CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Electronic reservation chart is a system established at railway stations for the

convenience of passengers undertaking long journey.

Before computerized reservation came in to place the charts were prepared manually with
each station having allotted no. of seats or berths for all trains. These allotments were based on
the population and importance of area under each station. But it may happen that booking of
seats on particular train may exceed in certain areas or may not exceed the maximum limit in
other areas. This can cause inconvenience to people who have not obtained seats. Availability of
seats can be only found out when a passenger boards a train. Hence to overcome this drawback a
centralized reservation system came into place.

In a centralized computer reservation system; a person desiring to book a ticket on a

particular train can have all details regarding the availability of seats. Also he can book his ticket
from anywhere. Concept of Reservation against Cancellation (RaC), waiting list was also
introduced. Before the commencement of journey, details of passengers (their positions)
travelling in train are printed on a chart which is pasted on the board situated on the platform.
This is done at all stations from which the train passes. A copy is also pasted on the coach doors.
When the chart is pasted on notice board, it created inconvenience that the passengers had to
rush to find the charts. When pasted on train there is huge possibility that the chart gets torn.
Now a day’s several systems are introduced such as IVRS, Touch screen panels as well
as Electronic Reservation Chart. Simply speaking the chart which was earlier pasted can now be
viewed on LCD display. This display system is situated only at the entrance of railway station.
But still problems due to printed chart arise. A solution to overcome this problem is by setting up
a display on sides of train coaches.
 CHAPTER 2
NETWORKING CONCEPTS

At its most elementary level a network consist of 2 computers connected to each other by
a cable so they can share data. All networking no matter how sophisticated systems from the
simple system. Networking aroused from the need to share data in a timely function. A group of
computers and other devices connected together is called a network and the concept of connected
computers sharing resources is called networking.

2.1 TWO MAJOR TYPES OF NETWORK

 Peer to Peer Network:

In this network there are no dedicated servers and all of the computers are equally
functioning both as a server and a client.

 Server Based Network:

In this network dedicated servers are used for quick service requests from network clients
and to ensure security of files and directories.

2.2 STANDARD TOPOLOGIES

 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring

2.3 CABLES USED IN NETWORKING

Primary Cable Types:

The vast majority of networks today are connected by some sort of wire or cabling which set as
network transmission carrying signals between computers. Only 3 major groups of cabling
connect majority of networks.
 Coaxial
  Twisted pair
• Unshielded twisted pair
• Shielded twisted pair
 Fiber optic

Coaxial:

It consists of core made of solid copper surrounded by insulation, a braided metal shielding and

Cable Description

RG-58/U Solid Copper Core

RG-58A/U Stranded Wire Core

RG-58C/U Military Specification of rg-58A/U

RG-59 Broadband Transmission

RG-60 Used for higher frequencies

Rg-62 Arc Networks

an outer cover. Dual shielded and quad shielded cables are available.

Table No: 2.1 Types of Coaxial Cables

Twisted Pair Cable

It consists of 2 insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other. The 2 types of twisted
pairs are:
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
Shielded twisted pair (STP)

Fiber Optic Cable

Figure No: 2.1 Fiber Optic Cable

In fiber optic cable, optical fibers carry digital data signals in the form of modulated
pulses of light. This is relatively safe to send data because no electrical pulses are carried over
the fiber optic cable. This means that fiber optic cable cannot be tapped and data stolen, which is
possible with any copper-based cable carrying data in the form of electronic signals. Fiber optic
cable is good for high speed, high capacity transmission because of the lack of attenuation and
purity of the signal.
Fiber Optic Composition
Figure No: 2.2 Fiber Optic Compositions

Optical fiber consists of extremely thin cylinder of glass, called the core, surrounded by a
concentric layer of glass, known as the Cladding. The fibers are sometimes made of plastic.
Plastic is easier to install, but cannot carry the light pulses as far as glass. Each glass strand
passes signals only in one direction, so a cable consist of2 strands in separate jackets. A
reinforcing layer of plastic surrounds each glass strand by Kevlar fibers provides strength. The
Kevlar fibers in fiber optic connector are placed between cables, which are encased in plastic.
Fiber optic cable transmissions are not subjected to electrical interference and are extremely fast.
They can carry a signal-the light pulse for miles.

2.4 BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF NETWORK EXPANSION

 Repeaters
 Bridges
 Routers
 Brouter
 Gateways
 Hubs

Repeaters:
Figure No: 2.3 Repeaters

A signal travel along a cable, they degrade and become distorted in a process called
attenuation. If a cable is long enough, attenuation will finally make a signal unrecognizable. A
repeater enables signal to travel farther. A repeater works at the OSI physical layer to regenerate
the network's signal and resend them out on other segments. A repeater takes a weak signal from
1 segment, regenerates it, and passes it to the next segment" To pass data through the repeater in
a usable fashion from1 segment to the next, the packets and the logical links control (LLC)
protocols must be in the same on the each segment. Repeaters do not translate or filter anything.
For a repeater to work, both segments that the repeater joins must have the same access method.
Two most common access methods are CSMA/ CD and token passing. Repeaters can move
packets from 1 physical media to another. Some multi port repeaters act as a multi port hubs and
connect different types of media.

Routers:
Figure No: 2.4 Routers
In our environment consisting of several network segments with differing protocols and
architectures, a router should be used instead of a bridge for ensuring fast communication among
all of the segments. Routers work at the network layer of OSI model. Routers can switch and
route packets across multiple network. They do so by exchanging protocol-specific information
between separate networks.

Routers can provide the following functions of a bridge:

i. Filtering and isolating traffic
ii. Connecting network segments

Router selects the best route for data based on cost and available paths. Routers require
specific addresses. They only understand network numbers which help them to talk to other
routers and local network adaptor card addresses. When routers receive packets destined for a
network. They send them to the router that manages the destination networks.

Routers are slower than bridges since they perform complex functions on each packet. As
packets are passed from router to router, datalink layer source and destination addresses are
stripped off and then recreated. This enables a router to route a packet from a TCP/ IP Ethernet
network to a server on a TCP/ IP token ring network because routers only read addressed packets
they will not allow bad data to get passed on to the network. Hence routers put little stress on
network.
Brouter:
A Brouter combines the best qualities of a bridge and a router. A Brouter can act like a
router for one protocol and bridge all of the others.
i. Brouter can route selected routable protocols.
ii. Bridge non-routable Protocols
iii. Deliver more cost-effective and more manageable internetworking than separate bridges
and routers.

Hubs

One network component that is becoming standard equipment in more and more network
is the hub. A hub is the central component in a star topology.

 Active Hubs
Most hubs are active in that they regenerate and retransmit the signals the same way a
Repeater does. In fact, because hubs usually have 8-12 ports for network computers to connect to
they are sometimes called multiport repeaters. Active hubs require electrical power to run.

 Passive Hubs
Passive hubs act as connection point and do not amplify or regenerate the signal; the
signal. Passive hubs do not require electrical power to run.

 Hybrid Hubs
Advanced hubs that will accommodate several different types of cables are called Hybrid
Hubs. A hub-based network can be expanded by connecting more than one hub.

Benefit of hub-based topologies includes:

i. Changing or expanding wiring system as needed

ii. Using different ports to accommodate a variety of cabling types
iii. Centralized monitoring of network activity and traffic

2.5 BASIC MODEM TECHNOLOGY

Figure No: 2.5 Modem
A modem is a device that makes it possible for computers to communicate over a
telephone line. When computers are too far apart to be joined by a standard computer table, a
modem can enable communication between them. In a network environment, modems serve as a
means of communication between networks or connecting to the world beyond the local
network. Computers cannot simply connect over a telephone line because a computer
communicates in digital electronic pulses (electronic signals) and a telephone line can only send
analog pulses (sound).

A modem at the sending end converts the computer’s digital signal into analog and
transmits the analog signals onto the telephone line. A modem at the receiving end converts the
incoming analog signals back into digital signals for receiving computer.

In other words, Sending modem modulates digital signals into analog signals and
receiving modem demodulates analog signal back into digital signal.

Modem Hardware:

Modem known as data communication Equipments (DCE) and share the following
characteristics:
i. A serial (RS 232) communication interface
ii. A RJ-11 telephone line interface (a 4 wire telephone plug)
 Modems are available in both in internal and external models. The internal models are
installed in an expansion slot like any other circuit board. An external modem is a small box that
connected to the computer by a serial (RS 232) cable running from the computer's serial port the
modem's computer cable connection. The modem uses a cable with an RJ-l1 connector to
connect to wall.

2.6 SIGNAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Signaling:

Advanced signaling system such as complex track circuiting, multiple aspect color light
signaling, Panel/Route relay/Electronic interlocking, Automatic Block Signaling, Block

Providing by axle counter and are deployed on IR to improve level of efficient and safe
train control, optimum utilization of the line capacity, etcetera. Interlocking of level crossing and
provision of telephones at manned level crossings has contributed to enhancement of safety.

Telecommunication:

Telecommunication plays an important role in control, operation and safety. Following are the
highlights of telecommunication system of Indian Railways.

i. Asset management
ii. Failure management
iii. Disconnection and reconnection
iv. Preventive maintenance and inspection
v. Signal and telecommunication drawings
vi. Circular and policy matters
vii. Telecommunication activities
viii. Online field status

2.7 SWITCHING AND DATA NETWORK

Railways are replacing old analogue exchanges with digital electronic exchanges to
improve quality of switching and to reduce the maintenance efforts. During the year, a total of
8,922 subscribers were connected to digital electronic exchanges bringing the total subscribers to
3, 94,214. All the zonal and divisional exchanges of Indian Railways are being integrated for
seamless connectivity with uniform STD scheme for improved services by providing 2 MB
connectivity. Broadband connectivity of 2 Mega Byte per Second (MBPS) or more is being
provided between divisional and zonal headquarters to establish high speed link needed for
various IT application like Railnet, PRIME, AFRES, MIS, etc. To improve reliability and to
affect savings, data circuit required for online applications like PRS, UTS and FOIS are being
progressively transferred to railways on OFC network.

CHAPTER 3
BACKBONE FOR COMMUNICATION

3.1 OFC LINKS

 The OFC network of the railways forms as the backbone of the proposed network since
these OFC links are being dropped at all stations in the division. The optic fiber cables are owned
and laid by the Rail Tel Corporation which also leases some of these cables and bandwidth to
private firms. At all stations optical Add-Drop multiplexers are installed. These optical Add-
Drop multiplexers are capable of carrying 63 El (2.048 MBPS) circuits between two station. At
any station a minimum of 21 E1s can be dropped or added. These optical Add-Drop Multiplexers
are based on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy technology.

3.2 SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

As the communication progressed through fiber optic cables, there aroused the need for a
standardized view for the adaptive overall working of the communication system .So the digital
time division multiplexing scheme was given a standard format in Europe by the CCITT called
the SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy).

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Equipment

A SDH system has switches, multiplexers, and repeaters all connected by fibers .The
basic SDH frame is a block of 810 bytes put out every 125 micro seconds. In SDH the basic rate
is equivalent to 155.52 mbps .This is called the synchronous transport module level- I (STM-
1,).Higher rate are designated by STM –N.

CHAPTER 4
ABOUT E-CHART DISPLAY SYSTEM
 The Electronic Reservation Chart is an innovative idea that displays reservation chart in
bright cluster of LCD Monitors

The Electronic Reservation system consists of two major modules: The server module
and display elements. The Server module is equipped with a terminal emulator that emulates the
Enquiry port of the PRS System. Advantage of this setup is that the user will get the interface
that is exactly similar with the normal terminals installed in PRS centers.

Figure No: 4.1 E-Chart Display System

4.1 PRS NETWORK

PRS centers are connected to the PRS server at Chennai through a dedicated channel.
Whenever a passenger reserves a ticket from any station, the details will be up dated at Chennai
server Railway has a wide communication infrastructure of OFC network laid by RailTel capable
of extending 63 E1's from one station to other. Thus an idea of developing a wide area network
linking the control charting server, PRS server, the commercial control server which will form
the backbone platform. Once this network is formed all the display boards can be connected to
this WAN and can be made available to all stations. This block diagram gives the idea of the
basic blocks networked together to provide the information regarding electronic charts. This
information then given to different stations from the main server.
Figure No: 4.2 PRS Network

CHAPTER 5
ADDRESSING SCHEMES

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP

 The Transmission control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
suite, often simply referred to as TCP/IP. Using TCP, applications on networked hosts can create
connections to one another, over which they can exchange streams of data using Stream Sockets.
The protocol guarantees reliable and in-order delivery of data from sender to receiver. TCP also
distinguishes data for multiple connections by concurrent applications (e.g., Web server and e-
mail server) running on the same host.

TCP supports many of the Internet's most popular application protocols and resulting
applications, including the World Wide Web, e-mail, File Transfer protocol and secure shell.

In the Internet protocol suite, TCP is the intermediate layer between the Internet protocol
(IP) below it, and an application above it. Applications often need reliable pipe-like connections
to each other; where as the Internet Protocol does not provide such streams, but rather only best
effort delivery (i.e., unreliable packets). TCP does the task of the transport layer in the simplified
OSI model of computer networks. The other main transport-level Internet protocol is UDP.

TCP sequence numbers and windows behave very much like a clock. The window,
whose width (in bytes) is defined by the receiving host, shifts each time it receives and
acknowledges with a segment of data. Once it runs out of sequence numbers, it loops back to 0.

The TCP receive window size is the amount of received data (in bytes) that can be
buffered during a connection. The sending host can send only up to that amount of data before it
must wait for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving host. When a receiver
advertises the window size of 0, the sender stops sending data and starts the persist timer. The
persist timer is used to protect TCP from the dead lock situation. The dead lock situation could
be when the new window size update from the receiver is lost and the receiver has no more data
to send while the sender is waiting for the new window size update. When the persist timer
expires the TCP sender sends a small packet so that the receivers acknowledges the packet with
the new window size and TCP can recover from such situations.

5.1.1 IP Addressing

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic

devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network
utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)-in simpler terms, a computer address. Any
participating network device-including routers, computers, time-servers, printers, Internet fax
machines, and some telephones-can have their own unique address.

An IP address can also be thought of as the equivalent of a street address or a phone

number (compare: VOIP (voice over (the) internet protocol)) for a computer or other network
device on the Internet. Just as each street address and phone number uniquely identifies a
building or telephone, an IP address can uniquely identify a specific computer or other network
device on a network.

5.1.2 Routing:

Routing is an umbrella term for the set of protocols that determine the path that data follows in
order to travel across multiple networks from its source to its destination. Data is routed from its
source to its destination through a series of routers, and across multiple networks. The IP
Routing protocols enable routers to build up a forwarding table that correlates final destinations
with next hop addresses.

Those protocols include:

BGP Border Gateway Protocol

IS-IS Intermediate System - Intermediate System

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

When an IP packet is to be forwarded, a router uses its forwarding table to determine the
next hop for the packet's destination (based on the destination IP address in the IP packet
header), and forwards the packet appropriately. The next router then repeats this process using its
forwarding table, and so on until the packet reaches its destination. At each stage, the IP address
in the packet header is sufficient information to determine the next hop; no additional protocol
headers are required. On a LAN, every host sees every packet that is sent by every other host on
that LAN. Normally, it will only do something with that packet if it is addressed to itself, or if
the destination is a broadcast address. A router is different. A router examines every packet, and
compares the destination address with a table of addresses that it holds in memory. If it finds an
exact match, it forwards the packet to an address associated with that entry in the table. This
associated address may be the address of another network in a point-to-point link, or it may be
the address of the next-hop router.

If the router doesn't find a match, it runs through the table again, this time looking for a
match on just the network ID part of the address. Again, if a match is found the packet is sent on
to the address associated with that entry.

If a match still isn't found, the router looks to see if a default next hop address is present.
If so, the packet is sent there. If no default address is present the router sends an ICMP "host
unreachable" or "network unreachable" back to the sender. If you see this message, it usually
indicates a router failure at some point in the network. The difficult part of a router's job is not
how it routes packets, but how it builds up its table. In the simplest case, the router table is static:
it is read in from a file at start-up. This is adequate for simple networks. You don't even need a
dedicated piece of hardware for this, because static routing functionality is built in to IP.

Dynamic routing is more complicated. A router builds up its table by broadcasting ICMP
router solicitation messages, to which other routers respond. Routing protocols are used to
discover the shortest path to a location. Routers are updated periodically in response to traffic
conditions and availability of a route.

CHAPTER 6
TYPE OF COMMUNICATION
 The high bandwidth of fiber optic cable is suitable for today's highest data rate
technologies and for carrying large numbers of lower rate technologies at the same time. For this
reason, the importance of fiber optics grows in conjunction with the development of the
technologies requiring high data rates or bandwidths for transmission. With their prominence
came the need for standardization. Without standardizing, internetworking among the existing
proprietary systems is impossible. Europe (ITU-T) has responded by defining standards that,
though independent are fundamentally similar and ultimately compatible. The ITU-T standard is
called the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.

6.1 OFC IN RAILWAY

In the earlier days instead of OFC, railways used overhead cables and underground
copper cables for communication. The major problems they faced with copper and overhead
cables were their bandwidth limitation, noise, inability to carry data, problems of OH alignments
in Electrified area etc. Due to these drawbacks and limitations, railways turned on to OFC

6.2 WIRELESS LAN

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area networking which is the linking of two
or computers without using wires. WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum modulation technology on
radio waves to enable communication between devices in a limited area also known as the basic
service set. This gives users the mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still
be connected to the network.

6.2.1 The Benefits of Wireless LANs

i. Convenience:
 The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from
nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment (home or office).
With the increasing saturation of laptop-style computers, this is particularly relevant.

ii. Mobility:

With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet even
outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer their
customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost.

iii. Productivity:

Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly constant affiliation with
their desired network as they move from place to place. For a business, this implies that an
employee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can be accomplished from any
convenient location.

iv. Deployment:

Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless network requires little more than a single
access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and complexity of
actual physical cables being run to numerous locations (which can even be impossible for hard-
to-reach locations within a building).

v. Expandability:

Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of clients with the existing
equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would require additional wiring.

vi. Cost:
 Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired counterparts.
This potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and
labor associated to running physical cables

6.2.2 Types of wireless LANs :

 PEER-TO-PEER
A peer-to-peer (P2P) allows wireless devices to directly communicate with each other. Devices
within range of each other can discover and communicate directly without involving central
access points. This method is typically used by two computers so that they can connect to each
other to form a network.

Fig No: 6.1 Peer-To-Peer Wireless LAN

A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different t1pes. An Ethernet

bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to a network. The bridge
acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.

CHAPTER 7
 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

7.1 El

In digital telecommunications, where a single physical wire can be used to carry many
simultaneous voice conversations, worldwide standards have been created and deployed. The
CEPT originally standardized the E-carrier system, which revised and improved the earlier
American T-carrier technology, and this has now been adopted by the ITU-T. This is now widely
used in almost all countries outside USA, Canada and Japan.

The E-carrier standards form part of the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) where
groups of E1 circuits may be bundled onto higher capacity E3 links between telephone
exchanges or countries. This allows a network operator to provide a private end-to-end E1 circuit
between customers in different countries that share single high capacity links in between. In
practice, only El (30 circuit) and E3 (480 circuit) versions are used. Physically El is transmitted
as 32 time slots and E3 512 timeslots, but one is used for framing and typically one allocated for
signaling call setup and tear down. Unlike internet data services, E-carrier systems permanently
allocate capacity for a voice call for its entire duration. This ensures high call quality because the
transmission arrives with the same short delay (Latency) and capacity at all times.

El circuits are very common in most telephone exchanges and are used to connect to
medium and large companies, to remote exchanges and in many cases between exchanges An El
link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually coaxial cable' A nominal 2'4 Volt signal is
encoded with pulses using a method that avoids long periods without polarity changes' The line
data rate is 2.048 Mbits/s (full duplex, i.e.2.04g Mbits downstream and 2.04g Mbits upstream)
which is split into 32 time slots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each time slot sends and
receives an 8-bit sample 8000 times per second (8 x 8000 x 32 = 2,048,000)'.This is ideal for
voice telephone calls where the voice is sampled into an 8 bit number at that data rate and
reconstructed at the other end.

7.2 G.703 STANDARD

G.703 is a CCITT standard for transmitting voice over digital carriers such as T1 and
El.G.703 provides the specifications for pulse code modulation (PCM) at data rates from 64
Kbps to 2.048 Mbps. G.703 service is typically used for interconnecting data communications
equipment such as bridges, routers, and multiplexers. G.703 is transported over balanced (120
ohm twisted) or unbalanced (dual 75 ohm coax) cable. Whether the G.703 is balanced or
unbalanced depends on your geographic location and the carrier that supplies the service.
Balanced service is most common around the world with the exception of U.K and the
Netherlands. However, the new open Network Provision standard of the EEC requires that
balanced service be available throughout all of Europe.

At data rates of 64 kbps over balanced wire, there are three ways of transmission: co-
directional, central directional, and contra-directional. Co-directional uses four twisted wires,
two to transmit and two to receive. The data and timing are sent in the same direction over the
same wires. Central directional is rarely used. Here the clock signals are supplied on different
wires from a centralized clock such as an atomic clock. Central directional can use six or eight
wires to send a clock signal in both directions or in separate directions. The six-wire version uses
two for the clock signals and four for the data signals, and the eight-wire version uses four for
clock signals and the other four for data. The contra-directional is an eight-wire version that uses
two wires each for transmitting and receiving and two pairs for the clock signals. (Clock signals
originate at the Data Communications Equipment (DCE) and are sent to the Data Terminal
Equipment (DTE).

7.3 RS-232
 In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting
between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It
is commonly used in computer serial ports The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard
RS-232-C [3] as of 1969 defines:

Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing and slew-
rate of signals, voltage withstand level; short-circuit behavior, maximum stray capacitance and
cable length.

Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identification

 Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications

The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, ASCII,
Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop
bits, parity). The standard does not define protocols for error detection or algorithms for data
compression.

The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is
intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this
(38,400 and 57,600 bit/s being common, and 115,200 and 230,400 bits making occasional
appearances) while still using RS-232 compatible signal levels

 Subsets of Interface Circuits for Selected Telecom Applications

The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, ASCII,
Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop
bits, parity).

The standard does not define bit rates for transmission, although the standard says it is
intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second. Many modern devices can exceed this
speed (38,400 and 57,600 bits per second being common' and 115, 200 and 230,400 bits per
second making occasional appearances) while still using RS 232 compatible signal levels.

CHAPTER 8
 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

8.1 PRS NETWORK

The PRS had design deficiencies necessitating manual interventions during program
terminations and link failures. The current Day Reservation System also posed problems and
reservations to intermediate stations were not possible. The Coaching Refund System was not
integrated with the PRS.

General controls comprising system documentation, sound IT security practices, change

management and structured disaster recovery policy were inadequate. There were deficiencies
both in physical access and logical access controls. The total number of users with supervisory
privileges was very high and booking clerks were also routinely assigned supervisory privileges,
creating a risk of possible misuse of the powers associated with the privileges. The mechanism of
change management was inefficient and policy changes were not incorporated in the system
software in a timely manner. There was no structured disaster recovery policy and the
maintenance and protection of infrastructure as well as the data was inadequate.

Application controls were weak and a number of tickets were booked on fictitious details,
indicating bogus/proxy booking in advance and thereby decreasing the availability of seats to
genuine passengers.

Validation checks for generation of pre-bought tickets, for journeys involving more than
one lap, were weak. The system permitted generation of a zero value ticket for the second lap
without generating the ticket for the first lap. Seats/ berths were also blocked for dummy
passengers using the pre-bought facility.

The application software did not have validation checks to ensure compliance with the
rules governing break journey. Various quotas for accommodation in trains were not properly
managed resulting in decrease in availability of seats to the general public; this also resulted in
loss of revenue to the Railways.

Fares and distances were incorrectly adopted leading to incorrect levy of fares. The
electronic databases contained numerous deficiencies rendering the data unreliable.
 Even though allotment of berths was meant to be a zero error process, multiple instances
were noticed where the system allotted the same berths to different passengers

Trains and stations were incorrectly defined in the system thereby preventing reservation
of accommodation against them. The status of late running of trains was not set promptly leading
to incorrect refunds to passengers.

The internal control mechanism in respect of custody and utilization of ticket rolls was
weak and the ticket rolls were susceptible to misuse.

 Computerized Passenger Reservation System of the Indian Railways

The PRS locations should be adequately protected from damage through fire, water etc.

Railways should build adequate checks to prevent reservation on fictious or incomplete

details and to enhance credibility and confidence in the system. Adequate validation checks
should also be instituted for generation of pre-bought tickets. Any transaction of a pre-bought
ticket for second lap should be validated with the details of the first lap of journey. The business
logic and corresponding rules for break journey have to be adequately built into the system with
validation checks to ensure compliance.

Railways should strengthen its control mechanism to ensure that accommodation under
various quotas is not misused and that unused accommodation in these quotas is taken back to
the general pool systematically to optimize utilization.

Railways should rectify the applications to correct the fare tables and institute a
mechanism at the appropriate level to ensure that distances between stations are uniformly
adopted in the system, so that fares can be correctly levied. The inaccuracies in the master tables
should also be rectified immediately to enhance reliability of data and to render generation of
meaningful reports.

The software needs to be rectified to prevent multiple bookings against the same berth, as
allotment of berths to passengers should be a zero error process. Suitable modifications in the
program need to be carried out to provide compact accommodation for multi passenger
reservation having a combination of confirmed reservation and waitlisted/RAC status.

Railways should strengthen its control mechanisms to define the train profiles in the
system as per the physical composition of trains. En route stations also have to be correctly
defined for trains. Suitable mechanism should be developed to ensure that status of late running
of trains is set promptly in the system so that cancellation charges are computed correctly.

The internal control mechanism to monitor the supply and custody of unused ticket rolls
needs to be strengthened. Physical verification of ticket rolls should be conducted periodically to
prevent misuse of tickets.

The Indian Railways (IR) carries about 5.5 lakh passengers in reserved accommodation
every day. The computerized Passenger Reservation System (PRS) facilitates booking and
cancelling of tickets from any of the 4000 terminals (i.e. PRS booking windows) all over the
country. These tickets can be booked or cancelled for journeys commencing in any part of lndia
and ending in any other part, with travel times as long as 72 hours and distances up to several
thousand kilometers.

The pilot project of PRS was launched on 15 November 1985, over Northern Railway
with the installation of the Integrated Multiple Train Passenger Reservation System (IMPRESS),
an online transaction processing system developed by the Indian Railways in association with
Computer Maintenance Corporation (CMC) Ltd., at New Delhi. The objective was to provide
reserved accommodation on any train from any counter, preparation of train charts and
accounting of the money collected. This application was subsequently implemented in 1987, at
Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Secunderabad. With the addition of new locations and many
redefinitions, the IMPRESS system fell short of growing expectations of the travelling public.
Hence new application software, i.e., Country Wide Network for Computerized Enhanced
Reservation and Ticketing (CONCERT) was developed by the Centre for Railway Information
Systems (CRIS), New Delhi primarily using 'C' and also using 'FORTRAN'. The application was
first implemented at the Secunderabad PRS site in September 1994 and subsequently at the other
four PRS sites. Currently, the PRS servers are maintained at the five sites in Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata" Chennai and Secunderabad and operate in a distributed database process environment.
Communication of all the terminals with their server was established using Railway/Department
of Telecommunication (DOT) channel lines, fiber optic cable/microwave channels, switches,
modem, multiplexers etc. The inter-networking of five PRS nodes was completed in April 1999.
Interconnectivity is established between the five PRS centers over 2 MBps leased Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSM-) lines. The system has the capability of issuing reserved tickets
from anywhere to anywhere, in any train, date or class between any pair of stations from any
booking terminal of the PRS.

The main modules of the PRS are the Reservation module, the Cancellation and
Modification Module, the Charting Module, the Accounting Module, and the Database Module.
The passengers' request for reservation, cancellation and modification of journey are handled by
the system through Computerized Passenger Reservation System of the Indian Railways
requisition slips. Major outputs generated by the system are Reservation cum-journey tickets,
Cancellation/Modification tickets, Reservation Charts and Daily Terminal Cash Summary. The
system is also capable of generating different types of Management Information System (MIS)
Reports. The system was audited at ten zonal railways namely Eastern Railway(ER), Northern
Railway (NR), Southern Railway (SR), Central Railway (CR), Western Railway (WR), South
Central Railway (SCR), North Eastern Railway (NER), South Eastern Railway (SER), North
East Frontier Railway (NFR) and East Central Railway (ECR).

 Audit Objectives
The review of PRS (CONCERT) was conducted with a view to assessing whether:

The acquisition and maintenance of hardware, communication network and software including
system design were adequate and effective.

The general controls were adequate and system was operating in an adequately controlled
environment.

The application controls were adequate and the system was in compliance with rules and
adequately secured from possibilities of fraud.

There was an effective mechanism to ensure most economic usage of available resources; and

The accounting arrangements and control mechanism for credit card transactions were adequate.

8.2 AUDIT SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

The scope of audit included evaluation of the application and was primarily concerned
with the transactions related to booking of tickets from the terminals operated by the railway
personnel. Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT) was referred to
as a frame of reference for evaluation of the IT system. For application controls, 'test data
method' including simulation and online enquiries were used to evaluate data validation and
program logic. The reports generated by the PRS were also studied. Audit also selected data, as
made available by the various zonal railways, pertaining to periods of fifteen days to three
months of the year 2005-2006 for substantive checking of the completeness, integrity and
consistency of data using Computer Assisted Audit Techniques namely, Interactive Data
Extraction and Analysis (IDEA) and Structured Query Language (SQL).

CHAPTER 9
 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Figure No: 9.1 System Description

PRS chart is the basic database source of the ECDS

Now any user through an interface can accept chart direct from the PRS server and this accepted
chart is saved into the local copy database.

This local copy database refers to all the local terminals that are sub connected to the Chennai
main server.

From these entire local terminals’s database the desired schedules are verified.

Scanning or identifying the schedule or the particular train scheduling is done on a periodical
basis and after the schedule identification its being saved into the ECDS

Now the ECDS holds on two strategies; one is for the presence of the desired schedule and the
second is for time lapse of particular schedule
The ECDS resulting for a display through the LCD monitor and thereby removal of the same
after the time lapse.

The data is made available here from the layer 3 switch installed at Trivandrum divisional
headquarters.

One of the ports of the layer 3 switch at divisional headquarters which is assigned for TVC is
connected to El converter which makes available to the SDH STM-I equipment at TVC

Through the OFC system1 equipments the data is made available at the SDH equipments at
TVC. This data is converted to Ethernet standards using El to Ethernet converter and is fed to an
8-port D-link switch.

Data from the switch is given to Wi-Fi outdoor access point via PoE. The output signal from PoE
contains both the data and power supply. Thus it allows the feeding of those access points which
are located above average height in order to facilitate LOS propagation

The Wi-Fi outdoor access point is configured as a base station. Outdoor access point is installed
at the top of OFC room and the indoor access point is kept beside the LCD displays.

The Wi-Fi indoor is configured as a wireless repeater.

CHAPTER 10
RESERVATION CHART SYSTEM
Figure No: 10.1 Block Schematic of ERC System
 CHAPTER 11
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

In order to convey the information to the passengers, the information has to be retained in
a server named as the Divisional Train Enquiry System Server (DTES Server). The information
thus obtained can be passed onto various stations in the division by the formation of a Wide Area
Network. The server being the most sensitive and critical part of the network, any failure will
result the stand still of the whole network. To avoid any such issues the server is provided with a
stand by processor as shown in the figure and is also backed up by an alternate power source.
The temperature of the system is prevented home going above the critical value by using
separate cooling fans and better ventilation designs.

The specifications of the server are given by:

 Intel Xeon 3 GHz EM 64t processor

 2GB RAM, 3GHz, Intel @, Xenon

 Intel E7 320 mother board

 2x72 GB 10000rpm ultra 320scsi

 2 USB ports, 1 serial port

 Onboard 8 Mb dynamic video memory

 1.44 floppy disk drive (3.5”) internal

 101 keys keyboard

11.1 LAYER3 SWITCH

Figure No: 11.1 Switch

A layer 3 switch is a high performance device for network routing. A layer 3 switch
supports the same routing protocol as network routers do. Both inspect incoming packets and
make dynamic routing decisions based on the source and destination inside. The key difference
between Iayer3 switches and routers lies in the hardware technology used to build the unit. In
general purpose routers, packet switching takes place using a microprocessor, where as a layer3
switch performs this using application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) hardware. The
backbone of WAN's formed connecting the entire Iayer3 switch installed at major stations under
the TVC division.
Routing used to be the only way to connect internal business networks. However, the advent of
wire speed (10, 100, 1000 Mbps) Layer 3 (L3) switches with virtually no delay now let’s LAN
traffic be connected without the use of traditional routers in the backbone. Standalone routers
mostly have been relegated to handle LAN/WAN edge access and WAN connectivity. This is
similar to how high-performance Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet have nudged ATM from
Performance is the key factor that distinguishes an L3 switch from a traditional router. An L3
switch can forward packets many times faster than most routers because it does not have the
overhead of supporting multiprotocol functionality or the comprehensive filtering functions of a
router. L3 switches are lean, mean machines.

L3 switches do the following:

They route IP packets and sometimes IPX protocol packets. Traditional routers are needed if
other protocols need to be routed.

They switch no routable traffic at layer2 (by MAC address). This helps blur the line between L2
and L3 switches.
They forward frames at wire speed rates with latencies of typically a few microseconds.
They support only LAN-based routing.
Switches are less expensive than traditional routers that have similar performance.
Benefits of L3 switches include the following:

i. High performance –they deliver wire speed to the desktop, which helps mitigate network
bottlenecks.
ii. Ease of use –they are easy to install and configure and they offer unified management
iii. Scalability-they can grow from small to very large networks.
iv. Compatibility-they work seamlessly with L2 switches and traditional routers.

Port Connections

A Summit 200 switch has either 24 or 48I0BASE-T/100BASE-TX ports using RJ-45

connectors for communicating with end stations and other devices over l0/1OOMbps Ethernet.
The switch also has four Gigabit Ethemet uplink potu, of which only two can be used at any one
time. These combination ports are labeled 25 and,2:6 on the front panel of the Summit 200-24
and labeled 49 and 50 on the front panel of the Summit 200-48.

11.2 RAD ASM-31 Modem

RAD's ASM-31 2-wire multi-rate short range modem is a sync/async modem that
operates in full-duplex mode over 2-wire twisted pair lines, at selectable data rates from 1.2 kbps
to L28 kbps (or 38.4 kbps in asynchronous mode) over distances of up to 5.4 kilometers (3.4
miles). Full duplex is achieved using the adaptive echo cancellation technique. The unit comes
equipped with a variety of serial and Ethernet interfaces as well as with extensive testing and
diagnostics. The ASM-31 2-wire multi-rate short range modem has line protection circuits
against lightning and power surges. The ASM-3 I 2-wiremulti-rate short range modem comes as
a standalone or can be mounted in the LRS-24 chassis.

Benefits and Features

Adaptive equalizer for noise immunity and high performance over low-quality lines

2B1Q line coding enables extended transmission distances, regardless of the data rate
Provides extensive diagnostics, including loopbacks and BER testing. Features:

i. Selectable data rates: 1.2 kbps to 2.048 Mbps

ii. Range up to 5. 4 km (3.4 miles)
iii. Digital interfaces: Y.24, V.35, X"21, RS-530, V.36lRS-449, Ethernet (bridge) or G.703
co-directional
iv. Optional built-in router rack

Available as a standalone unit or inserted as a module in an LRS-24 chassis employs the

adaptive echo cancellation technique

Full-duplex operation is achieved using the adaptive echo cancellation technique. This
method entails setting one modem as a master and the other as a slave (switch selectable). 2B1Q
line coding provides an operating range of up to 8 km (5 miles) for all data rates, with an internal
rate converter that converts all DTE data rates to a line data rate of 12g kbps. Local and remote
loop backs can be activated from either side of the line, to test both modems and the line.
Loopbacks are controlled by a manual switch or from the DTE interface. The modem includes a
BER tester for complete end-to-end integrity testing. An error LED indicates each bit error
detected. The ASM-31 has line protection circuits against lightning and power surge.

Interface options include v.24/RS-232,v.35,v.36,x.21, RS-530, built-in Ethernet Bridge, router

and G.703 co directional 64 kbps. The analog line connectors are RI-45 and terminal block.
11.3 INTERFACE CONVERTER (RAD MAKE)

RIC-El is an interface converter. It converts unframed HDB3 or AMI data of ITU G.703 El
balanced or unbalanced interface into an interchangeable DTE interface module. RIC-E1
operates at 2048 kbps. It extracts data and the clock from the G.703 interface via a jitter
attenuator to meet ITU G.823 requirements. RlC-El acts as a line transceiver. It provides
protection frorn over-voltage and over-current stress caused by lightning, power crosses and
other noise sources.

AC power supply: 100 to 240 IVAC

DC power supply: 24 or -48VDC.

Application

RIC-E1 is typically used to connect between aG.703 network and a DTE. The DTE can be a
multiplexer, a bridge, a router etc. Figure illustrates a typical RIC-EI application.

11.4 Eight Port Switch D-Links DES 1008D)

D-Link DES-1008D is an unmanaged 10/100 Mbps switch designed to enhance small

workgroup performance while providing a high level of flexibility. Powerful yet easy to use, this
device allows users to simply plug any port to either a 10Mbps or 100Mbps network to multiply
bandwidths, boost response time and satisfy heavy load demands. The switch comes with 8 l01
100Mbps ports, allowing a small workgroup to flexibly connect to Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
and integrate. These intelligent ports detect the network speed and auto-negotiate between
10Base-T and 100Base-TX, as well as between Half and Full-Duplex.

The flow control function minimizes dropped packets by sending out collision signals
when the port's receiving buffer is full. The flow control is available in the half-duplex mode. All
ports support auto-negotiation of MDVMDIX cross over. This eliminates the need for cross over
cables or uplink ports" Any port can simply plug to a server, a hub or a switch, using usual
straight-through twisted-pair cable. With 8 plug-and-play ports, the switch is a perfect choice for
the small workgroup to upgrade performance in a client/server environment. The ports can be
connected to servers in full-duplex or to hubs in half-duplex. With low-cost connection per-port,
the switch can also be set up for direct connection from the PCs. This relieves data bottleneck by
giving each workstation a dedicated bandwidth on the network.

Product Features:

1.6GB Back Plane

Up to 200Mbps per Port

Perfect for SOHO Environment

11.5 PoE (POWER over ETHERNET)

Power over Ethemet solutions deliver a unified supply of dat4 voice, and video as well as
electrical power through a single source by sending power over standard category 5 and above
twisted pair cables' Power over Ethernet simplifies installation and eliminates the need to run
separate power cords and LAN cables to each Access point or port location.

Power over Ethernet streamlines wireless infrastructure deployment and lowers cost.
whether on a factory floor or in an enterprise facility, running power to difficult to reach
locations with Power over Ethernet solutions significantly reduce cabling and outlet
requirements while providing the lowest total cost of ownership.

Benefits:

Ensures uninterrupted network operation by providing a power safe path to the user.

Provides one central secure location for power.

11.6 WI-FI ACCESS POINT

The Air client 100 (AC 100) is a high-performance 802.rrb/standards based wireless
access twice configurable for many outdoor broadband access wireless applications. It uses
BroVis' True EXORTM breakthrough wireless technology combined with WIOSTM software
platform to enable cost-effective, reliable, secure and easily manageable outdoor deployments.

11.7 SDSL
 DSL is a telephone loop technology that uses existing copper phone lines, and provides a
dedicated, hi-speed internet connection. One of the big advantages of DSL (notably ADSL, are
that they can coexist on the same line with a traditional voice service or "POTS" (plain old
telephone service). This is accomplished by different frequency ranges above the voice range
(voice is up to 4Hz). Essentially, this gives 2 lines in one: I for ports, and 1 for internet
connectivity. When all is working normally, there should be no interference between the two
"lines". This gives DSL a potentially broad consumer base, and helps minimize cost for
providers.

DSL is positioned for the home and small office (SOHO) market that is looking for hi-
speed internet access at reasonable prices. Since it also typically provides dedicated, "always on"
access, it can be used for interconnecting lorv to mid range bandwidth servers, and provides a
great access solution for small LANs.

Single pair digital subscriber loop, also sometimes referred to as a "s5rmmetric subscriber
loop" since it is indeed symmetric with a current maximum rate of 1.5 Mbps. SDSL requires a
dedicated line, and thus true SDSL is not as readily adaptable to the consumer market as ADSL.
SDSL also uses a 281Q encoding (same as ISDN and some T1) which is considered more robust
than the DMT or CAP encoding of ADSL. True SDSL is generally considered more of a server
quality DSL. It is worth noting that some providers may be marketing a SDSL service that is
really ADSL pinc-hed so that upstream or downstream are the same. The SDSL equipment is
used as the LAN extender.
 CHAPTER 12
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

ERC is simulated on a java platform. The whole program is divided in to number of sections
according to following interface windows- Home, Reservation, Cancellation and Charts Display.

%Home%

<html>

<head>

<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-

1252"></meta>

<title>untitled1</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="login.jsp" method="get">

<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" border="0" width="100%">

<tr>

<td A align="center">

<SPAN style="background-color:rgb(51,204,255);"><STRONG><FONT size="6"

color="#3333cc">INDIAN RAILWAY RESERVATION
SYSTEM</FONT></STRONG><FONT color="#3333cc"> </FONT></SPAN>

</td>

</tr>

</table>
 <P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>

<FONT size="5">&nbsp;</FONT>

</P>

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="27%">&nbsp;</td>

<td width="73%">

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%">

<tr>

<td>

<FONT size="5"><a
href="reservation.html"><STRONG>RESERVATION</STRONG></a> </FONT>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>

<FONT size="5"><a
href="cancel.html"><STRONG>CANCELLATION</STRONG></a> </FONT>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>
 <td>

<P>

<FONT size="5"><a href="search.html"><STRONG>SEARCH

TRAIN</STRONG></a> </FONT>

</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>

<STRONG><a href="chart.html"><FONT size="5">RESERVATION

CHART</FONT></a></STRONG>

</P>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

</form>

</body>

</html>

%Reservation%

<html>
 <head>

<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-

1252"></meta>

<title>untitled1</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="registration.jsp" method="get" >

<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" border="1" width="100%">

<tr>

<td>

<P>

<STRONG><FONT size="6">WELCOME
......................................</FONT></STRONG>

</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="29%">TRAIN NAME</td>

 <td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t1"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">CATAGORY</td>

<td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t2"/>s-sleeper &nbsp;&nbsp;a-ac

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">FROM</td>

<td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t3"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">TO</td>

<td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t4"/>

</td>
 </tr>

</table>

<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" border="1" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="29%">NAME</td>

<td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t5"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">AGE</td>

<td width="71%">

<input type="text" name="t6"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">GENDER</td>

<td width="71%">

<P>

<input type="radio" name="r1" value="male"/>MALE</P>

<P>
 <input type="radio" name="r1" value="female"/>FEMALE</P>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="29%">ADDRESS</td>

<td width="71%">

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>

<input type="text" name="t7"/>

</P>

<P>

<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="a"/>

</P>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

</form>

</body>

</html>

%Cancellation%

<html>
 <head>

<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-

1252"></meta>

<title>untitled1</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="cancel.jsp" method="get">

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="36%">NAME</td>

<td width="64%">

<input type="text" name="t1"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="36%" height="50">

<P>RESERVATION &nbsp;NUMBER</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

</td>

<td width="64%" height="50">

<input type="text" name="t2"/>

 </td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="36%" height="54">TRAIN NAME</td>

<td width="64%" height="54">

<P>

<input type="text" name="t3"/>

</P>

</td>

</tr>

</table>

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">

<tr>

<td>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="c"/>

</td>

</tr>
 </table>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

</form>

</body>

</html>

%Chart display%

<html>

<head>

<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-

1252"></meta>

<title>untitled1</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="chart.jsp" method="get">

<P>&nbsp;

</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="30%">train name</td>

<td width="70%">
 <select name="c1">

<option value="kerala">kerala</option>

<option value="chennai">chennai</option>

</select>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="30%">compartment</td>

<td width="70%">

<select name="c2">

<option value="s">SLEEPER</option>

<option value="a">AC</option>

</select>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="30%"
colspan="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&
nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&n
bsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbs
p;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="b"/></td>

 </tr>

</table>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

</form>

</body>

</html>

%Searching a train%

<html>

<head>

<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-

1252"></meta>

<title>untitled1</title>

</head>

<body>

<form action="search.jsp" method="get">

<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" border="0" width="100%">

<tr>

<td width="22%">

<FONT size="4"><STRONG>train name</STRONG></FONT>

 </td>

<td width="78%">

<input type="text" name="t1"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="22%">

<FONT size="4"><STRONG>train number</STRONG></FONT>

</td>

<td width="78%">

<input type="text" name="t2"/>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="22%">

<FONT size="4"><STRONG>&nbsp;</STRONG></FONT>

</td>

<td width="78%">

<P>please enter any one of above fields</P>

<P>

<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="a"/>

 </P>

</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="22%">

<FONT size="4"><STRONG>&nbsp;</STRONG></FONT>

</td>

<td width="78%">&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

</table>

</form>

</body>

</html>
 CHAPTER 13
SIMULATION SNAPSHOTS

Function performed:

 From this home page we can access any link such as reservation, cancellation etc
Function performed:

 Tickets can be booked only by accessing this window.

 Here name of the train, required category of coach, destination and details of passenger
are entered.

 On finishing; passenger is given a unique number which becomes his ID. Using this ID,
passenger can change his status.
Function performed:

 Using this window cancellation process is done.

 For this he must produce his ID, train number or name.

Function performed:

 Availability of seats in a particular train can be found out through this window.

 The name of the train or train number must be entered.

Function performed:

 Chart can be obtained for printing by entering the train name and for which compartment
the chart is required.

 Separate charts are obtained for AC and sleeper compartments.

 CHAPTER 14
MODIFICATION TO PRESENT ERC SYSTEM

Even though display system has been introduced in railway stations the charts are still
pasted on trains. This results in the incompleteness of present system. To overcome this defect
the printed chart must be replaced by display itself.

We can enhance this system by sending the prepared chart from station to train as it
reaches. There will a receiver in the train which will take this chart and pass for further
operation. A highly configured CPU (Train server) will process this chart. This CPU is capable
of running 36 displays at a time. The received chart is sorted and distributed to each
compartment displays. Each compartment has a display on both sides.

A block schematic is shown below.

Figure No: 14.1 Display System on Train
 CHAPTER 15
E-RESERVATION CHART

Figure No: 15.1 E-Reservation Chart Display

Figure No: 15.2 E-Reservation Chart

 CHAPTER 16
MERITS OF E-CHART

 Automatic display at scheduled timing

 Easy readability

 Bright and clear visibility in day and night, feature of backlit LCD screens

 Easy operations, charts are placed on display on a mouse click

 Can be displayed on island platform also

 Charts can be transferred over network to way side stations

 Tampering, problem of passengers removing the charts will be totally eliminated

 Advertisements

 Present problem of placing chart by employees is eliminated

 Chart is stored electronically for the future reference

 CHAPTER 17
E-CHART IN FUTURE

 Though the e-charts presently are updated manually, in future shall be facilitated with
direct update procedures

 Satellite reservation

 Not only these have the feature of displaying digitally but shall gain the facility of
accessing it online

 Through the future Wi-Fi systems are believed to dominate the presently used OFC
networks

 Tourist Centers are benefitted a lot with this

 Hot Spots like Shopping centers would also be benefitted

 Can be displayed in train itself

 CHAPTER 18
CONCLUSION

Indian Railways, as an organization is a very vast center of telecommunication in itself.

Today the telecommunicating world is getting its roots, grabbing the new era more firmly. We
think that our training was a success and we think that Indian Railways was an excellent training
institute for inquisitive emerging engineers. In Indian Railways, training is given to engineering
aspirant desiring to secure future in the dynamic world of Telecommunication.

The concept of ELECTRONIC RESERVATION CHART system has proved to be a

benchmark in the world of Passenger Reservation System. Also the concept of ERC in train will
make a considerable facilitation.
 CHAPTER 19
REFERENCE

 www. railltelindia.com

 www. wikipedia.com

 www. tech-faq.com

 www. radindia.in

 www. dlink.com.