Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2007)
Abstract
Power failure or outage in general does not promote development to public and
private sector. The investors do not feel secure to come into a country with constant or
frequent power failure. These limit the development of industries. In addition there are
processes that cannot be interrupted because of their importance, for instance surgery
operation in hospitals, transfer of money between banks and lots more. This paper
presents the design and construction of an automatic power changeover switch that
switches power supply from public supply to generator once there is public power
supply outage and it does this automatically. This is achieved by the use of integrated
circuits that have timing abilities and relays to effect switching.
Keywords: Switching, relay, generator, motor, public power supply, transistor.
between the main power supply and an auxiliary together. Whenever public power supply is cut
power supply, such as a generator. The project off from the transformer, C3 and A3 of the relay
implements an automatic switching or starting are connected together and the power circuit is
of the power generator whenever the main then powered through the 12V battery.
power fails. The circuit of the project consists of The first important action as related to the
logical control unit and relay switches. The circuit is the automatic resetting of both latches
design of the project takes into consideration through Schmitt trigger AND gate (4093B)
practical or real life situations, even though it is whenever public power supply is available. The
a prototype design. Irrespective of that fact, a lot gate allows Q and Q- of the latches to be at
of precautions were put in place to make its logical zero and one respectively, this is
performance acceptable. required for normal starting state. For the motor
The basic operation of the project is to control latch Q is connected to Q1 (transistor 1)
switch ON an auxiliary power supply (like a through the base. The NPN device controls the
generator). This operation connects the power relay. For Q at logical 1, Q1 is saturated and
supply from the generator to the load after a relay 1 is energized. Terminals C1 and B1 of the
B
predetermined time interval. This is intended to relay is connected together. The operation
normalize the current from the generator. allows electric current to flow through the
Switching is possible through the use of the motor/starter. It is noted that one of the motors
relays. terminals is already connected to 12V+
The system was designed to automatically terminals. The switching of the relay allows the
change power supply back to the main supply other terminal to be grounded thereby
moments after the A.C. mains are restored and completing the circuit of the electric motor.
to switch OFF the generator. The device
Technical Report 1
AU J.T. 11(2): (Oct. 2007)
The control oscillator starts timing The circuit contains some integrated
immediately relay 3 supplies electric current to circuits (IC) more especially the CMOS
the logic control unit. Pin 2 of the control (complimentary metallic oxide silicon) type.
oscillator is related to 1.6Hz or 0.6sec signal. The CMOS consumes less power from the
Therefore, the motor control latch is set by the battery. That is why it was incorporated into the
control oscillator around 0.62 sec. circuit. The circuit also consists of relays that
Signal from pin 3 of the control oscillator provide external switching. These devices are
is used for setting the changeover latch. The quite robust for efficiency and reliability. Fig. 1
initial condition of the latch’s output after reset is the functional block diagram of the system.
by the Schmitt trigger AND gate is Q logical
zero and Q- logical 1. The Q output is connected
to the base of Q2 (transistor 2). Therefore, the Control Logic Unit
transistor is cut off. The result is that terminals
A2 and C2 of relay 2 are connected together. The control logic unit operation is based
Relay 2 supplies power supply to the on sequential timing. The main component of
output load from two sources, G and M. M the unit is a control oscillator (4060B). This
represent public power supply and G represents device initiates the required switching in the
power supply from the generator. circuit. Although, the device has ten control
Therefore the initial condition is the terminals, only two are used in the circuit for
supply of power to the load through the normal controlling two latches.
A.C. mains. The control oscillator through its The 4060B in Fig. 2 is a CMOS
pin 3 sets the changeover latch for the Q output RC/crystals oscillator/divider integrated circuit.
to change from logical zero to 1 for Q2 to be It is usually configured in the RC mode. Its pin
saturated in reversing the output condition of 12 is required logic zero or ground for normal
relay 2. The switching time of the changeover operation. Pin 9, 10 and 11 are output 1, output
operation is the period of the signal from pin 3 2 and clock terminals, respectively (Theraja and
(1.23 sec). The fact is that timing is quite longer Theraja 2002). They are needed for the RC
than the calculated values due to internal oscillator mode. The device works within 3-18
capacitance of the circuit and variations of volts power supply.
frequency. The 10 output signals are derived from a
main frequency. The main frequency of
oscillation is given by (Horowitz and Hill 1995;
Methodology Thomas 1997; Theraja and Theraja 2002):
Fm = 1/(2.3Rtc*Ctc), (1)
The operation of the power unit was well where 10Rtc ≥ R5 ≥ 2Rtc.
organized and coordinated for an efficient The typical values of R5, Rtc and Ctc are
performance. The operational process is 100 kilo ohms, 33 kilo ohms and 0.001
outlined below: microfarad. Therefore,
(i) The power circuit is not active when there Fm = 1/(2.3*33*103*0.001*10-6),
is A.C. mains supply. Fm = 13.2 KHz.
(ii) Its response to A.C. mains supply power The output frequencies are based on the
failure is by switching on the starting following formula:
mechanism of the generator. Fqx = Fm/2X. (2)
(iii)There is a delay in the loading of the Frequency output from pin 2 is given by
generator so as to attain stability for a (Fq13 = Fm/213) = 13.2*103/213,
while. After the said delay, the generator Fq13 = 1.61Hz,
is loaded. Tq13 = 1/Fq13,
(iv) Power supply from the generator is Tq13 = 1/1.61 = 0.62sec.
interchanged the moment the A.C. mains Frequency output from pin 3 is given by
are restored. Immediately after this the Fq14 = Fm/214 = 13.2*103/214,
generator is switched off. Fq14 = 0.81Hz,
Technical Report 2
AU J.T. 11(2): (Oct. 2007)
16
7
Q4
4
Q5
6
Q6
5
Q7
13
Q8
4060 B
14
Q9
12 15
Q10
11 1
Q11
10 2
Q13
9 3
Q14
8
C1
1uF
GND
Technical Report 3
AU J.T. 11(2): (Oct. 2007)
12V OUTPUT
J3
STEP DOWN TRANSFOMER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
2 D3 Key = A
4 1 V1
12 V
TO 12V D.C OUTPUT
A.C MAINS 1B4B42 D
3
DIODE_VIRTUAL
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
J2
M
BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL 12V+
25C945
Key = A STARTER
R
G
R1
10k
U3
12V+
SCHMITT_TRIGGER RELAY 2
Technical Report 4
AU J.T. 11(2): (Oct. 2007)
Technical Report 5
AU J.T. 11(2): (Oct. 2007)
Technical Report 6