Electrical Installations in High Rise Buildings

&
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
Authors:
V. K. Raheja, Chief Electrical Engineer, North Western Railway
P. L. Meena, Dy. Chief Electrical Engineer, North Western Railway
M. K. Goyal, Divisional Electrical Engineer, North Western Railway
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Abstract: The design & planning of an electrical installation involve consideration

of all prevailing conditions and is usually guided by the requirement of the consumer.
The various functional needs, efficiency, economy, energy conservation, aesthetics,
technology, fire & life safety solution, access control, transportation of man & material,
human comforts, operation & maintenance practices, provision of future growth are some
of the main factors to be incorporated in the design at the planning stage by a competent
electrical engineer.

1.0 Introduction
Presently our country is witnessing the higher growth in infrastructure development
mainly in urban areas and there is disproportionate transit of population towards cities,
which has generated the need of vertical extension of offices/residential/commercial
buildings looking to constraints of land and commutation from far locations to city hub.
In addition environment is also affected with the destruction of God gifts such as
mountains, forests, trees, rivers, potable water, and agriculture land etc. in its original
shape/form. Therefore to maintain fast growth of development along with ecological
balance, there is need of High Rise Building (A building above four stories, and/or a
building exceeding 15 meter or more in height above the average level of front road).

With the construction of high rise buildings issue of fire & life safety solution, access
control, resource management with high level protection with human comforts and
modern look arises and in turn it is a challenge to electrical engineers to give there best to
the countrymen.

2.0 Main Electrical installations/systems

Looking to present function need, electrical installations/systems are to be provided
essentially in high-rise buildings incorporating all by laws and codes etc. may be divided
in following system:
A. Power house: Sub station, DG sets, HT/LT panes with high degree protection.
B. Power supply distribution system: LT panel, Main Distribution Boards, Sub
Distribution Boards, Distribution Boards, Switches. The connectivity of all these with
accurate size of conductors using Rising Mains for vertical power distribution, Bus
Trunking for Transformers and DG set interconnections
C. Lighting system: Lux level as per standards Modern lighting technology based
fixtures
D. Water supply system: Pumping with auto control, stand by bore well, cold & hot
water plants, suitable under ground/overhead water static tanks.
E. Air conditioning & Air cooling
F. Lift
G. Fire & life safety solution: Automatic Fire detection & alarm system, Fire fighting
system, automatic sprinklers system, fire aid hose reels, fire extinguishers, illuminated
exit way marking signs, Alternate source of electric supply, fire lift with fireman switch,
Wet riser system, public address system
H. Building Management/Automation System

The brief of various systems is described as:

A. Power house:

(i) Need: Electrical sub station is required when electric load is in excess of permitted
LT supply limit of Electrical Supply Authority or due to any other technical reason.
(ii) Location: The ideal location would be at the load center on the ground floor in a
separate building accessible through a motorable road the floor level of the sub station or
switch room shall be above the highest flood level of the locality. Location of sub station
in the basement should be avoided as far as possible on account of likely flooding and
fire hazard. If unavoidable then anti flood measures such automatic dewatering pumping,
waterproof basement, isolation from rest of basement, suitable fire detection/protection
system to be provided with the approval of local fire authority. Stand by supply
equipment shall not be allowed to be installed above ground floor or below first basement
level of building. Provision of growth of electric load to be kept at the time of system
and space design.
(iii) Building: Provision of building to house HT /LT switchgear, metering, UPS,
battery, switch room, vertical shaft for power, fire fighting/detection, wet risers, cable
ducts, space for MDBs, SDBs, DBs, supervisor, store, staff be kept.
(iii) Capacity & features: Whole different type load is divided into two type i.e.
Essential load and non-essential load. The essential load shall be fed by stand by DG set
in case Discom power supply fails. Instead of having two transformers i.e. one in service
and another as standby number of transformers should be at least three out of that one or
two should be on load depending on load through load manager (as load in night hours
and winters shall be less) and remaining one should be used as standby. The main
features of sub station shall be as under:
a. Compact sub stations (CSS) with dry/oil type transformers of required capacities and
protected through VCB on HT side and ACB/MCCBs on LT side, connected with required
numbers & value copper plate earthings.
b. Microprocessor based Load managers to control transformers for energy saving and
reliability of system. When load on the system is less than particular limit then whole load
will be taken by one transformer automatically thus saving of no load losses of one
transformer and operating the other transformer efficiently, in case of failure of any of
transformer the supply of that unit will be taken up by standby transformer automatically.
c. Provision of Auto Power Factor Correction (APFC) panels with requisite capacity
bank of capacitors.
d. Bus trunking should be used to provide interconnections between transformers and
DG sets.
e. Standby supply through DG Sets. The DG set shall start automatically in case of
Discom power supply failure.
f. The monitoring of transformers and DG sets through BMS system thus proper
management of their operating and maintenance schedules.
g. As per mandatory requirement ($8.2 of ECBC) maximum allowable power
transformer losses with highest voltage for equipment 24kV, at 50%and 100% of the load
should be less than the prescribed limit (table 8.2.1.1 & 8.2.1.2 of ECBC). All electricity
supplies exceeding 100A, 3 phase shall maintain their power factor between 0.95 lag and
unity at the point of connection ($8.2.3 of ECBC). Check metering and monitoring to be
provided & done ($8.2.4 of ECBC).
h. DG set noise level should be less than the limit prescribed by Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB).

B. Power supply distribution system: Following main points to be taken care for
proper distribution of power supply:
a. Separate LT panel for essential & non-essential load should be provided.
b. There should be separate rising mains for essential & non-essential supply system
through bus bars and plug in unit floor wise to MDB to SDB to DB to SB, which is very
reliable and modern system for vertical power supply system.
c. Separate supply connection through MCCB with cables to the plants provided out
side the building such as AC plants, pumps, fire fighting equipment, general lighting,
lifts, service buildings etc. to be made with specific provision in main LT panel of
essential and non-essential supply.
d. Separate breaker (i.e. MCCB/MCB/HRC type) for incoming and out going circuits
to be used. Rewirable type fuses shall not be used. Three phase DBs shall not be used for
final circuit distribution as far as possible and power wiring shall be kept separate from
point wiring.
e. Rating of breakers, wires, points, socket outlets shall be standard.
f. Proper colour coding shall be followed i.e. Phase- Red/Yellow/Blue (three phase
wiring), Live-Red (single phase wiring), Neutral-Black, Earth-Green/Yellow.
g. After office hours all LT panels should be switched off. Only supply of emergency
areas such as specific lift, staircase/corridor/compound lights, fire protection board,
pumps, server/computer room, security lights may be kept on.
h. PVC trunking shall be adopted in buildings where there is a need of tidy wiring
system.
i. Earth continuity should be ensured for all metallic boxes and earth pin of socket out
lets.
j. Degree of protection required for outdoor/indoor cubicles shall be ensured.
k. Earth value should be maintained as prescribed in IE Rules for different
equipment/installations.
l. Detailed instructions on safety procedures as per I E Rules and BIS code no.5216-
1982 shall be followed strictly. Non-compliance to should be got rectified immediately.
m. All tests such as insulation resistance test, polarity test of switch, earth continuity
test, earth electrode resistance test shall be done, witnessed & recorded and kept for
record.
n. Power supply network system should be adequately sized and distribution losses not
to exceed 1% of the total power usage ($8.2.5.1 of ECBC).
C. Lighting system
(i) Recommended Lux level as per BIS: 3646(part-II)

Sr. Location Lux

No.
1. Corridors and lift cars, garages 70
2 Shelves, stacks 100
3 Stairs 100
4 Entrance hall and reception areas 150
5 Lift landing 150
6 Telephone exchange main distribution frame room 150
7 Assembly hall-general 150
8 Staff room, common room 150
9. Circulating area/lounges 150
10 Telephone exchange manual exchange room 200
11 Conference/class room, executive/general/drawing offices 300
12 Assembly hall/platform when used for examination 300
13 Laboratories, library reading table 300
14 Business machine operation, boards & tracing, art room 450
(ii) Provisions as per ECBC
1.0 General: Lighting systems and equipments shall comply with the mandatory
provisions of $7.2 and prescriptive criteria of $7.3 & $7.4 and apply to (i) Interior spaces
of buildings (ii) Exterior building features (iii) Exterior building ground lighting.
Exceptions are (i) Emergency lights that is powered through alternate power source and
(ii) Lighting in dwelling units
2.0 Mandatory requirement ($7.2)
2.1 Lighting Control ($7.2.1)
2.1.1 Automatic lighting shutoff($7.2.1.1): Through automatic control device
equipped with occupancy sensors for interior lighting system in buildings larger than 500
m2. For other spaces, this automatic control device shall function on either (i) A
scheduled basis at specific programmed times independently program scheduled for area
not more than 2500m2 and not more than one floor or (ii) Through occupancy sensors
turn off within 30” of an occupant leaving space and shall have wall mounted manual
switch to turn off light fixtures. Exception is lighting systems designed for 24 hours use.
2.1.2 Space Control: At least one control manual or automatic for space enclosed by
ceiling-height partitions. Each control device shall: (i) control a maximum 250m2 for a
space less than or equal to 1000m2 and a maximum of 1000 m2 for a space greater than
1000 m2. (ii) Be capable of overriding the shutoff control required in 7.2.1.1 for no more
than 2 hours, and (iii) Be readily accessible and located so the occupants can see the
control.
2.1.3 Control in Day lighted Areas: Light fixtures provided in area greater than 25 m2
shall be equipped with manual or automatic control device that: can reduce the light
output in day lighted area by at least 50%, and (ii) controls only the luminaries located
entirely within the day lighted area.
2.1.4 Exterior lighting control: Lighting of all exterior applications shall be controlled
by a photo sensor or astronomical time switch.
2.1.5 Additional control: Independent control device shall be provided for the
lighting applications (i) Display/Accent/Case lighting in area greater than 300 m2.
(ii) Main control at the entry of main room for hotel/motel guest rooms/suites. (iii)
Task lighting including permanently installed under shelf/cabinet should have integrated
control with luminaries or be controlled by a wall mounted control device. (iv) Non
visual lighting (v) Demonstration lighting
2.2 Exit signs ($7.2.2): Internally illuminated exit sign shall not exceed 5W per face.
2.3 Exterior building grounds lighting ($7.2.3): Luminaries of more than 100 W
should have minimum efficacy of 60 lm/W.
3.0 Interior lighting power ($7.3,$7.3.3): Calculation shall include all power used
by luminaries including lamp, ballasts, regulators and control devices. Exceptions are
lighting for display/accent/demonstration light essential element for function
performance, integral to equipment/instrument as per manufacturer, medical/dental
procedure, food warming/preparation equipment, plant growth/maintenance, visually
inspired, historic landmark display, signage, theatrical purpose, athletic playing area &
television broadcasting.
3.1 Determination of interior lighting power allowance (W)
3.1.1 Building Area Method ($7.3.1 and table 7.3.1): Interior Lighting Power
allowance is the sum of the product of Allowed Lighting Power Density (LPD) X gross
lighted area. Determine LPD (W/m2) as per table 7.3.1, for office=10.8,
dinning/family=17.2, dormitory=10.8, hospital=12.9, workshop=15.1, parking
garage=3.2.
3.1.2 Space Function Method ($7.3.2): Interior Lighting Power Allowance is the sum of
the lighting power allowances of all spaces. Allowed lighting power density for
appropriate building type is determined by table 7.3.2.For each space enclosed by
partitions 80% or greater than ceiling height determine the gross interior floor area by
measuring to the center of the partition wall Include the floor area of balconies. For
office=11.8, conference=14.0, dining/family=22.6, dormitory=11.8, hospital=10.8,
workshop=20.5, parking garage=2.2.
3.1.3 Luminaire wattage: If not containing permanently installed ballast then labelled
wattage otherwise operating input wattage of the specified lamp/ballast combination
values as per manufacturer or test report. For type not described above as per specified
wattage of Luminaire. Wattage for flexible lighting system, to be taken as per larger of
specified wattage or 135W/m.
4.0 Exterior Lighting Power ($7.4): Shall not exceed as specified in table 7.4.
Building entrance (with canopy) =13 W/m2 of canopied area, Building entrance (without
canopy)=90 W/lin m of door width, Building exit=60 W/lin m of door width, Building
facades=2 W/m2 of vertical façade area. Exceptions are independently controlled
lighting for the application of transportation lighting/signals, monuments, historic
landmark structures/buildings, signage, health or life safety, statute, ordinance, or
regulation.
(iii) Features of lighting arrangement inside the building:
a. Use of occupancy sensors in rooms and corridors to have automatic control of
ON/OFF of lighting.
b. Use of energy efficient and better interiors lights adding good aesthetic view for
building.
c. The energy meters to be provided to record section wise energy consumption and
to send the details to a centralised system through BMS. Using this, energy use of
different sections can be monitored and information can be send to conserve electricity
for a particular section if energy use of that section is found more than a limit.
d. Concealed wiring with modular switches and distribution boxes with glass cover
to be used to give a better view.
e. LED signage with changing colours to be used.
f. Decorative CI heritage look outer poles to be used for pathway and garden
lighting.
g. Automatic control of lights through Lux sensor.
h. Only energy efficient light such as LED, CFL, T5 to be used.
i. Solar cell module of capacity 10 to 15 kW to be installed at the top of building to
meet with the emergency load.
j. Maximum use of daylight.

D. Water supply system & cold water system: Complete monitoring and control of
all pumps in the building and their associated system, water level in overhead or
underground tank by level switches and ensure switching ON /OFF the pumps
automatically with integrating the water supply system with BMS. Modular type water
coolers to be provided and fixed on wall, requiring no space on floor, no spillage of water
in and around the machine, in addition to good esthetic look. Since cooling coils are
directly in touch of water therefore high efficiency and result into energy conservation.
No problem of corrosion as no accumulation of water on the body of machine.
For hot water requirement 20 % hot water requirement shall be met from solar
heat/heat recovery and not more than 80% of heat shall be met from electrical heating.
Where gas is available not more than 20% of the heat shall be met from electrical heating
($ 6.2.1 to 6.2.7 of ECBC).

E. HVAC and Air-cooling System: -

1.0 HVAC system
1.1 Provisions as per ECBC ($5.2.1 to $5.2.6, $ 5.3.1and $5.3.2)
1.1.1 Natural ventilation shall comply with the design guidelines as per NBC of India
2005.
1.1.2 Cooling equipment shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency as per table
5.2.2-1 to 5.2.2-5 and heating/cooling equipment shall comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2004
$6.4.1, Room AC, Split AC, Packaged AC shall meet the relevant IS.
1.1.3 All mechanical cooling & heating systems shall be controlled by a time clock
that can start/stop system under different schedule for 3 different day-types per week, can
retain programming & time setting during loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours,
and capable of manual override operations temporary up to 02 hours. Exceptions are
cooling system <28 kW (8 tons) and heating system < 7 kW (2 tons).
1.1.4 All heating and cooling equipment shall be temperature controlled if combined
than temperature dead band of 3 degree centigrade. If different equipment served cooling
and heating than thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and
cooling.
1.1.5 Piping for heating with operating temperature 60 degree centigrade should have at
least R-0.70 (R-4) insulation. Piping for cooling less than 15 degree centigrade shall have
at least R-0.35 (R-2) insulation. Duct work shall be insulated as per table 5.2.4.2.
1.1.6 Air system balancing and hydraulic system balancing should be ensured to meet
the air & water design flow conditions.
1.1.7 Heat sink of Condenser should be free of interference from heat discharge and
soft water to be used for condenser and chilled water system.
1.1.8 Economizers should meet the criteria as per $5.3.1.1 to $5.3.1.3 of ECBC.
1.1.9 Variable flow hydraulic system should meet the criteria as per $5.3.2.1 to $
5.3.2.3 of ECBC.
2.0 HVAC system
2.1 Types
a. Unit type equipment: Which may be window type Room AC or split type AC-
Not preferred for High-rise office buildings, suits for individuals needs. Not to be
discussed in detail.
b. Packaged type units: Which may be fully Self contained (factory assembled), or
split type units- Best suits for limited area located adjacent to each other.
c. Central plant: Which may be Central DX (Direct Expansion) plants (when AC
load is 100TR & plant room is adjacent to weather maker room and technically essential
when temperature to be maintained below 21 deg C, Chilled water plants (smaller zone
require AC), and VRF/VRV technology based multiple interconnected units- Best suits
for large area and High-rise buildings.
2.2 Space requirement & location of equipment: -The space & building
requirement for the outdoor units, ducting, pipelines, panel including additional space for
circulation & ventilation, close proximity to the electrical sub station being main power
load, basement shall be avoided looking fire safety and to be provided in a separate
building on ground floor, AHU rooms, minimum shutter width of 3 m and height of 4 m
to be taken, maintenance space, easy accessibility, anticipated future expansion, Space
for cooling towers and ample space nearby, floor to be designed specifically as per
loadings of equipment.
2.3 Package type units
2.3.1 Package type units with water-cooled condensers
a. These units should be self-contained factory assembled and conforming to IS:
8148 (1976).
b. Standard design of cabinet for rigidity, finishing, insulation, tray, drain
connection, air outlet, return grill & filters.
c. Suitable reciprocating/scroll hermetic or semi hermetic compressor for the type
of refrigerant to be used, suction/discharge stop valves, safety controls, filters,
release/control valves, protection against HP, LP, microprocessor controller, standard
drive motor & starter. To be installed on vibration isolating resilient material.
d. Condenser with standard copper tube construction, space for easy cleaning,
inlet/outlet refrigerant/water connection, relief valve & connection, drain valve, air vent,
facility for de-scaling of tubes.
e. Standard cooling coil made of copper & aluminium fins, equalizing copper
distributor, requisite velocity etc.
f. Complete refrigerant plumbing as per standards including suction line insulation
to be done.
g. Fan & drive balancing design for quiet operation, self oiling or life lubricated
sealed type bearing mounted on vibration resilient support, suitable fan belt tension
adjusting arrangement, suitable HP motor to be mounted inside the cabinet with proper
alignment, starter with SPP etc.
h. Compressor motor shall be interlocked with air flow switch(evaporator fan),
differential pressure switch(condenser water line),condenser water pump and cooling
tower fan motor.
i. Standard design filters and humidifier shall be provided.
2.3.2 Package type units with air-cooled condensers
a. Air cooled package unit shall be provided in two parts i.e. outdoor (condenser,
condenser fan, compressor) and indoor (evaporator & evaporator fan) which shall be
pipes together at site.
b. Other design shall similar to the water-cooled condenser type.
2.4 Central AC plant
2.4.1 Depending upon the type of compressor central AC plants are of three type
a. Reciprocating compressor based, available in capacities from 30 to 110 TR.
b. Screw compressor based, available in capacities from 80 TR & above.
c. Centrifugal compressor based, available in capacities from 175 TR & above.
2.4.2 System design & plant selection
a. System is designed based on heat load calculations considering all outside and
inside conditions. Selection shall be made based on peak load, load diversity, partial load
requirement and standby capacities. Stand by capacity will depend upon number of hours
of operation per day, relative importance of the installation and functional requirements.
For 24 hours operation 100% stand by may be provided.. For 24 hours AC areas
secondary pump of Variable Speed Drive VSD to be provided to regulate flow of water,
dehumidified air. For area like operation theatre, animal house and where specifically
required functionally, AHUs with 100% fresh air shall be provided.
2.4.3 VRF/VRV technology based multiple interconnected units: The system
shall be based of VRF/VRV technology having following features:
a. The conventional systems cool building and floors as a whole while VRF system
allows independent control of individual spaces by using programmed remote controller
according to occupants need.
b. Depending on requirement of indoor units, outdoor units can deliver capacity
between 10% to 100%, thereby resulting in great power savings.
c. VRF systems offer a wide range of indoor units to suit any space and interiors.
d. The system can provide cooling and heating simultaneously as per requirement of
different users.
2.4.3 Central Heating System: Heating system is a means of heating the air in a
conditioned space with or without humidification. Various methods are:
a. With the help of hot water generator by circulating hot water so generator either
through heat convectors or radiators positioned in the conditioned spaces or heating coils
of AHUs and circulating the heated air through the conditioned spaces.
b. By provide ding electric strip heaters in suction side of AHU in return air path.
c. Reverse cycle by providing changeover valves in the chilled and condenser water
piping. It can only be used when ambient temperature is more than 7.2 deg c and
hardness of water is less than 60 PPM.
3.0 Centralized air-cooling or Evaporative Type Air-Cooling (ETAC)
a. Suitable for the regions having dry climate.
b. Floor mounted/ceiling suspended type double skin AHU for low noise, sturdy
construction & better thermal insulation and also to reduce risk of dirt and bacteria
accumulation and enable easy inspection & maintenance to be used. Filter of efficiency
90% for 10% micron to be used.
c. BMS compatible powder coated control panels to be provided. Provision to
connect fire dampers, modulating motor & door switch.
d. Cellulose cell deck pad of efficiency 90% @500fpm velocity to be provided,
ventilation blower should be AMCA approved for sound & air. CFC free puff material to
be used.
e. Bottom tray shall be made of non-corrosive stainless steel grade SS 304.
f. Suitable Humidistat to measure humid level to cut off pump of water circulation
and suitable system for inlet water to make up loss of water on account of evaporation
through water cooling system.
g. Good quality aluminium/steel grills and opposite blade aerofoil aluminium air
damper to be used.

F. Lifts: Modern lifts of state of the art features given below should be provided: -
(i) Gearless and machine room less lifts having vandal proof finish, audio
announcing system and granite flooring.
(ii) VVF control motor to be used for smooth operation.
(iii) Automatic Rescue Device to be provided.
(iv) Minimum one 13-passengers lift (entrance door width 900mm) with hand held
rail for the use of handicapped persons having lift lobby of minimum size of
1800mmx1800mm is must.
(v) All indications shall be LED based on steel sheet.
(vi) One lift to be used as firemen lift with fire switch
(vii) Size of lift well should be adequate and gap between door and floor to be
maintained as per standards.
(viii) Speed of lift should be as recommended for the height & type of High-rise
Building.

G. Fire & life safety solution: This aspect has become very important consideration
in construction and maintenance. Generally, normal office building has fire load in the
form of large quantity of papers and furnishing. The aim of fire safety measures is to
provide protection to human life of occupants and property. National Building Code
(Part-IV) deals in detail about fire safety in buildings. The fire fighting system should
have approval of local fire Authorities. The wet riser system with internal& external
hydrants, automatic sprinklers, First-aid hose reel, pipeline connections and networking
protected with nozzles, non-return valves, air vessel, fire service inlets, firemen
telephones in & around building to be fixed/located as per provisions in the code with
required capacity underground storage tank for Fire Protection System with automatic
pumping sets Jockey pump, standby Diesel driven Pumps to maintain requisite pressure
24 hours at the farthest point. Automatic fire detection & alarm system shall be provided
with analogue addressable Fire Detectors of different types suiting to the locations with
Public Address System for announcement and evacuation guidance to the occupants. The
design of fire fighting equipment room, fire control room and vertical shaft should be
standard.

H. Building Management/Automation System: - BMS is Integration, Automation,

and Optimization of all the services and equipment like (ACs, Lifts, Fire detection and
alarm, Electrical systems, Water supply systems DG sets etc) thus this manages the
environment of the building and allows a building manager to better handle his resources,
improving operational efficiency and reducing costs. The main functions of BMS are as
under:
a. Monitoring and control of Electrical Equipments like Air-conditioning system,
substation, D.G. sets, Elevators sets, fire fighting system pumps etc
b. Monitoring of addressable Fire Detection system for building and various
equipment rooms
c. Dynamic graphic details of systems
d. Energy Management through optimization of all connected electrical and
mechanical plants.
e. Time, event and holiday scheduling
f. Alarm/report/SMS of failure, maintenance schedule and status of equipment to
the system supervisor/manager.

3.0 Conclusion: With the emerging trend of high-rise buildings, human comforts, cut
thought competition and economic solution based on life cycle cost & human life safety
etc., it has become prime concern of users as well as service providers to select/design &
install electrical system of latest and appropriate technology. In turn knowledge and
expertise of an electrical engineer plays very important and vital role to construct high-
rise buildings with electrical systems of world-class standards.

4.0 References
(i) Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)-2007
(ii) CPWD specifications for electrical works
(iii) National Building Code (NBC)
(iv) By laws for handicapped
(v) Siemens control systems
(vi) Honeywell building solutions & control system
(vii) Bombay lift Act
(viii) CVC guidelines for electrical works
(ix) I E Rules
(x) BIS references
(xi) Local fire authority reference
(xii) ABB power systems
(xiii) Alstom power systems
(xiv) Light right of Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)

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