHXURSHDQ
Tabelul nr. 3.,QWHUHVXOWLQHULORUID GHSROLWLF úLSUREOemele de actualitate
GLQRUDúXOUHJLXQHDXQGHORFXLHVFGLQ DU úLGLQ8(FLIUHOHH[SULP SURFHQWXOFXPXODW
DOYDULDQWHORUÄIRDUWHLQWHUHVDW´úLÄLQWHUHVDW´
1LYHOXOGHLQWHUHVID GHSUREOHPHOHGLQ
RUDúUHJLXQH DU UE
UE 73 82 66
NMS12 71 79 67
România 58 68 63
106UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOFHORUQRLVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH
Sursa: Eurobarometrul Young Europeans, The Gallup Organization, 2007
3.,PSOLFDUHDWLQHULORUvQDFWLYLW LOHGHYROXQWDULDW
$FHDVW IRUP GH LPSOLFDUH vQ YLD D FRPXQLW LL HVWH UHFXQRVFXW FD ILLQG R
compoQHQW HVHQ LDO DIXQF LRQ ULLVRFLHW LLFLYLOHFHGH]YROW FRPSHWHQ DFLYLF
VXELHFWLY úL RULHQWHD] LQGLYL]LL F WUH ELQHOH SXEOLF 7RFTXHYLOOH >-
1840]).
6HDSUHFLD] F LPSOLFDUHDWLQHULORUvQPXQFDYROXQWDU HVWHUHODWLYUHGXV OD
nivel euURSHDQ SRQGHUHD PHGLH D DFHVWRUD QHGHS úLQG 'DF vQ JUXSXO
YHFKLORUVWDWHPHPEUHGLQWUHWLQHULVHGHFODU LPSOLFD LvQDFWLYLW LYROXQWDUH
PHGLD SHQWUX QRLOH VWDWH PHPEUH VFDGH OD XQ URO VXEVWDQ LDO vQ VF GHUHD
acestei medii revenind din QRX 5RPkQLHL úL %XOJDULHL FH vQUHJLVWUHD] FHOH PDL
VF ]XWHYDORULGLQ(XURSDUHVSHFWLYDSUR[
Tabelul nr.43DUWLFLSDUHDWLQHULORUODDFWLYLW LOHGHYROXQWDULDWvQ5RPkQLD
úL8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ SURFHQWFDOFXODWGLQWRWDOXOFHORULQWHUYLHYD L
3DUWLFLSDUHDvQDFWLYLW LGHYROXQWDULDW
România 7,4%
EU15 16,7%
NMS12 12,8%
(8UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOSULPHORUVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8(
106UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOFHORUQRLVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8(
Sursa: Eurobarometrul Young Europeans, The Gallup Organization, 2007
101
'HúL LPSRUWDQ D GH SULQFLSLX DFRUGDW DFWLYLW LORU GH YROXQWDULDW GH F WUH
WLQHULLURPkQLHVWHPXOWPDLPDUHDSUR[GLQWUHDFHúWLDFRQVLGHU F HLPSRU-
WDQWV -úLRIHUHVHUYLFLLOHFDYROXQWDULconform Diagnozei Tineret 2005, DSCPT),
comportaPHQWXO HIHFWLY D F UXL UHDOL]DUH QHFHVLW vQWUXQLUHD úL D DOWRU FRQGL LL FH
SDUV OLSVHDVF DUHIUHFYHQ HPXOWPDLVF ]XWH'HDOWIHOSHVWHGLQWUHWLQHULL
GLQ5RPkQLDFRQIRUP'LDJQR]HL7LQHUHW'6&37QXFRQVLGHU YROXQWDULDWXO
o modalitate de DXWRSHUIHF LRQDUH PDQLIHVWkQG DVWIHO R VODE LQWHULRUL]DUH D
modelului participativ european.
0HGLLOHHXURSHQHDOHSDUWLFLS ULLWLQHULORUvQDFWLYLW LGHYROXQWDULDWGXS FULWH-
ULLOH VH[ JUXS GH YkUVW QLYHO GH LQVWUXF LH PHGLX GH UH]LGHQ FDWHJRrie ocu-
SD LRQDO UHOHY XQVLQJXUDVSHFWVHPQLILFDWLYFDWHJRULDFHDPDLLPSOLFDW vQDVWIHOGH
DFWLYLW L HVWH FHD D WLQHULORU DIOD L vQF vQWU-XQ FLFOX HGXFD LRQDO UHVSHFWLY HOHYLL úL
VWXGHQ LL7RDWHFHOHODOWHFULWHULLQXSURGXFGLIHUHQ LHULUHOHYDQWe în rata de participare.
ÌQ 5RPkQLD FHUFHWDUHD FDOLWDWLY vQWUHSULQV SHQWUX DFHDVW WHP D VFRV vQ
HYLGHQ H[SHULHQ D UHGXV D WLQHULORU vQ DFWLYLW LOH GH YROXQWDULDW GDU úL GLVSRQL-
ELOLWDWHD DILUPDW vQ SULQFLSLX GH D VH LPSOLFD vQ DVWIHO GH DFWLYLW L 'RPHQLLOH
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úWLHF DULQWUDvQSUHRFXS ULOHRUJDQL]D LLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
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DYHD RFD]LD DEVHQ D LQIRUPD LLORU QHFHVDUH úL D RSRUWXQLW LORU GH LPSOLFDUH ILLQG
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Motivul cel mai adesea invocat este lipsa timpului necesar, mesajul latent
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
ABSTRACT
Culture and education are the key factors in the first decade from 21st siecle of the
new programmes in an enlarged Europe. This means first of all qualification and high
education of young generation as main factor to create the United Europe. To fulfil this
great goal must devise common European policies promoting youth participation,
responsible citizenship and better educational and employment opportunities. Among
initiatives with detonator effects in the problem of trening there are the Programms
e-Europe and e-Learning which signify that every citizen must be opened to digital culture.
The achievement of United Europe is also a question of information and for youth the best
information is to create facilities to be together and to participate directly at youth
activities. In these kinds of activities were engaged our pupìls from School 10 „Maria
Rosetti” Bucharest: international activities, intercultural education and intercultural
learning. European Commision by Socrates Programme proposed concrete projects for
knowledge of Europe by the school children, to accustom them with different social and
cultural realities from European countries, to communicate each other and to understand
diversity of human life. In the same time, every pupìls must know his own national culture,
history, cultural heritage as well as cultural European patrimony to be a good European
citizen.
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unul dintre factorii-cheie ai noilor programe inaugurate cu intrarea în primul
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JHQHUD LLFDUHYDSDUWLFLSDHIHFWLYODFUHDUHD(XURSHL8QLWH*ULMDSHQWUXRDGHFYDW
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HGXFD LDSHUPDQHQW úLFXSROLWLFLOHGHXWLOL]DUHDIRU HLGHPXQF
3ULQWUH LQL LDWLYHOH FX HIHFW GHWonator în materie de instruire, un rol
fundamental îl au programele e-(XURSDúLH-/HDUQLQJFDUHVHPQLILF LGHHDF RULFH
FHW HDQ WUHEXLH V ILH GHVFKLV OD FXOWXU QXPHULF ÌQ FRQFHS LD 3URJUDPXOXL
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ODvQY PkQWXOHOHFWURQLFVDXQXPHULF
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XQHL(XURSH8QLWHHVWHúLRFKHVWLXQHGHLQIRUPDUH iar pentru tineri cea mai
EXQ LQIRUPDUH HVWH DFHHD FkQG WLQHULL VH DGUHVHD] GLUHFW WLQHULORU. În acest
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107
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culturale ale vechiului continent. Pentru realizarea acestor obiective, copiii
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PLMORDFHOHúLLQVWUXPHQWHOHQHFHVDUHV-o realizeze.
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tineretului.
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cheie, susceptibile de a figura într-un curriculum vitae european standardizat.
Dezvoltarea unei (XURSHDFXQRDúWHULLúLLQRY ULLHVWHHVHQ LDO SHQWUXD
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6W SkQLUHDWHKQRORJLLORULQIRUPD LHLHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ SULPRUGLDO vQ
QRXD VRFLHWDWH D FXQRDúWHULL 'H DFHHD WUHEXLH DFFHOHUDW LQWUDUHD úFROLORU vQ
HUDQXPHULF
3HQWUXSULPDGDW XQ6XPPLWGHOD/LVDERQDFDFHOGLQPDUWLHSXQHSH
RUGLQHD GH ]L SUREOHPHOH HGXFD LHL úL FDOLILF ULL SULQ FUHúWHUHD LQYHVWL LLORU vQ
UHVXUVHOHXPDQHUHGXFHUHDQXP UXOXLGHSHUVRDQH care nu au absolvit primul ciclu
GHvQY PkQWVHFXQGDUFRQVWUXLUHDGHúFROLúLFHQWUHGHFDOLILFDUHFDUHV GLVSXQ
GH DFFHV OD LQWHUQHW GHYHQLQG SX LQ FkWH SX LQ FHQWUH GH DFKL]L LL D FXQRúWLQ HORU
polivalente accesibile tuturor; adoptarea unui cadru HXURSHDQ FDUH V GHILQHDVF
QRLOH FRPSHWHQ H GH ED] vQ FDUH HGXFD LD úL SUHJ WLUHD SHUPDQHQW V SHUPLW
DFXPXODUHD GH FRPSHWHQ H vQ WHKQRORJLD LQIRUPD LHL vQ OLPEL VWU LQH FXOWXU
WHKQRORJLF VSLULW vQWUHSULQ] WRU úL DSWLWXGLQL VRFLDOH LQVWLWXLUHD XQei diplome
HXURSHQH SHQWUX FRPSHWHQ HOH GH ED] vQ WHKQRORJLD LQIRUPD LHL GHILQLUHD
PLMORDFHORUFDUHV SHUPLW HOHYLORUSURIHVRULORUFHUFHW WRULORURXWLOL]DUHRSWLP D
programelor comunitare existente; punerea la punct a unui curriculum vitae pe baza
F UXLDV VHIDF HYDOX ULOHGHFXQRúWLQ HDFXPXODWH
3H OkQJ SUHJ WLUHD WLQHULORU SHQWUX PXQF úL YLD XQ DOW RELHFWLY DO
8QLXQLL (XURSHQH HVWH FRQVHUYDUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD FXOWXULL QD LRQDOH úL D
SDWULPRQLXOXLFXOWXUDOHXURSHDQFXQRDúWHUHDGHF WUHWLQeri a propriei culturi
úL D PRúWHQLULL FXOWXUDOH QD LRQDOH SUHFXP úL D XQRU FRPSRQHQWH IXQGD-
mentale din cultura popoarelor europene ce constituie cadrul propice pentru o
PDLXúRDU DSURSLHUHúLvQ HOHJHUH
6H úWLH F QX SR L IL XQ EXQ HXURSHDQ GDF QX- L FXQRúWL U G FLQLOH LVWRULD
OLWHUDWXUDPRúWHQLUHDFXOWXUDO FRQVWUXLW GH-DOXQJXOYHDFXULORUGHVWU EXQLLW L'H
XQGH úL QHFHVLWDWHD vPELQ ULL FRQWLQXH D H[LJHQ HORU FXOWXUDOH úL SURIHVLRQDOH DOH
8(FXH[LJHQ HOHvQVXúLULLFXOWXULLQD LRQDOHI U GH care nu- LSR LDILUPDSURSULD
LGHQWLWDWH úL QX SR L V WH LQWHJUH]L XúRU vQWU-R FXOWXU úL FLYLOL]D LH GLIHULW 'DU
GHVSUHHGXFD LDvQVSLULWQD LRQDOúLSUR-european, într-XQQXP UYLLWRU
109
110
FILOSOFIE-36,+2/2*,(62&,$/
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU-GALICENI
ABSTRACT
The theory about the consumption society is one of the most representative theory
regarding the mutual dependencies between production and consumption. It is promoted by
notorious sociologists who cannot be ignored or avoided in nowadays debates. The moral
status and the individual development are determined by individuals’ possessions. By
collecting goods the individual collects signs of his status and marks of his originality. He
is anxious not to diminish his personal aura and not to lose anything. Therefore, he is
guided by his own rule about getting and compete which emphasizes the idea of competitive
achievements. Thus, his authentic needs are substituted by false needs and the obsession for
“wellness” dominates the only ethic he knows.
&D DFWH GH FRQGXLW LWHUDW úL FD IDSWH GHIXQF LRQDUHvQVLQH WUHEXLQ HOHne
apar drept instituiri teleologice1 DOH DF LXQLL XPDQH úL VH LPSXQ FD SUHPise
SULPRUGLDOHvQSURFHVXOVRFLDOL] ULLvQV úL(VHQ DORUHVWHXQDÄWHQGHQ LDO ´DFHHD
GHDRULHQWDSURFHVHOHH[SORUDWRULLDOHILLQ HLXPDQHúLGHDRGHWHUPLQDV DOHDJ
YDULDQWD RSWLP SHQWUX DSURSULHUHD RELHFWHORU QHFHVDUH VDWLVIDFHULL ORU IL[kQG
scRSXULúLYL]kQGPLMORDFHDGHFYDWHSHQWUXILQDOL]DUHDORUGH]LUDELO
3UD[LRORJLF YRUELQG RULFH WUHEXLQ XPDQ VH GHILQHúWH QXPDL vQ UDSRUW GH
RELHFWúLQXPDLvQIXQF LHGHFRQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHGHSURGXFHUHDOXLÄ3DUWLFXODULWDWHD
persoanelor – nota Hegel –FXSULQGHPDLvQWkLvQVLQHWUHEXLQ HOHORU3RVLELOLWDWHD
VDWLVIDFHULL DFHVWRUD HVWH SXV DLFL vQ OHJ WXUD VRFLDO FDUH FRQVWLWXLH UHVXUVD
JHQHUDO ODFDUHWR LUHFXUJSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDORU2.
Într-XQIHOWUHEXLQ DDQJDMHD] SHRPvQWU-XQODQ FDX]DO reificant, prin care
subiectul –FDDJHQWSULQFLSDODODF LXQLL–VHUDSRUWHD] SUHIHUHQ LDOODXQDQXPH
JUXS GH RELHFWH GLQ DIDU SH FDUH OH WUDQVIRUP úL OH PRGHOHD] GXS XQ SURLHFW
DQWHULRU HODERUDW DVWIHO vQFkW DFHVWHD V SRDWH IL vQVXúLWH úL ÄYDORrizate” atât în
PDQLHU PDWHULDO FkW úL vQ XQD VSLULWXDO &D UHDF LH QHJDWLY SURGXFHUHD XQXL
RELHFWSHQWUXVXELHFWGDUúLDXQXLVXELHFWSHQWUXRELHFW
)XQF LRQDUHDHLHVWHXQDILQDOLVW GHWHUPLQkQGX-l pe om a produce „entelehic”
(cum ar spune AristRWHO úL REOLJkQGX-O D DF LRQD SUHPHGLWDW vQ VHQVXO J VLULL vQ
H[WHULRUDXQXLOXFUXDSWGHDUHGXFHXQHIHFWGHIDFWXU WHQVLRQDQW úLGHDFUHDXQ
SURGXVFXYDOHQ HVDWLVI F WRDUH'HIDSWRULFHWUHEXLQ XPDQ VHGHILQHúWHQXPDL
în raport cu un produs úL VH LPSXQH QXPDL GDF H[LVW FDSDFLW L WHKQLFH SHQWUX
1
Conform expresiei lui George Lukacs, 2QWRORJLDH[LVWHQ HLVRFLDOH(GLWXUD3ROLWLF
%XFXUHúWLFDSLWROXOÄ0XQFD´
2
G.F.W. Hegel, Filosofia spiritului(GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL565%XFXUHúWLS
111
RE LQHUHDDFHVWXLD1LYHOXOúLVWUXFWXUDXQRUDVWIHOGHFDSDFLW LGHWHUPLQ QLYHOXOúL
VWUXFWXUD SURGXVXOXL SUHOLPLQDW úL vQ FRQVHFLQ FDOLWDWHD WUHEXLQ HL vQV úL
6SHFLILFXOúLIRUPDDFHVWHLDGLQXUP VXQWRYDULDELO GHSHQGHQW DWkWGHJUDGXOúL
SHUIHF LXQHD XQHOWHORU XWLOL]DWH GH RP FkW úL GH FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRPSOH[LWDWH DO
H[SHULHQ HL SH FDUH RPHQLUHD D DFXPXODW-R WUHSWDW Ä/D vQFHSXWXULOH FLYLOL]D LHL –
scria Marx – IRU D SURGXFWLY D PXQFLL HVWH PLQLP GDU WRW PLQLPH VXQW úL WUH-
EXLQ HOHFDUHVHGH]YROW RGDW FXPLMORDFHOHPHQLWHV OHVDWLVIDF FXDMXWRUXOORU´3.
&RQVWUXLQG XQHOWH FRQWLQXX SHUIHF LRQDWH RPXO D H[WLQVVSD LXODF LXQLLVDOH
DVXSUD QDWXULL úL D UHDOL]DW R VWDUH FXPXODWLY D H[SHULHQ HL úL D DFWLYLW LORU
SURGXFWLYHGREkQGLQGFRQGL LDHVHQ LDO GHDPXOWLSOLFDvQWUHEXLQ DUHDOXFUXULORUúL
de-D FRQIHUL DFHVWRUD IXQF LL GH IDFWXU VXSHULRDU 3ULQWU-un act, el tinde la
vPSOLQLUL QRL vQGHS UWkQGX-se neîncetat de la a studia nDWXUD úL DILUPkQGX-se tot
PDL PXOW vQ PDQLIHVW UL GH FXOWXU /D DVWIHO GH QLYHOH FRQGXLWD OXL GHYLQH XQD
meta-ELRORJLF FX RULHQWDUH F WUH VRFLDO úL FX DFWLYLW L FUHDWLYH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL
FRPSOH[H úL PDL FXSULQ] WRDUH FDUH SUHFHG VDWLVIDFHUHD XQHL WUHEXLQ H úL FDUH
GHWHUPLQ WUHFHUHDGHODLQGLYLGXDOODXQLYHUVDO4
0LMORDFHWRWPDLHODERUDWHúLSHUIHF LRQDWHFUHVFFRQWLQXXVIHUDGHXQLYHUVD-
OLWDWH úL VRFLDELOLWDWH D WUHEXLQ HORU úL FRQGL LRQHD] LQHYLWDELO R UHSURGXFHUH D ORU
O UJLW GDUQXvQWHUPHQLGHWLSRUJDQLFúLQLFLvQGLPHQVLXQLGHRUGLQELRORJLFFLvQ
FDGUHFXFDUDFWHUVRFLRORJLF$FHVWHDGLQXUP VHLPSXQFDRYHULWDELO LQYHUVDUH
RQWRORJLF 5FXRVWUXFWXU GHPRWLYD LHGRPLQDQWUD LRQDO ID GHGDWHOHLQVWLQF-
WXDOHúLFXGLVSR]L LLGHFUHD LHúLUDILQDUHLQILQLW DWkWDFDSDFLW LORUGHSURGXFHUH
D XQRU RELHFWH FX vQVXúLUL LQHGLWH FkW úL D FDOLW LL WUHEXLQ HORU GH D QX IL VLPSOH
UHDF LLUHIOH[LYHDOHRPXOXLID GHXQOXFUXFLGHDILXQDOWPRGGHDSURSULHUHúL
vQVXúLUH D RELHFWXOXL GH F WUH VXELHFW $FHVW UDSRUW vQWUH RELHFW úL vQVXúLUH VDX
DVLPLODUHD GH F WUH XQ VXELHFW SXQH vQ DFW GLDOHFWLFD GHSHQGHQ HL UHFLSURFH D
SURFHVXOXLGHSURGXF LHGHFHODOFRQVXPXOXLúLLQYHUVDFRQVXPXOXLGHSURGXF LH
În Grundrisse0DU[SUHFL]DF SURGXF LDHVWHQHPLMORFLWúLFRQVXP6, iar consumul
HVWHQHPLMORFLWúLSURGXF LH7. Creându-LPDWHULDOXOIXUQL]HD] RELHFWXOFRQVXPXOXL
LDUFRQVXPXOSURFXU FHOXLGLQWkLVXELHFWXOvPSOLQLULLOXL8)LLQGF UD LXQHDXOWLP D
SURGXF LHLHVWHDFHHDGHDVHILQDOL]DvQDFWXOFRQVXPXOXLDGLF vQDILRELHFWSHQWUX
VXELHFW /D UkQGXO V X FRQVXPXO FUHHD] QHFHVLWDWHD XQHL QRL SURGXF LL DGLF D
XQXL QRX QLYHO SURGXFWLY XQGH DELOLWDWHD WUDQVIRUP ULL OXFUXULORU GLQ QDWXU vQ
3
Marx – Engels, OpereYRO(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLS
4
ÌQVHQVXOFHORUGHPDLVXV+HJHOQRWDÄ$QLPDOXODUHXQFHUFOLPLWDWGHPLMORDFHúL
GHPRGDOLW LGHD-úLVDWLVIDFHWUHEXLQ HOHúLHOHGHDVHPHQHDOLPLWDWH2PXOvúLGRYHGHúWH
FKLDUvQDFHDVW GHSHQGHQ vQDFHODúLWLPSFDSDFLWDWHDGHDRGHS úLúi universalitatea sa,
PDLvQWkLSULQGLYHUVLILFDUHDWUHEXLQ HORUúLPLMORDFHORUúLDSRLSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDWUHEXLQ-
HLFRQFUHWHúLDWLQJHUHDvQHDDXQRUS U LúLODWXULFDUHGHYLQWUHEXLQ HGLIHULWHSDUWLFXODUL-
]DWH úL SULQ DFHDVWD QRL REVWDFROH´ – G. W. F. Hegel, Principiile filosofiei dreptului sau
HOHPHQWHGHGUHSWQDWXUDOúLGHúWLLQ
5
Conform unei expresii a lui Lucien Seve, 0DU[LVPXOúLWHRULDSHUVRQDOLW LL, Editura
3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLS
6
Karl Marx, Bazele criticii economiei politice(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLYROS
7
Ibidem.
8
Ibidem, p. 25.
112
OXFUXUL SHQWUX RP GHYLQH P LHVWULH LDU FDSDFLWDWHD HIHFWX ULL DFWXOXL SURGXFWLY
GHYLQH DSWLWXGLQH UHLILFDWRDUH GDU WRDWH FX LQFLGHQ DEVROXW vQ VLVWHPXO
WUHEXLQ HORU RELHFWLY GHWHUPLQDWH úL WRDWH YL]kQG PRGXUL VSHFLILFH GH VDWLVIDFHUH D
DFHVWRUD Ä) U WUHEXLQ QX H QLFL SURGXF LH 'DU WRFPDL consumul reproduce
WUHEXLQ D´9.
$ERUGkQG GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF JHQH]D WHRULHL VRFLHW LL GH FRQVXP
FRQVWDW PFXVXUSULQGHUHH[LVWHQ DGHSUHGHFHVRULvQSHULRDGDLQWHUEHOLF úLXQHOH
WH]HOHDIO PúLvQVRFLRORJLDURPkQHDVF ÌQDFHVWGLQXUP VHQV–GHúLVHLPSXQ
UHVWULF LLVHYHUHGHHYDOXDUHDSUHFLDWLY –QRW PLGHHDOXLùWHIDQ=HOHWLQIRUPXODW
vQDQXOGXS FDUHÄRSHUDGHRUJDQL]DUHYDLPSXQHSXWLQ LLGHDFXPXODUHR
OLPLW ODFDUHJRDQDVDvQPRGIDWDOYDWUHEXLV VHRSUHDVF úLV FRQVXPHF FLQX
poate merge mai departe”10.
3R]L LD FULWLF ID GH vQDYX LUHD LOLFLW FD úL VWLJPDWL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL
SDUD]LWDU DSDU LQ OXL 'XPLWUX 'U JKLFHVFX11 FDUH FHUFHWkQG QDWXUD UHOD LLORU GH
SURSULHWDWHGLQ5RPkQLDSULPHORUGHFHQLLDOHVHFROXOXLWUHFXWúLvQFHUFkQGVROX LLGH
DQXODUH D GLVSDULW LORU GH FODV FULWLF VHYHU RSXOHQ D PRGXOXL GH WUDL DO SURWL-
SHQGDGHLYUHPLLúLRDFX] GHSDUD]LWLVPSULQIDOVHWUHEXLQ H(VWHFXWRWXOH[DJHUDW
sau este absolut impropriu a-i considera pe cei doi sociologi români ca precursori al
7HRULHLVRFLHW LLGHFRQVXPúLD-LDVRFLDXQHLRULHQW ULLGHRORJLFHSHFDUHHLvQúLúL
ar fi dezavuat-o.
ÎnDWHQ LDQRVWU vQV DVWDWQXPDLSUHRFXSDUHDGHDSUHFL]DúLFXDFHVWSULOHMF
PDULOHWHRULLVXQWSUHJ WLWHPLJ ORVúLDQWLFLSDWHGLYHUVGHRPLúFDUHGHLGHLGLVSDUDWH
VDX GH XQ VSLULW GH FUHD LH ODWHQW FDUH ÄSUHSDU vQGHOXQJ PDWHULD SULP ´ SHQWUX
marLOH HODERU UL XOWHULRDUH úL UHSUH]LQW HWDSH GH FULVWDOL] UL OHQWH FDUH VH YRU IL[D
XOWHULRUvQGRFWULQHúLFXUHQWHGHLGHLLPSXQ WRDUHFXPHVWHFD]XOSHFDUH-ODQDOL] P
ÌQ FRQVHQV FX R DVWIHO GH IRUPXO DG XJ P OD FHOH DQWHULRU PHQ LRQDWH
DSDUL LD – în anul 1934 – D F U LL OXL - 'XERLV12 úL FDUH DQDOL]kQG HYROX LD
SURGXF LHLHFRQRPLFHvQWUHFHUHDHLGHODDUWL]DQDOODLQGXVWULDOúLGHVFULLQGSURFHVXO
SHUIHF LRQ ULLWHKQLFLORUOXFUDWLYHOHFRUHOHD] FXRFRQWLQX GHS úLUHDQLYHOXOXLGH
trai existent, vQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL VRFLHW L GH DEXQGHQ Ä2 VXW FLQFL]HFL GH DQL
9
Ibidem.
10
ùW=HOHWLQNeoliberalismul(GLWXUDÄ3DJLQLDJUDUHúLVRFLDOH´%XFXUHúWLS
11
Vezi, printre altele, 3DUWLGH SROLWLFH úL FODVH VRFLDOH %XFXUHúWL 1922; (YROX LD
ideilor liberale %XFXUHúWL DUWLFROHOH VRFLRORJXOXL GLQ UHYLVWHOH Ä'UHDSWD VRFLDO ”
FRQGXV GHF WUH=HOHWLQúLÄ,GHHDHXURSHDQ ´FRQGXV GH&5 GXOHVFX0RWUX
12
J. Dubois, La grand revolution qui vient, Les Editions Nouvelles, Paris, 1934.
113
SHQWUXDWUHFHGHODRFLYLOL]D LHvQFDUHWRWXOHUDUDUvQFDUHQLPLFQXLHúHDGHFkW
GLQ PkLQLOH RPXOXL OD R FLYLOL]D LH D DEXQGHQ HL H[WUDRUGLQDUH GDWRULW PDúLQLORU
vQVXIOH LWHGHIRU HOHSHFDUHRPXOOH-DFDSWDWGLQOXPHDH[WHULRDU 13. În cadrul unei
DVWIHOGHFLYLOL]D LLFDUHXUPHD] DVHLQVWLWXLÄPL]HULD´–GXS 'XERLV– nu va mai
H[LVWD LDU RPXO YD IL HOLEHUDW GH LPSHGLPHQWHOH FDUH VH RSXQ DFFHVXOXL V X OD
resursele infinite dH HQHUJLH UHDOL]DWH GH F WUH VRFLHWDWH 9ROXPXO SURGXVHORU –
FRQWLQXX FUHVF WRU – YD IDFLOLWD GLVWULEXLUHD ORU vQ UkQGXO SXEOLFXOXL I U DFKLWDUHD
FRQWUDYDORULL GH F WUH FXPS U WRUL úL I U R GLVFULPLQDUH GH FODV GH VH[ VDX GH
YkUVW vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH SURFXUDUHD ORU QHOLPLWDW 8Q VRL DQXPH GH HJDOLWDULVP
DSULRULFVDXXQWLSLQH[SOLFLWGHÄJHQHUR]LWDWHHWLF ´GDF VHSRDWHQXPLDúDIDFFD
VRFLHWDWHD V GHYLQ PLMORF LDU RPXO V VH WUDQVIRUPH vQ VFRS DO HFRQRPLHL
LQGXVWULDOH)LLQGF vQRSWLFDOXL'XERLVQXQXPDLFHLDS LGHPXQF úLQXQXPDL
SHUVRDQHOHDFWLYHSRWEHQHILFLDGHDYDQWDMHOHPDWHULDOHH[LVWHQWHvQVRFLHWDWHFLWR L
PHPEULL VRFLHW LL LQGLIHUHQW GH YkUVW VDX GH VWDUHD V Q W LL ORU FRSLL E WUkQL
EROQDYL LQILUPL HWF WR L VXQW HJDOL vQWUHSW L L V DVSLUH úL V RE LQ SURGXVHOH
H[SXVHvQPDJD]LQHúLWR LVXQWYLUWXDOvQVLWXD LDGHDOHXWLOL]DÄ6RFLHWDWHDFDUH
YLQH´GXS 'XERLVQXYDvQFXUDMDQLFLRGLVFULPLQDUHLQWHUXPDQ úLQXYDVXV LQH
nici un semn distinctiv de putere sau dominare prin consum hipertrofiat al unor
JUXSXUL vQ FRPSDUD LH FX DOWHOH 'LPSRWULY PXQFLQG QXPDL GRL VDX WUHL DQL SH
GXUDWDXQHLYLH LúLDVLJXUkQGUHSURGXFHUHDUHVXUVHORUVRFLDOHXWLOHH[LVWHQ HLVHYD
UHDOL]DSHQWUXWR LDFHOWLPSGH]LUDELOGHVWLQDWVWXGLXOXLDUWHLVDXVSRUWXOXLúLVHYRU
FUHDSUHPLVHLGHQWLFHWXWXURUPHPEULORUVRFLHW LLGHDDOWHUQDPXQFDFXÄORLVLU´-ul.
ÌQVHQVXODFFHGHULLODRVRFLHWDWHGHDFHVWJHQúLvQVFRSXOXWLOL] ULLUD LRQDOHD
UHVXUVHORUHLSURSULLVRFLRORJXOVHUHIHU ODGRX FRQGL LLHVHQ LDOHúLLQYRF QHFHVL-
WDWHDDGRX VHULLGHP VXULLQHYLWDELOHFDUHV VXV LQ DILUPDUHDQRLLFLYLOL]D LL3H
GH R SDUWH R VHULH GH LQWHUYHQ LL GH RUGLQ WHKQLF LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH XQHOH GH
IDFWXU SVLKR-VRFLRORJLF
3ULPDYL]HD] PLMORDFHOHúLPRGHOHOHXWLOHJ VLULLGHUHVXUVHPDWHULDOHSHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD DEXQGHQ HL GH EXQXUL SH FkQG FHD GH-a doua impune suprimarea
LQGLYLGXDOLVPXOXL H[FHVLY FDUH HVWH RSXV LQL LDWLYHORU GH DSURSLHUH LQWHUXPDQ úL
LPSLHWHD] DVXSUDDF LXQLLGHGLVWULEXLUHHJDOLWDU DSURGXVHORUF WUHSXEOLF3ULQHOH
VH SXQ SUHPLVHOH RELHFWLYH úL VXELHFWLYH DOH WUHFHULL OD QRXD VRFLHWDWH úL VH
DFUHGLWHD] LGHHDSRVLELOLW LLDFHVWHLDGDUI U SU EXúLULFDWDVWURILFHúLI U PXWD LL
EUXúWH,QVWDXUDUHDHL–GXS 'Xbois –WUHEXLHV VHSURGXF OHQWúLFRQWLQXXFDR
MX[WDSXQHUHVWUXFWXUDO úLILUHDVF ODFHHDFHGHMDH[LVW Ä(X– nota sociologul
francez – GRUHVF XQ PLQLPXP GH U VWXUQDUH vQ PRPHQWXO WUHFHULL vQWUH FLYLOL]D LD
FDUHYDGLVS UHDúLFHDFDUHYLQH´14. ÌQFRQFHS LDVDWRWXOHVWHRFRQWLQX GH]YROWDUH
úL SHUIHF LRQDUH úL WRWXO HVWH UHIRUP úL VFKLPEDUH GDU I U WHQGLQ H GH UHYROW úL
I U DUHFXUJHODYLROHQ úLIRU
&DúLSH3URXGKRQvQVHFROXOWUHFXW15, pe Dubois, în secolul nostru, îl sperie
cel maL PXOW LGHHD GH UHYROX LH úL-L UHSXJQ ÄUHY UVDUHD SRSXODU ´ FDUH GXFH OD
U ]YU WLUL úL DJUHVLYLWDWH ÌQ ORFXO DFHVWRUD HO VXV LQH IRUPXOD ÄWUDQVIRUP ULORU
13
Ibidem, p. 93.
14
Ibidem, p. 179.
15
3HQWUX DQDOL]D FRQFHS LHL OXL 3URXGKRQ D VH YHGHD: Mihai Ralea, Scrieri, vol. 3,
(GLWXUD0LQHUYD%XFXUHúWL
114
acceptabile”16 úL FRQWHD] SH HIHFWXO SDFLILVW DO ÄOXPLQ ULL PDVHORU´ 6H FHUH –
argumenta sociologul francez – FD LQGLIHUHQW GH VWDUHD PDWHULDO úL GLQFROR GH
YDORDUHDGHVWDWXVILHFDUHRPV vQ HOHDJ IDSWXOF HVWHvQGUHSWDWF WUHHOLEHUDUHD
OXL3URSULHWDUVDXSDXSHUSUROHWDUVDXFDSLWDOLVWWR LVHLPSXQHV DLE FRQúWLLQ D
VFRSXOXL ORU FRPXQ úL VH FHUH FD WR L V -úL DVRFLH]H HIRUWXO SHQWUX WUHFHUHD GH OD
FLYLOL]D LDFDUHDIRVWODFLYLOL]D LDFDUHYLQH
(VWHGHUH LQXWF GRFWULQDOXL'XERLVSRUQHúWHGHODWUHEXLQ H,JQRUkQGUROXO
UHOD LHLGHSURSULHWDWHvQWRFPDLXWRSLúWLORUHOUHFXUJHODIRUPXODGHWLSLOXPLQLVWúL
LQYRF XQ IHO GH VHQWLPHQWH ILODQWURSLFH GLQ SDUWHD FDSLWDOLúWLORU vQ SHUVSHFWLYD
HOLEHU ULL ORU YLUWXDOH 7RWRGDW LGHHD XQHL RUJDQL] UL VXSHULRDUH D HFRQRPLHL
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16
J. Dubois, op. cit., p. 180.
17
9H]L SHQWUX LGHHD GH PDL VXV vQ DIDU GH 7KRUVWHQ 9HEOHQ Se H. Baudsullart,
Histoire du luxe, Paris, F. Alcan, 1913; E. Goblet, La barrière et le viveau, Paris, 1917.
18
3UHID ODOXFUDUHDOXL9HEOHQop. cit., p. VIII.
19
ÌQ VWXGLXO GH ID YRP FLWD GLQ YDULDQWD IUDQFH] Theorie de la classe de loisir,
Editura Gallimard, Paris, 1970.
20
Veblen distinge patru epoci economice în Occident.
115
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interzis26.
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metodele de „onorabilitate”27. În contul lui de DWULEXWH VW úL DFHOD GH D LPSXQH
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21
Thorsten Veblen,op. cit, p. 19.
22
Ibidem, p. 21-22.
23
Ibidem, p. 159.
24
Ibidem, p. 19.
25
Ä2 UHXúLW UHODWLY - QRWHD] 9HEOHQ – FDUH VH YHULILF SULQ FRPSDUD LH P JXOL-
toare, esWH VFRSXO FRQYHQLW DO RULF UHL DF LXQL )LQDOLWDWHD OHJLWLP úL FXUHQW DGPLV D
HIRUWXOXLWLQGHGHDVHFRPSDUDvQPRGDYDQWDMRVFXDO LRDPHQL´- op. cit., p. 24.
26
Vezi Mihai Ralea, Scrieri din trecut în filosofie(63/$%XFXUHúWLS
27
Ibidem, p. 51.
116
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printr-XQUROLPSRUWDQWDOIDPLOLHLúLFODQXOXLvQRUJDQL]DUHDVRFLDO 34.
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LQWHUQD LRQDO la nivel de regiuni geografice devin practici intrinseci ale unei
28
Ibidem, p. 223.
29
Cf. Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 38.
30
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambrige University Press, 1960.
1RLIRORVLPYDULDQWDIUDQFH] Les Ètapes de la Çroissance Èconomique, Paris, 1963.
31
Op. cit., p. 16-20.
32
Ibidem, p. 175-199.
33
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FRJQRVFLELOHúLDIRVWRUJDQL]DW vQPRGVLVWHPDWLFvQYHGHUHDSURGXF LHL´- op. cit., p. 16.
34
Ibidem, p. 17.
117
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mul productiv al acestei etape –úLVHUHJ VHVFLQHYLWDELOvQWU-o economie cu metode
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stimulând factorii de progres41úLI FkQGGLQFUHúWHUHRIXQF LHQRUPDO DHFRQRPLHL
societale.
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afirmat nu prin starea diverselor tehnici, ci prin calitatea resurselor naturale42úLD
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35
Ibidem, p. 19.
36
Ibidem.
37
Ibidem, p. 20.
38
Ibidem, p. 41
39
Ibidem.
40
Ibidem.
41
Ibidem, p. 20.
42
Ä6HFWRDUHOHFDUHMRDF UROXOSULQFLSDOvQPDUúXOVSUHPDWXULWDWH- scrie Rostow - vor
fi deci determinate nu numai prin starea diverselor tehnici, ci prin natura resurselor
QDWXUDOHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHPDUDMXOXLDIRU HORUFDUH-GHFODQúHD] úLGHDVHPHQHDSULQ
politica guvernelor” - op. cit., p. 80.
43
Ibidem, p. 23
118
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unul dintre obiectivele lor investigatorii.
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XQLYHUVXULGHRELHFWHúLGHVHUYLFLL– cum spunea C. Wright Mills46 – au determinat
PXWD LLSURIXQGHvQHFRORJLDVSHFLHLXPDQH47úLDXFUHDWÄSLD DSHUVRQDOLW LL´48.
'DF SURGXF LD FDSLWDOLVW D YDOLGDW PLWXO ÄP UILL´ HFRQRPLD UHYROX LHL
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metodic într-un fel de „panoplie”49SHQWUXFRPHU úLDIDFHULúLVHDVRFLD] FDOFXODW
într-R LQWHQ LH GH SURILW úL VXSUDYLH XLUH 2UGLQHD SH FDUH R GHJDM HVWH XQD
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44
Vezi J. P. Sartre, Critique de la raison dialectique, Paris, Gallimard, 1960, p. 166.
45
Ibidem, p. 170.
46
C. Wright Mills, Les cols blancs, Paris, Fr. Maspers, 1966.
47
Vezi pentru acest aspect Jean Baudrillard, La societe de consommation, ses mythes,
ses structures, Paris, Gallimard, 1970.
48
În sensul conceptului de mai sus, vezi Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 195.
49
7HUPHQXO DSDU LQH OXL - %DXGULOODUG FDUH- IRORVHúWH vQWU-R DOW DFFHS LXQH -
op. cit., p. 19 - 20.
119
atunci, totul devine serviciu – cum spunea J. Baudrillard50úLWRWXOVHWUDQVIRUP vQ
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– cum nota Baudrillard – este „evidHQ D VXUSOXVXOXL úL QHJDUHD GHILQLWLY D
UDULW LL´54 $SDUHQW HWDODUHD P UIXULORU HVWH GH]RUGRQDW 8Q DPDOJDP LQVROLW GH
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50
Cf. J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 252.
51
Vezi C. Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 131-139.
52
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 18.
53
Ibidem, p. 18.
54
Ibidem, p. 19.
55
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 21.
56
Op. cit., p. 21.
57
Op. cit., p. 19.
58
Op. cit., p. 21.
59
Op. cit, p. 20.
60
Op. cit.
120
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semne sau – mai bine zis – UHDOL]HD] XQ ÄPHWD – consum narcisiac”68, simulând
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O denigrare a realului69 prin transpunerea lui în coduri sau „mesajul consu-
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tip magic”71SURSULXSUHLVWRULHLXPDQHúLVSHFLILFJkQGLULLSULPLWLYHFDUHSODVHD]
vQ DEVROXW FRQ LQXWXO FD VHPQ úL JHQHUDOL]HD] IXQF LD ÄRELHFWHORU VHPQH´72. Un
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PDV ´FkWúLSULQFHHDFH%DXGULOODUGQXPHúWHÄVXUkVXOLQVWLWX LRQDO´73. Acesta din
XUP YL]HD] FDOLW LOHGHH[FHS LHSHFDUHWUHEXLHV OHDLE YkQ] WRUXOODDFHOÄMRF
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spre a-O GHWHUPLQD V FXPSHUH úL SHQWUX D-O IDFH V FUHDG F R DWDUH GHFL]LH vL
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61
Op. cit.
62
Op. cit., p. 174.
63
Op. cit., p. 21.
64
Op. cit., p. 129.
65
Op. cit., p. 137; vezi, de asemenea, p. 252 - 253.
66
Op. cit, p. 123, 137, 138.
67
Op. cit., p. 129.
68
([SUHVLDDSDU LQHOXL-%DXGULOODUGop. cit.
69
Op. cit., p. 32.
70
Op. cit. p. 188.
71
Op. cit. p. 30.
72
Op. cit., p. 277.
73
Op. cit., p. 255 - 256.
121
„sociabilitate”74)LLQGXQLQWHUPHGLDUvQWUHSURGXF WRUúLFRQVXPDWRUHOWUHEXLHV
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V OHYkQG )DUPHFXOSHUVRQDOúLFXUWRD]LDDELO OLPEDMXODJUHDELOúLFDSDFLWDWHDGH
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ILHF UXL FXPS U WRU LQGLYLGXDO úL GHSLQGH GH H[SHULHQ D OXL DQWHULRDU PRWLY
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SUHIHULQ HOH FOLHQWXOXL úL vQFHDUF V -L vQ HOHDJ JXVWXULOH 2EVHGDW GH D YLQGH
DYDQWDMRV úL SUHRFXSDW GH D DWUDJH XQ FkW PDL QXPHURV SXEOLF HO XUP UHúWH V
RE LQ XQSXQFWGHUHIHULQ VDXP FDURÄLSRWH] ´GDF VHSRDWHVSXQHDúDDVXSUD
YDORULLGHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDFXPS U WRUXOXLX]kQGGHFHHDFH%DXGULOODUGQXPHúWH–
„mistica solicitudinii”77úLGHÄSDWRVXOVXUkVXOXL´78)RUPDWSHÄSLD DSHUVRQDOLW LL´
– cum spune Wright Mills – úL LQVWUXLW OD úFRDOD ÄDUWHL VHUYLFLXOXL DJUHDELO´79,
YkQ] WRUXO HVWH VXSXV WXWXURU WDORDQHORU GH RUGLQ SVLKRORJLF vQ PDWHULH GH
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presiune”80 –GXS H[SUHVLDSHUVXDVLXQLLGLVLPXODWHúLOLVHFHUHWDOHQWXOÄSURGXFHULL
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ei are o cu toWXODOW VHPQLILFD LHVRFLRORJLF
Cuprins în mecanismul violent al persuasiunii supus unei „presiuni” psiholo-
JLFHGHSURYRFDUHúLHXIRULHFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXPS U WRUXOQXPDLHVWHFRQúWLHQWGH
DXWHQWLFLWDWHDSURSULLORUWUHEXLQ HSDUWLFXODUHúLQXPDLDUHreprezentarea sa asupra
RELHFWHORU QHFHVDUH XQHL DQXPH XWLOL] UL SHQWUX VLQH 'LPSRWULY VXE HIHFWXO
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consume nu ceea ce i-DUILOXLXWLOúLGH]LUDELOúLQLFLFHHDFHDUFRUHVSXQGHFHOPDL
74
Op. cit., p. 258.
75
C. Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 192.
76
Op. cit., p. 194.
77
Op. cit., p. 252.
78
Op. cit, p. 255
79
C. Wright Mills, op. cit, p. 195.
80
Ibidem, p. 173-175.
81
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 258.
82
Conform lui H. Marcuse, L’Homme unidimensionnel, Paris, Les Editions de
Minuits, 1968, p. 37.
122
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83
Ibidem, p. 37
84
Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 53.
85
Expresia DSDU LQH OXL (GJDU 0RULQ /¶(VSULW GX WHPSV 1HYURVH 3DULV %HUQDUG
Grassad, 1962, p. 166.
86
Edgar Morin, op. cit., p. 60.
87
Ibidem, p. 229.
88
Ibidem.
89
Cf. Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 53.
90
([SUHVLDDSDU LQHOXL(G0RULQop. cit., p. 224.
91
Op. cit., p. 60.
123
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92
G. K. Galbrath, op.cit, p.205, p.213
93
Op. cit., p. 213.
94
J.K.Galbraith, L'Ère de l'opulence, Paris Ed. Calmann-Lévy, 1961, p. 133.
95
J. K. Galbraith, op. cit, p. 205.
96
Op.cit, p. 147.
124
THE POWER OF AUTHENTIC DIALOGUE
GEORGE KOHLRIESER
ABSTRACT
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We’ve all had superficial conversations about the weather or the canapés at a
party, but what is the difference between a dialogue and a conversation?
By definition, a dialogue is never superficial - it is always a shared inquiry in
which the participants seek greater understanding of each other and the truth. The
ability to engage in dialogue is a key skill required by leaders for building and
maintaining relationships. Leaders who neglect this ability do so only at great risk
to the health of their organizations.
I first discovered the power of dialogue as a young psychologist working for
the Police Department in Dayton, Ohio. On one assignment, I accompanied the
police to the hospital to deal with an agitated man who had been brought to the
hospital with a stab wound inflicted by his girlfriend. While I talked with this man,
he suddenly grabbed a large pair of scissors and took a nurse and me hostage,
saying he would kill both of us.
For two hours we pursued a dialogue focused on him, his life-threatening
injuries, and the care required to keep him alive. “Do you want to live,” I asked
him, “or do you want to die?”
“I don’t care,” was his answer. I then asked, “What about your children
losing their father?” He visibly changed and began to talk about his children rather
than about his anger at his girlfriend and the police. In the end, he agreed to put the
scissors down voluntarily and allowed the nurse and surgical team to treat him.
And with tears in his eyes he thanked me for reminding him how much he loved
his kids. In those moments I discovered the power of bonding and dialogue in even
the most dangerous situations.
125
1. Seeking a greater truth
2. The truth, the hole truth and nothing but the truth
In reality, no one person has “the truth,” but when people believe they
already know everything, they derive no benefit from dialogue. One can have only
a perception, an interpretation, or a subjective part of the truth. To move beyond
subjectivity, leaders must have the skills to engage in dialogue, to decide, and to
act, all the while bearing in mind that one needs to know when to limit dialogue.
The ultimate question is whether all viewpoints, especially opposing or minority
opinions, have been heard.
126
Many people have no idea how to express themselves in a dialogue, and
someone unable to build a positive bond may speak with words that carry fear,
anger, or sadness. How can you tell when someone is doing this? It shows up, quite
simply, in behavior and words, and comes out as coercion, aggression, anxiety, low
energy, and detachment. People unable to build a positive bond are argumentative;
they interrupt without listening, defend, and think ahead, and the end result is that
dialogue is blocked. For others, talking becomes a habit, a ritual rather than a
personal exchange. When we are actually aware and thinking while talking,
something different happens beyond just reporting a memory or repeating
memories to fill in silence. Thinking is about seeing something new, and seeing the
potential or the possibilities.
Dialogue is an exchange in which people discover something new.
3. Blocks to dialogue
We have all met people who, when asked for the time, tell us how to make a
watch; or when asked for direct feedback, give us generalized platitudes; or when
presented with a problem, dismiss it as not important. These are all blocks to dialogue.
Blocks are ways to stop the discussion and thereby rupture the bonding
process inherent in real communication. All too often, however, we are not aware
of blocks that can interfere with dialogue. Whether voicing a statement or a
question, the responder needs to link directly to what preceded. That way, it is
possible to follow (or trace back) the exchange sentence by sentence to the point at
which any block intrudes.
One of my favorite expressions when people do not answer a question
directly is to say gently, “That’s a great answer, but to a different question.” Most
times, the other person does not even remember the question.
My research shows that in organizations, about 70 percent of communication is
filled with blocks to dialogue. This reflects a major problem in communication and
indicates why many meetings take so long without adding any value. In dialogue,
bonding is strong. When dialogue is blocked, bonding is limited or broken.
Dialogue can stumble by running into any of four primary blocks: passivity,
discounting, redefining, and overdetailing.
3.1. Passivity
3.3. Redefining
3.4. Overdetailing
Simply put, the speaker gives too many details, overwhelming others with so much
information that the important point is lost or hidden. For example, someone asks where
the hospital is, and the answer is a detailed explanation of the history of the city.
Overdetailing is common in business, where many leaders give presentations
that have far too many slides and far too much detail for any person to reasonably
assimilate. When asked why they make things so complicated, they respond that
that is just the way things are. The speaker and the listener both have a
responsibility for helping each other know the important points in the transaction.
Dialogues can also run into six secondary blocks, which may or may not
occur in conjunction with one of the primary blocks just described. These include
being too rational, being too emotional, overgeneralizing, theoretical abstraction,
lack of directness, and lack of honesty.
Blocks to dialogue are significant on two levels. First, they break the flow in
content or subject matter. Second, they rupture the fundamental emotional bonding
needed in dialogue. The basic reason people block dialogue is to keep themselves
or others at a distance through a disrupted or limited bond. People who block
128
dialogue often have trouble making attachments, staying engaged, and maintaining
bonding in the relationship. Blocking dialogue is usually a habit, sometimes
learned in the family. It is perfectly possible, however, to rewire the brain and learn
to speak effectively, directly, and without blocks.
By recognizing when people are using blocks to dialogue, leaders can reduce
meeting times dramatically and, even more important, bring enjoyment back to
meetings.
How many meetings do you attend that are filled with blocks to dialogue?
Consider how these meetings would look if effective dialogue replaced all the blocks.
To help remove blocks to dialogue, here are four tools
you can use:
• The red card exercise. I often recommend that organizations or families
introduce “block to dialogue” red cards, an idea borrowed from soccer match
referees. During a meeting or discussion, anyone who uses a block to dialogue gets
a red card from the others. This technique helps people learn to be conscious of
language and to engage fully in dialogue, assuming, of course, that people want to
make it easier for others to listen to them.
• Banning the “Yes, but—.” One of the most common phrases heard in
business conversation is “Yes, but.” Someone offers an opinion on a topic and a
colleague interjects with the opening words, “Yes, but.” Next time you are at work,
count how many times you hear “Yes, but” in any given day. This is actually a
classic case of discounting—one of the four primary blocks to dialogue. It does not
mean yes at all. Instead, it is a way to disagree and move away from the previous
comment and state a different personal view. It is, in fact, a nice way to say no. It is
the classic means of ensuring that people talk in monologues and not in dialogue.
Far more effective is to say “Yes, and” or just “And.” This response requires the
person to build on the previous point rather than destroy it. Banning the use of
“Yes, but” in your organization or your family is a simple yet powerful tool.
Sometimes it is helpful to be quite explicit: “Here is what I agree with and what I
disagree with.” “Yes, but” reflects a person using the mind’s eye for a negative
focus and acting as a destroyer. The opposite, “Yes, and,” uses the mind’s eye for a
positive focus and to be a builder.
• The “Yes, but” exercise. In many of my courses, we work with people on
the “Yes, but” exercise to demonstrate the blocking effect of these words. There
are two parts to the exercise. First, invite three people to the front of the room and
tell them they have been given the opportunity to throw a party. Their task is to
decide what kind of party it is going to be and they have ninety seconds to do it.
The only rule is that each person must start speaking with the words “Yes, but.”
What happens is that each person has lots of ideas. However, they do not reach any
sense of agreement because they are constantly disagreeing with each other and
offering a different approach to the solution. Second, ask the same people to repeat
the task, only this time they must start each sentence with the words “Yes, and.”
129
The outcome of this discussion is not only that the participants come up with a
result and a solution, but the energy and bonding between the people is greatly
enhanced. This simple exercise is a powerful demonstration of how our language
can either block our creativity and bonding or enhance them.
• The four-sentence rule. The truth is that less is more when it comes to
dialogue. Making it easy for people to listen to and understand what you are saying is
vital. Therefore, introduce the four-sentence rule into your discussions, team
meetings, or large group meetings. Each person speaks in four sentences or less
(except, of course, when someone is making a presentation). Keeping to four
sentences encourages people to think clearly about what they want to say before they
speak, thereby enhancing understanding and dialogue. This rule does not mean you
speak only four sentences on all occasions; rather, it means you have the ability to
engage in clear and focused interpersonal exchanges. I have seen extraordinary
results with this rule—teams’ reducing meeting time by 50 to 70 percent.
Take the time soon to have true dialogue with those around you. Set aside time
when you can fully engage with someone else to reach a deeper understanding and
learn something new. Choose a setting where you can really listen. It often seems as
if listening is becoming a lost art in today’s hectic world. The art of leadership hinges
on knowing when to speak, when to be silent, and when to listen. All are part of the
essential ability to engage in dialogue. In essence, no dialogue can take place without
the accompanying willingness to at times be silent and listen.
Good listeners repeat the message in their own words to ensure that it has
been accurately received. The best cure for leaders who lack good listening skills is
to get them to agree that they will ask a clarifying question before speaking. This
might be to paraphrase what was just said: “Can I just check? Are you saying x, y,
or z?” By giving feedback and understanding through listening, we can reflect,
understand, and respond in a truly authentic way and demonstrate our engagement
in the process of dialogue.
5. True leadership
True leadership means dealing with conflict effectively. Dialogue can help
resolve everyday issues large and small in the business world. Dialogue creates an
atmosphere in which mutual needs are recognized, common interests are understood,
and solutions to conflicts are discovered. Everyone, leaders included, must express
what they need, want, feel, and think, and also listen to what the others need, want,
feel, and think. By learning to recognize and change blocks to dialogue, we can move
our conversations into productive, efficient, and respectful dialogues.*
*
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ÎN VIZIUNEA LUI JULIUS EVOLA
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YHFKLID GHLPDJLQHDRELúQXLW GHD]L
'HVLJXU úL DOWH OXFUXUL VXQW GLIHULWH (YROD QX XLW V DPLQWHDVF GH SLOG
LQWHUGLF LDFDUHVHH[HUFLWDvQ]RQDSXEOLFLW LL
Ä/L VH YD S UHD FLXGDW FRQWHPSRUDQLORU QRúWUL F SULQWUH DFHVWH SULQFLSLL D
IXQF LRQDW SkQ OD XQ DQXPLW PRPHQW FRQGDPQDUHD D WRW FHHD FH FRUHVSXQGH
SXEOLFLW LLPRGHUQHFXvQúHO WRULLOHVDOHGHRDUHFHHUDFRQVLGHUDWXQPijloc incorect
de a-L GRERUv SH FRQFXUHQ L FDUH WUHEXLDX vQV V ILH FRPE WX L SULQ DWUDJHUHD vQ
PRGFLQVWLWDFXPS U WRUXOXLSULQSURGXVHGHFHDPDLEXQ FDOLWDWH´5.
Într-DGHY USXEOLFLWDWHDPRGHUQ FXFRUWHJLXOV XGHvQúHO WRULLHUDLQWHU]LV
în vecKLPH ÌQF GH OD 3ODWRQ úWLP F UHFODPD QX DYHD YRLH V VH PDQLIHVWH
]JRPRWRV OD SLD QHJXVWRULL QX DYHDX YRLH V VFKLPEH SUH XO XQXL SURGXV vQ
DFHHDúL ]L DGLF QX SXWHDX VSHFXOD FHUHUHD PDUH SHQWUX XQ SURGXV vQFHUFkQG V
ULGLFH SUH XO úL QLFL QX SXWHDX V VWULJH vQ JXUD PDUH FDOLW LOH P UILL DFHDVWD
WUHEXLDV YRUEHDVF GHODVLQHV VHDXWRSUH]LQWH–LDW SULQFLSLXOIXQGDPHQWDOFDUH
LQWHU]LFHDUHFODPDvQWLPSFHD]LúWLPELQHFKHOWXLHOLOHFXUHFODPDODRULFHSURGXV
sunt enorme, de cele mai multH RUL UHFODPD QHDYkQG DFRSHULUH vQ FDOLW LOH
produsului)6.
5
Nota 2, p. 204.
6
3ODWRQ FDUH VW UXLH PXOW vQ Legile DVXSUD DFWHORU HFRQRPLFH YLWXSHUHD] GLQ
SULQFLSLXRULFHvQúHO WRULHFDUHVHIDFHvQPRPHQWXOYkQ] ULL-FXPS U ULLLDUSULQWUHDFHVWH
vQúHO WRULLVXQWúLSURFHGHHOHGHO XGDUHH[FHVLY DP UILLXQIHOGHVWU PRúDOUHclamei de
D]L³7UHEXLHV SXQHPSHDFHHDúLOLQLHIDOVLILFDUHDP UIXULORUúLPLQFLXQDúLIUDXGDvQV
FHL PDL PXO L VXQW GH S UHUHD Y W P WRDUH F vQ QHJXVWRULH VXQW PLQFLXQL vQJ GXLWH úL F
vQúHO FLXQHDFkQGHI FXW FXURVWXOHLWUHEXLHV ILHWUHFXW FXYHGHUHDGHF WUHOHJH«
&LQH YLQGH FHYD SH SLD V QX-L SXQ GRX SUH XUL P UILL VDOH FL GDF QX J VHúWH
FXPS U WRUSHQWUXSUH XOIL[DWV RLDúLV-RH[SXQ DGRXDRDU vQV vQDFHHDúL]LV QX-i
ULGLFHQLFLV QX-LFRERDUHSUH XO6 QX-úLODXGHPDUIDQLFLV QXVHMXUH (subl. ns., C. P.)”
(Legile, XI, 3).
134
(YRODDPLQWHúWHvQWUHDF WF RDWDUHVLWXD LHHFRQRPLF vQFDUHQXFRQWDX
SURSULHWDWHD DVXSUD PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH úL QLFL D FDSLWDOXOXL O VDW vQ VHDPD
HYUHLORUF P WDULGDUQHVHPQLILFDWLYvQvQWUHJXOVLVWHPXOXLVHYDILVFKLPEDWGXS
UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO GXS VXUYHQLUHD FHOHL GH-D WUHLD VW UL úL GXS ÄDFDSDUDUHD GH
F WUHHYUHLDHFRQRPLHL´3RDWHF vQVLDMXOWHRULLORUOXL:HUQHU6RPEDUWDUILPDL
FRUHFW V YRUELP GHVSUH VFKLPEDUHD de sens a economiei moderne, care pare a
F S WD WU V WXULOH YHFKLL HFRQRPLL F P W UHúWL UHSUH]HQWDWH GH QHJXVWRULL HYUHL
'HVLJXUHRGLVFX LHI U VIkUúLWvQFHP VXU HYUHLLDXÄVWULFDW´YHFKLOHvQWRFPHOL
HFRQRPLFHPHGLHYDOH6RPEDUWDGPLWHF HFRQRPLDPRGHUQ HVWHFDVWLOGHWLSDU
LXGDLF I U D H[DJHUD FX FULWLFD vQ DFHVW SXQFW7 VDX SXU úL VLPSOX HYROX LD LPSH-
QHWUDELO DHFRQRPLHLPRGHUQHDUILXUPDWDFHODúLFXUVúLI U DSRUWXOHOHPHQWXOXL
evreiesc.
Regimul fascist italian a încercat reorganizarea HFRQRPLHL úL VWDWXOXL GXS
PRGHO FRUSRUDWLVW GDU (YROD FUHGH F SURFHVXO QX D IRVW GHVWXO GH ELQH JkQGLW
GHRDUHFHÄXQLWDWHDPXQFLLQXDIRVWUHFRQVWLWXLW vQORFXOvQFDUHDIRVWGLVWUXV GH
vQúHO WRULLOH FDSLWDOLVWH SH GH-R SDUWH úL GH PDU[LVP SH GH DOW SDUWH DGLF în
LQWHULRUXOILHF UHLvQWUHSULQGHULVDXFRPSOH[GHvQWUHSULQGHUL, ci în exteriorul lor, în
cadrul unui sistem birocratic-statal, cu organe care adesea se reduceau la simple
suprastructuri greoaie”8.
În schimb, crede autorul italian, în ca]XO QD LRQDO-socialismului german,
OHJLVOD LD PXQFLL D IRVW PXOW PDL ELQH DGHFYDW VFRSXOXL UHQDúWHULL VSLULWXOXL
FRUSRUDWLVW 6SLULWXO FRUSRUDWLVPXOXL WUDGL LRQDO D IRVW RJOLQGLW ÄvQWU-o oarecare
P VXU ´ GH DFHDVW OHJLVOD LH D PXQFLL $ VH REVHUYD F GHúL FUHGH F QD LRQDO-
socialismul s-a apropiat mai mult de ideal-tipul corporatismului vechi, nici el nu a
UHXúLWV UHIDF SHGH-a-ntregul acel spirit.
$VWIHO úHILL vQWUHSULQGHULORU JHUPDQH Betriebsführer vúL DVXPDX GHVFKLV R
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH VSHFLDO GH DGHY UD L FRQGXF WRUL LDU UHVWXO PXQFLWRULORU IRUPDX
„suita” (GefolgschaftSULPLORUvQWUHHLH[LVWkQGRVROLGDULWDWHJDUDQWDW úLSURWHMDW
GH GLIHULWH P VXUL9 3ULQWUH P VXULOH OXDWH VH QXP U vQ VSHFLDO GLPLQXDUHD
DSHWLWXOXL SHQWUX XUP ULUHD LQWHUHVXOXL LQGLYLGXDO PXQFLWRUXOXL FD úL úHIXOXL L VH
7
&DUWHDVDFODVLF vQDFHVWSXQFWHVWH(YUHLLúLYLD DHFRQRPLF QHWUDGXV vQF vQ
OLPEDURPkQ 7ULPLWHPODHGL LDIUDQFH] DOXFU ULLLes juifs et la vie économique, Payot,
Paris, 1923.
8
Evola, op. cit., p. 205.
9
5 PkQH R vQWUHEDUH-FKHLH vQ DFHDVW GLVFX LH GHVSUH UHQDúWHUHD FRUSRUDWLVPXOXL
PHGLHYDO vQ IRUPHOH VDOH PRGHUQH IDVFLVWH VDX QD LRQDO-VRFLDOLVWH vQ FH P VXU DFHVWH
UHJOHPHQW UL H[WHULRDUH DOH VROLGDULW LL GLQWUH úHIL úL PXQFLWRUL SRW UHGD R VWDUH QDWXUDO D
VROLGDULW LLGHWLSPHGLHYDOLPSUHJQDW GHVSLULWUHOLJLRV"& FLHFODUF VSUHGHRVHELUHGH
FRUSRUD LLOH PHGLHYDOH RUJDQL]DWH vQ SUR[LPLWDWHD %LVHULFLL úL FX XQ VXEVWDQ LDO DSRUW
UHOLJLRVFRUSRUD LLOHPRGHUQHau fost infuzate de spirit etatist (politic sau chiar ideologic) –
FkQG(YRODFUHGHF SROLWLFXOWUHEXLHV ÄSXQ ODSXQFW´HFRQRPLDUHGXFkQG-o la statutul
V XLQIHULRUID GHDFHVWDHOXLW F SROLWLFDvQV úLHVWHvQOXPHDPRGHUQ RDFWLYLWDWHFX
carDFWHU FXPYD HFRQRPLF vQ FDUH SURILWXO HVWH DúH]DW GHDVXSUD SULQFLSLLORU 'HVLJXU YD
WUHEXL V UHYHQLP DVXSUD DFHVWXL SXQFW SHQWUX F HO FRQVWLWXLH XQ IHO GH SLDWU GH WHPHOLH
SHQWUXMXVWLILFDUHDVDXQXDXQHLUHQDúWHULDRULF UHLÄUHQDúWHUL´SRVLELOH într-o societate.)
Acest spirit voluntarist-HWDWLVW QX DUH OHJ WXU FX SULQFLSLLOH PDUL FDUH JXYHUQDX FRUSRUD-
tismul vechi, amintite înainte.
135
FHUHD V ILH VROLGDU FX VLWXD LD vQWUHSULQGHULL FX FRQWH[WXO vQWUHJLL HFRQRPLL
QD LRQDOHEDFKLDUFXFRQWH[WXOHFRQRPLFJOREDO$FHDVW UHRULHQWDUHDLQWHUHVXOXL
LQGLYLGXDO VSUH FRQWH[WXO JHQHUDO úL VXSXQHUHD FH UH]XOW GH DLFL D SULPXOXL OD
SRVLELOLW LOHFRQWH[WXOXLJHQHUDOUHSUH]LQW vQWU-DGHY URUHRULHQWDUHIXQGDPHQWDO
GHVHQVID GHVSLULWXOH[FHVLYXWLOLWDULVWDOHFRQRPLHLPRGHUQH10.
În concluzie, spune Evola, este nevoie, jos, la nivelul muncitorului de rând,
de o deproletarizareDDFHVWXLDvQ HOHJkQGDLFLHOLPLQDUHDU G FLQLLFRQIOLFWXDOLVWH
GLQ FRQúWLLQ D VD SURGXFWLY úL OD QLYHOXO HOLWHL HFRQRPLFH D FDSLWDOLVWXOXL GH
GHQXQ DUHDWLSXOXLFDSLWDOLVWXOXL-UHQWLHUVSHFXODQWVDXSXUúLVLPSOXQHS V WRUFHO
FDUHQXPDLúWLHGHXQGHYLQGLYLGHQGHOHHOILLQGSUHDRFXSDWFXRYLD PRQGHQ
„obositoare”).
ÌQDIDU GHUHYHQLUHDODWLSXOFDSLWDOLVWXOXL-DQWUHSUHQRUVW SkQDOPLMORDFHORU
WHKQLFHúLSURGXFWLYHúLSOLQGHLQL LDWLY UHVSHFWDWGHPXQFLWRULúLDQJDMDWGHSOLQvQ
vQWUHSULQGHUHDVD(YRODFUHGHF HQHYRLHGHRUHGHVFRSHULUHDIXQF LHLSROLWLFHD
acestui capitalist sui-JHQHULV3ULQDFHDVWDHOUHYLQHODWHPDPDMRU DUHOD LHLGLQWUH
HFRQRPLH úL VWDW ÌQV vQDLQWH GH D FRQWLQXD SH ILUXO XQHL DVWIHO GH UHOD LL HO IDFH
FkWHYD REVHUYD LL GHVSUH VFKLPEDUHD FRQGL LLORU SXU PDWHULDOH DOH PXQFLL GH GXS
UHYROX LDLQGXVWULDO
'LILFXOW LOH SH FDUH OH ULGLF PHFDQL]DUHD GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH D PXQFLL
unei reveniri la spiritul corporatismului medieval sunt extrem de mari: „În varian-
WHOH XQHL PXQFL HVHQ LDO PHFDQLFH HVWH IRDUWH JUHX V VH S VWUH]H FDUDFWHUXO GH
©DUW ª úL GH ©YRFD LHª úL SRVLELOLWDWHD FD UH]XOWDWXO DFHVWHL PXQFL V SRDUWH DP-
SUHQWDSHUVRQDOLW LL´'HDLFLúLSHULFROXOSHQWUXPXQcitorul modern de a considera
PXQFD GUHSW R VLPSO QHFHVLWDWH11 úL SUHVWD LD VD GUHSW YkQ]DUHD P UIXULORU XQRU
VWU LQLvQVFKLPEXOXQHLVXPHPDULGLVS UkQGDVWIHOUDSRUWXULOHYLLúLSHUVRQDOHFDUH
DXH[LVWDWvQWUHúHILúLPHúWHUL12vQYHFKLOHFRUSRUD LLFKLDUúLvQFDGUXOPXOWRUFRP-
plexe corporative de la începutul perioadei capitaliste.
10
$VW ]LVHXUP UHúWHSURILWXOLQGLYLGXDOVDXDOvQWUHSULQGHULLFXRULFHULVFFXULVFXO
distrugerii altor întrepULQGHUL YHFLQH VDX GLQ UL DSURSLDWH FX ULVFXO GLVWUXJHULL HFR-
VLVWHPHORUSODQHWDUHFXULVFXOFKLDUDOSLHUGHULLGHYLH LRPHQHúWL1XSX LQHVXQWFD]XULOH
pentru a nu lua decât un exemplu, dintre cele mai flagrante, în care companiile aeriene, în
numeOH FkúWLJXOXL PDWHULDO VDFULILF OD OLPLWH JUHX GH LPDJLQDW VLJXUDQ D F O WRULORU ,DU
acesta este un caz-OLPLW vQWU-XQGRPHQLXFDUHRULFXPHVWHH[WUHPGHGUDVWLFFXP VXULOHGH
VLJXUDQ ÌQVFKLPEFHOHFHVHvQWkPSO vQLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDU VXQWDGHVHDOXFUXULúLPDL
WHULILDQWH GDU DSDUHQW PDL SX LQ JUDYH F FL HIHFWHOH ORU VH DúD] PDL JUHX vQ FRQúWLLQ D
RDPHQLORUúLQXúRFKHD] ODIHOGHPXOWFDDFFLGHQWHOHDYLDWLFH
11
6DXGLPSRWULY RFRUYRDG GHYUHPHFHPXQFDQXPDLHVWHVLP LW FDYRFD LHFD
R FKHPDUH H[WHULRDU LPSHULRDV FD XQ vQGHPQ GLYLQ OD UHDOL]DUHD XWLOXOXL úL IUXPRVXOXL
(n. ns., C. P.).
12
7HUPLQRORJLD HVWH RDUHFXP LPSURSULH XUPDUH SRDWH úL D WUDGXFHULL ùHILL HUDX
PHúWHULLLDUPXQFLWRULLHUDXFDOIHVDXXFHQLFL'LQFRQWH[WUH]XOW WRWXúLLGHHDUDSRUWXULOH
vQWUHFHLFDUHH[HFXWDXúLFHLFDUHGH LQHDXVHFUHWHOHIDEULFD LHL'HVLJXUúLúHILLPHúWHULL
PXQFHDXFRWODFRWFXXFHQLFLLGRDUF SULPLLHUDXÄFDOLILFD L´vQWLPSFHFHLODO LHUDXvQ
FXUVGHFDOLILFDUHQXQHDS UDWÄQHFDOLILFD L´FXPVHVSXQHDVW ]L
136
&DUHHVWHVROX LDODDFHDVW FRQVWUkQJHUHGHWLSPHFDQLF-RELHFWLY"5 VSXQVXO
OXL(YRODQXHVWHIRDUWHOLPSHGH(OFHUHDSDUL LDXQXLQRXWLSXPDQVLQWDJP FDUH
SRDWHS UHDVXUSULQ] WRDUHSHQWUXQRLFHLFDUHDPDX]LWGHDWkWHDRULGHVSUHDSDUL LD
unui „om nou” sub regimul ateu comunist13 D F UXL SULQFLSDO WU V WXU PRUDO
HVWH XQ VSLULW GH VDFULILFLX LQHJDODELO úL R FDSDFLWDWH GH D UH]LVWD LQWHPSHULLORU
istoriei de asemeQHDI U HJDO(VWHWLSXOOXSW WRUXOXLWUDQVIHUDWvQHFRQRPLHXQWLS
FDUHVHODV SHVLQHvQWU-un anonimat total, sacrificându-se prin impersonalizare în
QXPHOH FDX]HL FRPXQH Ä$U WUHEXL FD DQRQLPDWXO úL GH]LQWHUHVXO WLSLFH SHQWUX
YHFKLXOFRUSRUDWLVPV UHDSDU vQWU-RIRUP LQHGLW IRDUWHFRQFHQWUDW úLOXFLG vQ
FDGUXOOXPLLWHKQLFLLúLHFRQRPLHL´14.
ÌQWUHEDUHD HVWH GH XQGH V YLQ LPSXOVXO DFHVWHLDSDUL LL"&DUHV ILHIRU HOH
FDUHV RGHWHUPLQH"6 ILHOXPHDWHKQLFLLúLDPDúLQLORUÄPRQVWUXRDVH´FDSDELO V
ÄVPXOJ ´ QDWXULL XQ DVWIHO GH WLS XPDQ" 3HQWUX F HVWH GHVWXO GH HYLGHQW F GRDU
RPXO FD ÄDQLPDO SROLWLF´ GHFL FD OHJLXLWRU úL FkUPXLWRU SROLWLF VDX FD RP DO
IDPLOLHLFDHGXFDWRUEDFKLDUFDRPUHOLJLRVúLGRDUUHOLJLRVFDúLFUHGLQFLRVOLSVLt
GH SUHRFXSDUH HFRQRPLF QX SRDWH V GHWHUPLQH R DVWIHO GH PRGLILFDUH DQWURSR-
ORJLF 2PXO UHOLJLRV VLQJXU RPXO SROLWLF VLQJXU RPXO IDPLOLDO VLQJXU QX SRW
DF LRQDDVXSUDGHPRQLHLHFRQRPLHLúLWHKQLFLLSHQWUXDvPSOLQLXQSURILOFDFHODO
vechiului bresODú ( QHYRLH GH DFFHSWDUHD SURYRF ULL PDúLQLVPXOXL PRGHUQ FUHGH
(YROD SHQWUX D UHXúL )LORVRIXO LWDOLDQ FUHGH F WLSXO OXSW WRUXOXL HVWH FHO FDUH VH
DVFXQGH vQ VSDWHOH FDUDFWHUXOXL YHFKLORU EUHVODúL 3 UHUHD QRDVWU QX FRLQFLGH DLFL
întrutotul cu cea a OXL(YRODvQVHQVXOF QRLQXFUHGHPF DUILVXILFLHQWDFHVWWLSDU
GH OXSW WRU FX FDUDFWHU DUKDLF-DULVWRFUDWLF SHQWUX D DMXQJH OD EUHVODúXO FUHGLQFLRV
QRLFUHGHPGLPSRWULY F vQEUHVODúGRPLQDQWDIRVWVSLULWXOFUHúWLQDOVDFULILFLXOXL
adresat lui DuPQH]HX úL QX XQRU YDORUL DULVWRFUDWLFH DQWHULRDUH FUHúWLQLVPXOXL
Folosim aici termenul de arhaic-DULVWRFUDWLF vQ VHQVXO OXPLL 7UDGL LHL GH FDUH
YRUEHúWHDGHVHD(YROD15ROXPHDQWHULRDU FDWLPSúLVSLULWFUHúWLQLVPXOXL2OXPH
D XQHL H[SHULHQ H VSLULWXDOH FH LQFOXGH FUHúWLQLVPXO GDU QX VH UHGXFH OD HO FL
GLPSRWULY vOGHS úHúWHvQWU-RRDUHFDUHP VXU SULQYHFKLPHúLLPSOLFLWJUDQGRD-
UH6XQWHPGHS UHUHF GLPSRWULY H[SHULHQ DFUHúWLQ DIRVWFHDFDUHDGHWHUPLQDW
WXúDVSHFLILF DFRUSRUDWLVPXOXL iar caracterul impersonalizant al acestuia vine nu
GLQDQWHULRULWDWHDDULVWRFUDWLF DOXPLLSUHFUHúWLQHFLGLQVPHUHQLDFUHúWLQ DGXV vQ
plan economic. Cu alte cuvinte, noi credem într-XQÄFUHúWLQLVP´avant la lettre în
FDGUXOFRUSRUD LLORUDQWLFHúLvQ cadrul tuturor formelor economice antice ce nu-úL
SURSXQHDXFkúWLJXULOHPDWHULDOHLPHGLDWHvQIRUPHOHFDSLWDOLVPXOXLPRGHUQ16, spre
13
6 QXXLW PF úLFUHúWLQLVPXOGHVFRSHU XQWLSGHRPQRXGXS YHQLUHD0kQWXLWR-
UXOXL'DUDFHVWDHVWHFXDGHY UDWXQRPQRXI U OHJ WXU FXWULEXOD LLOHSROLWLFHúLLGHROR-
gice, ci flancat doar de dragostea de Dumne]HXúLGHDSURDSHOH
14
J. Evola, op. cit., p. 207.
15
A se vedea Julius Evola, Revolta contra lumii PRGHUQH(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWL
IDPDLFXVHDP FDS– Regalitatea.
16
3UREOHPD FDUDFWHUXOXL FUHúWLQ DO EUHVOHORU SUHFUHúWLQH HVWH GHVLJXU OD OLmita unei
LSRWH]HIRDUWHJUHXGHYHULILFDW1XWUHEXLHV SLHUGHPGLQYHGHUHIDSWXOF ODIHOGHELQHVH
SRDWHVXV LQHXQFDUDFWHUÄS JkQ´VDXSUHFUHúWLQvQFD]XOEUHVOHORUGLQSHULRDGDPHGLHYDO
vQFDUHFUHúWLQLVPXOHUDGRPLQDQW'DF RULFHEUHDVO HVWHRRUJDQL]D LHFDUHvPELQ DVWIHO
137
GHRVHELUHGH(YRODFDUHYHGHvQFUHúWLQLVPXOFRUSRUDWLVWRUDPXU GHFRQWLQXLWDWH
FXDULVWRFUDWLVPXOúLGHS úLUHDGHVLQHGin specia eroismuluiSURSULLDQWLFKLW LL
5HYHQLQGODLGHLOHOXL(YRODV VSXQHPF HODGPLWHF ÄSUREDPDúLQLORUúL
SURFHVHORULQGXVWULDOHGH]YROWDWHSkQ ODGLPHQVLXQLPRQVWUXRDVHDUSXWHDILSHQWUX
RPXO GH UkQG PDL JUHX GH GHS úLW GHFkW H[SHULHQ HOH U ]ERLXOXL GHRDUHFH FKLDU
GDF vQFD]XOFHORUGLQXUP GLVWUXJHUHDIL]LF HVWHODWRWSDVXOWRWXúLXQDQVDPEOX
GH IDFWRUL PRUDOL úL HPRWLYL vL RIHU LQGLYLGXOXL XQ VSULMLQ FDUH vQ PDUH SDUWH HVWH
LQH[LVWHQWSHIURQWXOFHQXúLXúLPRQRWRQDOPXQFLLvQOXPHDPRGHUQ ´17.
0HULW V FRPHQW PDFHVWSDVDMGHRDUHFHDLFLFRH[LVW GRX LSRWH]HFRQWUDUH
GHVSUH HIHFWHOH SRVLELOH DOH PDúLQLVPXOXL DVXSUD PRUDOXOXL RPXOXL PRGHUQ
UHVSHFWLY GHVSUH HIHFWHOH U ]ERDLHORU YHFKL DULVWRFUDWLFH DVXSUD PRUDOXOXL
oamenilor din trecut. Evola împinge în prim-SODQFXGLVFUH LHLSRWH]DGXS FDUHH
SRVLELO FD PHGLXO GH]XPDQL]DQW DO PDúLQLVPXOXL V ILH R SURYRFDUH VXILFLHQW GH
PDUH SHQWUX RPXO DFWXDO SHQWUX FD DFHVWD V WUHDF JUDQL D vQ ]RQD XQXL HURLVP
mecanic-GHWHUPLQDW(FODUF U ]ERDLHOHYHFKLvQFDUHVXIHULQ DIL]LF HUDSUH]HQW
GH FDUDFWHUH SXWHP OD OLPLW VXV LQH F FHOH DQWHULRDUH FUHúWLQLVPXOXL DQWLFLSDX FXPYD
spiritul medieval-FUHúWLQ DúD FXP SXWHP UHJ VL HOHPHQWH SUHFUHúWLQH vQ FHOH PHGLHYDOH
canonic-FUHúWLQH3UREOHPDHVWHGHDUHJkQGLun traseu dominant al spiritului acestor organi-
]D LL 'LQ SXQFWXO QRVWUX GH YHGHUH DFHVW WUDVHX GRPLQDQW HVWH FHO FUHúWLQ ÌQWU-R VFXUW
WUHFHUHvQUHYLVW DLVWRULHLJKLOGHORUPHGLHYDOHJ VLPDFHVWHIUD]HUHOHYDQWHSHQWUXFHHDFH
am spus mai sus: „ReguODVSLULWXDO IXQGDPHQWDO DJKLOGHORUDIRVWvQWRWGHDXQDVROLGDULWD-
WHDGHJUXSúLIUDWHUQLWDWHDPDLDOHVvQDFFHS LXQHDVDFUHúWLQ GHFHQ-DPDGPLWHF DFHVW
FDUDFWHUFKLDUGDF vQDFHVWFRQWH[WVHUHIHU ODJKLOGHOHPHGLHYDOHHVWHXQXOPRúWHQLWGHla
cele antice? – Q QV & 3 $FHDVWD LPSXQHD ILHF UXL PHPEUX GDWRULD GH D-i asista pe
WRYDU úLL DIOD L vQ QHYRLH´ -DFTXHV /H *RII -HDQ-Claude Schmitt – coord., 'LF LRQDU
tematic al Evului Mediu occidental, Editura. Polirom, 2002, p. 298). Pe de alt SDUWH
DFHOHDúLJKLOGHVDXEUHVOHPHGLHYDOHLQFOXGHDXGHVWXOHHOHPHQWHSUHFUHúWLQHFXPDUILMXU -
PkQWXOGHFUHGLQ DOPHPEULORUDFHVWRUDJKLOGHOHHUDXDVRFLD LLÄMXUDWH´– conjurationes,
FXXQVSHFLILFDSDUWHSHFDUHDGHVHDDXWRULW LOHVWDWDOHúLHcleziastice îl considerau suspect)
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J. Evola, op. cit., p. 211.
20
V. Susan Strange, 5HWUDJHUHDVWDWXOXL'LIX]LXQHDSXWHULLvQHFRQRPLDPRQGLDO ,
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VHY GHúWHPXOWPDLPDUHOD(YROD'HVLJXUQXYUHPV IDFHPXQSURFHVGHFRQúWLLQ OXL
0DQRLOHVFX SHQWUX DúD-QXPLWXO V X totalitarism FDUH HVWH GHSOLQ DVXPDW úL MXVWLILFDW vQ
FDGUXOWHRULHLVDOH&RQVWDWDUHDQRDVWU QXDUHFDUDFWHULGHRORJLF3HQWUXWHRULDFRUSRUDWLY D
lui Manoilescu, a se vedea lucrarea acestuia Secolul corporatismului. Teoria corporatis-
PXOXL LQWHJUDO úL SXU (GLWXUD 1D LRQDOD-&LRUQHL 6 $ %XFXUHúWL SUHFXP úL VFXUWD
QRDVWU SUH]HQWDUHODYROXPXO&RUSRUDWLVPúLFDSLWDOLVP, Editura Beladi, Craiova, 2007.
142
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$FHVWHFRQVLGHUD LLDXOHJ WXU VWUkQV FXILORVRILDJHQHUDO DLVWRULHLODFDUH(YROD
LQHIRDUWHPXOW26'HDFHHDFLW PvQFRQWLQXDUHGLQOXFUDUH pentru a releva spiritul
autentic al autorului:
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nivelul imediat superior din cadrul unHLLHUDUKLLDFDOLW LLDGLF ODQLYHOHFRQRPLF-
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WRULORU $FXP HVWH HYLGHQW F RGDW FX S trunderea sistemului despre care am
vorbit27, în lumea economiei s-ar reflecta ethos-XOFODUYLULOúLSHUVRQDOL]DWSURSULX
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UXOXLª FL FD úL FDUDFWHU úL GLVSR]L LH JHQHUDO vn termeni analogi pe tipul
©U ]ERLQLFXOXLª$UFRQVWLWXLSULQFLSLXOXQHLUHGUHV UL´28.
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GHYLQ RVRFLHWDWHGHVXURULGHFDULWDWH&DYDOHULVPXOYLULOGHFDUHYRUEHúWH(YROD
QX WUHEXLH UHVSLQV 1RL FUHGHP vQV F LQFOXVLY FDvalerismul medieval a fost
LPSUHJQDWGHVSLULWFUHúWLQúLF FHOPDLYLULOGLQWUHFDYDOHULHVWHvQDFHODúLWLPSFHO
PDL VPHULW FUHúWLQ 'H DFHHD QH SURSXQHP V YHGHP vQ FRUSRUD LL RUJDQH DOH
UHIDFHULL PLOHL FUHúWLQH vQ DFHODúL WLPS FX UHSRWHQ DUHD HFRQRPLF SH ED]H SHUVR-
nalizate.
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F LQWHUHVXO PDMRU DO ILORVRIXOXL LWDOLDQ DWXQFL FkQG D I FXW DFHDVW SUH]HQWDUH D
25
Julias Evola, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH, p. 213.
26
Trimitem din nou la celebra Rivolta contro il mondo moderno, unde autorul
H[SXQHSHODUJDFHDVW FRQFHS LH
27
$GLF DFRUSRUDWLVPXOXL– n. ns., C. P.
28
J. Evola, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH, p. 213-214.
143
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HOLPLQDUHDVDXGLPLQXDUHDPDMRU DanomieiGLQFDGUXOVRFLHW LLDGLF XQLQWHUHV
V VSXQHPVRFLRORJLFDVXPDWGH('XUNKHLPvQFHOHEUDSUHID ODHGL LDDGRXDD
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GHFLUHSXQHUHDvQGLVFX LHDED]HORUVWUXFWXUDOHDOHVRFLHW LLHVWHGRULQ DH[SUHV D
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DFHVWHLQ ]XLQ H
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FRQGXFH OD UHIDFHUHD GHPQLW LL VRFLHW LL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL VFDOH GH YDORUL
HWHUQHI U OHJ WXU FXPRPHQWXOLVWRULFFRQFUHW& FLGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGere al lui
-XOLXV (YROD FDVWD OXFU WRULORU HVWH LQIHULRDU FHOHL D U ]ERLQLFLORU LQGLIHUHQW FH
QXPHFRQFUHWDXDFHVWHFDVWHvQLVWRULHILHF VHQXPHVFSUROHWDULúLVROGD LILHF
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VHVL]DWDQXPHF HSRVLELOFDRVRFLHWDWHV ILHUHvQ O DW vQDFHDVW LHUDUKLHLGHDO
SULQLQWHUPHGLXOVFKLPE ULORURSHUDWHODQLYHOXOXQRUFDVWHLQIHULRDUH$OWIHOVSXV
prin inferior, se poate ajunge la un spirit superior. Prin intermediul castei
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GHYHQL EUHVODúL VH SRDWH DMXQJH FX DMXWRUXO VSLULWXOXL FRUSRUDWLY OD XQ QLYHO
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PRGHUQ Q-DUPDLVWDVXEVHPQXOGHF ]XWDOethos-XOXLQHJXVWRUHVFDOvQWUHSULQ] -
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WHULVWLFHU ]ERLQLFXOXL
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VWDWXOXL(YRODFUHGHvQQHFHVLWDWHDH[LVWHQ HLDGRX FDPHUHDOHXQXi parlament sui-
JHQHULV FDUH V HOLPLQH SDUODPHQWXO GHPRFUDWLF LQHILFLHQW R &DPHU LQIHULRDU
FRUSRUDWLY GLQ FDUH SROLWLFD V ILH HOLPLQDW úL FDUH V GHOLEHUH]H DVXSUD
FKHVWLXQLORU HFRQRPLFH úL R &DPHU VXSHULRDU SROLWLF VXSHULRU SROLWLF YD
sSXQH(YRODFDUHÄDUWUHEXLV VHFRQFHQWUH]HúLV DF LRQH]HSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
XQRU RDPHQL FDUH V UHSUH]LQWH úL V DSHUH LQWHUHVH PDL PXOW GHFkW HFRQRPLFH úL
©IL]LFHªDGLF LQWHUHVHVSLULWXDOHQD LRQDOHGHSUHVWLJLXGHSXWHUH´30.
(YLGHQW F DFHDVW GLQ XUP &DPHU QX YD IL GHVHPQDW SULQ PHFDQLVPH
democratice, ci, întocmai ca în cazul academiilor, cei care fac parte din ea trebuie
V ILHDOHúLSHYLD FRQIRUPXQRUQRUPHLQDOLHQDELOHúLFDXUPDUHDXQRUGHOLEHU UL
GH QDWXU VWULFW FDOLWDWLY ÌQ FD]XO SULPHL &DPHUH HVWH DGPLV SDU LDO VLVWHPXO
democratic, un sistem mixt de alegere.
$FHDVW WHRULH vQ IRQG IRDUWH RSWLPLVW GHúL SOHDF GH OD FRQVWDW UL SRDWH
excesiv pesimiste (în spiritul pesimist-paseist al lui Evola, din Revolta contra lumii
29
Vezi Émile Durkheim, Diviziunea muncii sociale, Editura AlbaWURV %XFXUHúWL
2001.
30
J. Evola, 2DPHQLLúLruinele, p. 215.
144
moderneQHvQGHDPQ V F XW PvQWUHFXWVROX LLGHUHYHQLUHODQRUPDOLWDWHúLV OH
DSOLF P VDX V vQFHUF P V OH DSOLF P OXPLL ÄGHF ]XWH´ GH DVW ]L FX WRW FXUDMXO
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vQF LPDJLQDVROX LLGHUHIDFHUHPRUDO úLVSLULWXDO DHL'DUDFHVWHVROX LLWUHFFX
necesitate prin trecut.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
145
146
&21),*85$5($62&,2/2*,(,Ì1*Æ1',5($),/262),&
A LUI AUGUSTE COMTE
1(/$0,5&,&
ABSTRACT
Founder of positive philosophy, Comte is also both the creator of the term
„sociology”, and the sustainer of this science with a paramount importance for the
evolution of human society. He considers sociology to be the most important science
because it contributes to the well-being of the humankind, using the science for foreseeing
and controlling the human behavion. This study emphasizes the becoming of this science
from the theoretical and the spiritual perspective and also from the historical point of view,
Auguste Comte being the first one to stress out the importance of this science.
Demersuri de tip sociRORJLF DX IRVW I FXWH GLQ FHOH PDL YHFKL WLPSXUL DOH
VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL FD U VSXQV OD QHYRLD SUDFWLF D RDPHQLORU GH D-úL H[SOLFD
HYHQLPHQWHúLIDSWHVRFLDOHvQFRQWH[WXODQVDPEOXOXLVRFLHW LORUUHVSHFWLYH3ODWRQ
Aristotel, Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Campanella, Pascal, John Locke,
5RXVVHDX (GPXQG %XUNH úD VXQW QXPDL FkWHYD SHUVRQDOLW L DOH JkQGLULL
XQLYHUVDOHFDUHDXI FXWDVHPHQHDGHPHUVXUL9DULDWHSULQOLPEDMHOHDXRWU V WXU
FRPXQ VXQWvQFHUF ULWHRUHWLFHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQUHXúLWHGHH[SOLFDUHúLGH
LQWHUSUHWDUH D HYHQLPHQWHORU úL IDSWHORU VRFLDOH GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO PDULORU
FROHFWLYLW LXPDQH
&UHúWHUHD SURJUHVLY D LQWHUHVXOXL FRJQLWLY SHQWUX UHDOLWDWHD VRFLDO VH IDFH
VLP LW PDL FX VHDP vQ XUPD HYHQLPHQWHORU UHYROX LHL franceze din anul 1789.
(VWH FXQRVFXW IDSWXO F UHYROX LD IUDQFH] V-D GHFODQúDW FD R UHDF LH GH U VSXQV
YLROHQWODQHFHVLWDWHDOLFKLG ULLUkQGXLHOLORUIHXGDOHGHYHQLWHDQDFURQLFH,QWHUHVDQW
GH VWXGLDW HVWH WRFPDL IDSWXO F UHYROX LD IUDQFH] GH OD D IRVW VXFFHGDW GH
GLFWDWXUD OXL 1DSROHRQ vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH DFHDVWD úL-a propus ca obiective
SURJUDPDWLFHGHVFKLGHUHDVSUHGHPRFUD LHúLVSUHLQVWLWXLUHDGUHSWXULORUXQLYHUVDOH
DOHRPXOXL'HúLDXXUP ULWVFRSXULQRELOHDFHVWHGRX DF LXQLVRFLDOHUadicale au
HúXDWDYkQGGUHSWXUPDUHvQU XW LUHDVLWXD LHLSRSRUXOXLIUDQFH]úLDDOWRUSRSRDUH
GLQ (XURSD 'LQFROR GH DFHVW DVSHFW QHSUHY ]XW úL QHGRULW V-D FRQVWDWDW F
LQWHUYHQ LDDUELWUDU UDGLFDO vQPHUVXOILUHVFDOOXPLLQXHVWHFDOHDFHDPDLSRWULYLW
SHQWUX vPEXQ W LUHD VLWXD LHL VRFLDOH &HHD FH vQVHDPQ F LQWHUYHQ LD vQ YLD D
social-SROLWLF SXWHDV ILHI FXW úLvQPRGWUHSWDWFXPLMORDFHSDúQLFH/DDFHDVW
FRQFOX]LHDXDMXQVSULQWUHDO LL6DLQW6LPRQHúL&KDUOHV)RXULHUFHLPDLGHVHDP
UHSUH]HQWDQ LDLVRFLDOLVPXOXLXWRSLFIUDQFH]7UDQVIRUPDUHDYLH LLVRFLDO-politice,
vQ VHQVXO DPHOLRU UL HL VH SXWHD IDFH úL SULQ LQWHUYHQ LD RPXOXL YLROHQW VDX
SDúQLF FRQVWDW JkQGLWRULLYUHPLLUHVSHFWLYH/DRDQDOL] PDLDWHQW REVHUY P
F LQWHUYHQ LLOH EUXWDOH GLQ )UDQ D VHFROXOXL ;9,,, DX IRVW SUHJ WLWH WHRUHWLF GH
147
ILORVRILL PDWHULDOLúWL IUDQFH]L - 'LGHURW '
+ROEDFK +HOYHWLXV úD /XSWD ORU
WHRUHWLF D IRVW vQGUHSWDW FX SUHF GHUH vPSRWULYD UHOLJLHL FDUH SURSRY GXLD
imposibilitatea schimb ULORU VRFLDOH GHRDUHFH SRWULYLW LGHRORJLHL DFHVWHLD OXPHD
HVWHFUHDW GHGLYLQLWDWHúLU PkQHLPXDELO
ÌQFHUFkQG V SUHYLQ GH]DVWUH SURYRFDWH GH DOWH UHYROX LL VDX U ]ERDLH
JkQGLWRULL IUDQFH]L úL HQJOH]L GLQ DFHD YUHPH DX FRQVLGHUDW F HVWH PXOW mai
UD LRQDO úL EHQHILF V VH UHDOL]H]H VFKLPE UL VRFLDO-economice favorabile maselor
largi de oameni, în principal, prin redistribuirea bunurilor materiale. Aceasta
GHRDUHFHFRQVLGHUDXHLYLD DVRFLDO DUHXQFDUDFWHUQDWXUDOFDUHQXWUHEXLHGLVWUXV
peFDOHUHYROX LRQDU FLGRDUPRGHODWVSUHELQHOHRPHQLULLùLDFHVWFDUDFWHUQDWXUDO
DO GH]YROW ULL VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL DYHD V DWUDJ DWHQ LD FHORU PDL GH VHDP
JkQGLWRUL UHIRUPDWRUL DL OXPLL SULQWUH FDUH VH HYLGHQ LD] úL $XJXVWH &RPWH
(PXOD LD GH LGHL QRYDWRDUH vQWUH LQXW GH UHSUH]HQWDQ LL VRFLDOLVPXOXL XWRSLF
IUDQFH] DL HFRQRPLHL SROLWLFH EXUJKH]H FODVLFH HQJOH]H úL DL ILORVRILHL FODVLFH
JHUPDQHDIDYRUL]DWDSDUL LDXQHLQRLWHRULLILORVRILFHILORVRILDSR]LWLY HODERUDW
de Auguste Comte. Aceast ILORVRILH QRYDWRDUH D IRVW HODERUDW GH JkQGLWRUXO
IUDQFH]vQWUHLOXFU ULGHPDUHSURIXQ]LPHúLULJRDUHÄ&XUVGHILORVRILHSR]LWLY ´
Ä&DWHKLVPSR]LWLYLVW´Ä6LVWHPGHSROLWLF SR]LWLY ´
Auguste Comte are, printre altele, meritul de a fi decentrat ateQ LD
FHUFHW WRULORUGHSHKLPHUHOHH[LVWHQ HLLPDJLQDUHSHUHDOLW LOHVRFLDOH(ODDU WDW
vQF GH OD vQFHSXW F LPSRUWDQW QX HVWH DWkW FHUFHWDUHD IDSWHORU úL IHQRPHQHORU
VRFLDOH OXDWH vQ VLQH FkW VXUSULQGHUHDOHJ WXULORUGLQWUHHOHFHHDFHGHPRQVWUHD]
SURIXQ]LPHD JkQGLULL VDOH 1LFL P FDU PHFDQLVPXO SURGXFHULL IDSWHORU VRFLDOH QX
WUHEXLHV QHLQWHUHVH]HPDLPXOWGHFkWUHOD LLOHVWUXFWXUDWHvQWUHHOHVW UXLHV QH
FRQYLQJ $XJXVWH&RPWH5ROXOSULQFLSDODOFXQRDúWHULLQHUHOHY DFHVWJkQGLWRU
estHDFHODGHDQHRIHULPLMORDFHSUDFWLFHGHRULHQWDUHvQOXPHúLvQYLD FHHDFH
VHPQLILF XWLOLWDWHDXQLW LLGLQWUHWHRULHúLSUDFWLF
) U V ILHDGHSWXOGHFODUDWDOHYROX LRQLVPXOXL$XJXVWH&RPWHFRQVLGHU F
DWkW FXQRDúWHUHD FkW úL VRFLHWDWHD XPDQ DX WUHFXW SULQ WUHL VWDGLL WHRORJLF VDX
ILFWLY PHWDIL]LF VDX DEVWUDFW SR]LWLY VDX úWLLQ LILF (O HYLGHQ LD] IDSWXO F vQ
VWDGLXO WHRORJLF VSLULWXO XPDQ FDXW HVHQ D DVFXQV D OXFUXULORU úL UHFXUJH vQ
H[SOLFD LL OD IRU H VXSUDQDWXUDOH OD IRU H GLYLQH ÌQ DFHDVW ID] WHRORJLF
GRPLQDQW HVWH LPDJLQD LD REVHUYD LD U PkQkQG vQ SODQ VHFXQG $XJXVWH &RPWH
DVHUWHD] FDWHJRULF OXFUXULOH VXQW H[SOLFDELOH VDX LQH[SOLFDELOH DFHVWHD GLQ XUP
ILLQGWUHFXWHSHVHDPDXQRUIRU HGLYLQHFDUHV-ar presupune F JXYHUQHD] OXPHD
Pe plan politic acestei faze îi corespunde regalitatea, iar pe plan filosofic îi
FRUHVSXQGH R VXFFHVLXQH GH WUHL VXEVWDGLL IHWLúLVPXO SROLWHLVPXO PRQRWHLVPXO
$VWIHO DVLVW P ÄOD WUDQVIRUPDUHD SULPLWLY D IHWLúLVPXOXL vQ SROLWHLVP´1,
WUDQVIRUPDUH FDUH DUH ORF vQ FDGUXO SULPHL UHYROX LL WHRORJLFH 8UPHD] D GRXD
UHYROX LH WHRORJLF UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ WUHFHUHD GH OD SROLWHLVP OD PRQRWHLVP SULQ
„reducerea politeismului în monoteism”2 ,QWHUHVDQW HVWH IDSWXO F DFHVWH GRX
UHYROX LL WHRORJLFH DX IRVW SURYRFDWH GH FHHD FH $XJXVWH &RPWH QXPHúWH D IL
1
Auguste Comte, Discurs asupra spiritului pozitiv (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWL
1999, p. 20.
2
Auguste Comte, op. cit., p. 21.
148
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descoperi cauze sau scopuri ultime, dincoloGHOXPHDFDUHVHRIHU REVHUYD LHL'LQ
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F UHLD FXQRDúWHUHD OHJLORU QH SHUPLWH V LQWHUYHQLP vQ SURducerea fenomenelor,
úWLLQ DSR]LWLY DYkQGFKLDUDFHDVW GHYL] ÄYRLUSRXUSUHYRLUH´4$GHY UDWXOVSLULW
SR]LWLYHVWHVSLULWXOFDUHYHGHSHQWUXDSUHYHGHDVSLULWXOFDUHVWXGLD] ÄFHHDFHHVWH
spre a conchide asupra a ceea ce va fi, potrivit dogmei generDOH D LQYDULDELOLW LL
legilor naturale”5$FHDVW DSUHFLHUHDOXL$XJXVWH&RPWHV-DLQVWLWXLWFDVWUXFWXU
JHQHUDWLY SHQWUXRQRX ILORVRILHFXILQDOLWDWHSUDFWLF HILFLHQW ILORVRILDDSOLFDW
sau sociologia.
Aplicând filosofia, sociologul Auguste Comte UHPDUF IDSWXO F vQ ID]D
SR]LWLY DGH]YROW ULLVRFLHW LLDSDUHLQGXVWULDvQ HOHDV FDH[SORDWDUHDQDWXULLGH
F WUHRP,QGXVWULDVHED]HD] SHFXQRDúWHUHDQDWXULLGHF WUHRPHDILLQGHVHQ D
FHDPDLSURIXQG DSUDFWLFLLVRFLDOHDLPL[WLXQLLRPXOXLvQH[LVWHQ DUHDO FDUWHD
GHVFKLV DIRU HORUHVHQ LDOHDOHRPXOXL
/D UkQGXO HL FXQRDúWHUHD SR]LWLY D QDWXULL GH F WUH RP FRQVWLWXLH ÄID]D
UD LRQDO D DF LXQLL H[HUFLWDWH GH XPDQLWDWH DVXSUD OXPLL H[WHULRDUH´6 DúD vQFkW
FXQRDúWHUHD SR]LWLY VXEvQWLQGH úL R GLPHQVLXQH SUDFWLF XQLWDWHD GLQWUH WHRULH úL
SUDFWLF HVWH QHFHVDU XWLO úL LQHYLWDELO vQ FRQFHS LD SR]LWLYLVW D OXL $XJXVWH
&RPWHVRFLRORJXOvQ HOHVFDILORVRISUHRFXSDWGHWUHEXLQ HOHRDPHQLORU
3
Ibidem, p. 21.
4
Ibidem, p. 26.
5
Ibidem, p. 26.
6
Ibidem, p. 37.
149
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&RPWHDILUP WUDQúDQWúWLLQ DUHVWUkQJHSURJUHVLYVIHUDGHGRPLQD LHúLGHLQIOXHQ
D VSHFXOD LHL SR]LWLYH ) FkQG R DQDOL] FRPSDUDWLY vQWHPHLHWRUXO ILORVRILHL
SR]LWLYH D FRQVWDWDW F UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO VHFRQGHD] PDUHD UHYROX LH PHQWDO
ÄFDUH ULGLF GHILQLWLY LQWHOLJHQ D XPDQ GH OD UHJLPXO HL WHRORJLF OD UHJLPXO HL
pozitiv”7(OYHGHvQÄPDUHDUHYROX LHPHQWDO ´XQUHIOH[DOUHYROX LHLLQGXVWULDOH
UHYROX LHFDUHQXSRDWHILPDLSX LQP UHD
Din momentul în caUH ILORVRILD GHYLQH ÄFRQIRUP FX H[LJHQ D DGHY UDWHORU
QRDVWUH WUHEXLQ H´8 HD GREkQGHúWH VHPQLILFD LD GH ILOR]RILH SR]LWLY UHPDUF
$XJXVWH &RPWH SURFHGkQG WRWRGDW OD R FODVLILFDUH D úWLLQ HORU ÌQ IXQF LH GH
momentul istoric în care au intrat în fazD SR]LWLY VH FRQILJXUHD] XUP WRDUHD
FODVLILFDUHDúWLLQ HORUDPDWHPDWLFDEDVWURQRPLDFIL]LFDGFKLPLDHELROR-
gia; f) sociologia. (O FRQVLGHU F VRFLRORJLD H FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW GLQWUH WRDWH
DFHVWHúWLLQ HGHRDUHFHHDWUHEXLHV FRQWULEXLHODEXQ VWDUHDXPDQLW LLIRORVLQG
úWLLQ DSHQWUXSUHYHGHUHDúLFRQWUROXOFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXPDQ/DVIkUúLWXOLQYHVWL-
JD LHL GH]YROW ULL VWDGLDOH D FXQRDúWHULL úL D VRFLHW LL DMXQJHP V ÄGHVFRSHULP
WUHSWDW LHUDUKLD LQYDULDELO GHRSRWULY úWLLQ LILF úL ORJLF D FHORU úDVH úWLLQ H
IXQGDPHQWDOH GLQWUH FDUH XOWLPD FRQVWLWXLH VLQJXUXO VFRS HVHQ LDO DO vQWUHJLL
filosofii pozitive, totul raportându-se aici, în final, la umanitate, unicul concept pe
GHSOLQXQLYHUVDO)LORVRILDSR]LWLY YUHDV VXUSULQG ÄOHJ WXUDILHF UXLDFXWR L´9,
V FRQWUROH]HúLV RULHQWH]HFRPSRUWDPHQWXOILHF UXLLQGLYLGvQDQVDPEOXOVRFLH-
W LL $FHDVW YLUWXWH VH PDQLIHVW SULQ WUHFHUHD DSURDSH SH QHVLP LWH D VSLULWXOXL
SR]LWLY ÄGH OD FHOH PDL P UXQWH LGHL PDWHPDWLFH OD FHOH PDL vQDOWH FXJHW UL
sociale”10 3ULQ VRFLRORJLH $XJXVWH &RPWH vQ HOHJH DFHD GLVFLSOLQ JHQHUDO FDUH
LQFOXGH R SDUWH HVHQ LDO GLQ SVLKRORJLH vQWUHDJD HFRQRPLH SROLWLF HWLFD úL
ILORVRILD LVWRULHL 6RFLRORJLD DúD FXP D IRVW GHILQLW GH $XJXVWH &RPWH vine în
pUHOXQJLUHD PHWRGLF D vQ HOHSFLXQLL XQLYHUVDOH ILLQG GH IDSW ©úWLLQ D SURSULX-
]LV ª11. Fondator al filosofiei pozitive, Comte este creatorul termenului de socio-
ORJLH úL WRWRGDW DSRORJHWXO DFHVWHL úWLLQ H GH R LPSRUWDQ FRYkUúLWRDUH SHQWUX
HYROX LD EHQHILF D VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL 'HúL D LQWXLW FRUHFW YLUWX LOH DFHVWHL QRL
úWLLQ H $XJXVWH &RPWH D VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDW LPSRUWDQ D úL IXQF LLOH VRFLRORJLHL
&KLDU GDF HO VLQJXU QX D UHXúLW V SXQ ED]HOH XQXL vQWUHJ GRPHQLX GH VWXGLX
$XJXVWH &RPWH VH QXP U SULQWUH FHL FDUH DX FRQWULEXLW OD LQL LHUHD úL VWLPXODUHD
JkQGLULL VRFLRORJLFH RULHQWDWH VSUH WUDQVIRUPDUHD SURJUHVLY HFKLOLEUDW úL DUPR-
QLRDV DVRFLHW LLvQLQWHUHVXOILHF UXLLQGLYLGXPDQGHYL]DVDÄRUGLQHúLSURJUHV´
GREkQGLQGYDOHQ HSURJUDPDWLFH.
7
Ibidem, p. 41.
8
Ibidem, p. 51.
9
Ibidem, p. 85.
10
Ibidem, p. 109.
11
Ibidem, p. 110.
150
6RFLRORJLDFDILORVRILHDSOLFDW
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Auguste Comte, Discurs asupra spiritului pozitiv (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWL
1999.
,OLH% GHVFXIstoria sociologiei, Editura Porto-)UDQFR*DOD L
Alexandru Surdu, )LORVRILDPRGHUQ (GLWXUD3DLGHLD%XFXUHúWL
152
&21&(37ù,0(72'2/2*,(Ì1678',8/
STRATEGIILOR DE COPING
BOGDAN DANCIU
0$5*$5(7$',1&
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study is to highlight the conceptions about coping. In
confronting events or situations that provoke stress and that are controllable by the person,
the preferred strategy is problem solving, in the situations perceived as less controllable,
the person uses strategies centred on the control of emotions.
Key words: coping, problem solving, control of emotions, stress, experiential
intelligence
155
'HúL H[LVW PXOWH WHVWH SHQWUX P VXUDUHD LQWHOLJHQ HL LQWHOHFWLYH SkQ DFXP
nu a fost construit nici un instrument peQWUX D P VXUD LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHUHQ LDO
,QYHQWDUXO GH *kQGLUH &RQVWUXFWLY &7, D IRVW FRQVWUXLW SHQWUX D XPSOH DFHVW
JRO úL QH SHUPLWH V P VXU P LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHULHQ LDO úL DQXPH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
gândirii utilizate în rezolvarea problemelor cotidieQH UH]ROYDUH FDUH LPSOLF XQ
QLYHOPLQLPGHVWUHVúLRVWDUHDGHELQHPHQWDO úLIL]LF
&RQVWUXF LD ,QYHQWDUXOXL GH *kQGLUH &RQVWUXFWLY Constructive Thinking
Inventory – &7, D IRVW FRQFHSXW SH ED]D WHRULLORU SHUVRQDOLWD LL FDUH
DUJXPHQWHD] H[LVWHQ DDGRX IHOXULGHLQWHOLJHQ ÄLQWHOHFWLY ´úLÄH[SHUHQ LDO ´
(SVWHLQúL0HLHU
C.T.I.-ul este un test structurat ierarhic ce permite determinarea a trei niveluri
GHJHQHUDOLWDWHDSHUIRUPDQ HORU3HQWUXFHOPDLvQDOWQLYHOGHSHUIRUPDQ SUREa
FRQ LQHRVFDO JOREDO GHP VXUDUHDJkQGLULLFRQVWUXFWLYH3HQWUXQLYHOXOGRLGH
generalitate, testul propune 6 scale care descriu moduri diferite, dar fundamentale,
vQFDUHRDPHQLLJkQGHVFFRQVWUXFWLYVDXGLVWUXFWLY&HOPDLVSHFLILFQLYHOFRQVW vQ
sXEVFDOHVDXID HWHDOHVFDOHORUSULQFLSDOH$FHVWQLYHODOWUHLOHDLQFOXGHVFDOHFDUH
GHVFULX SURFHVH ED]DOH FXP DU IL VXSUDJHQHUDOL]DUHD úL JkQGLUHD SR]LWLY FDUH
GHILQHVF PRGXUL vQDOW VSHFLILFH GH JkQGLUH FX LPSOLFD LL GLUHFWH vQ UH]ROYDUHD
problemelor de zi cu zi.
Scalele C.T.I.:
D *kQGLUHD FRQVWUXFWLY JOREDO (Global Constructive Thinking) este o
VFDO JOREDO ELSRODU JkQGLUHFRQVWUXFWLY -GLVWUXFWLY FHLQFOXGHLWHPLGLQWRDWH
VFDOHOHSULQFLSDOHFXH[FHS LDFHOHLGHRSWLPLVPQDLY
6XELHF LL FDUH DX VFRUXUL PDUL OD VFDOD JOREDO VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO JkQGLWRUL
IOH[LELOL YHUVDWLOL (L vúL UHYL]XLHVF PRGXULOH GH D JkQGL SHQWUX D IDFH ID XúRU
FHULQ HORU VLWXD LLORU VXQW RSWLPLúWL vQ PDMRULWDWHD VLWXD LLORU GDU SRW IL SHVLPLúWL
FkQGVLWXD LDLPSXQHSUHFDX LH(LvQFHDUF V FRQWUROH]HVLWXD LDFkQGHVWHSRVLELO
úL FkQG HVWH UH]RQDELO GDU WRWRGDW VXQW vQ VWDUH V DFFHSWH FHHD FH QX SRDWH IL
FRQWURODW*kQGLWRULLGHDFHVWIHOvLDFFHSW SHFHLODO LDúDFXPVHDFFHSW úLSHHL
vQúLúLOHRIHU DMXWRUXOORUFXH[FHS LDFD]XOXLFkQGH[LVW XQVHULRVPRWLYSHQWUX
VXVSLFLXQH 'DU FKLDU úL DWXQFL HL QX MXGHF RDPHQLL FD ILLQG EXQL VDX U L FL vL
MXGHF vQWHUPHQLGHSHUIRUPDQ vQUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPH&HQWUDUHDVHIDFHGHFL
SHVLWXD LHúLQXSHLndividul aflat într-RVLWXD LHFDUHPHULW VDXQXV ILHDMXWDW
'HRDUHFH JkQGLUHD FRQVWUXFWLY JOREDO HVWH FRPSXV GLQ LWHPL OXD L GH OD
FHOHODOWHVFDOHHDSRDWHILGHILQLW vQWHUPHQLLDFHVWRUD*kQGLWRULLGHDFHVWIHORE LQ
VFRUXUL vQDOWH OD '(,69 úL '&,69 vQV VFRUXUL PLFL OD JkQGLUHD FDWHJRULF
HVRWHULF úL OD VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH 'HVFULHULOH DFHVWRU VFDOH VXQW GDWH vQ
continuare.
* 'LPHQVLXQHD HPR LRQDO D vQIUXQW ULL VLWXD LLORU GH YLD – DEISV
(Emotional Coping HVWH GHILQLW R VFDO ELSRODU PDL SXWHUQLF DVRFLDW FX VFDOD
JOREDO GHFkWRULFDUHDOWD3HUVRDQHOHFXVFRUXULvQDOWHOD'(,69IDFID VLWXD LLORU
primejdioase într-R PDQLHU FDUH QX PDL SURGXFHVWUHVVXSOLPHQWDUVHDFFHSW SH
VLQH VXQW GHFHQWUDWH úL SHUPLVLYH OD GH]DSURE UL UHVSLQJHUL VDX HúHFXUL 6SUH
GHRVHELUHGH'&,69'(,69HVWHDVRFLDW PDLGHJUDE FXXQPRGGHJkQGLUHFDUH
HYLW SURGXFHUHD HPR LLORU QHJDWLYH úL D VWUHVVXOXL $FHVW WLS GH SHUVRDQH QX VH
156
DJD GH QHQRURFLUL WUHFXWH QX UHDF LRQHD] H[DJHUDW OD FHOH SUH]HQWH úL QX VH
vQJULMRUHD] vQ PRG H[FHVLY GH FHOH YLLWRDUH FkQG VLWXD LD GHFODQúHD] HPR LL
QHJDWLYH FHO LPSOLFDW VH SUHRFXS V OH vQGHS UWH]H I U DXWRFRQGDPQDUH WU LQG
PDL SX LQ VWUHVV-XO vQ WUDLXO GH ]L FX ]L GHFkW FHLODO L 7RWXúL SUHGLVSXúL OD
neDQJDMDUHvQJkQGLUHQHJDWLY GHFkWODRDQJDMDUHvQJkQGLUHSR]LWLY HLWLQGV ILH
vQ PDL PDUH P VXU ÄQHXWUL´ úL FDOPL GHFkW YHVHOL úL HQWX]LDúWL 2 VODE
SHUIRUPDQ SH VFDOD '(,69 DU SXWHD IL VHPQLILFDWLY FOLQLF DS UkQG FD R
FRPSRQHQW FRJQLWLY D nevrozismului.
6LPSODHQXPHUDUHDVXEVFDOHORU'(,69DGXFHFRQFUHWL] ULOHQHFHVDUH
− Acceptare de sine (Self-Acceptance);
− $EVHQ D VXSUDJHQHUDOL] ULORU QHJDWLYH Absence of Negative
Overgeneralisation);
− Non sensibilitate (Nonsensitivity);
− 'HS úLUHD HYHQLPHQWHORU GLQ WUHFXW QHSO FXWH Absence of Dwelling on
Adverse Past Experiences).
* 'LPHQVLXQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO D vQIUXQWDULL VLWXD LLORU GH YLD –
DCISV (Behavioral Coping 6FDOD '&,69 HVWH R VFDO ELSRODU SH FDUH VH
PDUFKHD] WHQGLQ D GH D JkQGL vQ UHDOL]DUHD GH DF LXQL HIHFWLYH 3HUVRDQHOH FX
VFRUXUL vQDOWH SH DFHDVW VFDO VXQW RSWLPLúWL HQWX]LDúWL HQHUJLFL úL FRQúWLLQFLRúL
2SWLPLVPXOORUG SURPSWLWXGLQHvQDF LXQHSHXQIRQGGHvQFUHGHUHvQHILFLHQ
'HúLvQPRGQRUPDOHLLQWU UHSHGHvQDF LXQHLQGLYL]LLFXXQ'&,69EXQvúLLDXúL
WLPSXOQHFHVDUSHQWUXDSO QXLDF LXQHD(LvLDFFHSW SHFHLODO LQXOHSRDUW SLF
economisindu-úLHQHUJLDSHQWUXDUH]ROYDSUREOHPHSUDFWLFH
$VSHFWXOFRPXQDOH[WUDYHUVLHLúLHQWX]LDVPXOXLHVWHFRQFUHWL]DWODnivelul a
trei subscale:
− *kQGLUHSR]LWLY DGLF RULHQWDUHRSWLPLVW Positive Thinking);
− 2ULHQWDUHvQDF LXQHSURFHVDUHFRJQLWLY FHIDFLOLWHD] UH]ROYDUHDHIHFWLY
(Action-orientation);
− &RQúWLLQFLR]LWDWHConscientiousness).
* *kQGLUH FDWHJRULF (Categorical Thinking). Oamenii cu scoruri înalte
SH DFHDVW VFDO Y G OXPHD vQ DOE úL QHJUX VF SkQG DVWIHO GLQ YHGHUH GLVWLQF LL
LPSRUWDQWH*kQGLUHDORUULJLG úLOLSVDGHGLVFULPLQDUHvLIDFHV ILHvQFOLQD LVSUH
VROX LL VLPSOLVWH SUHMXGLFLDWRDUH úL VHQWLPHQWH GH XLPLUH úL IXULH FkQG HL VXQW
FRQIUXQWD L FX VLWXD LL FDUH FRQWUD]LF VWHUHRWLSXULOH ORU ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH SDUWHD
SR]LWLY JkQGLUHDFDWHJRULF IDFLOLWHD] DF LXQHDGHFLVLY SULQIDSWXOF HDSHUPLWH
RDPHQLORUVDDMXQJ UHSHGHODFRQFOX]LL
Subscale:
− *kQGLUHDSRODUL]DW Polarized Thinking);
− 1HvQFUHGHUHvQDO LLDistrust of Others);
− ,QWROHUDQ Intolereance).
'HúLFHOHWUHLVXEVFDOHDOHJkQGLULLFDWHJRULFHVXQWDVRFLDWHSR]LWLYILHFDUHFX
FHDODOW HVWHSRVLELOFDVXELHF LLVDDLE VFRUXULPDULODXQDGLQHOH$VWIHOGHúLFHL
PDL PXO L RDPHQL FDUH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ JkQGLUH SRODUL]DW VXQW E QXLWRUL úL
LQWROHUDQ LFXFHLODO LDFHVWOXFUXQXHVWHREOLJDWRULXSHQWUXWR L
157
* *kQGLUHD HVRWHULF (Esoteric Thinking 6FDOD GH JkQGLUH HVRWHULF
reOHY JUDGXO vQ FDUH RDPHQLL FUHG vQ IHQRPHQH QHX]XDOH úL vQ PRG úWLLQ LILF
discutabile cum ar fi: fantomele, astrologia, cititul gândurilor, prevestirile bune sau
UHOHúLVXSHUVWL LLOHFRQYHQ LRQDOHÌQDQXPLWHOLPLWHJkQGLUHDHVRWHULF UHOHY SXU
úL VLPSOX JUDGXO GH GHVFKLGHUH LQWHOHFWXDO DVXSUD IHQRPHQHORU vQF QHGRYHGLWH
7RWXúL VFRUXUL IRDUWH vQDOWH VXJHUHD] R OLSV GH JkQGLUH FULWLF úL R H[FHVLY
EL]XLUHSHVHQWLPHQWHúLSHLPSUHVLLQHVXEVWDQ LDWHFDUHSRWFRQGXFHRDPHQLLODXQ
comportament nerealLVW(VWHLPSRUWDQWV UHFXQRDúWHPF VSUHGHRVHELUHGHVFDOD
GH VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH VFDOD GH JkQGLUH HVRWHULF QX DUH R FRQRWD LH QHJDWLY
2DPHQLLFXVFRUXULvQDOWHODJkQGLUHDHVRWHULFDVXQWúLDFHLDFDUHFUHGvQWDOLVPDQH
PDJLFHúLvQSUHYHVWLULEXQHFDúLDFHLDFDUHFUHGvQIDQWRPHúLvQSUHYHVWLULUHOH
Subscalele gândirii esoterice sunt:
− &UHGLQ D vQ VWUDQLX FXP DU IL IDQWRPHOH FLWLWXO JkQGXULORU FODUYL]LXQHD
(Belief in Questionable Phenomena);
− &UHGLQ DvQVXSHUVWL LLFXPDUILFUHGLQ DvQWDOLVPDQHvQSUHYHVWLULúLvQ
VXSHUVWL LLFRQYHQ LRQDOHFormal Superstitious Thinking).
* 6XSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH (Personal Superstitious Thinking). Scala
VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH LQGLF JUDGXO vQ FDUH RDPHQLL VH VSULMLQ SH VXSHUVWL LL
DXWRFRQVWUXLWH úL QX JHQHUDO UHFXQRVFXWH FXP DU IL DFHHD F GDF WX YUHL IRDUWH
PXOWFDFHYDV VHvQWkPSOHDFHOFHYDQXVHYDvQWkPSODúLGDF FHYDIRDUWHEXQVH
vQWkPSO DFHVW OXFUX YD IL EDODQVDW GH FHYD U X 6FDOD QX LQFOXGH VXSHUVWL LL
WUDGL LRQDOHFDUHVXQWLQFOXVe în scala gândirii esoterice. Acest tip de gândire tinde
V UHGXF GXUHUHD XQHL GH]DP JLUL SULQ GHVFXUDMDUHD HQWX]LDVPXOXL úL D VSHUDQ HL
2DPHQLLFXVFRUXULvQDOWHODVFDODGHVXSHUVWL LLSHUVRQDOHVXQWRULHQWD LPDLPXOW
F WUH D VH DS UD SH HL vQúLúL vPSRWULYD DPHQLQ ULORU GHFkW VSUH R vPSOLQLUH
SHUVRQDO 'HDFHHDQXHVWHVXUSULQ] WRUIDSWXOF VFDOD HVWHvQPRGSR]LWLYFRUHODW
FXSHVLPLVPXOFXVHQWLPHQWXOOLSVHLGHDMXWRUúLFXGHSUHVLD
6FDODVXSHUVWL LLORUSHUVRQDOHHVWHRVFDO RPRJHQ FDUHQXFRQ LQHQLFLRDOW
VXEVFDO 'HúL VWUXFWXUD VD IDFWRULDO HVWH LQVWDELO úL HD QX DSDUH FD XQ IDFWRU
LQGHSHQGHQWvQDQDOL]HOHXQXLHúDQWLRQODUJHDDIRVWUH LQXW GHRDUHFHDUHFRUHOD LL
LQWHUHVDQWHFXDOWHYDULDELOHFXPDUILP VXUDGHSUHVLHLDEX]XOGHGURJXULúLDOFRRO
úL DIHF LXQLOH SVLKRVRPDWLFH GH ]L FX ]L $U IL LQWHUHVDQW FD vQ YLLWRU V FHUFHW P
UHOD LLOHDFHVWHLDFXDIHF LXQLPDLVHULRDVH
G6. Optimismul naiv (Naive Optimism6FDODRSWLPLVPQDLYLQGLF JUDGXO
în care oamenii sunt în mod nerealist RSWLPLúWL 'HúL XQ RSWLPLVP UH]RQDELO HVWH
LQFOXVFDRID HW VXEVFDO D'&,69VXEGHQXPLUHDGHJkQGLUHSR]LWLY FDUHHVWH
vQDOWDGDSWDWLY RSWLPLVPXOQDLYHVWHRELQHFXYkQWDUHFRQIX] ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWH
DVSHFWXOSR]LWLYRSWLPLúWLLQDLYLDXFDULVP VXQWSO FX LGHFHLODO LúLVHGHVFXUF
ELQH vQ SROLWLF ÌQ SDUWHD QHJDWLY VFRUXULOH IRDUWH vQDOWH SH DFHDVW VFDO VXQW
DVRFLDWHFXRRULHQWDUHVLPSOLVW VSUHYLD úLFXHúHFXOvQVLWXD LLOHQHJDWLYHSULQ
OLSVDP VXULORUGHSUHFDX LHQHFHVDUH (potrivite). Optimismul naiv, mai mult decât
RULFDUHDOWDWULEXWP VXUDWGH&7,VFDGHFRQVWDQWGLQVSUHFRSLO ULHvQVSUHYkUVWD
DGXOW /D YkUVWD DGXOW GHYLQH PDL SX LQ SURHPLQHQW FD R GLPHQVLXQH
LQGHSHQGHQW úLVHDVRFLD] FXJkQGLUHDFDWHJRULF
158
Subscalele optimismului naiv sunt:
− JkQGLUHD SR]LWLY versus optimismul suprarealist – DGLF FUHGLQ D F
urmarea unui succes va fi întotdeauna succesul (Positive thinking/Over-Optimism);
− JkQGLUHD VWHUHRWLS VSUH H[HPSOX FUHGLQ D F ILHFDUH vúL LXEHúWH S ULQ LL
(Stereotypical Thinking);
− JkQGLUHD 3ROO\DQQLF DGLF FUHGLQ D F ILHFDUH HVWH vQ PRG IXQGDPHQWDO
EXQ OD LQLP úL F WUHEXLH V QH XLW P SHUPDQHQW OD ODWXUD OXPLQRDV D OXFUXULORU
RSWLPLVPRUEWRWGHDXQDYHGHSDUWHDEXQ DOXFUXULORUvQGHIDYRDUHDFaracterului
realist). (Pollyanna Thinking).
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH &7, YL]HD] LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHULHQ LDO R LQWHUID vQWUH
SHUVRQDOLWDWHúLFRJQL LHUH]XOWDWPDMRUDOH[SHULHQ HLSHUVRQDOHGHFDQWDWHVSRQWDQ
úL vQ WLPS FDUH DUH GUHSW IXQF LH HVHQ LDO LQWHUYHQ LD WRW VSRQWDQ vQ problem
solving-ul cotidian.
Conceptul-FKHLH DO VWXGLLORU SH DFHDVW WHP HVWH ÄJkQGLUH FRQVWUXFWLY ´ FX
VHQVXO GH HILFLHQ vQ DPHOLRUDUHD HIHFWXOXL VWUHVDQW DO VLWXD LLORU SUREOHPDWLFH
asupra persoanei; evident, scalele au orientaUH ELSRODU vQWUH GLVWUXFWLY úL
FRQVWUXFWLY6XELHFWXOFXSHUIRUPDQ HVXSHULRDUHDUHXQSURILOSVLKRHFRORJLFPDUFDW
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helping; problem solving-XOHVWHSULRULWDUHFRFHQWULFD[DWPDLPXOWSHVLWXD LHGHFkW
pe individ.
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MIHAI GOLU
ABSTRACT
The paper presents an analysis of the relationship between the complexity of the
personality system and the degree of predictibility in the behavioral field. In the first part, is
revealed the content of the complexity attribute at each of those three main levels: structural,
functional and differential. In the second part, there are critically analyzed the most
important methodological trends – the internalism, the externalism and the interactionism –
from the perspective of their capacity to reflect and to cover the complexity of personality
system and to predict the behaviours. In the third part, is proved the superiority of the
interactionist paradigm and is argued the necesity of its generalization.
1. 1LYHOXULDOHFRPSOH[LW LL
161
Complexitatea sistemului personDOLW LLVHH[SULP vQWUHLSODQXULSULQFLSDOH
VWUXFWXUDOIXQF LRQDOúLGLIHUHQ LDO.
162
Tabel 1
3URILOXOGHVWDUHDGLWLYDOSHUVRQDOLW LL
Dimensiunile specifice A1 A2 A3 … An ∈ (A i )
ale sistemului x=
Momentul N
de timp
t1 a1 a2 a3 an x1
„Portretul fazic” (Δ3 VH H[SULP SULQWU-R PHGLH SRQGHUDW D GLIHUHQ HORU
GLQWUH YDORULOH P VXU WRULORU SULQFLSDOHORU IXQF LL úL FDSDFLW L SURIL]LFH vQ
succesiunea mai multor momente de timp (t1, t2, t3, …, tn)
Tabel 2
3RUWUHWXOID]LFDOSHUVRQDOLW LL
Dimensiunile A1 A2 A3 … An Profile de stare
specifice ale VHFYHQ LDle: Po
sistemului
Momente
de timp
to a1,1 a2,1 a3,1 … an,1 ∈ (A i )
Pot o =
N
t1 a1,2 a2,2 a3,2 … an,2 ∈ (A i )
Pot 1 =
n
t2 a1,3 a2,3 a3,3 … an,3 ∈ (A i )
Pot 2 =
n
t3 a1,4 a2,4 a3,4 … an,4 ∈ (A i )
Pot 3 =
n
163
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'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF FRPSOH[LWDWHD vQ SODQ GLIHUHQ LDO LPSXQH
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SRUDQ H[SOLFLW úLFRHUHQW RJ VLPOD0LVFKHOúLOD0DJQXVVRQúL(QGOHU
(1977).
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FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL XPDQ QLFL XQD GLQWUH FHOH GRX RULHQW UL H[WUHPH QX GH LQH
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a persoanei; „elemente” FH LQ FX SUHF GHUH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH VLWXD LHL úL
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demonstrat, prin hipercomplexitate, predictibilitatea în plan comportamental este
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evenimente probabile”, exprimarea ei având forma: ÄGDW ILLQG SHUVRQDOLWDWHD 3
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LQWHUDF LXQLL ORU QH SXWHP DúWHSWD OD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO &i cu probabilitatea p”.
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implicate nu numaiWU V WXULVWDELOHLQYDULDQWHFLúLWU V WXULLQVWDELOHRVFLODQWH
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împingându-OODDFWHLUD LRQDle, auto sau heterodestructive.
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anterior pozitiv); Ä0 VXUSULQGHWRWXúLFHDI FXW´UHDF LHODDFWXOXQHLSHUVRDQH
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DSOLF úLvQFD]XODFWHORUSR]LWLYHvQI SWXLWHGHSHUVRDQHFRWDWHDQWHULRUFDQHJDWLYH
ÌQFRQFOX]LHFRPSOH[LWDWHDSURSULHVLVWHPXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLXPDQHQHREOLJ
FDvQSODQFRPSRUWDPHQWDOSUHGLF LLOHúLLPSOLFLWDYL]HOHGLDJQRVWLFR-prognostice,
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prezent.
%,%/,2*5$),(ù,127(
Allport, Gordon, W., (1981) 6WUXFWXUD úL GH]YROWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL %XFXUHúWL (GLWXUD
'LGDFWLF úL3HGDJRJLF
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Ed. Guilford.
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Warren, H.C., Carmichael, L., (1930), Elements of human psychology, Boston, Nonghton
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172
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NICOLETA GHEORGHE
ABSTRACT
Games are not something funny: they are consuming time and emotions and the final
benefit is, always, a negative one. They are important because we are playing them each
day. Why are we playing them? How much are the games being influenced by the
attachment? Do they limit the autonomy? What are the hidden messages we are sending to
others, while playing, and how much are these messages influenced by our emotional
development level? In time, the Transactional Analists suggested several answers to these
questions. We all agree that when we’re playing games, we are following some old-
fashioned strategies that we took while we were children, in order to get what we wanted
from the world. But in our adult life we have some other, more efficient, options. In this
article we suggest we took a look at what games are, the way they can be analyzed and to
offer you „a set of practical instruments” to counteract the games.
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o Nevoia (foamea) de stimulare;
o Nevoia de UHFXQRDúWHUH sau foamea de stroke-uri;
o Nevoia sau foamea deVWUXFWXU .
175
Termenul de stroke HVWH vQ $QDOL]D 7UDQ]DF LRQDO R QR LXQH IXQGDPHQWDO
LPSRVLELO GH WUDGXV vQ OLPED URPkQ SULQWU-un cuvânt sau o expresie. Sensul
cuvântului stroke eVWHPkQJkLHUHGH]PLHUGDUHVDXORYLWXU L]ELWXU ILLQGWUDGXVGH
PXO LDXWRULSULQÄFDORULLSVLKRORJLFH´VDXVWLPXO'HILQL LDGDW GH(ULF%HUQHHVWH
ÄRULFHDFWFDUHLPSOLF UHFXQRDúWHUHD celuilalt” (Berne, 1964).
&HUFHW ULOHDXDU WDWF vQWUHDSULPi stroke pozitiv (o mângâiere, o apreciere,
un semn de prietenie), a nu primi nici un strokeúLDSULPLstroke negativ, cel mai
U XOXFUXFDUHLVHSRDWHvQWkPSODXQXLRPHVWHOLSVDGHstrokeFHHDFHFRQFRUG FX
ELQHFXQRVFXWDYRUE Ä,XEHúWH-P XU úWH-P GDUQXP XLWD´
1HYRLDGHVWXFWXU RJ VLPvQFHOHúDVHPRGDOLW LGHSHWUHFHUHDWLPSXOXLGH
OD L]RODUH OD LQWLPLWDWH vQ FDUH FDQWLWDWHD úL FDOLWDWHD GH stroke VFKLPEDW GDU úL
ULVFXOGHDILUHVSLQVFUHúWHSHP VXU FHDYDQV PGHODSULPDODXOWLPD.
IzolareaVDXUHWUDJHUHDvQVHDPQ DEVHQ DRULF URUWUDQ]DF LLFXFHLODO L8QLL
RDPHQLSHQWUXDHYLWDULVFXOGHDILUHVSLQúLSHUFHSXWGHVWDUHDGH&RSLOD(XOXL
SUHIHU V VHL]ROH]HGHJUXSXUL
Ritualurile UHSUH]LQW XQ SULP HOHPHQW GLQWU-XQ úLU GH WUDQ]DF LL R IRUPXO
GHvQFHSXWRIRUP DFFHSWDW VRFLDOGHDSURSLHUHRH[SULPDUHDFFHSWDW VRFLDOD
GRULQ HLGHFRPXQLFDUH
'LVFX LLOHWHPDWLFHvQJHQXOFRQYHUVD LLORUGHVSUHYUHPHGHVSUHSROLWLF VDX
VLWXD LD HFRQRPLF vQ JHQHUDO GLVFX LL FDUH DX DFHHDúL VWUXFWXU VXQW PDL SX LQ
SURJUDPDWHGLQDLQWHVXQWPDLOXQJLúLDXUROXOGHDIDYRUL]DXQVFKLPEGH stroke
FHYDPDLULGLFDWGHFkWULWXDOXULOHGDUvQF IRDUWHVF ]XW
$FWLYLW LOHVXQWFHOHODFDUHSDUWLFLS FHOSX LQGRLRDPHQLúLFDUHDXXQVcop
bine determinat. Tipurile de stroke FDUH VH VFKLPE vQ WLPSXO DFWLYLW LORU VXQW
variate – pozitive sau negative –úLVHRE LQGHUHJXO ODVIkUúLWXODFWLYLW LLRGDW
cu atingerea / neîndeplinirea scopului.
Jocurile psihologice VH ED]HD] SH WUDQ]DF LLOH GXEOH OD FDUH QH-am referit.
1RLWR LMXF PDVWIHOGHMRFXULGLQFkQGvQFkQGHOHDYkQGXUP WRDUHOHDYDQWDMHVH
HOLEHUHD] R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke VH HYLW WUDQVSDUHQ D XQHL SUR[LPLW L VH
UH]ROY SUREOHPDSHWUHFHULLWLPSXOXLGDUFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWHVWHIDSWXOF DFHVWH
MRFXUL QX UH]ROY SUREOHPD FHL GRL SURWDJRQLúWL ILLQG FDSDELOL V UHLD MRFXO OD
QHVIkUúLW0DLPXOWHGHVSUHDFHVWVXELHFWYH LJ VLvQFHSkQGFXSDUDJUDIXOXUPDWRU
Intimitatea este modul de structurare al timpului perceput ca cel mai riscant,
GDU FDUH RIHU FHD PDL PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke-XUL DWkW SR]LWLYH FkW úL QHJDWLYH
*kQGXULOHúLVHQWLPHQWHOHúLQHYRLOHVXQWH[SULPDWHVLQFHUúLGHVFKLV(VWHRUHOD LH
VLQFHU GHOD&RSLOOD&RSLOLQL LDW GHVW ULOH$GXOWHDOH(X-rilor implicate, fiecare
acceptându-úLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
9 LQYLW V LGHQWLILFD L OD MRFXULOH SH FDUH OH MXFD L LQ YLD D GH ]L FX ]L FX
SDUWHQHUXOSDUWHQHUDFROHJXOFROHJDGHúFRDODVDXGHODVHUYLFLX
6.-RFXULOHúLDWDúDPHQWXO
-RFXULOH SURYLQ GXS S UHUHD VR LORU 6FKLII GLQ UHOD LL VLPELRWLFH
nerezolvate, vQ FDUH ILHFDUH GLQWUH MXF WRUL VH GHVFRQVLGHU DWkW SH VLQH FkW úL SH
FHO ODOW -XF WRULL vúL S VWUHD] QLúWH FRQYLQJHUL H[DJHUDWH SHQWUX D MXVWLILFD
VLPELR]DÄ1XSRWV IDFQLPLF´&RSLOÄ(XQXWU LHVFGHFkWSHQWUXWLQHGUDJ ´
'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY MRFXULOH VXQW PRGDOLW L GH PHQ LQHUH D VLPELR]HL VDX R
PRGDOLWDWHLQGLUHFW GHH[SULPDUHDIXULHLvPSRWULYDDFHOHLVLPELR]H
3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW LGHH QH SXWHP vQWUHED GDF QX FXPYD MRFXULOH SRW
H[SULPD FKLDU GDF vQWU-un mod neadecvat, nevoia unuL DWDúDPHQW V Q WRV ÌQWU-
DGHY U-RKQ-DPHVHVWHGHS UHUHF MRFXULOHSRWDYHDúLEHQHILFLLSR]LWLYH
(O VH ED]HD] SH GH R SDUWH SH LGHHD F RDPHQLL DX R WHQGLQ QDWXUDO F WUH
V Q WDWH úL SH GH DOW SDUWH SH XUP ULUHD D FHHD FH VH vQWkPSO GXS FH MRFXO D
178
WUHFXW GH EHQHILFLXO QHJDWLY 7HQGLQ D QDWXUDO D RPXOXL GH D DF LRQD vQ GLUHF LD
V Q W LLOXLHVWHRLGHHIUHFYHQWUHJ VLW vQSVLKRWHUDSLDPRGHUQ LDUSHQWUX%HUQH
HVWH XQXO GLQWUH FHOH WUHL ÄVORJDQXUL WHUDSHXWLFH´ GH ED] %HUQH ). James a
REVHUYDW F GH PXOWH RUL GXS DúD-zisa încheiere a jocului cu beneficiul negativ,
OXFUXULOHSRWSURJUHVDXOWHULRUF WUHXQEHQHILFLXSR]LWLY'HH[HPSOXXQFXSOXVH
FHDUW úL DSRL ILHFDUH VH UHWUDJH úL DUH VHQWLPHQWH GH IXULH GH YLQRY LH úL WULVWH H
EHQHILFLXOQHJDWLY'XS XQWLPSvúLFHUVFX]HúLvQFHSV YRUEHDVF V -úLDFRUGH
DWHQ LH XQXO FHOXLODOW V VH VLPW GLQ QRX ELQH vPSUHXQ vQWU-R DWPRVIHU LQWLP
3XWHP SUHVXSXQH F DFHVWD HVWH PRWLYXO SHQWUX FDUH FHL GRL DX MXFDW DFHO MRF
GRULQ DGHDSURSLHUHGHDYRUELúLDILDVFXOWDWGHDSULPLDWHQ LHGHDILLQWLPLùL
H[HPSOHOH SRW FRQWLQD -DPHV FRQFOX]LRQHD] F IRUPXOD - SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW vQ
IHOXOXUP WRU
7.0RGDOLW LGHDLHúLGLQMRFXUL
179
Cea PDL VLPSO PRGDOLWDWH HVWH FRQWUDFWDUHD FX SDUWHQHUXO GH MRF D XQHL
PRGDOLW LGHHYLWDUHDGHFODQú ULLFRQIOLFWXOXLMRFXOXLvQVLWXD LLVLPLODUH$FHDVWD
se poate face prin confruntarea2.FDUHVHUHFRPDQG SHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDPLFLORU
probleme cotidiene. 'HPXOWHRULVXQWIRORVLWRDUHXP WRDUHOHSULQFLSLLDOHFRQIUXQ-
W ULLRN-ok:
o 5H]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHLQXWUHEXLHDVRFLDW FXMXGHFDUHDSHUVRDQHLvQFDX]
o 6 VHPHQ LRQH]HSUHFLVIDSWHOHFDUHVHGRUHVFDILVFKLPEDWHGHH[HPSOX
Ä0DULDQQXDLvQFKLVELQHXúa de la frigider”.
o 6SXQH LFHOXLODOWGHFHVXQWHPQHPXO XPL LÄ0 GHUDQMHD] FkQGJ VHVFR
EDOW OkQJ IULJLGHUúLPkQFDUHDVWULFDW vQ XQWUX´
o &HUH LvQPRGH[SOLFLWPRGXOvQFDUHD LGRULV VHFRPSRUWHFHO ODOWÄ&kQG
umbli de acum înainte la frigideUDVLJXU -WHF ODúLXúDvQFKLV ´
'H H[HPSOX GDF SDUWHQHULL XQXL FXSOX MRDF vQ PRG UHSHWDW MRFXUL vQ
OHJ WXU FXOXFUXULGHVvQWkOQLWHvQYLD DORUGH]LFX]LFXPDUILVS ODWXOYDVHORU
GXVXO JXQRLXOXL FXU HQLD GXS R VHDU SHWUHFXW FX SULHWHQLL VDX DOWHOH DVHP -
Q WRDUHHLSRWVWDELOLSULQQHJRFLHUHGLUHFW UHJXOLVXILFLHQWGHFODUHvQOHJ WXU FX
DFHVWH DFWLYLW L FDUH V U VSXQG vQWU-R PDUH PDVXU QHYRLORU DPEHORU S U L
'HVLJXUF DVWDQXYDGXFHDXWRPDWODGLVSDUL LDMRFXULORUGDUSXWHPVSHUDF HOH
YRU IL PDL UDUH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH stoke-uri va fi în ansamblu
DFHHDúL
$WLWXGLQHD SDUDGR[DO FRQVW vQ U VSXQVXUL QDWXUDOH FDUH GRDU SDU SDUDGR-
[DOHvQUDSRUWFXRELúQXLQ DQRDVWU GHDSUDFWLFDMRFXULSVLKRORJLFHVHFRQVLGHU F
75-80% din timpul petrecut cu diferite moduri de structurare a timpului este alocat
MRFXULORU SVLKRORJLFH $VWD SUHVXSXQH V QH G P VHDPD GH ÄPRPHDO ´ ÌQ DFHVW
sens, antrenamentul asertiv poate fi foarte folositor. În exemplul dat mai sus,
direcWRUXO SXWHD V HYLWH LQWUDUHD vQ MRFXO ÄÌQFHUFDP GRDU V Y DMXW´ SULQ XUP -
WRDUHDLQWHUYHQ LHSDUDGR[DO Ä0LUXQDDSUHFLH]DMXWRUXOW XGDUSUHIHUV L-l cer
HX´ LDU GRFWRUXO DU IL SXWXW VSXQH Ä(X IDF WRW FHHD FH SRW FD V Y IDFH L ELQH úL
GDF OXFUXULOH GHFXUJ vQ PRG QRUPDO R V Y IDFH L ELQH´ 1X H XúRU V IDFHP R
DVWIHO GH LQWHUYHQ LH vQ SULPXO UkQG SHQWUX F ÄPRPHDOD´ YL]HD] H[DFW
YXOQHUDELOLWDWHDQRDVWU FHDPDLPDUHúLQHHGHVWXOGHJUHXV UH]LVW PODRLVSLW
DWkWGHWHQWDQW ÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGSHQWUXF VHMRDF FXLQFRQúWLHQ DDGXOWXOXLDúD
F HJUHXGHFUH]XWF vQLQFRQúWLHQ DQRDVWU RV SXWHPVHVL]DÄPRPHDODLQL LDO ´
Dejucarea beneficiului negativvQGDW FHUHFXQRVFF DPIRVWvQWU-un joc,
úLvPLGDXVHDPDF VXQWSHFDOHVDXFKLDUDPvQFHSXWV vPLLDXEHQHILFLXOQHJDWLY
SRWV vOUHIX]úLV P U VSO WHVFSHQWUXLVWH LPHDGHDYHGHDF DPIRVWvQMRF1X
P U VSO WHVF SHQWUX F DP LQWUDW vQ MRF FL SHQWUX F DP Y ]XW F VXQW DFROR ÌQ
DFHVWIHOSRWRE LQHúLQLúWHstroke-uri de la mine însumi care pot compensa într-o
RDUHFDUHP VXU stroke-urile pe care le-DPSLHUGXWQHGXFkQGMRFXOSkQ ODFDS W
'LUHFWF WUHEHQHILFLXOSR]LWLYGXS FXPDPY ]XWSXWHPDYHDúLEHQHILFLL
SR]LWLYH GH SH XUPD XQXL MRF GRDU F HOH YLQ GXS împlinirea celor negative. De
PXOWH RUL HVWH GLILFLO V OH DIO P -DPHV QH SURSXQH XQ DOWVHWGHvQWUHE UL
care pot duce la descoperirea beneficiului pozitiv:
o /DVIkUúLWXOMRFXOXLFHVHQWLPHQWQHSO FXWEHQHILFLXQHJDWLYDL"
180
o $WXQFLFkQGVLP LDFHOVHQWLPHQWQHJDWLYFHvWLVSXLGHVSUHWLQHúLGHVSUH
FHLODO L"6DXFXPDLFRPSOHWDÄ$VWDQXIDFHGHFkWV GRYHGHDVF «´
o 'XS FHWHVLP LU XFXPWHRFURWHúWLFXPWHVDOYH]LVDXFHIDFLSHQWUX
WLQHFDV LHúLGLQVWDUHDDVWDSURDVW "6DXFXPRDOW SHUVRDQ v LG DFHVWEHQHILFLX
pozitiv?
'XS LGHQWLILFDUHD EHQHILFLXOXL SR]LWLY DYHP RS LXQHD GH D PHUJH GLUHFW OD
QHYRLDGHED] FDUHDVWDWODRULJLQHDMRFXOXLvQORFV MXF PWRWMRFXOSHQWUXDR
LPSOLQL 3ULQ UHFXQRDúWHUHD DVSHFWHORU SR]LWLYH DOH jocurilor putem deveni mai
FRQúWLHQ LGHQHYRLOHQRDVWUHúLGHGLILFXOW LOHQRDVWHGHDOHH[SULPDÌQGHILQLWLY
MXF P XQ MRF SHQWUX F DYHP R QHYRLH QX úWLP V R vPSOLQLP GLUHFW úL DWXQFL R
vPSOLQLPFXPúWLPDGLF LQGLUHFWSULQMRF&XDMXWRUXODFHVtei atitudini, putem fi
PDLWROHUDQ LDWkWFXQRLFkWúLFXFHLODO LvQDERUGDUHDMRFXULORUúLGHMXFDUHDORU
2DUH SXWHP WU L I U MRFXUL" &XP DU DU WD YLD D QRDVWU I U MRFXUL" 2SLQLD
QRDVWU HVWHF MRFXULOHQXVXQWG XQ WRDUHSULQHOHvQVHOHHDGHY UDWF QXUH]ROY
SH ORF SUREOHPD GH ED] GDU DGXF vQ VFKLPE R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke-XUL úL
satisfac, într-R PDUH P VXU úL IRDPHD GH VWUXFWXU 'HFL GDF DP DYHD R YLD
OLSVLW GH MRFXUL DU IL ELQH V FRPSHQV P DWkW SULQWU-R PDL EXQ VWUXFWXUDUH a
WLPSXOXL FkW úL SULQWU-o cantitate semnificativ mai mare de stroke-XUL $úDGDU
vQWRUFkQGUD LRQDPHQWXOSHGRVGDF UHXúLPV SULPLPPDLPXOWHVWURNH-XULúLQH
VDWLVIDFHP PDL ELQH IRDPHD GH VWUXFWXU DWXQFL QH SXWHP DúWHSWD FD vQ YLLWRU
IUHFYHQ D úL LQWHQVLWDWHD MRFXULORU SVLKRORJLFH SH FDUH OH MXF P V VFDG ùL FKLDU
GDF GLQFkQGvQFkQGPDLMXF PFkWHXQÄMRFXOH ´HVWHLPSRUWDQWFHIDFHPFXHOvO
QHJ PFDúLFXPDUILIRVWXQYLVXUkWVDXDQDOL] PVLWXD LDúLvQY PFHYDGLQHO
ùLFHOPDLELQHDUILV YHGHPFDUHHVWHQHYRLDFDUHVW ODED]DMRFXOXLúLFXPDP
SXWHDV RH[SULP PSHYLLWRUvQWU-RPDQLHU PDLDGHFYDW úLPDLGLUHFW I U V
ÄEHQHILFLHP´GHU VSODWDQHJDWLY
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Berne, Eric (2006), &H VSXL GXS Ä%XQ ]LXD´" 3VLKROogia destinului uman %XFXUHúWL
Editura Trei.
Berne, Eric (1964), Games People Play, New York, Grove Press.
Berne, Eric (1966), Principles of Group Treatment, Oxford University Press.
4. Berne, Eric (1975), Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy, London, Souvenir Press
(Educational & Academic) Ltd..
James, John (1976), Positive Payoffs after Games, TAJ, 6:3, Iulie.
James, John (1973), The Game Plan, TAJ, III:4, Octombrie.
Schiff, J. et al. (1975), The Cathexis reader: transactional analysis treatment of psychosis,
New York, Harper and Row.
Steward, Ian, Joines, Vann (2004), $7DVW ]LRQRX LQWURGXFHUHvQ$QDOL]DWUDQ]DF LRQDO ,
7LPLúRDUD Mitron.
181
182
CONSILIERE PSIHOLOGI& ù,36,+27(5$3,(
686 ,1(5(ù,,17(535ETARE
ÎN DEMERSUL PSIHANALITIC
RODICA MATEI
ABSTRACT
2 SDFLHQW GH VH[ IHPLQLQ F V WRULW FX XQ VR SRVHVLY úL QDUFLVLF F XWDVH
inconúWLHQW vQWRWGHDXQD DOLD L FRQWUD XQHL PDPH H[FHVLY GH DXWRULWDUH $VWIHO vúL
DOHVHVH úL VR XO FDUH R GRPLQD FRQVLGHUkQG F HO úWLH FHO PDL ELQH GH FH DUH HD
QHYRLH 7HUDSLD HUD ORFXO vQ FDUH HD vúL H[SULPD UHYROWD úL VXIHULQ D GLQ UHOD LD FX
VR XOLDUWHUDSHXWXOHUDSXVvQUROXOGHPDUWRUDODEX]XULORUVR XOXLID GHHDLDU
LQFRQúWLHQWDFHVWDHUDLQYHVWLWFXUROXOGHVDOYDWRU5HDF LDFRQWUDWUDQVIHUHQ LDO D
WHUDSHXWXOXL D FRQVWDW vQ D UHVLP L R SUHVLXQH R XUJHQ vQ ÄVDOYDUHD´ SDFLHQWHL
Presiune cDUH D PDUFDW UHOD LD WHUDSHXWLF 1H-DP VLP LW WHQWD L ID GH DFHDVW
SDFLHQW V G PUHSOLFLvQIRU FDV RGHWHUPLQHV LDDWLWXGLQHvQID DVR XOXLGH
JHQXO FH Y GHWHUPLQ V VXSRUWD L XQ DVHPHQHD WUDWDPHQW V vL GD L VRFRWHDO "
5HDF LRQkQG DVWIHO QX DP IL GHYHQLW GHFkW R DOW ILJXU GH DXWRULWDWH FDUH DU IL
184
H[HUFLWDWSUHVLXQLDVXSUDHLúLGHFDUHDUDYXWQHYRLHV VHVDOYH]HXOWHULRU3DFLHQWD
DUILDGRSWDWvQPRGILUHVFDFHDVW DWLWXGLQHGDF HFKLOLEUXOGLQDPLFLQWUDSVLKLFL-ar
fi permis. SchiPEDUHD HVWH vQV SRVLELO GRDU GDF VH DMXQJH OD FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD
PRWLYHORUFDUHDXGXVODXQHFKLOLEUXGHDFHVWJHQúLFDUHFRQWULEXLHODPHQ LQHUHD
OXLvQFLXGDVXIHULQ HLUHVLP LWHvQUHOD LH3ULQFLSDOXOSHULFROSHFDUHvOFRQVWLWXLH
LQWHUYHQ LD VXSRUWLY vQ FDGUXO WUDWDPHQWXOXL SVLKDQDOLWLF HVWH FD SDFLHQWXO V VH
VLPW SUHVDW V DGRSWH R DWLWXGLQH DVHUWLY )LLQG vQF LQFDSDELO V R IDF VH YRU
DFWLYD VHQWLPHQWH GH YLQRY LH FH SRW DIHFWD DOLDQ D WHUDSHXWLF SRW JHQHUD XQ
transfer negativ, sau pot iQGXFHDQ[LHWDWHvQSDFLHQWID GHWHUDSHXW7HUDSHXWXOQX
YDGHYHQLvQRFKLLSDFLHQWXOXLGHFkWXQVXEVWLWXWDOH[LJHQ HORU6XSUDHXOXL
6ROX LD SVLKDQDOLWLF DGRSWDW D IRVW GH D GHWHFWD FDUH HVWH VXEVWUDWXO
LQFRQúWLHQWDOGHSHQGHQ HLDFHVWHLSDFLHQWH6-DLGHQWLILFDWvPSUHXQ FXSDFLHQWDF
GHSHQGHQ DVDDYHDODED] VHQWLPHQWHSXWHUQLFHGHFXOSDELOLWDWHúLWHQGLQ DGHDVH
autopedepsi.
3.6XJHUDUHDXQRUVROX LLGHFRPSURPLV
SULQFDUHV ILHH[SULPDWHúLGHULYDWHOHSXOVLRQDOHúLDS U ULOH
4. ([SOLFD LLOHJHQHWLFH
'HPHUVXO VXSRUWLY úL GH VXV LQHUH DUH vQ SVLKDQDOL]D FRQWHPSRUDQ XQ DOW
fundament decât în terapiile scurte. Dincolo de interpretare, sau înaintea ei,
VXV LQHUHD úL FRQ LQHUHD VXQW FRRUGRQDWHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH UHOD LHL DQDOLVW-analizând.
3VLKDQDOLVWXO QX PDL DUH UROXO XQHL VLPSOH ÄPDúLQL GH LQWHUSUHWDW´ FDUH WUHEXLH V
vQO WXUH RULFH HPR LH VDX VHQWLPHQW GLQ UHOD LD WHUDSHXWLF ,QWHUSUHWDUHD poate
GHYHQL YHKLFXOXO SULQ FDUH DQDOLVWXO vQ HOHJH HPSDWL]HD] FX FRQ LQH DFFHSW
WU LULOHWUDQVIHUHQ LDOHDOHSDFLHQWXOXL7HUPHQXOGHvQY DUHLQWHUDF LRQDO HVWHFHO
PDLDGHFYDWSHQWUXDGHVFULHSURFHVXOSVLKDQDOLWLF7UDQVIHUXOúLFRQWUDWUDQVIHUXO nu
186
VXQW XWLOL]DWH GRDU SHQWUX D GHWHFWD H[SHULHQ HOH HPR LRQDOH GLQ WUHFXW FL VWDX OD
ED]DXQHLH[SHULHQ HHPR LRQDOHFRUHFWLYHDXQRUSURFHVHGHvQY DUHSULQUHOD LD
cu analistul.
)DFWRULL WHUDSHXWLFL FH FRQVWLWXLH SUHPLVH DOH VFKLPE ULL VXQW DWLWXGLQea
HPSDWLF VXV LQHUHD FRQ LQHUHD úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD Atitudinea HPSDWLF GLQ SDUWHD
DQDOLVWXOXLSHUPLWHFDSDFLHQWXOV VHVLPW vQ HOHVSHUPLWHFRQVWUXLUHDXQHLUHOD LL
ED]DWH SH vQFUHGHUH úL GXFH OD H[SULPDUHD XQRU WHQGLQ H GH GH]YROWDUH LQKLEDWH
6XV inerea SUHVXSXQH FUHDUHD XQHL DWPRVIHUH GH VLJXUDQ vQ FDUH SDFLHQWXO V VH
VLPW SURWHMDWvQID DSURSULLORULPSXOVXUL&RQ LQHUHDSUHVXSXQHFDDQDOLVWXOV QX
UHDF LRQH]H ID GH SURYRF ULOH DJUHVLYH VHGXFWLYH VDX GH RULFH DOW WLS GLQ SDUWHD
pacientuluL$QDOLVWXOYDS VWUDSHQWUXVLQHWU LULOHLQGXVHGHSDFLHQWIRORVLQGX-le
vQvQ HOHJHUHDGRULQ HORULQFRQúWLHQWHDOHDFHVWXLD$FRQ LQHSUHVXSXQHDDFFHSWDF
în anumite momente interpretarea nu este cel mai eficient factor terapeutic, fiind
necesar ca WHUDSHXWXOV WROHUH]HLQWHQVLWDWHDWU LULORUSDFLHQWXOXL
$FHVWH DVSHFWH DOH UHOD LHL WHUDSHXWLFH vQ DQVDPEOX YRU GXFH OD FRQVWUXLUHD
XQHLUHOD LLGHRIDFWXU GLIHULW ID GHFHHDFHSDFLHQWXODFXQRVFXWvQH[SHULHQ DVD
GH YLD SRWHQ kQG VFKLPEDUHD 8QHOH FXUHQWH GLQ SVLKDQDOL] DX SXV DFFHQWXO vQ
special pe interpretare ca demers eficient în vindecare. Interpretarea nu poate fi
vQV L]RODW GH FRQWH[WXO UHOD LHL WHUDSHXWLFH $VWIHO vQF GLQ DQLL ¶ UHOD LD FX
DQDOLVWXODGHYHQLWRYDULDELO LPSRUWDQW DSURFHVXOXLSVLKDQDOLWLFLDUDFFHQWXOV-a
GHSODVDWGHODGHPHUVXOGHLQWHUSUHWDUHODSUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXLQWHUDF LXQHDSDFLHQW-
WHUDSHXW,QL LDO0.OHLQúL*UHHQDFUHDXY ]XWvQUHOD LDPDP -copil
SURWRWLSXO RULF UXL WUDQVIHU $SRL 0oney-Kyrle (1956), Gittelson (1962), Spitz
DX UHOHYDW LPSRUWDQ D DGRSW ULL GH F WUH DQDOLVW D SR]L LHL PDWHUQH ID GH
SDFLHQWFDUHIDYRUL]HD] FUHúWHUHD'DUIDFWRULLUHOD LRQDOLQXH[FOXGLQWHUSUHWDUHD
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DE LA SCENARIU LA AUTONOMIE
AMALIA GABOR
ABSTRACT
This article discusses a set of important TA concepts: the script, psychological stamp
collection, authonomy, racket feelings, racket system. It analyses the way in which the
script is created during childhood as a result of the environment’s influence (chiefly the
parents influence) and different ways in which, under stress, the adult person tries to adapt
the world so that it appears to fit the decisions that he made during childhood. The article
presents options for breaking out of the script in order to become an autonomous person:
that is, aware of the „here and now reality” and its own feelings and reactions; capable of
choosing out of a range of options regarding his behavior and emotions; open to authentic
human interactions.
1. Scenariul
'HVWLQXOILLQ HLRPHQHúWLHVWHVWDELOLWGHFHHDFHVHSHWUHFHvQPLQWHDHLFkQG
VHFRQIUXQW FXHYHQLPHQWHOHGLQH[WHULRU)LHFDUHRPKRW U úWHvQFRSLO ULDPLF
IHOXO FXP YD WU L úL IHOXO FXP YD PXUL LDU DFHO SODQ SH FDUH-O SRDUW vQ PLQWH
oriunde s-ar GXFHVHQXPHúWHÄVFHQDULXOGHYLD ´ÌQPrinciple of group treatment,
(ULF %HUQH D GHILQLW VFHQDULXO GH YLD FD SH ÄXQ SODQ GH YLD LQFRQúWLHQW´ 0DL
târziu, în What do you say after you say helloDRIHULWRGHILQL LHPDLFRPSOHW ÄXQ
SODQGHYLD FUHDWvQFRSLO ULHvQW ULWGHS ULQ LMXVWLILFDWGHHYHQLPHQWHXOWHULRDUH
úLFXOPLQkQGFXRDOWHUQDWLY DOHDV ´
6FHQDULXO GH YLD HVWH XQ SODQ DO YLH LL DIODW vQ GHVI úXUDUH HODERUDW vQ
FRSLO ULDPLF VXELQIOXHQ DSUHVLXQLLH[HUFLWDWHGHS ULQ L3HUVRDQDvúLFRQWXUHD]
VLQJXU SODQXO YLH LL FDUH VH SUH]LQW FD IRU D SVLKRORJLF FH-o împinge spre
vPSOLQLUHDGHVWLQXOXLHLLQGLIHUHQWGDF HDVHvPSRWULYHúWHVDXDILUP F DF LRQHD]
în virtutea liberului-arbitru.
&kQG VXQWHP vQ VFHQDULX vQFHUF P V IDFHP ID SUREOHPHORU GH DGXOW
UHOXkQG VWUDWHJLLOH úL GHFL]LLOH GLQ FRSLO ULH 3HQWUX QRL FD úL FRSLL PLFL DFHVWH
GHFL]LLDXDS UXWFDFHOHPDLEXQHPRGXULGHDVXSUDYLH XLúLDQHVDWLVIDFHQHYRLOH
&D DGXO L vQF PDL S VWU P DFHDVW FRQYLQJHUH vQ VWDUHD de Copil a eului nostru.
) U V FRQúWLHQWL] PFODUvQFHUF PV DGDSW POXPHDGHDúDQDWXU vQFkWV SDU
F MXVWLILF GHFL]LLOHQRDVWUHGLQFRSLO ULH
189
2. Racketurile
3. &ROHF LRQDUHDGHWLPEUHSVLKRORJLFH
Sentimentele racket sunt colectate sub forma unor timbre psihologice, care
pot fi folosite în viitor pentru a justifica un anumit comportament acceptabil
conform controlului nostUXLQWHUQGHQXPLWVWDUHDGH3 ULQWHDHXOXL
&kQGÄLQWU P´vQWU-un sentiment racket, s-DUSXWHDV QHDJ PGHVHQWLPHQ-
WH'DF SURFHG PDVWIHOV-DUSXWHDFDODXQPRPHQWGDWV vQFHUF PV ÄYDORULIL-
F P´FROHF LDQRDVWU GHVHQWLPHQWHÄWLPEUH´$GHVHRULvQPRPHQWXOYDORULILF ULL
am putea exclama „M-DPV WXUDW´VDXÄ3kQ DLFL´$FHVWHH[SUHVLLGHQRW F vQ
acest moment avem suficiente „sentimente” depozitate pentru a ne justifica
DQXPLWHDF LXQLDOH3 ULQWHOXLQRVWUXLQWHULRU
Expresia colectarea de „timbre”DIRVWSUHOXDW SULQFRPSDUD LDFXRELFHLXO
popular în anii ’60, de a colecta „timbre” comerciale pentru schimb. Unele persoa-
QH FROHFWDX GRDU FkWHYD FXSRDQH SHQWUX R PLF UHFRPSHQV vQ WLPS FH DOWHOH
FROHFWDXDQLGH]LOHSHQWUXPDUHDSODW . Colectarea de sentimente „timbre” poate fi
Y ]XW vQ DFHODúL PRG 8QLL FROHF LRQHD] vQGHDMXQV SHQWUX D MXVWLILFD vQPkQDUHD
GHPLVLHLDO LLFROHFWHD] VXILFLHQWHVHQWLPHQWHÄWLPEUH´SHQWUXD-úLOXD]LOHOLEHUH
VDXFRQFHGLXPHGLFDOSHPRWLYHGHV Q WDWH
&ROHF LLOHGHWLPEUHSVLKRORJLFHVXQWGHSR]LWHOHQRDVWUHGHVHQWLPHQWHQHSO -
FXWH&ROHF LRQ PGH]QRG PLQWHOHQHJDWLYHFDSHQLúWHWLPEUHSULPLWHODPDJD]LQH
le lipim într-XQFODVRULPDJLQDUSkQ FkQGDYHPGHVWXOHFkWV SULPLPXQSUHPLXvQ
schimbul lor. $úD F OH VFKLPE P SH XQ ÄFDGRX JUDWXLW´ DGLF XQ DQXPLW WLS GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWSHFDUHvOFRQVLGHU PMXVWLILFDWSHED]DFROHF LHLQRDVWUHÄ3LF WXUD
FDUHDXPSOXWSDKDUXO´HVWHXQDVWIHOGHWLPEUXGHFROHF LH
191
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pagini întregi de clasor.
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le YDORULILF P vQ VFKLPEXO XQRU FDGRXUL FX R DQXPLW YDORDUH SHQWUX QRL 0XOWH
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192
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ùL FkW YUHPH RSHU P FX LOX]LD F WUHEXLH V FROHF LRQ P WRW IHOXO GH H[SHULHQ H
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SRWHQ LDOSHQWUXRYLD DXWRQRP
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PutemvQFHUFDV WU LPILHFDUHVLWXD LHSHP VXU FHDSDUHFkQGQLVHvQWkPSO FHYD
QHSO FXWSXWHPV UHFXQRDúWHPOXFUXOUHVSHFWLYvQDFHOPRPHQWúLV OX PLPHGLDW
P VXULOHDGHFYDWH&KLDUGDF GHFLGHPV QXIDFHPQLPLFP FDUVF S PGHVWUHVXO
inutil de a purta cu noi, în viitor, sentimente care nu folosesc la nimic.
&UHGLQ HOH6FHQDULDOH
$WXQFLFkQGVXQWvQVFHQDULXUHLDXFUHGLQ HvQYHFKLWHGHSUH mine, despre DO L
oameniúLGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LL$FHVWHDIRUPHD] &UHGLQ HOH6FHQDULDOH&RSLOXO
DGRSW &RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHvQWU-o încHUFDUHGHDGDVHQVXQHLH[SHULHQ HHPR-
LRQDOHQHWHUPLQDWHúLGHDvQFKHLDDVWIHODFHDH[SHULHQ FXPSRDWHHOPDLELQH
&UHGLQ HOH 6FHQDULDOH se subîmpart în &RQYLQJHUL 6FHQDULDOH (VHQ LDOH úL
Convingeri Scenariale de Sprijin.
Convingerile Scenariale EsHQ LDOH corespund cu deciziile scenariale funda-
mentale, cele mai timpurii ale copilului. Convingerile Scenariale de SprijinVXV LQ
úLVHIRUPHD] SHED]D&RQYLQJHULORU6FHQDULDOH(VHQ LDOH
,DW FXP DUH ORF UHFLFODUHD &UHGLQ HORU úL 6HQWLPHQWHORU 6FHQDULale (ca
proces intrapsihic): ÌQ PRPHQWHOH GH VWUHV LQWUDUHD vQ VFHQDULX DUH ORF GDF
VLWXD LDGHDLFL-úL-acum VHDP Q RDUHFXPFXRVLWXD LHGHVWUHVGLQFRSLO ULH–GDF
H[LVW REDQG GHFDXFLXFÌQDVHPHQHDVLWXD LHSHUVRDQDUHWU LHúWHVHQWLPHQWHOH
193
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DúD FXP R I FHD FkQG HUD PLF úL H[SHULPHQWD VLWXD LD VWUHVDQW ) U V
FRQúWLHQWL]H]H vQFHSH V WU LDVF DFHOHDúL VHQWLPHQWH DXWHQWLFH FD vQ FRSLO ULH ÌQ
timp ce se întâmpO DFHVWOXFUXSHUVRDQDvúLVFULH&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOH(DvúL
ÄH[SOLF ´H[SHULHQ DQHSO FXW FXDMXWRUXODFHVWRU&RQYLQJHUL'HILHFDUHGDW FkQG
vúLUHSHW FUHGLQ HOHGLQFRSLO ULHSHUVRDQDvúLÄMXVWLILF ´VHQWLPHQWHOHDXWHQWLFHúL
GH ILHFDUH GDW FkQG UHWU LHúWH DFHVWH VHQWLPHQWH HD vúL UHDILUP &RQYLQJHULOH
Scenariale pentru a-úLÄH[SOLFD´VLHvQV úLFXPVHVLPWHÌQDFHVWPRG&UHGLQ HOHúL
Sentimentele Scenariale sunt permanent reciclate. Acest proces de reciclare se
petrece intrapsihic – DGLF numai în mintea persoanei. Deoarece persoana deja
SRVHG RÄH[SOLFD LH´VFHQDULDO LQWHUQ vQOHJ WXU FXFHHDFHHDSHUFHSHFDILLQG
H[SHULHQ GXUHURDV QHSO FXW HDQX-úLSRDWHDGDSWD&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHODR
realitate de aici-úL-DFXP 'LPSRWULY GH ILHFDUH GDW FkQG UHSHW DFHVW SURFHV GH
UHFLFODUH HD vúL vQW UHúWH SHUFHS LD F UHDOLWDWHD D ÄFRQILUPDW´ &RQYLQJHULOH VDOH
Scenariale.
0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW
0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW constau din toate comportamentele externe sau ascunse
FDUHVHGDWRUHD] &RQYLQJHULORUúL6HQWLPHQWHORU6FHQDULDOH(OHLQFOXGcomporta-
mente observabile, H[SHULHQ HLQWHUQHUHODWDWHúLfantezii.
Comportamentele observabile FRQVWDX vQ PDQLIHVW UL DOH HPR LLORU FXYLQ-
WHORULQWRQD LLORUJHVWXULORUúLOLPEDMXOXLFRUSRUDOSHFDUHSHUVRDQDOHDILúHD] FD
U VSXQV OD XQ SURFHV LQWUDSVLKLF $FHVWH PDQLIHVW UL VXQW UHSHWLWLYH úL VWLOL]DWH
SHQWUX F UHSURGXF FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH VFHQDULDOH SH FDUH FRSLOXO D vQY DW V OH
IRORVHDVF vQWU-RPDUHYDULHWDWHGHVLWXD LLFDXQPRGGHDÄRE LQHFHYa“ în familia
VD0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHWSRWLQFOXGHFRPSRUWDPHQWHvQFRQFRUGDQ FX&RQYLQJH-
ULOH6FHQDULDOHVDXFDUHSURWHMHD] vPSRWULYDDFHVWRUD
([SHULHQ HOH LQWHUQH UHODWDWH VH UHIHU OD FHHD FH VH SHWUHFH vQ LQWHULRUXO
FRUSXOXL VXE IRUP GH WHQVLXQL GLVFRQIRUWXUL úL VXIHULQ H VRPDWLFH FDUH DSDU FD
U VSXQVXULOD&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOH6-DUSXWHDFDHOHV QXILHHYLGHQ LDWHvQWU-un
FRPSRUWDPHQW REVHUYDELO GDU SRW IL UHODWDWH GH F WUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX] 8QHRUL
tensiunile musculare pot fi atât de binHUHSULPDWHvQFkWQXUHYLQvQFRQúWLHQ DSHU-
soanei decât sub masaj.
Fanteziile LPSOLF IDSWXO F FKLDU GDF QLPHQL QX VH FRPSRUW vQ UHDOLWDWH
conform Convingerilor Scenariale ale persoanei, ea poate merge mai departe ima-
ginându-úLXQDVHPHQHDFRPSRUWDPHQW&RPSRUWDPHQWXOLPDJLQDWSRDWHV -i apar-
LQ FKLDUDFHVWHLDVDXDOWFXLYD
Amintirile Confirmatoare
&kQG HVWH vQ VFHQDULX SHUVRDQD UHWU LHúWH R VHULH GH DPLQWLUL FDUH FRQILUP
Convingerile Scenariale. Fiecare dintre aceste amintiri rememorate va fi una prin
FDUHSHUVRDQDúL-DUHFLFODW&UHGLQ HúL6HQWLPHQWH6FHQDULDOH) FkQGDFHVWOXFUXHD
VHYDDQJDMDvQ0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHWvQVR LWRDUHVDXSULQUHWU LUHDXQXLVHQWLPHQW
racket, sau angajându-se într-un oricare alt comportament vizibil sau intern care
este caracteristic propriului Sistem Racket. Când evenimentul e rememorat,
VHQWLPHQWXOUDFNHWVDXDOWHPHQLIHVW ULUDFNHWVXQWUHPHPRUDWHRGDW FXHO&XDOWH
FXYLQWHILHFDUH$PLQWLUH&RQILUPDWRDUHHVWHvQVR LW GHXQtimbru.
194
Evenimentele rememorateSRWILU VSXQVXULDOHDOWRURDPHQLOD0DQLIHVW ULOH
5DFNHWDOHSHUVRDQHLVDXSRWLQFOXGHU VSXQVXULSHFDUHSHUVRDQDOH-a interpretat în
VLQHD VD FD SH QLúWH FRQILUP UL DOH &UHGLQ HORU VDOH 6FHQDULDOH FKDLU GDF vQ
realitate ele au fost ceva neutru sau chiar contrariul acestor convingeri.
'H DVHPHQHD úL DPLQWLULOH IDQWH]LLORU XQRU VFHQH FDUH VH SRWULYHVF FX
&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHVHUYHVFGUHSW$PLQWLUL&RQILUPDWRDUHODIHOGHELQHFDúL
amintirile despre evenimente reale.
Amintirile Confirmatoare servesc drept feedback pentru Convingerile Scenariale.
Sistemul Racket este, deci, un sistem auto-confirmatorGHILHFDUHGDW FkQG
HVWHUHPHPRUDW R$PLQWLUH&RQILUPDWRDUHSHUVRDQDUHLDR&RQYLQJHUH6FHQDULDO
care se auto-FRQVROLGHD] SULQ DFHD $PLQWLUH &RQILUPDWRDUH 3H P VXU FH
&RQYLQJHUHD 6FHQDULDO HVWH UHOXDW VHQWLPHQWXO UHSULPDW DIODW OD ED]D HL HVWH
VWLPXODW úL SURFHVXO ÄUHFLFO ULL´ LQWUDSVLKLFH HVWH SXV vQ PLúFDUH vQF R GDW 3H
P VXU FH VH vQWkPSO DFHVW OXFUX SHUVRDQD VH DQJDMHD] vQ 0DQLIHVW ri Racket.
$FHVWHD SRW LQFOXGH FRPSRUWDPHQWH REVHUYDELOH WU LUL LQWHUQH IDQWH]LL VDX R
FRPELQD LH vQWUH FHOH WUHL /D UkQGXO V X UH]XOWDWXO 0DQLIHVW ULORU 5DFNHW G
SHUVRDQHL SRVLELOLWDWHD V DGXQH FkW PDL PXOWH $PLQWLUL &RQILUPDWRDUH DO WXUL GH
timbreOHHPR LRQDOHFDUHOHvQVR HVF
ÌQFHOHFHXUPHD] UHG PUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF D6LVWHPXOXL5DFNHWDúDFXP
DIRVWHDRIHULW GHFHLGRLDXWRULDLV L5LFKDUG(UVNLQHúL0DU\OLQ=DOFPDQ
195
Pentru identificarea convingerilor scenariale sunt XWLOH U VSXQVXULOH OD
vQWUHE ULOHÄÌQDFHDVLWXD LHce îmi spuneam eu în sinea mea despre mine însumi?
'DUGHVSUHDO LRDPHQLLPSOLFD L"'DUGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LLúLDOXPLLvQJHQHUDO"´
3HQWUX D GHYHQL FRQúWLHQW GH sentimentele reprimate la momentul lX ULL
deciziei scenarialeSXWHPRE LQHXQHOHLQGLFLLDVWIHO:
- 8QHRUL VH SRDWH V IL WU LW R IUDF LXQH GH VHFXQG GH VHQWLPHQW DXWHQWLF
înainte de a „intra” în sentimentul racket.
- „'DF Dú IL FRSLO I U QLFL XQ IHO GH FRQFHSW GHVSUH FHQ]XUDUHD VHQWL-
mentelor mele, cum m-DúILVLP LWRDUHvQDFHDVLWXD LH"$úILVLP LWIXULHWULVWH H
GHSULPDW WHURDUHH[WD]"'DF DLvQGRLHOLJKLFHúWH
- „Ce sentiment autentic ar fi corespuns SHQWUXDvQFKHLDDFHDVLWXD LH pentru
tine?”
Pentru 0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW, cei GRLDXWRULSURSXQXUP WRDUHOHH[HUFL LL
1. Pentru Comportamentele observabile
,PDJLQHD] - L F YH]L VFHQD SH YLGHR FX WLQH FD DFWRU vQ HD 2EVHUY - L
FXYLQWHOHLQWRQD LDJHVWXULOHSRVWXUDH[SUHVLLOHIDFLDOH.
&HHPR LLUDFNHWH[SULPL"
) RFRPSDUD LHcu amintirea sentimentelor racket pe care le-DLWU LWvQFXUVXO
acelei scene.
2. Pentru 7U LULOHLQWHUQHUHODWDWH
1RWHD] RULFHtensiuni sau disconfortVLP LWHvQRULFDUHSDUWHDFRUSXOXLH[R
GXUHUHGHFDSFUDPSHvQVWRPDFGXUHUHvQFHDI ÄQLFLRVHQ]D LH´HWF
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3. Pentru Fantezii
7HLPDJLQH]LSHWLQHvQVX LvQDFHDVFHQ úLWHvQWUHEL
„Care este lucrul FHOPDLU XFDUHVLPWF PLV-ar putea întâmpla aici? Care
este lucrul cel mai bunFDUHVLPWF VHSRDWHvQWkPSODDLFL"´
QRWHD] SULPXO OXFUX FDUH v L YLQH vQ PLQWH FD U VSXQV LQGLIHUHQW FkW GH
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Pentru Amintirile Confirmatoare:
/ VkQGX- LPHPRULDV DOHUJHOLEHU QRWHD] amintirile privitoare laVLWXD LL
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IRDUWHvQGHS UWDWv LYHLDPLQWLWU LUHDDFHOXLDúLVHQWLPHQWUDFNHWDFHOHDúLWHQVLXQL
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4.3.1. Autonomia
196
ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WDSDUvQWUHE ULOH&DUHHVWHVFRSXOILQDOSHFDUHvODXvQYHGHUH
în procesul GHVFKLPEDUH"&XPYRUúWLFHLGRLFkQGV-a încheiat munca lor?
Idealul sugerat de Eric Berne a fost autonomia. El n-D RIHULW QLFLRGDW R
GHILQL LH SHQWUX DFHVW FXYkQW GDU D GHVFULV DXWRQRPLD FD ILLQG ÄPDQLIHVWDW SULQ
GHFODQúDUHDVDXUHIDFHUHDDWUHLFDSDFLW LFRQúWLHQWL]DUHVSRQWDQHLWDWHúLLQWLPLWDWH´
(Berne, 1972).
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&RQúWLHQWL]DUHDHVWHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDYHGHDDX]LVLP LWDFWLOJXVWDúLPLURVL
OXFUXUL VXE IRUP GH LPSUHVLL VHQ]RULDOH SXUH vQ PRGXO vQ FDUH R IDFH XQ QRX-
Q VFXW 3HUVRDQD FRQúWLHQW QX LQWHUSUHWHD] úL QX ILOWUHD] H[SHULHQ D VD GHVSUH
OXPHDVWIHOvQFkWDFHDVWDV VHSRWULYHDVF GHILQL LLORU3DUHQWDOH6HDIO vQFRQWDFW
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Spontaneitatea
Spontaneitatea e capacitatea de a alege dintr-R JDP ODUJ GH RS LXQL GH
VLP LUHJkQGLUHúLFRPSRUWDPHQW7RWDúDFXPSHUVRDQDFRQúWLHQW SHUFHSHOXPHD
SHUVRDQDVSRQWDQ UHDF LRQHD] ODHDGLUHFWI U V RPLW SRU LXQLGLQUHDOLWDWHVDX
s-o interpreteze pentru a se potrivLXQRUGHILQL LL3DUHQWDOH
6SRQWDQHLWDWHD LPSOLF IDSWXO F SHUVRDQD SRDWH U VSXQGH OLEHU GLQ RULFDUH
GLQWUHFHOHWUHLVW ULDOHHXOXLV X,QGLIHUHQWFHVWDUHDHXOXLIRORVHúWHvúLYDDOHJH
OLEHU U VSXQVXO DVWIHO vQFkW V FRUHVSXQG VLWXD LHL SUH]HQWH nu pentru a se
conforma unor comenzi Parentale învechite.
Intimitatea
,QWLPLWDWHDvQVHDPQ RvPS UW úLUHGHVFKLV DVHQWLPHQWHORUúLGRULQ HORUvQWUH
WLQHúLRDOW SHUVRDQ
Sentimentele exprimate sunt autentice, astfel încât intimitatea exclude posibi-
litatea de intrare în racket sau jucarea de jocuri.
'HúL %HUQH QX D VSXV H[SOLFLW DFHVW OXFUX HO D VXEvQ HOHV F DXWRQRPLD
vQVHDPQ DFHODúLOXFUXFXLQGHSHQGHQ DID GHVFHQDULX0DMRULWDWHDDXWRULORU$7
GHGXS %HUQHDXSXVGHDVHPHQHDDFHVWHGRX LGHLVXEVHPQXOHJDOLW LL9DQQ
-RLQHVúL,DQ6WHZDUWVXJHUHD] XUP WRDUHDGHILQL LHDDXWRQRPLHLÄ&RPSRUWDPHQW
JkQGLUHVDXVHQWLPHQWFDUHHVWHXQU VSXQVODUHDOLWDWHDGHDLFL-úL-acum mai curând
GHFkWXQU VSXQVODFRQYLQJHULVFHQDULDOH´-RLQHV6WHZDUW, 2004).
$XWRQRPLDRIHU vQWRWGHDXQDPDLPXOWHRS LXQLGHFkWXQVFHQDULX3HUVRDQD
VSRQWDQ SRDWH XQHRUL DOHJH V UHDF LRQH]H OD DLFL-úL-acum deplasându-se spre
VW ULOH GH &RSLO VDX 3 ULQWH DOH HXOXL ÌQ DXWRQRPLH vQV úL DFHDVW DOHJHUH HVWH
I FXW OLEHU FD U VSXQV OD VLWXD LD SUH]HQW 'LPSRWULY FkQG R SHUVRDQ HVWH vQ
VFHQDULX HD vúL YD IDFH GHSODV ULOH GH VWDUH D HXOXL FD U VSXQV OD GHFL]LLOH DXWR-
OLPLWDWRDUH GLQ FRSLO ULH SULYLWRDUH OD OXPH FRQYLQJHULOH HL VFHQDULDOH 'HúL
DXWRQRPLDQXvQVHDPQ V ILLSHUPDQHQWLQVWDUHDGH$GXOWHDLPSOLF SURFHVDUHD
GDWHORU GHVSUH OXPH SULQ VWDUHD WD GH $GXOWDSRLPHQ LQHUHDFRQúWLHQ HLGH$GXOW
FkQGDOHJLGLQFDUHVWDUHDHXOXLV U VSXQ]L
197
4.3.2. Sistemul autonomiei
9DQQ -RLQHV úL ,DQ 6WHZDUW SURSXQ R VHULH GH H[HUFL LL úL SHQWUX FRQWUXLUHD
sistemului autonomiei.
5HDPLQWHúte- LvQF RGDW VFHQDODFDUHWH-DLJkQGLWFkQG L-DLDOF WXLW6LVWHPXO
5DFNHW,DW vQFHFRQVWDXHOHH[HUFL LLOH
&RQYLQJHULúLVHQWLPHQWHDFWXDOL]DWH (în loc de Convingerile Scenariale)
&RQYLQJHULGHVSUHVLQHGHVSUHDO LLGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LL
Ä&DUH HVWH UHDOLWDWHD SR]LWLY GHVSUH WLQH vQVX L SH FDUH YHL GRUL V R
vQUHJLVWUH]LDFXPFDúLFRQYLQJHUHDFWXDOL]DW "´9DQQ-RLQHV6WHZDUW
- 5HDFWXDOL]HD] - LúLFRQYLQJHULOHvQOHJ WXU FXFHLODO LúLFXFDOLWDWHDYLH LL
- Este important V IRORVHúWLIRUPXO ULSR]LWLYH .
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198
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YUHXQGXELXPDLELQHV JUHúHúWLF WUHRSWLPLVP
Sentimente autentice exprimate:
- 6FULHDFHOHDúLVHQWLmente autentice pe care le-ai notat la Sistemul Racket.
- Închipuindu-WHvQDSRLvQVFHQDUHVSHFWLY LPDJLQHD] - LFXPDUILIRVWV - L
exprimi sentimentele autentice într-un mod sigur FDUH DU IL ILQDOL]DW VLWXD LD GLQ
SXQFWXOW XGHYHGHUH
0DQLIHVW ULDXWRnome (în loc de 0DQLIHVW UL5DFNHW):
Comportamente observabile
- ÌQF RGDW LPDJLQHD] - LVFHQDFXWLQHFDDFWRUSUH]HQWDW SHYLGHR5HI -o
vQDúDIHOvQFkWV WHFRPSRU LvQWU-un mod pozitivvQDIDUDVFHQDULXOXLúLVLP LQGR
HPR LHDXWHQWLF în loc de una racket.
- 2EVHUY - LFXYLQWHOHLQWRQD LDJHVWXULOHSRVWXUDH[SUHVLLOHIDFLDOHîn care
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7U LULLQWHUQHUHODWDWH
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RSWH]LSHQWUXDHOLEHUDDFHVWHWHQVLXQL"&HVHvQWkPSO FkQGRIDFL"
3ODQXULúLYL]XDOL] ULSR]LWLYH
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DVLJXUD F VLWXD LL GH YLD YLLWRDUH VH YRU GHVI úXUD vQ PRGXO SR]LWLY pe care îl
FRQVWUXLHúWLWXDFXPvQORFGHPRGXOGHWLSUDFNHWSHFDUHO-ai analizat în Sistemul
W X5DFNHW
- 3R LQRWDtehnici de vizualizare creatoare FDUHV FDSDFLWH]HúLV vPSLQJ
mai departe planurile taleGHYLD
Amintiri Confirmatoare:
- 1RWHD] amintirile unor momente trecute FRQ LQkQG VLWXD LL SR]LWLYH
DVHP Q WRDUHFXVLWXD LDUHMXFDW SHFDUHRFRPSXLWXDFXP
- 'DF QX- L DPLQWHúWL QLFL XQD – atunci LQYHQWHD] -le, rememorarea unor
VLWXD LLSR]LWLYHLQYHQWDWHHVWHDEVROXWODIHOGHHILFLHQW FDúLHYRFDUHDXQRUDUHDOH
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Berne, Eric (1966), Principle of group treatment, New York, Editura Grove Press.
Berne, Eric (1972), What do you say after you say hello?, New York, Editura Grove Press.
Stewart, Ian si Joines, Vann (2004), AT $VW ]L7LPLúRDUD(GLWXUD0LUWRQ
Erskine, Richard, si Zalcman, Marilyn (1979), The racket system: a model for racket
analysis, TAJ, 9.
Hay, Julie (2006), ùDUDGDGHODVHUYLFLX%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD&RGHFV
199
200
COMUNICAREA DIAGNOSTICULUI DE CANCER
ù,()(&7(/($&(67(,&2081,& 5,$6835$5(/$ ,(,
7(5$3(87,&(/$$'8/ ,,'(35(6,9,,17(51$ ,
Ì16(& ,,/('(21&2/2*,(,
IOANA OMER
ABSTRACT
The opinions related to the communication of the cancer diagnosis which are
presented in the bibliography of specialty are confirmed also from the results of this
research, but the majority of the therapists are convinced that this diagnosis must be
communicated to the patients because cancer disease implies prolonged treatments with
many adverse side effects, sometimes very dangerous. Many times from the promptitude of
these treatments depends the life of these patients. The patients expressed their option to
know the truth about the diagnosis with the result of a better mood. They also got positive
attitude towards their disease and treatment, a better relation with the therapist and can
also realize that there is a real team in which he can trust, which can motivate him and give
physical and emotional support.
1. *HQHUDOLW L
IGHLOH FRQFHS LLOH GHVSUH FDQFHU UHVXUVHOH SVLKRORJLFH úL FHOH GH VXSRUW GLQ
SDUWHDFHORUODO LPRPHQWXOvQFDUHDSDUHERDODVLWXD LDIDPLOLDO VWLOXOGHUHDF LHvQ
VLWXD LLGLILFLOH©WRFRSHªSHUVRQDOLWDWHDVXQWHOHPHQWHFDUHSRWH[SOLFDGLIHUHQ-
HOHGHUHDF LHvQLPSDFWXOFXERDOD
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SHUVRDQH úL D PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXU WRU úL SURGXFH XQ GH]HFKLOLEUX vQ DFtivitate, în
UHOD LLOH LQWHUSHUVRQDOH FUHHD] SUREOHPH H[LVWHQ LDOH DIHFWHD] LQWHJULWDWHD IL]LF
úLSVLKLF LPDJLQHDFRUSRUDO úLVH[XDO
Bolnavul poate s FDSHWH VSHUDQ úL vQFUHGHUH vQ WUDWDPHQWH FkQG FXQRDúWH
alte persoane care au trecut prin acelHDúL H[SHULHQ H úL FDUH V-DX YLQGHFDW úL úL-au
UHOXDWYLD DIDPLOLDO SURIHVLRQDO úLVRFLDO (*HYHQRLV-133).
5%XFNPDQDWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLF RGDW FXGLDJQRV-
ticul unei boli cum este cancerul, pacientul se confrunt FX VROLFLW UL GLILFLOH úL
QHRELúQXLWH FDUH XQHRUL vL GHS úHVF SRVLELOLW LOH 5HDF LD LQGLYLGXOXL SRDWH IL
eficient GXFkQG OD DGDSWDUH SVLKRORJLF VDX LQHILFLHQW SURGXFkQG WXOEXU UL vQ
starea lui psihic 6WUDWHJLLOH FHOH PDL HILFLHQWH GH DGDSWDUH VXQt cele care au ca
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SUREOHPHL SDFLHQWXO VROLFLW PDL PXOWH LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH ERDO WUDWDPHQWH úL
FRQVHFLQ HDOHDFHVWRUDVROLFLW VIDWXOPDLPXOWRUVSHFLDOLúWLvQGRPHQLXFonsimte
V SDUWLFLSHODWUDWDPHQWH&HOHPDLSX LQHILFLHQWHVWUDWHJLLDXIRVWDSUHFLDWHDIL
FHOHGHUHWUDJHUHHYLWDUHSDVLYLWDWH0:HLVPDQúL-::RUGHQ
201
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deci]LLORU DX IRVW SUHOXDWH GH PXO L WHUDSHX L VRFRWLQGX-se c HVWH VROX LD LGHDO úL
dezirabil $)DXONQHUÌQUDSRUWFXDFHVWPRGGHDERUGDUHDSDUGHVWXO
de multe probleme întrucât de multe ori pacientul se lupt FXIULFDGHGLDJQRVWLF
Este bLQH GH úWLXW FkWH LQIRUPD LL GRUHúWH SDFLHQWXO úL FkWH SRDWH V SULPHDVF
0vUúX-P XQ (URDUHD JHQHUDO FRQVW vQ GRULQ D GH D VLVWHPDWL]D FX
RULFHSUH RDWLWXGLQHSULYLQGFRPXQLFDUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHFDQFHU$FHDVWDVHIDFH
numai pe baza uneL FRQYHUVD LL ED]DWH SH HPSDWLH UHVSHFW úL VLQFHULWDWH ID GH
ILHFDUH EROQDY $GHY UDWD DXWRQRPLH úL UHVSHFWXO SHQWUX EROQDY DU WUHEXL V LQ
FRQWúLGHGRULQ DXQRUDGHDGHFOLQDUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDPHGLFXOXLV X/)DOORZILHOG
S R QXPHúWH ©Dutonomie psihologic ª FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F SDFLHQWXO
LQIRUPDWHVWHGHDFRUGFDPHGLFXOV GHFLG vQORFXOV X
B. Luban-3OR]]D:3ROGLQJHUúL).URJHUVXV LQF HVWHQHFH-
VDU DWkW SHQWUX PHGLF FkW úL SHQWUX SDFLHQW V ILH GDWH H[SOLFD LL Ìn primul rând,
ascunderea diagnosticului este echivalent FXDGPLWHUHDOLSVHLWRWDOHGHVSHUDQ úL
deci cu lipsa de sens a tratamentului. În al doilea rând, din cauza procedeelor
pentru diagnosticarea urgent FDUH VH DSOLF vQ SUH]HQW FRODERUDUHD FX EROQavul
HVWH LQGLVSHQVDELO SHQWUX WUDWDPHQWXO EROLL FH LPSOLF LQWHUYHQ LL FKLUXUJLFDOH
LUDGLHULúLFLWRVWDWLFH
«Recurgerea la minciuni optimiste sau la jum W L GH DGHY U DGXFH GRDU XQ
ajutor superficial persoanei suferinde, care tr LHúWHXQVHQWLPHQWGHL]RODUHúLPDL
mare dup FHVSHUDQ HOHL-DXIRVWVSXOEHUDWHGHHYROX LDEROLLª%/XEDQ-Plozza,
W. Poldinger, F. Kroger, 1996, 141). Bolnavii pot avea atunci impresia c
tratamentul se face doar de form FHHD FH OH P UHúWH DQ[LHWDWHD úL GH]Q GHMGHD
TotuúLVSHUDQ DvQWUH LQXW GHGLVSR]L LDPHGLFXOXLGHDLQWUDvQWU-o colaborare util
úLVLQFHU DUHSkQ ODVIkUúLWXQHIHFWIDYRUDELODVXSUDHYROX LHLEROLL
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH RSLQLLOH DXWRULORU FLWD L UHIHULWRDUH OD FRPXQLFDUHD YHúWLORU
proaste, a diagnosticXOXLGHFDQFHUúLDSURJQRVWLFXOXLQHIDYRUDELOvQHYROX LDEROLL
DX VFRV vQ HYLGHQ IDSWXO F DFHVW GLDJQRVWLF SURGXFH VFKLPE UL PDMRUH vQ YLD D
IDPLOLDO SURIHVLRQDO úLVRFLDO DSDFLHQ LORUGLQFDX]DHYROX LHLúLWUDWDPHQWHORU
SHFDUHDFHDVW ERDO OHSUHVXSXQH3UREOHPDFDUHDSDUHHVWHDFHHDGDF HVWHELQH
V OL VH FRPXQLFH VDX QX DFHVW GLDJQRVWLF LDU S UHULOH DXWRULORU FRQVXOWD L VXQW F
LQIRUPD LLOH WUHEXLH RIHULWH WUHSWDW vQ IXQF LH GH FHHD FH GRUHúWH SDFLHQWXO V
FXQRDVF UHIHULWRU OD ERDOD VD DVWIHO vQFkW SDFLHQWXO V SRDW GHFLGH VLQJXU vQ
DQXPLWHVLWXD LLFDUHDSDUSHSDUFXUVXOHYROX LHLEROLLUHODWLYODVROX LLOHSHFDUHLOH
RIHU HFKLSDWHUDSHXWLF FXVFRSXODPHOLRU ULLEROLL
ÌQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVXQWDPLQWLWHDUJXPHQWHSURúLFRQWUDFRPXQLF ULL
diagnosticului. Dintre DUJXPHQWHOH PHQ LRQDWH vQ IDYRDUHD DVFXQGHULL GLDJQRVWL-
cului PHQ LRQ P9$QWRQHVFXGRULQ DGHDSURWHMDSDFLHQ LLGHDIODUHD
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202
În continuare, vom releva câteva DUJXPHQWH vQ IDYRDUHD FRPXQLF ULL
diagnosticului (F.Randall, R.S.Downie, 1996, 154; R.J. Dunlop, J.M.Hockley,
S )- )LW]SDWULFN 3:HEE VSHUDQ HOH QHUHDOLVWH vQ
YLQGHFDUH DGXF FX HOH SLHUGHUH GH WLPS GH EDQL úL HQHUJLH SH WUDWDPHQWH LQXWLOH
SUHOXQJHVFDQ[LHWDWHDSULQOLSVDYLQGHF ULLúLVSXOEHUDUHDORUHVWHGHPRUDOL]DQW XQ
SDFLHQWPLQ LWYDDYHDRVWDUHGHDQ[LHWDWHFRQIX]LHúLQXYDPDLDYHDvQFUHGHUHvQ
PHGLFXOV XSDFLHQWXOFDUHQXvúLFXQRDúWHGLDJQRVWLFXOúLSURJQRVWLFXOQXSRDWHV
opteze asupra tratamentului; din perspectiva religiHLFUHúWLQHHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW
FDEROQDYXOFDUHPDLDUHSX LQGHWU LWV úWLHDFHDVWDSHQWUXDDYHDWLPSXOQHFHVDU
vQYHGHUHDvPS F ULLFX'XPQH]HXDOX ULLXOWLPHORUGHFL]LLDUHFRQFLOLHULL
Punctul de vedere psihologic (Kubler-Ross, 1975, 215) suJHUHD] F vQWUHED-
UHDQXWUHEXLHV ILH©'DF WUHEXLHFDGRFWRUXOV YRUEHDVF FXSDFLHQWXOV X"ªFL
©&XP SRDWH V -L VSXQ GRFWRUXO SDFLHQWXOXL V X FHHD FH DFHVWD WUHEXLH V úWLH "ª
3DFLHQ LLDXGUHSWXOQXREOLJD LDV -úLFXQRDVF GLDJQRVWLFXO3ULQXrmare medicul
WUHEXLHV YDG GDF SDFLHQWXOYUHDV úWLHDGHY UXO.XEOHU-Ross, 1975, 216-217).
203
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trHEXLH V -L RIHUH SDFLHQWXOXL LQIRUPD LLOH SH FDUH OH GRUHúWH V YHULILFH GDF
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SHQWUXSDFLHQWúLV UHYLQ FXH[SOLFD LLDVXSUDDFHVWRUD
5. 2UJDQL]DUHD úL SODQLILFDUHD WUDtamentului:îQ DFHDVW HWDS WHUDSHXWXO
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alte surse care ar putea oferi sprijin bolnavului (familie, prieteni).
6. &RQFOX]LL WUDVH GH F WUH WHUDSHXW OD VIkUúLWXO GLVFX LHL vQ DFHDVW HWDS
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DGXVHvQGLVFX LH
7. Stabilirea de comun acord a unei noi întâlniri cu pacientul DúD FXP
UH]XOW GLQ FHOH SUH]HQWDWH PDL VXV DWkW FRPXQLFDUHD FkW úL DVFXQGHUHD GLDJQRV-
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comunicarea, contextul în care se face, personalitatea pacientului, vârsta acestuia,
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interpreteaz EV DIOXvQPRGGLUHFWUHDF LLOHORUODGLIHULWHHYHQLPHQWHFV DIOX
FHLQIRUPD LLGH LQDFHúWLDGHVSUHERDO GHVSUHWUDWDPHQWHOHI FXWHSUHFXPúLGGH
DRE LQHXQHOHGDWHUHIHULWRDUHODUHOD LDFXWHUDSHX LLFDUH-i trateaz úLLPSOLFLWOD
comunicarea cu ei. Pentru aceasta am conceput un interviu alc WXLW GLQ GH
întreb ULFDUHDIRVWDSOLFDWGLUHFWLDUU VSXQVXULOHRE LQXWHDXIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWHFX
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204
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2.1.1. La prima întrebare legat GH PRWLYXO LQWHUQ ULL vQ VSLWDO SDFLHQ LL DX
DILUPDWF V-au internat fie pentru administrarea citostaticelor, fie pentru tratamen-
WXO DQXPLWRU VLPSWRPH WXVH FX VDX I U VkQJH VF GHUH vQ JUHXWDWH WUDQVSLUD LL
dureri), fie pentru diferite «probleme» («probleme cu pl PkQLLª>%00 41ani,
FDQFHU SXOPRQDU VWDGLXO ,,,@ ©FLUR] ª >&3 0 DQL FDQFHU KHSDWLF VWDGLXO
IV], «pentru un nodul la sân», [N.E, F, 53 ani, cancer de sân, stadiul III]).
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afirmat c VXfer GHFDQFHUFHHDFHPL-a sugerat faptul c RSDUWHGLQWUHHLQXúWLH
c DFHVWWLSGHWUDWDPHQWVHIDFHvQEROLOHQHRSOD]LFHQHDVRFLLQGERDODFDQFHURDV
cu tratamentul citostatic. Ei interpreteaz DFHVWWUDWDPHQWFDILLQGFDRULFDUHDOWXOSH
care l-au f FXWvQDOWHVLWXD LLSHQWUXGLYHUVHEROLDVSHFWFRQILUPDWGHDOWIHOúLSULQ
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vala cu LGHHD XQHL FRQGDPQ UL OD PRDUWH úL DU LQGXFH R DWLWXGLQH GH UHQXQ DUH OD
tratament.
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tip de boal úLDQXPHRSHUD LLLUDGLHULWUDWDPHQWFLWRVWDWLF8UP WRDUHOHvQWUHE UL
au relHYDWIDSWXOF WUDWDPHQWHOHI FXWHGHSDFLHQ LDXvQFHSXWRGDW FXGHSLVWDUHD
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num U YDULDELO GH úHGLQ H GH UDGLRWHUDSLH vQ IXQF LH GH VWDGLXO úL JUDYLWDWHD EROLL
Tratamentul citostatic presupune urmarea unui ciclu de 6 serii, f FXWH WLPS GH
luni de zile, câte o serie la 3 s SW PkQLÌQDPEHOHFD]XULSRDWHILVDXQXQHYRLHúL
de o intervHQ LHFKLUXUJLFDO
2.2. 'LDJQRVWLFXOGHFDQFHUúLLPSDFWXOFXQRDúWHULLDFHVWXLD
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205
4) ©1XúWLX$PYHQLWFXGLDJQRVWLFXOGHOD)LODUHWª>620DQLFDQFHU
pulmonar, stadiul III, absolvent de liceu, electrician, interviul a fost realizat la
cinci luni de la depistarea bolii]
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úL©&XPY-DLQIOXHQ DWERDODPRGXOGHJkQGLUHúLGHYLD "ªU VSXQVXULOHGDWHGH
F WUH SDFLHQ LL FDUH-úL FXQRúWHDX GLDJQRVWLFXO V-DX UHIHULW OD IDSWXO F aflarea
diagnosticului a avut o inflXHQ LQL LDO QHJDWLY DVXSUD PDMRULW LL SDFLHQ LORU
(66%), dup FDUHRGDW WUHFXWúRFXOFRQILUP ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLSDFLHQ LLDXvQFHSXW
FX DMXWRUXO WHUDSHX LORU úL IDPLOLHL V VH LPSOLFH vQ WUDWDPHQW úL V OXSWH FX ERDOD
Am selectat, din acest punct de vedere, câteva dintre dialogurile care mi s-au p UXW
semnificative în acest sens:
206
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FDWHJRULH GH SDFLHQ L OD FDUH DIODUHD GLDJQRVWLFXOXL nu a avut impactul pe
care un asemeQHDGLDJQRVWLFvODUHGHRELFHLGXS FXPDXGHFODUDWDFHúWLD$FHúWL
VXELHF LDXDYXWvQF GHODvQFHSXWRDWLWXGLQHHFKLOLEUDW DFHDVW FDWHJRULHnedez-
YROWkQGODvQFHSXWXOEROLLWXOEXU ULGHSUHVLYH.
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9) «C: Cum v-DLQIOXHQ DWDIODUHDGLDJQRVticului?
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interviul a fost realizat la opt luni de la aflarea diagnosticului].
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Dumnezeu este --DO WXULGHDMXWRUXOGLQSDUWHDIDPLOLHL--XQVSULMLQSHQWUXSDFLHQ L
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medici extraordinar de buni, care m-au ajutat s WUHF SHVWH DVWD úL P DMXW vQ
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207
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luni de la aflarea diagnosticului]
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r VSXQVXOXLODRERDO VHULRDV FXPHVWHFDQFHUXO(OHUHSUH]LQW vQRSLQLDDXWRDUHL
o strategie important GH GLPLQXDUH D DQxiet LL úL GH PHQ LQHUH D HFKLOLEUXOXL
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form LPSRUWDQW GH VXSRUW úL VXUV GH VSHUDQ FDUH OD UkQGXO HL UHSUH]LQW R
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15) «P: La ecografie […]am întâlnit o rezident WkQ U L-am zis s -mi spun
de la început totul, c PDLELQHVXSRUWDúDGHFkWV Y GF VHSRDUW FXPLQHFDFX
oul. […] Mie mi s-a spus adev UXOúLHXDPWUHFXWSHVWHDVWDPXOWPDLXúRUGHFkW
faptul c -PLDVFXQGHDúLDIODPGHODDOWFLQHYD>«@ùLDúDDPvQFHSXWV OXSWGLQ
WRDWHSXWHULOHSHQWUXYLD DPHDª>60)DQLFDQFHUGHVkQVWDGLXO,,,IRVW
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liceu].
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209
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Tabelul 1
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UHODWLYODGLDJQRVWLFXOGHFDQFHUDúDFXPDXUHLHúLWGLQLQWHUYLXULOHFXSDFLHQ LL
&XQRDúWHUHDDGHY UXOXi privind comunicarea 3DFLHQ L
GLDJQRVWLFXOXLSXQFWHGHYHGHUHDOHSDFLHQ LORU
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLDYkQGFDHIHFWDGRSWDUHDXQRUFRQGXLWHúL 54
comportamente ulterioare favorabile bolii
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLavând ca efect echilibrarea psihLF vQFHHDFH 30
SULYHúWHVWDUHDGHV Q WDWHHYHQWXDOHOHUHFLGLYHSURSULXOYLLWRU
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLavând ca efect reglementarea problemelor legate 16
de testament sau profesionale
Tabelul 2
$SUHFLHUHDGHF WUHSDFLHQ LDPRGDOLW LLGHH[SULPDUHDPHGLFLORU
Tipul e[SOLFD LLORU 3DFLHQ L
Cum a formulat
PHGLFXOH[SOLFD LLOHSH Clare, concise 77
care vi le-a dat cu privire &XH]LW ULúLRFROLúXUL 27
ODERDO " 'HWDOLDWFXSUHDPXOWHDP QXQWH 22
Cu brutalitate -
&XDIHF LXQH 73
210
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s QXLDV
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P: Da. Pân DFXPDPDYXWvQFUHGHUHGDUDFXPFKLDUO-am întrebat sincer.
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este, de ce natur DIRVWWXPRUDúL>«@FkQGvOvQWUHELQXVHúWLH>«@FXPQXVH
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absolvent de liceu]
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RFROLúXUL GLQ SDUWHD PHGLFXOXL apare atunci când medicul trebuie s FRPXQLFH
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SDFLHQ LORUH]LW ULOHvQFRPXQLFDUHDPHGLFLORUV-au concretizat în expresii FDUHV -i
DVFXQG SDFLHQWXOXLDGHY UXOvQOHJ WXU FXERDODOXLGHWLSXO©QXúWLXGHRFDP-
GDW GLDJQRVWLFXOYHQL LSHVWHRV SW PkQ FkQGRV primesc rezultatul la biopsie»,
©QXDXYHQLWUH]XOWDWHOHGHODODERUDWRUª©IDFH LXQWUDWDPHQWSHQWUXvQW ULUHª©RV
Y G PXQWUDWDPHQWSHQWUXWHQVLXQHª©QXY VSHULD LWRWXORV ILHELQHª©RV Y
VSXQ PHGLFXOGHIDPLOLHªVDXvQSUH]HQ Dpauzelor în vorbirea medicului înainte
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211
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este, pe de o parte, faptul c SDFLHQ LL vQFHS V -úL SLDUG vQFUHGHUHD vQ medic,
vQWUXFkWvQXQHOHVWDGLLDOHEROLLDSDUHvQU XW LUHDVW ULLGHV Q WDWHDSDFLHQ LORU
GHúLPHGLFLLvQFHDUF V -LFRQYLQJ SHDFHúWLDF VHYRUIDFHELQH
3H GH DOW SDUWH IDSWXO F PHGLFXO OH ascunde adev Uul este interpretat de
c WUHSDFLHQ L ca o dovad DJUDYLW LLEROLL c UHLDPHGLFXOQX-LSRDWHIDFHID úL
apare din nou sc GHUHDFUHGLELOLW LLPHGLFXOXLvQRFKLLSDFLHQWXOXL(YROX LDDFHVWHL
boli necesit LQWHUQ UL QXPHURDVH úL WUDWDPHQWH WUDXPDWL]DQWH LDU SUH]HQ D XQXL
medic în care pacientul s DLE vQFUHGHUHúLODFDUHV DSHOH]HvQPRPHQWHOHFULWLFH
este absolut obligatorie. Pierderea credibilit LLPHGLFXOXL îl las SHSDFLHQWVLQJXU
s VHOXSWHFXVXIHULQ HOHI U V DLE XQVSULMLQODFDUHV SRDW DSHODDWXQFLFkQG
nu mai poate IDFHID VLQJXUVLWXD LHL
I GLQWUH SDFLHQ L DFHLDúL FDUH DX UHPDUFDW H]LW ULOH úL RFROLúXULOH GLQ
comunicarea cu medicul, au afirmat c nu li s-DXRIHULWVXILFLHQWHLQIRUPD LLúLF DU
PDL IL GRULW úL DOWH LQIRUPD LL VXSOLPHQWDUH OHJDWH GH HYROX LD bolii, tratamentele
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212
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PXOWHGHVSUHSURSULDERDO úLFDXUPDUHV ILHPDLSX LQGHSUHVLYLúLV VHLPSOLFH
mai activ în tratament contribuind astfel la ameliorarea acesteia.
/LVW GHDEUHYLHUL
C= FHUFHW WRDUH
F= pacient/ terapeut de sex feminin
M= pacient/ terapeut de sex masculin
P= pacient
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%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD0HGLFDO
0vUúX3 XQ&Psihosomatic RQFRORJLF , în Elemente de psihosomatic general
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,6725,(62&,$/
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Studiu comparativ
MONICA POPA
ABSTRACT
In a lack of customs that settle and impose a specific referrence to the land issue,
individuals don’t evaluate the community topic regarding the property of a piece of land.
Juridical standards without a common law fundamentation stand up for a reglemented
character upon which individuals are referring to understand the rights and obligations
that come from achieving this status, without reinvesting the property with symbolical
properties.. Beside this, the collective property do not enter in the interests area or
representations of individuals, when there is a feeling that it has never belonged to the
community.
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KDEVEXUJLLDQH[HD] 7UDQVLOYDQLDúL%DQDWXO'RX ]HFLGHDQLPDLWkU]LXvQXUPD
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Editura Cartea RomâneaVF .
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vor face obiectul politicilor de militarizare ale imperiului. Demilitarizarea se va
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Comunitatea de Avere din Banat.2
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care, pentru a proteja noile frontiere împotriva incursiunii otomane, a creat o
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9DODK GH 1 V XG 5HJLPHntul nr. 2 Secuiesc, cu sediul la Odorheiu Secuiesc,
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ABSTRACT
Sanitary monography highlighted the backwardness state in which there were the
UHPRWH DQG VPDOO YLOODJHV IURP 6 ODM 'LVWULFW LQ 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKLV Vtate is
revealed in Cheud commune, where there was a complete lack of any kind of industry,
dykes, irrigation channels, streets lighting, parks or electricity, water plumming, public
aedificia and institutions, hotels, private associations or social companies. Available data
show that poverty, deseases or alcohol were the main problems for the villages’s peasants
two decades after the Romanians Alliance.
1
V. Pârvan, Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei,%XFXUHúWL926, p. 75.
2
Documente privnd istoria României, C, Transilvania, XI-XIII, vol. I, nr. 431,
p. 390-391.
3
Adrian Andrei Rusu, &RQVLGHUD LLLVWRULFHDVXSUDFHW LORUPHGLHYDOHWLPSXULLGLQ
6 ODM, în ,,Acta Musei Porolissensis”=DO XS 100-102.
4
/*KHUJDULX$QDQLH) UFDú DUD6LOYDQLHL, în ,,Acta Musei Porolissensis”=DO X
1977, p. 225.
5
ùWHIDQ 3DVFX Voievodatul Transilvaniei, vol. IV, Editura ,,Dacia”, Cluj-Napoca,
1989, p. 14.
227
XQJXUHúWL´ vQWUH FDUH úL &HWDWHD GH 3LDWU ´ (Kewwar, Kövar)6úL,,Cetatea Aurie”
(Aranyas)7 intrând în nobilimea regatului Ungariei sub numele de ,,Dragfy”XUPDúLLOXL
'UDJRú9RG IRVWXOYRLHYRGDO0ROGRYHL.
Satul a fost atestat documentar în anul 1475, în timpul regelui Matei Corvin,8
D DSDU LQXW FRPLWDWXOXL 6ROQRFXO GH 0LMORF SkQ vQ DQXO FkQG D IRVW
încorporat în comitatul6 ODM6]LODJ\L$IRVWORFXLWODvQFHSXWGHLREDJLURPkQL
FDUH SO WHDX GDUH XQRU QRELOL QHRIL L DGLF XQRU URPkQL vQQRELOD L GH F WUH
UHJDOLWDWHDDQJHYLQ UHVSHFWLYGHUHJLL/XGRYLF,úL6LJLVPXQGGH/X[HPEXUJÌQ
timpul principatului Transilvaniei, unii locuitori ai satului, pentru fapte militare, au
IRVW vQQRELOD L LQWUkQG vQ QRELOLPHD XQJDU 'XS WUHFHUHD XQHL S U L D URPkQLORU
transilvani la unirea cu biserica Romei, satul a fost trecut la greco-catolicism,
DSDU LQkQGGXS vQILLQ DUHDHSLVFRSLLlor greco-catolice, de Episcopia greco-FDWROLF
de la Gherla.
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U ]ERDLH VDWXO D IRVW QHYRLW V -úL PXWH YDWUD GH FkWHYD RUL DOXQHFkQG PHUHX VSUH
U V ULWúLVSUHOXQFD6RPHúXlui.
'DWRULW GHVHORUVFKLPE ULGHVW SkQLODvQFHSXWQRELOLPHDQHRILW DSRLYO VWDUH
FDUHVHUHYHQGLFDXODDúD-numita ,,natio hungarica”QXPHOHV XDIRVWWUDQVFULVvQDFWHGH
F WUHJU P WLFLLYRLHYRGDWXOXLVDXSULQFLSDWXOXL7UDQVLOYDQLHLVXEGLIHULte forme: Kew,
Kewd, Keud, Keod, Köd XQJ FHD ÄORFFH RVSRVRPRUkW´), Keodh, Kewd, Keold,
Köld. ÌQ SRILGD YLWUHJLHL YUHPXULORU úL vQ PRG GHRVHELW D SUHVLXQLORU FRQIHVLRQDOH
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IRúWLLOXSW WRULGLQJ U]LOHQD LRQDOH/XFUXOFHOPDLvQVHPQDWSHQWUX UDQLLURPkQLQXD
IRVWDWkWVSHUDQ DF YRUDYHDS PkQWFLF YRUSXWHDYRUELURPkQHúWHúLF YRUSXWHD
LHúLGLQVDWúLFXQRDúWHOXPHDNumele oficial a devenit Cheud, fLLQGHOLPLQDW IRUPD
XQJXUHDVF ,,Köd”úLFHDURPkQHDVF JUHFR-FDWROLF ,,Teud”, ,,Teudu”. Documentele
GHGXS DQXOFRQILUP F VDWXOHUDORFXLWvQPDMRULWDWHGHURPkQLGDUúLFXSX LQL
HYUHLúL LJDQLGHFLXQIHOGHÄ5RPkQLD0DUH´vQPLQLDWXU .
3ULQFLSDOD SUHRFXSDUH D V WHQLORU D FRQWLQXDW V ILH S PkQWXO, pe care-l
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SDUWHVDWLVI FXW SULQ/HJHDSHQWUXUHIRUPDDJUDU GLQLXOLH.
9LD DVDWXOXLDLQWUDWSHXQQRXI JDúGXS FHvQVHVLXQHDGLQ-27 martie
1923, parlamentul României a votat QRXD &RQVWLWX LH SULQ FDUH VH VWLSXOD F
5HJDWXO 5RPkQLHL HVWH XQ 6WDW QD LRQDO XQLWDU úL LQGLYL]LELO´ iar ,,teritoriul
5RPkQLHL HVWH QHDOLHQDELO úL SURFODP FDUDFWHUXO LQGHSHQGHQW úL VXYHUDQ DO
statului” &RQVWLWX LD D SUHY ]XW F GHRVHELUHD GH FUHGLQ H UHOLJLRDVH úL
6
E. Lukinich, L. Gáldi, Documenta historiam Valachorum in Hungaria illustrantis
usque ad annus 1400 post Christum, Budapest, 1941, p. 279-280 (în continuare,
Documenta Valachorum).
7
Documenta Valachorum, p. 310.
8
Petri Mor, Syilágyi vármegye monographiája, vol. II, Budapest, 1901, p.22.
228
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practic, punerea în posesie s-a efectuat abia începând cu 1 ianuarie 1933, lotul de
S PkQWILLQGILxat la 1 juger.
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FDWROLFH D 0DUDPXUHúXOXL´ FRPXQD UXUDO &KHXG QXP UD GH VXIOHWH GLQ
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,,ùFRDODQRDVWU “, anul II, nr.7-=DO XRFWRPEULHS
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Petre Hossu, Memoriale, Editura ,,The Flower Power”65/3LWHúWLS
12
,QGLFDWRUXOVWDWLVWLFDOVDWHORUúLXQLW LORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGLQ5RPkQLD%XFXUHúWL
1932, p. 316.
13
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pe anul 1936, p. 38.
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FRONTIEREI ROMÂNO-BULGARE ÎN DOBROGEA LA
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ÎN VIZIUNEA DEPARTAMENTULUI DE STAT AL S.U.A.
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ABSTRACT
Due to its geo-politic position and its resources, Romania has been both “the subject
and the object” of many disputes among the great powers of their times. In the 2nd world
war, because of the biggest international actors’ interests, Romania was enforced to cease
important territories to adjacent states. Among these, we mention Dobrogea, situated in the
south eastern part of Romania. The issue of redrawing the borders at the end of the 2nd
World War has been a matter of concern for all the great powers, including USA. The
presented document represents the State Department point of view regarding the
Romanian-Bulgarian border in Dobrogea.
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U ]ERLXOXLSULQVWDWXDUHDPRGLILF ULLVXEVWDQ LDOHDK U LLFRQWLQHQWXOXLúLLPSOLFLWD
României.
Ä$UDQMDPHQWXO´ GLQWUH 8566 úL *HUPDQLD SRWULYLW DFWXOXL DGL LRQDO DO
3DFWXOXL FX UHIHULUH H[SUHV OD 5RPkQLD GHYLQH ÄRSHUD LRQDO´ vQ LXQLH ÌQ
nota guvernului Sovietic din noaptea de 27-28 iunie se cerea ultimativ:
235
ÄÌQGHFXUVGHSDWUX]LOHvQFHSkQGGHODRUDGXS RUD0Rscovei, la 28
LXQLHV VHHYDFXH]HWHULWRULXO%DVDUDELHLúL%XFRYLQHL∗GHWUXSHOHURPkQHúWL
7UXSHOHVRYLHWLFHvQDFHODúLWLPSV RFXSHWHULWRULXO%DVDUDELHLúLSDUWHD
de nord a Bucovinei”1.
*XYHUQXOURPkQHVWHIRU DWV HYDFXH]HSUHFLSLWDW%DVDUDELDúLSDUWHDGH1RUG
a Bucovinei, acestora adaugâdu-se un „supliment” teritorial – LQXWXO+HU D–, pe
FDUH UXúLL vO FHU úL RE LQ vQ DIDUD FDGUXOXL FRQIHULW GH WUDWDWXO vQFKHLDW GH UXúL FX
Germania.
7HULWRULXO FHGDW VXE DPHQLQ DUH GH F WUH VWDWXO URPkQ DYHD VXSUDID D GH
51.122 km², din care 44.422 km² reprezentau Basarabia, 6.300 km² - partea de
1RUGD%XFRYLQHLúLFFDNPð- LQXWXO+HU D
(UDvQFHSXWXOVIkUúLWXOXL520Æ1,(,0$5,HWHUQXOYLVDOURPkQLORUUHDOL]DW
cu sacrificii în 1918...
/D PDL SX LQ GH R OXQ GH OD FHGDUHD DFHVWXL LPSRUWDQW WHULWRULX GH OD
&DUWLHUXO*HQHUDODO)KUHUXOXL5HLFKXOXLJHUPDQHUDH[SHGLDW F WUHUHJHOH&DURO
al II-OHDRVFULVRDUHXOWLPDWLY SULQFDUHVXYHUDQXOURPkQHUDÄDWHQ LRQDW´V FHGH]H
noi teritoriLGDF vPSUHMXU ULOHUHFODPDXDOWHVDFULILFLLvQFD]FRQWUDUVWDWXOURPkQ
ULVFkQGV SLDU
Ä([LVW GRX SRVLELOLW L SHQWUX SUHvQWkPSLQDUHD FKHVWLXQLORU FRQWURYHUVDWH
FDUH SURGXF vQJULMRUDUH 0DLHVW LL 9RDVWUH úL vQWUHJLL 5RPkQLL´ – vL VXJHUHD]
cancelarul Adolf Hitler regelui Carol al II-OHDúLDQXPH
Ä2DERUGDUHWDFWLF DFHDVWDvQVHPQkQGV VHvQFHUFHDVHVDOYDFHHDFHPDL
poate fi salvat printr-RDGDSWDUHFXDELOLWDWHODvPSUHMXU ULSHP VXU FHVHSURGXF
2. Procedeul unei decizii fundamentale –vQF XWDUHDXQHLVROX LLGHILQLWLYH–
în îndeplinirea acestei [decizii], chiar cu riscul unor sacrificii.
ÌQ SULYLQ D SULPXOXL PRG GH D SURFHGD 0DLHVWDWH VXQW DEVROXW LQFDSDELO V
DILUPFHYDÌQWUHJDPHDYLD DPIRVWXQRPDOGHFL]LLORUIXQGDPHQWDOHúi numai de
OD DFHVWHD DúWHSW VXFFHVH GHFLVLYH 2ULFH vQFHUFDUH GH D vQO WXUD SULQ PDQHYUH
WDFWLFHGHYUHXQIHOVDXDOWXOSHULFROHOHFDUHDPHQLQ DUDGXPQHDYDVWU WUHEXLH>V
VXIHUH@ úL YD VXIHUL XQ HúHF 6IkUúLWXO PDL GHYUHPH VDX PDL WkU]LX – úL SRDWH vn
foarte scurt timp –, ar putea fi chiar distrugerea României (subl. ns – nn.).
În opinia mea, numai cel de-al doilea procedeu este practicabil”.2
Ä5HFRPDQG ULOH´ FDQFHODUXOXL JHUPDQ VXQW WUDQVPLVH VXYHUDQXOXL URPkQ
într-XQ FRQWH[W SROLWLF úL PLOLWDU QHIDvorabil României, miza fiind anihilarea
RULF URU WHQWDWLYH GH UH]LVWHQ DOH $UPDWHL FDUH SULQ YRFHD úHIXOXL 0DUHOXL 6WDW
0DMRUJHQHUDOGHGLYL]LH*KHRUJKH0LKDLOGHFODUDF RIL HULLúLPLOLWDULLURPkQL
care au un moral „nezdruncinat”, sunt dornici de DF LXQH ÄQX QXPDL V DSHUH
∗
'XS FXP VH REVHUY OD SXQFWXO DO 1RWHL XOWLPDWLYH VH DUH vQ YHGHUH vQWUHJXO
VSD LX DO SURYLQFLHL vQ WLPS FH OD SXQFWXO DO -OHD UXúLL VH DUDW PDL ÄJHQHURúL´ FHUkQG
României numai partea de nord a Bucovinei. „GHQHUR]LWDWHD´ HVWH vQV FRPSHQVDW SULQ
RFXSDUHD LQXWXOXL+HU DFDUHQXDI FXWRELHFWXOvQ HOHJHULLJHUPDQR-ruse.
1
23 august 1944. Documente 1939-1943YRO,(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF
%XFXUHúWLS
2
$UKLYD,VWRULF 1D LRQDO &HQWUDOD&ROHF LD0LFURILOPH68$UF-879.
236
WHULWRULXO QD LRQDO GDU FKLDU V DWDFH (subl. ns – n.n.)”3 'DF vQ DGHY U VH
SURGXFHD R DVWIHO GH VLWXD LH SODQXULOH *HUPDQLHL HUDX SHUWXUEDWH HOH YL]kQG vQ
HVHQ ÄSDFLILFDUHD´XQJXULORUúLURPkQLORUDSRLDEXOJDULORUúLURPkQLORUGXS FH
6RYLHWHOHDYHDXVDWLVI FXWHSUHWHQ LLOHWHULWRULDOHDVXSUD5RPkQLHL
$UPDWDúLSRSXOD LDURPkQHDVF RULFkWGHPXOWvúLGRUHDXV DSHUH DUDHUDX
vQ VLWXD LD GH D IL FRSOHúLWH GH IRU HOH UHXQLWH DOH JHUPDQLORU UXúLORU XQJXULORU úL
EXOJDULORU 6HF LD GH RSHUD LL D 0DUHOXL 6WDW PDMRU FX QXPDL SDWUX ]LOH vQDLQWH GH
Dictatul de la Viena, evalua:
Ä1HFRQVLGHU PFRPSOHWL]ROD LúLOLSVL LGHVSULMLQXOPDWHULDOúLSROLWLFDO
RULF UHLSXWHULVWU LQH
1HFRQVLGHU PvQVLWXD LDGHDILDWDFD L
– FX FHUWLWXGLQH VLPXOWDQ GH F WUH UXúL úL XQJXUL GHFL OD IURQWLHUHOH GH (VW
1RUGúL9HVW
– FX RDUHFDUH SUREDELOLWDWH GH F WUH EXOJDUL úL LXJRVODYL FDUH YRU F XWD V
VSHFXOH]HVLWXD LDQRDVWU JUHD
1HFRQVLGHU PGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHSROLWLFvQúHOD LúLGHF WUHUXúLúLGH
F WUHEXOJDULDWkWvQWUDWDWLYHOHH[LVWHQWHFkWúLvQSURPLVLXQLOHYDJLFDUHQH-au fost
I FXWH´4.
'DW ILLQGSHUVSHFWLYDJUDY DHYROX LHLHYHQLPHQWHORUFXHIHFWHFRSOHúLWRDUH
pentru România, conducerea statului adRSW KRW UkULODIHOGHJUDYHFHGHD] vQID D
SUHVLXQLORU úL DPHQLQ ULORU 8QJDULHL KRUWK\VWH %XOJDULHL *HUPDQLHL 5XVLHL úL
,WDOLHL UHWU JkQG DUPDWD úL DGPLQLVWUD LD GLQ WHULWRULLOH 7UDQVLOYDQLHL úL 'REURJHL
YL]DWHGHSUHWHQ LLOHDQH[LRQLVWHDOHXQJXULORUúLEXOJDULORU'LQVSD LXOWUDGL LRQDODO
7UDQVLOYDQLHL5RPkQLDGXS Ä$UELWUDMXO´GHOD9LHQDGLQDXJXVWFHGHD]
Ungariei fasciste 43.492 km², cu o popula LHGHSHVWHORFXLWRULGLQFDUH
50,2% erau români, 37,1% -XQJXULúL - alte grupuri etnice.
ÌQ FKLDU ]LXD GH DXJXVW FkQG OD 3DODWXO %HOYHGHUH ÄSULQ IUDXG úL
VXUSULQGHUHFDGHWkOKDULvQPLH]GHFRGUXDIRVWYUHPHOQLFXFLV 5RPkQLD0DUH´5,
regele Carol al II-OHDFRQVHPQDSOLQGHQHSXWLQ úLDP U FLXQH
„Urmând impXOVXOPHXGHOXSW O-DPúLFKHPDWSH0LKDLO>0DQRLOHVFX@VSUH
DOXDP VXULOHQHFHVDUH7RWXúLWUHEXLHIRDUWHPXOW FKLE]XLQ DPHXGUHSWXOGHD
vPSLQJH DUDODXQGH]DVWUXVLJXU"(UDRYUHPHFkQGFUHGHDPF RUH]LVWHQ HURLF
SRDWH VF SD R DU GDU DVW ]L GXS SLOGD 3RORQLHL úL D %HOJLHL vQ ID D XQRU
DUDQMDPHQWH úL D XQHL DYLD LL FRYkUúLWRDUH ULOH FX PLMORDFH OLPLWDWH SRW HOH RDUH
UH]LVWD"&HGkQGSRWV -PLS VWUH]DUPDWDSRWS VWUDHQWLWDWHDVWDWXOXLURPkQSRWV
UHFO GHVF FX R PXQF I U SUHJHW XQ VXIOHW QRX ULL PHOH SRW V Q G MGXLHVF
într-un viitor mai bun. S-D UHFUHDW LUHGHQWD URPkQHDVF QH-am întors la zilele
FRSLO ULHLPHOHFkQGWR LDYHDPSHEX]HúLvQLQLP ©,GHDOXOQD LRQDOª
3
23 August 1944. Documente. 1939-1943, vol. I, p. 94.
4
Ibidem, pp. 94-95.
5
Raol Bossy, $PLQWLUL GLQ YLD D GLSORPDWLF DSXG 0LUFHD 0XúDW ,RQ $UGHOHDQX
5RPkQLD GXS 0DUHD 8QLUH, vol. II, partea a II-a, noiembrie 1933 – septembrie 1940,
(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWLS
237
ùWLX SH GH DOW SDUWH FH ULVF SHUVRQDO SULPLQG DFHDVW vQIUkQJHUH úWLX F
SHQWUX FHO SX LQ PXOW WLPS VXQW SLHUGXW úL F WRW FH YRL IDFH úL YRL ]LFH YD IL
FRQVLGHUDWFDYRUEHOHúLIDSWHOHXQXLWU G WRUGHQHDPúLXQXLYkQ] WRUGH DU /D
iunie [1930] eram la Zenit, azi sunt la Nadir.
0 FKLQXLHGHLHULJkQGXOGDF DPGUHSWXOV LDXDFHDVW U VSXQGHUHvQWU-un
IHOVDXDOWXOGDF Q-DúIDFHPDLELQHV UHQXQ ODWRDWHúLV IDFJHVWXOVXSUHPGHD
abdica”6.
Nici regele Carol al II-OHDFDUHSHVWHFkWHYD]LOHDEGLF vQIDYRDUHDILXOXLV X
Mihai, niciPDUHúDOXO$QWRQHVFXFDUHV-DSURFODPDWúHIDOVWDWXOXLQXDXUDWLILFDW
'LFWDWXO*HUPDQLHLúL,WDOLHLGHOD9LHQD
/D VHSWHPEULH HUD GDW R QRX JUDY ORYLWXU 5RPkQLHL 0DUL –
FRQVWUXF LH JHR-SROLWLF vQ FRQVHQV FX LVWRULD GUHSWXO úL DVSLUD LLOH românilor: la
Craiova era semnat Tratatul româno-bulgar, prin care statul român ceda vecinilor
GH OD VXG OD 'XQ UH R SDUWH D 'REURJHL FXQRVFXW VXE GHQXPLUHD GH &DGULODWHU
Noul sacrificiu al României se exprima astfel în cifre: 7.776 km² (cât era suprafa D
MXGH HORU&DOLDFUDúL'XUDVWURUFDUHVHDG XJDXODFHOHODWHWHULWRULLFHGDWHDVWIHO
F vQWUHJXO VDFULILFLX DO 5RPkQLHL vQ vQVHPQD SLHUGHUHD XQHL VXSUDIH H GH
aproape 100.000 km², (reprezentând GLQ VXSUDID D WRWDO úL GH
locuitori (GLQSRSXOD LD ULL∗).
Ä0XWD LLOH´ FH DX ORF vQ VSD LXO JHR-SROLWLF URPkQHVF úL FDUH DX FD
ÄLQVSLUDWRUL´ SH *HUPDQLD 5XVLD úL ,WDOLD UHSUH]HQWkQG IRU HOH SROLWLFH úL PLOLWDUH
WRWDOLWDUH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH GLQ DFHD HSRF LQWHUHVHD] HYLGHQW úi puterile
GHPRFUDWH $QJOLD )UDQ D úL 68$ vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH ÄMRFXULOH´ SHúL FX KDUWD
(XURSHLHUDXGHQDWXU V PRGLILFHUDSRUWXOGHIRU HLQWHUQD LRQDO
'RFXPHQWXO SH FDUH vO UHG P vQ FRQWLQXDUH UHIOHFW DFHVW LQWHUHV GDU vQ
perspectiva SUA, care încHSH V -úL DVXPH FX PDL PXOW GHWHUPLQDUH UROXO GH
ÄDUELWUX´LQWHUQD LRQDOLQFOXVLYvQSUREOHPHOHHXURSHQH
Textul elaborat de Departamentul de Stat al SUA „clasificat” drept studiu, are
vQ YL]RU XQ DVSHFW VWULFW GHOLPLWDW DO VSD LXOXL JHR-SROLWLF úL JHR-strategic al zonei
%DOFDQLORUU V ULWHQLFXUHIHULUHOD'REURJHDúL6XG-Estul României.
'RFXPHQWXO HVWH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SR]L LHL 68$ vQ UDSRUW GH
ÄSUREOHPHOH´(XURSHLSRVWEHOLFHDOHF URUJUDQL HHUDGHDúWHSWDWV ILHÄUHWXúDWH´
$QDOLúWLLúLVWUDWHJLL'HSDUWDPHQWXOXLGH6WDWDILúHD] RDWLWXGLQHLPSDU LDO
ID GHÄSUREOHPDGREURJHDQ ´vQOLWLJLXvQWUH5RPkQLDúL%XOJDULDGDUPDQLIHVW
ÄVHQVLELOLWDWH´FkQGVHUHIHU ODSR]L LDúLRELHFWLYHOHJHR-SROLWLFHUXVHúWL
Importante aspecte alHÄ(XURSHLXQLILFDWH´GHPDLWkU]LXvúLJ VHVFvQDFHDVW
HSRF úL vQ DFHDVW ]RQ R DQXPH LQFRQIXQGDELO ÄLGHQWLWDWH´FDUHVHYDPHQ LQH
QHDOWHUDW úLvQFRQWH[WXOSURFHVXOXLGHFRQVWUXF LHD8QLXQLL(XURSHQHÌQQXPHUHOH
YLLWRDUH YRU IL SXEOLFDWH úL DOWe relevante documente care au menirea de a judeca
SUH]HQWXOvQFRPSDUD LHFXWUHFXWXOúLDPEHOHvQUHOD LHFXSHUVSHFWLYHOHGHYLLWRU
6
Carol al II-lea, Note zilniceDSXG0LUFHD0XúDW,RQ$UGHOHDQXop. cit., p. 1269.
∗
&LIUHOH VXQW UDSRUWDWH OD DQXO FkQG VXSUDID D ULL HUD GH 295.049 km², iar
SRSXOD LDvQVXPDORFXLWRUL
238
SECRET H-121
November 20, 1944
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
TERRITORIAL PROBLEMS: BULGARIAN-RUMANIAN FRONTIER IN
DOBRUJA
I. THE PROBLEM
The problem is the determination of the frontier between Bulgaria an
Rumania in Dobruja.
The problem arises because the present frontier was establishel as a part of
the general revision of Balkan frontier brought about under Axis leadership since
the outbreak of the present war. Southern Dobruja, ceded to Bulgaria in 1940, may
be claimed by Rumania at the close of the war, although most informed Rumanians
consider that settlement to have been a satisfactory solution of the boundary
problem. If the issue is raised, the ultimate settlement will probably be made by the
United Nations, since both Bulgaria and Rumania will have the status of defeated
enemy countries. The Soviet Union will have at least an equal share with Great
Britain and the United States in the determination of this frontier, because of its
proximity to, and interest in, the Dobruja.
The Bulgarian-Rumanian boundary in Dobruja established in the Treaty of
Berlin (1878) endured the anti-Bulgarian coalition in the Second Balkan War and
secured from defeated Bulgaria the question of Southern Dobruja. During the
Wolrd War Bulgrian and German Forces conquered and occupied all Dogruja. By
the Treaty of Bucharest, imposed upon Rumania by the victorious Central Powers
in 1918, Bulgaria acquired Southern Dobruja and some additional territory in
Northern Dobruja, extending its frontier to within a few miles of the port of
Constanta. Bulgaria was dissatisfied with this settlement and claimed all territory
up to the mouth of the Danube. At the Peace Conference of 1919 it was decided
that the frontier of 1913 was the recognized legal boundary, and it was confirmed
by treaty of Neuilly (1919). All Bulgarian protests were rejected. From 1919 to
1940 Rumania’s possession of Southern Dobruja evoked a strong current of
irrendentism in Bulgaria and served to ambitter relations between the two
countries. Bulgaria’s claim to Northern Dobruja, while not officially repudiated,
was tacitly shelved. In 1940, under German Pressure, Rumania agreed to
retrocession of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, and the frontier of 1878 was thus
restored.
The pre-1913 boundary in Dobruja was a fairly accurate ethnic frontier.
Rumanians constituted an absolute majority of the population in Northern Dobruja,
while in Southern Dobruja they were an insignificant minority. The Turkish
element was still numerically strong in both sectors. After 1913 the population of
Southern Dobruja (area: 2,629 square miles) remained largely Bulgarian and
239
Turkish despite Rumanian attempts to settle Rumanians there. The census of 1930
on mother tongue listed 145.000 Turks (39 percent), 139.000 Bulgarians (38
percent) and 71.000 Rumanians (19 percent), in a total population of 367.000.
Since 1930, over 40.000 Turks have emigrated to Turkey. The Treaty of Craiova
(1940), by which Bulgaria re-acquired this area, provided for the compulsory
exchange of the Rumanians in Southern Dobruja for the Bulgarians in Northern
Dobruja. This exchange has been carried out. The present frontier, therefore,
represents an accurate ethnic line of division between the two nationalites;
Southern Dobruja is overwhelmingly Bulgarian and Northern Dobruja is
overwhelmingly Rumanian in population.
Southern Dobruja is more important economically to Bulgaria than to
Rumania. Prior to 1913 it was the most progressive and most productive
agricultural area in Northern Bulgaria. Through the port of Varna it exported a
considerable volume of cereals. The cession of the province to Rumania in 1913
deprived Varna of a great part of its economic hinterland. Possessing Northern
Dobruja and a trade outlet to the Black Sea through the port of Constanta, Rumania
did not develop the possible parallel route across Southern Dobruja from Tutrakan
(Turtucaia) and Silistra to Balchik (Balcic). The cereal production of Southern
Dobruja was but a small franction of the total for Rumania. The province has no
important mineral resources of manufacturing industries.
The frontier of 1913 gave Rumania certain strategic advantages in the form
of added protection against an attack from the south aimed at Constanta and the
important Cernavoda-Constanta railway, or at Bucharest. It also enable Rumania to
threaten Bulgaria’s strategic Ruse (Ruschuk)-Varna railway, which ran parallel to
the frontier at a distance of only twenty miles; Varna itself was less than two miles
from the frontier. The frontier of 1940 gave corresponding advantages to Bulgaria,
increasing the security of the Ruse-Varna railway and placing in Bulgaria’s
possession the points of Tutrakan and Silistra on the Danube.
The larger strategic significance of the Dobruja lies in its geographical
position on the highway for the invasion of the Balkan Peninsula from the
northesst, as a vital link on the Danubian route between Central Europe and the
Near East, and as a possible corridor linking Russia with Bulgaria and shutting
Rumania off from the sea. The satisfaction of Russia’s claims to Bassarabia and of
Bulgaria’s claims to Southern Dobruja would leave to Rumania a rather narrow
teritorial access to the sea through Northern Dobruja; Rumania’s two main lines of
communication in this region the Danube and the Crenavoda-Constanta railway,
would be very vulnerable. The fear of being thus squeezed in a Slavic vise is strong
to Rumania.
SECRET H-121
20 noiembrie, 1944
BULGARIA
ROMÂNIA
PROBLEME TERITORIALE: FRONTIERA ROMÂNO-%8/*$5 Ì1
DOBROGEA
I. PROBLEMA
3UREOHPD FRQVW vQ VWDELOLUHD IURQWLHUHL GLQWUH %XOJDULD úL 5RPkQLD vQ
'REURJHD3UREOHPDVHULGLF GDWRULW IDSWXOXLF DFWXDODIURQWLHU DIRVWVWDELOLW FD
parte a revizXLULLJHQHUDOHDIURQWLHUHORUGLQ%DOFDQLvQI SWXLW VXEFRQGXFHUHD$[HL
GH OD L]EXFQLUHD DFWXDOXOXL U ]ERL 'REURJHD GH 6XG FHGDW %XOJDULHL vQ
SRDWHILUHYHQGLFDW GH5RPkQLDODWHUPLQDUHDU ]ERLXOXLGHúLFHOHPDLLQIRUPDWH
SHUVRQDOLW LURPkQHúWLFRQVLGHU DFHDVW VWDELOLUHFDILLQGRVROX LHVDWLVI F WRDUHD
SUREOHPHL IURQWLHUHORU 'DF SUREOHPD VH ULGLF UHJOHPHQWDUHD GHILQLWLY YD IL
SUREDELOUHDOL]DW GH1D LXQLOH8QLWHF FL%XOJDULDúL5RPkQLDYRUDYHDVWDWXWGH
ULLQDPLFHvQYLQVH∗. UniuQHD6RYLHWLF YDDYHDFHOSX LQRSDUWHHJDO FX0DUHD
%ULWDQLH úL 6WDWHOH 8QLWH vQ VWDELOLUHD DFHVWHL IURQWLHUH GDWRULW YHFLQ W LL úL
interesului pe care-OSUH]LQW 'REURJHD
Frontiera bulgaro-URPkQ GLQ 'REURJHD VWDELOLW SULQ 7UDWDWXO GH OD %HUOLQ
(1DI FXWV G LQXLHDOLDQ DDQWLEXOJDU GLQFHOGHDOGRLOHDU ]ERLEDOFDQLF∗∗,
LDU GLQ SDUWHD %XOJDULHL vQYLQVH D RIHULW JDUDQ LH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FKHVWLXQHD
'REURJHLGH6XGÌQSULPXOU ]ERLPRQGLDOIRU HOHEXOJDUHúLJHUPDQHDXFXFHULWúL
ocupat vQWUHDJD'REURJH3ULQ7UDWDWXOGHOD%XFXUHúWLLPSXV5RPkQLHLvQ∗∗∗
∗
Studiul Departamentului de Stat al SUA era elaborat la interviul de aproape trei luni
GHODORYLWXUDGHVWDWGLQDXJXVWvQXUPDF UHLD5RPkQLDVHUHWUDJHGLQ$[ úLVH
DO WXU &RDOL LHL1D LXQLORU8QLWHDGXFkQGRLPSRUWDQW FRQWULEX LHPLOLWDU úLHFRQRPLF OD
ILQDOL]DUHD PDL UDSLG D FHOHL GH D -D FRQIODJUD LL PRQGLDOH 'HúL vQWUH %XOJDULD úL
5RPkQLDWRFPDLGLQDFHVWPRWLYQXPDLSXWHDILWUDVVHPQXOHJDOLW LL'HSDUWDPHQWXOGH
Statul68$LJQRUDGLIHUHQ DDQXQ kQGSODVDUHDOD&RQIHULQ DGH3DFHSRVWEHOLF SHDFHHDúL
SR]L LHFX8566vQUHOD LHFX5RPkQLD
∗∗
$OGRLOHDU ]ERLEDOFDQLFVHGHVI úRDU vQWUHLXQLH – 10 august 1913. În urma
U ]ERLXOXL5RPkQLDLQFOXGHvQJUDQL HOHVDOHSDUWHDGH6XGD'REURJHLMXGH HOH'XURVWRUúL
Caliacra.
∗∗∗
Tratatul încheiat la 24 aprilie/7 mai 1918, cuprindea 31 articole, însumate în VIII
FDSLWROH 3RWULYLW FDSLWROXOXL ,,, 5RPkQLD HUD FRQVWUkQV V FHGH]H %XOJDULHL 6XGXO
242
GH 3XWHULOH &HQWUDOH YLFWRULRDVH %XOJDULD D GREkQGLW 'REURJHD GH 6XG úL XQ
teritoriu în plus în Dobrogea de Nord, extinzându-úLIURQWLHUDFXFkWHYDPLOHVSUH
SRUWXO &RQVWDQ D %XOJDULD D IRVW QHVDWLVI FXW GH DFHDVW UHJOHPHQWDUH úL D
UHYHQGLFDW vQWUHJXO WHULWRULX SkQ OD *XULOH 'XQ ULL /D &RQIHULQ D GH SDFH GLQ
1919, s-DKRW UkWFDIURQWLHUDGLQV ILHUHFXQRVFXW FDJUDQL OHJDO FHHDFH
a fost confirmat prin Tratatul de la Neuilly (1919). Toate protestele bulgare au fost
UHVSLQVH'H LQHUHDGHF WUH5RPkQLDD'REURJHLGH6XGGLQSkQ vQD
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DE JOHN PARR (ANGLIA)
(29.11.2007)
Nicoleta Gheorghe: We were asking who is going to do the keen out speech
and the answer came easily...who else but the one who brought the transactional
analysis in Romania and who was very attached to the AT community in Romania,
and I hope he still is…John Parr.
(applause)
JOHN PARR: I am beginning to learn Romanian and I find it very
difficult…while I am standing here, seeing many of my students in the audience. I
want to start by saying…students…observe I am wearing a tie, this is the first time
you see this and it may be the last time, so take pictures, so you can tell to your
children and grandchildren, see…John Parr did wear a tie. Why am I wearing a tie?
Cezara asked me to wear a tie. My wife always tells me that in Romania, when I
am doing something official I should wear a suit and a tie, and I thought that my
students couldn't manage the leap between my normal casual appearance and total
formality, so I am gone for a workable compromise …
The next, I want to tell you that, until the last weekend, I had a keen out
speech about attachment and autonomy, and so you do not miss a lot of I am going
to say, there is a reading list on the desk behind me, so you can go there and find
out much of I am going to say. Last weekend Cezara said to me: oh we want you to
say something at the begin on bonding process for the conference, so my notes are
screwed up, I am doing this mostly on the hoof. I will refer occasionally to some
notes, because there are things that I do want to say, before I invite you to do
something.
And the first thing I want to do from my notes is to read you a poem. Birgitta
knows this poem, it was read at her wedding, and the poem is by a guy, a Persian
man Kahlil Gibran and it’s about love and marriage (which according to the song
goes together like the horse and carriage, and I think this is an unfortunate rhyme),
Gibran said:
Even as the strings of a lute are alone though they quiver with the same music.
Give your hearts, but not into each other’s keeping.
253
For only the hand of Life can contain your hearts.
And stand together, yet not too near together:
For the pillars of the temple stand apart,
And the oak tree and the cypress grow not in each other’s shadow.
257
258
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(2.12.2007)
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