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For sample on quick reference of statigraphy portion, refer below:

Salt Range (Paleozoic) (West Pakistan)

- Sequence commences with Cambrian rock ( no precambrian rock on the basement)

- Cambrian rocks are directly overlain by glacial boulder beds of Up. Carboniferous age
- Highly Folded and Faulted structures

Permian Productus Limestone Divided into upper middle and lower parts

Lower Carboniferous Olive Series

to Upper Glacial Boulder Beds
Carboniferous
Salt
Pseudomorphshale
Magnesian Sandstone Mainly of massive dolomitic sandstones or Cambrian Gastrobods -
Arenaceous Dolomites Stenotheca
Neobolus Beds Dark green and purple shales with Primitive Brachiopods
intercalatations of Dolomite Neobolus
Cambrian Lingula
Trilobites (Ptychoparia, reddichia)
Pteropods

Purple Sandstone Marked by features characteristic of deposition

in shallow water under arid climate
UNCONFORMITY
Saline Series Made up of salt marls
Devoid of bedding planes
Top part – Gypsum, dolomite, oil shales
Altered Lava flows ( Khewra traps)
Age is controversial – Camrian / Eocene
Paleozoic of Kashmir

- Rocks appear to have been folded conspicuously in the form of anticline and synclines
- Fauna differs from salt range and Spiti

Middle to Up. Permian Zewan Beds Limestone and shales Brachiopods ( spirifer)
Bryozoa, corals etc.

Gangamopteris beds Plant fossils Gangamopetris,

Glossopteris, vertebraria
Panjal Traps Volcanic, Andestic in composition
Up. Carboniferous to Lower
Permian Agglomeratic Slates Generally unfossiliferous
In some places Brachiopods
(Syringithyris Cuspidata), bryozoa etc.
Fenestella Shales Brachipods (Productus, Spirifer)
Bryozoa (Fenestella)
Carboniferous Trilobites
Syringothyris Limestone Brachiopods (syringothyris Cuspidata)

Up. Silurian and Devonian Muth Quartzite 700 Mts. Thick Unfossiliferous

Silurian Arenaceous Shales and Limestone Fragmentary Corals, Crinoids,

Brachiopods
Ordovician Limestone and Slates Brachiopods and Echinoderms

Cambrian Clays, Limestone, Quartzite Trilobites , Brachiopods

Paleozoic Of Spiti

Folded in synclinal depression with Axis in NW direction

Haimanta sys. Overlies Vaikrita system of Precambrian age

Permian Kuling System Productus shales Cephalopods, (cyctolobus Oldham)

(Siliceous and carbonaceous shales) Brachiopods
Calcareous sandstones and shales Brachiopods of middle Permian age
(spirigera, productus, spirifer)
Up. Carboniferous Conglomerate beds
Carboniferous Kanwar System Po Series Fenestella Bryozoa, Brachipod
(Limestone, Quartzite, shales) Series
Thabo Series Plant fossils
(quartzite and
shales)
Lipak Sties Brachiopods, Trilobites
Up. Silurian to Devonian Muth Quartzite Unfossiliferous
Ordovician Sedimentary basal Conglomerate Succeeded by quartzite, shales, Brachiopods (Strophomena, orthis)
sandstones and limestones Cephalopods(Orthoceras, Gonioceras)
Trilobites (Illaneus, Asaphus)
Cambian Haimanta System Divided into U,M,L series Trilobites
Sedimentary rocks ( Quartzite, Shales, Echinoids
slate etc) on each part Brachiopods
Pteropods
Cuddapah (Pre Cambrian Group) (Kis – nalla – ma –che- papa)

Crescentic in shape ( concave side facing east)

Enormous thickness (6000 Mts.) shows – slow and quite submergence all through their deposition
Name developed from Cuddapah Basin of A.P. where it is best developed
Rocks devoid of fossils ,made up of alternate layers of quartzites and shales
Formations more or less horizontal
Folding increases in Intensity from west to east
Folds are doubly plunging with several culminations and depressions
Formations related to end phase of Eastern Ghat cycle (1600 m. y.)

Srisailam Quartzite Quartz arnite facies

Kistna (600 Mts)
Nallamlai (1000 Mts.)
Exhibit – planar cross bedding
Ripple marks, Mud cracks
Presence of glauconite in quartzite shows shallow marine or tidal flat env.
Kolamnala Shales
Irlakonda Quartzite
UNCONFORMITY
Cumbum Shales Extensive slate phyllite sequences with thin quartzite intercalations
Bairenkonda quartzite

UNCONFORMITY
Pullampet Shale Purple shale with chert jasper
Cheyair (3,300 Mts.) Shows that sediments of fine clastic nature in lagoonal Env.
Nagri quartzite
UNCONFORMITY
Vampella Shale and Limestone Lies in western part of the basin
Papaghni (1400 Mts) Known for gabbro sills, basaltic flows
Gulcheru Quartzite Mostly quartz arnite with ferruginous cement and accessory glauconite

Conglomerate predominantly of mature quartz pebbles at the base –

 indicative of high energy environment by waves
Mineral Deposits

Store house of diff. types of minerals

Magmatic emanations associated with intrusion of sills is responsible for mineralization

Large reserves of barytes occurs in veins and beds

Major prospect ( vempalle bed)

Veins – Criss cross pattern – 1 Mt. thick

Magampetta bedded barytes in upper horizon of carbonaceous sequence of pullampet formation

Generation of barium rich melts is the reason for origin of vein type of barytes

Sulphide mineralization –cumbum formation

Cement grade and BF grade Limestone occur in Narji Limestones in vempalle formations

Vempalle limestones have been intruded by basaltic sills which ranges in thickness and are responsible for development and deposits of barites and
asbestos

Limestone has been metamorphosed to shales. On account of it being impure has developed minerals such as serpentine and talc.
MESOZOIC (ARYAN ERA)

Stratigraphic changes

 Himalayan region was converted into vast geosynclinals area known as Tethys sea during Up. Carboniferous
 Volcanic activity in Kashmir region – from Pirpanjal – Hazara in NW and Ladakh in NE
 Hercynian or Veriscan revolution took place in this time
 Hypothetical continent, the Gondwanaland developed fissures and its different parts began drifting apart
 Stupendous mass of Basaltic lava welled out from the Earth’s interior in different part of the globe. Deccan peninsula is an instace of this kind
 Alpine mountain building movement set in and gave rise to alpine system, rockies, andes, etc.
 Sub continent of India assumed its present set up

GONDWANA GROUP:

Subsequent to the deposition and uplift of the vindhyan group, the Penisula witnessed no further deposition of sediments for a long time

During the Up carboniferous, there was new cycle of sedimentation in the interconnected basin of fluvatile and lacustrine origin.

Continued up to Jurrasic period

These sediments occupying a vast tract in the peninsula are called Gondwana group or system

Features:

Deposition of sediments commenced under glacial climatic conditions

Rest of the Up. Carboniferous and Permian - Warm and humid climate

Triassic – Dry, arid

Jurassic – Warm and humid

Each individual cycle commenced with the deposition of coarse sand. The Gondwana rocks were subjected to tectonic disturbances during the mid
Triassic, Jurassic and post Eocene period, leading to the development of a no. of faults in them.
Total thickness (6000 – 7000 mts,), barakar and raniganj stages together constitutes for the maximum coal bearing horizon.

Subdivisions Series Stages Ages Features Fossils

Jabalpur Umia Low Cretaceous Well known in Kutch, Sandstones, Ptilophyllium acutifolium,
oolitic Limestones and shales pelecypods, trigonia
Jabalpur Up. Jurassic Taeniopteris spatulata,
Sandstones, shales, carbonaceous ptilophyllium acutifoilum
bands
Rajmahal Kota Mid Jurassic
Well developed in Godavari valley, Taeniopteris spatulata,
formation of sandstones and grits of ptilophlyllum acutifolium,
about 700 Mt. thickness fish( lepidottus, dupedius
Thin bands of Limestones and clay
Rajmahal Low Jurassic Plant fossils, Taeniopteris
Upper Gondwana Basaltic lava flows with intercalated spatulata, ptyllophylium
carbonaceous shalesand clays, acutifolium, fish (dupedius)
Individual Lava flow is of varied
thickness (17 -100 mt.)
Intertrappean sediments between
the flow carries the plant fossils
Mahadeva Maleri Up Triassic Fossils of fish and reptiles
Sandstones and clays
(Tiki beds of Rewa)

Pachmari Up triassic Red Sandstone and clays with

ferruginous materials
UNCONFORMITY
Panchet Panchet Low Triassic Sandstones and shales, devoid of Few plant fossils in lower beds
coal seams, brown sandstone shows
deposition under arid condition
 Raniganj Up. Permian
1000 Mt. Gloss. Indica, Ganga.
Developed in Raniganj Coalfield cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica ,
Coal seams are associated with Noeggerathiopsis hislopi,
sandstones and shales taeniopteris, phyllotheca Indica
Barren measures Mid permian 700 mts.
Sandstones, carbonaceous shales
and clay ironstone nodules
Does not contain workable coal
seams, devoid of fossils
Damuda Barakar Low permian Jharia coalfield, formations are made Gloss. Indica, Ganga.
up of sandstone, shales, coal seams cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica ,
with grits and conglomerates Noeggerathiopsis hislopi,
800 Mt. thick ( 1/3 is coal seams) taeniopteris, dadoxylon indicum
Repetition of sandstone, shales and
coal seams
Lower Gondwana karharbari Low Permian Sandstones and Grits with coal Gloss. Indica, Ganga.
seams e.g. Girdhi coal fields cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica ,
Noeggerathiopsis hislopi
Rikba Up. Carboniferous Sandstone with shaly horizons Gloss. Indica, Ganga.
cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica ,
Noeggerathiopsis hislopi
Talchir Up. Carboniferous Greenish splintery shales known as
needle shales due to the
Talchir characteristic weathering they
exhibit. Contain sandstone layer

Boulber Bed Up. Carboniferous Glacial origin , Unsorted boulders

and pebbles of sandy matrix,
Facetted and striated pebbles,
unsorted nature of formation bears
evidence of glacial origin
TRIASSIC SYSTEM OF SPITI: (Q M.C. Jitesh Theke Gaya hai? DD ! Uske liye nayi Bottle Hai, Mujhe?? Oh - Oh

- Conformably overlie over Permian rocks

- Entirely marine in character
- Rocks extend over enormous distance without much variation in composition
- Consist of Limestone and shales
- Arid climatic conditions and universal marine regression is their characteristic
- Deposits are marine geosynclinal
- Divided on the basis of fossil system

Age Series Stages Features Fossils

Kito Tagling unfossiliferous
Lower Jurassic and Limestone
Upper Triassic Para Unfossiliferous in most of the parts Megalodon Ladakhensis (characterisitic fossil)
Range in age
from
Rheotic to
Lias
Quartzite Series Spirigera maniensis
Noric Monotis Shale Monotis Salinaria, Rynchonella
Upper Triassic Coral Limestones Crinoids, corals, Brachiopods
(Keuper- 1600 Mt.) Spiriferina, rynchonella
Limestones, Shaly Juvavite beds Juvavie angulatus
Limestones, Tropites Subbullatus
Quartzite Carnic Tropites beds
Grey beds Joannites, Spiriferina, Rynchonella
Lies conformably Halobia beds Halobia Comata, Joannites
Daonella Daonella Indica, Rynchonella, Joannites
Ladinic limestones
Mid Triassic Daonella Shales No noticeable change in Daonella Indica, Ptychites geradi
(Muschelkalk -120 stratigraphical unit between
Mt.) muschelkalk and Ladinic stages
Up. Muschelkalk Highly fossiliferous Cephalopods- Ceratites, Ptychites rugifer
- Limestone, shales, Brachiopods
shaly LImestones. Low. Ammonitic cephalopods – Sibirites Prahlada,
- Lie conformably Muschelkalk Mushchelkalk Ceratites, Spiriferrina, Rynchonella
over the lower rocks Nodular No important fossils
- Highly fossiliferous Limestone
Brachiopods –Rynchonella Griesbach
Basal Muschelkalk
Hedenstroemia Separated from the lower beds by an Hadenstroemia Mojsisovicsi, flemingites
Low. Triassic unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m thick
(Bunter -30 Mt.) Unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m. thick
Cephalopods - Meekoceras Varaha
Principally Meekoceras
constituted by Zone fossil – ophiceras Shakuntala
limestones Ophiceras
Otoceras Basal Parts of the lower triassic Cephalopods – Otoceras, otoceras draupadi,
sequence, named after characteristic otoceras parbati
ammonite genus Otoceras Brachiopods – Rynchonella
Lamillibranchs – pseudomontis griesbachia
JURASSIC SYSTEM OF KUTCH ( Main Bahut Udas Un Bhai, Tu Ab Za, Gxxx Uski Maar Li Kisine Dekha Abhi Abhi Rig Mein ), (gajana ka sar kon kate)

- marked by extensive marine transgression and humid tropical climate

- shows more divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country
- Marine Geosynclinal deposit
- upper part – shales, lower part - limestones
- total thickness -2000 Mts in Kutch
- Rocks are result of marine transgression
- Jurassic rocks oldest in Kutch

Age Series Stage Features Fossils

Up. Jurassic to Lower Marine Sandstones Acentoceras
Cretaceous Bhuj Beds Esturine Ptilophylum
Closely related to Jabalpur
Umia Beds series of Gondwana
system
Umia Beds Williamsonia
Ukra Beds Unfossiliferous but some
plant remains
Barren Sandstones and
shales
Trigonia beds Trigonia ventricosa
Ammonite beds
Zamia beds Cycads and other plants
Up Jurassic Katrol Gajansar Phylloceras
Diff type of sandstones and Upper Katrol No fossils
shales Midde Katrol Red sandstones Katrolceras, waagenia
Lower Katrol Waagania, streblites
 Kontkate Oldest stage
Middle to Upper Jurassic Chari / Habo Dhosa oolites Green and Brown oolitic Dhosites, mayaites maya
limestones
Takes its name from the Atheleta beds Marlas and gypceous Peltoceras Athleta
Chari village shales
Anceps beds Perisphinctes Anceps
Rehmani beds Ammonites – Reineckia
Rehmani, shivajiceras
,Lytoceras
Macrocephalus Made up of shales and Macrocephalits –
Limestones Macrocephalus (Char.)
Upper part of the middle
division of this stage
contains a few layer of
golden oolites.
Middle Jurassic Patcham Patcham coral beds Remains of Corals (stylina)
Limestone, some Ammonites
sandstone and shale Patcham shell Limestones Pelecypods – Trigonia, Corula
Ammonites
Patcham Basal Limestones Megateuthis
CRETCEOUS SYSTEM OF TRICHINOPOLY/ TIRUCHIRAPALLI

- Uniqueness of its own that it has developed mostvaried facies of deposits

- Shows a widely divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country
- Type of deposition:
Type area of Spiti, extra peninsula – Marine Geosynclinal
Coromondal coastal strip – Marine transgressional
MP – fluvatile and esturine
- Igneous facies is represented in both its intrusive and extrusive phases by the records of gigantic volcanic outburst in the peninsula, and by
intrusion of granites, gabbros etc in various parts of the country.
- Heterogeneous constitution of the cretaceous is a part of the pre valence of the very diversified physical conditions in India at the time of its
formation
Distribution:
i) In the peninsula ii) In the extra peninsula

Penisula:

- Continued to be as a landmass after the vindhyan period, only a few patches of rocks of sedimentary origin in the post vindhyan period were
deposited along the coastal tracts.
- I) Trichinopoly ii) Vridhachalam iii) Pondicherry

Features:

- Rest upon a basement of Archean Gneisses and Charnockites ( sometimes fringed along westen margin by thin strips of rocks of Upper
Gondwana age)
- Trichinopoly has largest geographical extent, than other two patches
- Deposited as a result of Universal marine transgression occurred during middle Cretaceous. Known as Cenomanian Transgression.
- Contains remains of thousands of extinct sea animals , sir T. Holland called it “a little museum of paleozoology”
 - Fossil fauna indicates at least 4 phases of marine transgression during this period
- Thickness in Trichonopoly – 1000 Mts., exhibit complete succession from Aptian to Maestrichitian

STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION (TRICHINOPOLY):

Age Stage Characteristics Fossils

Danian Niniyur Ammonites disappeared in the Cephalopods – Nautilus

Senonian to Maestrichitian
stage Gastropods – Turritella
Corals – Stylina
Brown and grey Sandstones, shales Algae
and Arenaceous Limestones
UNCONFORMITY
Ariyalur Argillaceous sandstones, white Cephalopods –Schloenbachia, Nautilus
sandstones Gastopods – Cerithium, Nerita
Pelecypods –Cardita, Nucula
Fauna resembles the underlying Echinoids – Cidaris
stage Fishes - Otodus

Formed in the final phase of Marine

Turonian – Senonian
transgression
UNCONFORMITY
Trichinopoly Shallow marine formation Cephalopods –Desmoceras, Holoceras
Sandstones, calcerous grits, Pelecypods – Trigonia, Spondylus
occasional shales and limestones Gastropods – Cerethium, Turritella
Corals – trochosmilia, Astrocoenia
Limestones are full of white shells
of gastropods and pelecypods and
known as trichinopoly marble.
 Distingueshed from the formation
below by presence of large no. of
granite pebbles in the gravels and
conglomerates

Formed during third phase of

marine transgression.
UNCONFORMITY
Up. Albian – Turonian Uttatur Limestone, clays and Arenaceous
rocks
Stage lies on charnockites for the
greater part
Lower part is made up of limestone
beds, coral reefs and clays
Schloenbachia Inflata, Turrilites
Acanthoceras ( all cephalopods)
Rynchonella (brachiopod)
Arca, Lima, Pelecypods
Few fragments of fishes, cycadeous
woods, ostracods etc.

Uncoiled ammonites are

characteristic fossil formed during
second phase of marine
transgression
UNCONFORMITY
Aptian – Lo. Albian Dalmiapuram Subbaraman (1969) Ammonites, Smaller foraminifera,
Ostrocods
Grey Shales and abundant pyrite,
Marcasite crystals, tiny flakes of
muscovite

Resulted by earliest Marine

transgression
UNCONFORMITY
Tripati and Pavulur formation
 -
-
-

-
-
-

p
u
s
d
h
g
a
b
e
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o
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BAGH BEDS:

Marine Cretaceous rocks developed in the Narmada Valley

Covering an extensive area from Gwalior to Kathiawad
Consist of –
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Sandstones
Shales
Marl
Impure Limestones
Some quartzites
Lower part – Arenaceous, upper part – calcareous
Nimar Sandstones – Marked by fluorite bearing veins , Nodular Limestone – compact and light coloured
Deola Marls – brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, echinoids and fishes, Coralline Limestone – Red to yellow coloured, contains bryozoa
DECCAN TRAPS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 METAMORPHICS

DECCAN TRAPS:

- After the formation of bagh and lameta beds, towards the end of Mesozoic period, Indian peninsula was affected by massive volcanic
activitities.
- Stupendous masses of lava and pyroclastic material ejected out.
- Covered larger part of peninsula in southern, western and central part.
- Flow occurred in the form of beds, obliterating the previous topography and converting the country into pleatues
- Because of their tendency to form flat topped pleatue like features and their basaltic composition, they are termed as pleatue basalt.
- Because of their stepped or terraced appearance, they are called deccan traps.

CHARACTERISTICS:

- Eruption was mostly through fissures and the deccan traps are believed to be the result of fissure type of eruption. At some places, it
was central type.
- Thickness : Lava flows generally occur in the form of horizontal sheets. Thickness ranges from 7 Mt. to 30 Mt. Maximum thickness of
3300 Mt. near Bombay
- Areal Extension: lava flows flooded several hundred thousand KMs of western, southern and central part of the country. Area =
3,20,000 Sq. Km. Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kutch, Kathiawar, Gujarat.
- Structure : Shows well developed columnar jointing caused by tensile stress, the result of contraction due to cooling. Columns are long
and polygonal in shape. Step like appearance because of differential composition and weathering.
- Composition of Texture: Traps are basic rocks of basaltic composition and are dark colored or melanocratic rock. Little sign of
differentiation between rocks, but in Girnar hills (kathiawad) and Pavagarh hills (Gujarat), it can be differentiated.
Labradorite – 40 -50%
Pyroxene – 30 – 40%
Iron Oxide – 10 – 12%
Orthoclase – 5 -7%
Quartz – 2 – 5%
- Inter Trappean Beds :
 Volcanic eruption was not continous but episodic, hence no. of gaps were formed in the lava flows
 Successive lava flows are separated from each other by sedimentary beds, which were formed under water containing valuable
paleontological and paleobotnical data throwing light on the history of periods of quiesce which intervened b/w the volcanic outbursts.
 In the long intervals b/w successive outbursts, some rivers originated and transported materials which were laid down in depressions.
Thus fluvatile and lacustrine sediments of small horizontal extent and thickness were intercalated in the lava flows.
 Helped in understanding the age of trap rocks.
 Esturine fauna found in an intertrappean bed in Kateru, A.P. is thought to have affinity with late cretaceous formation of trichinpoly
area in T.N.