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MAJOR INGREDIENTS
1. WHEAT FLOUR
- Is the basic ingredient of batters and dough and provides structure and body in
baked products because of its protein and starch content.
- White whole wheat flour is all grain wheat flour that has been milled using
white or albino wheat rather than the traditional red wheat. It retains many more
nutrients than the traditionally bleached white flour. This type of flour produces
products that taste more like they were made with bleached flour, so it is often
considered the ideal compromise between taste and proper nutrition. Increasingly,
supermarkets carry packaged loaves of bread that are made using white wheat
flour.
2. WATER
- Liquids in baking maybe milk, fruit juices or just plain water. It is the cheapest
ingredient in baked products especially in the development of dough because of
its essential role in converting the flour protein into gluten. Other uses are:
Controls consistency and temperature (warm or cool) of dough.
Dissolve salts, suspends and distributes non-flour ingredients evenly in
order for complex enzymatic activation and chemical changes to take
place.
Wet and wells starch to render it more digestible.
3 TYPES OF WATER:
1. Soft Water
- Is distilled or rain water. It is relatively free of minerals and
practically no gas production. It softens gluten which results to
sticky dough’s that tends to flatten out. It could be treated with
dough improvers or mineral yeast foods; more yeast or increasing
salt by 2.5%.
2. Hard Water
* Medium Water
- Water contains average amounts of mineral salts. There is
normal gas production. It has good gas retention and it is
ideal for bread making.
* Very Hard
- Water contains excess carbonates of Calcium and
Magnesium. It retards fermentation and it tightens and
toughens gluten. It needs to be treated by boiling and
filtering using any mild edible acid increase yeasts and
decrease yeast foods and salt.
3. Alkaline Water
- Contains Sodium Bicarbonate. It retards fermentation and
dissolves or weakens the gluten. It needs to be treated by
acidifying the dough using vinegar or lemon juice.
3. MILK
- is defined as a whole, fresh and clean lacteal secretion of the mammary glands.
Unqualified milk refers to whole cow’s milk.
- Is an excellent animal protein food. It is one of the best sources of riboflavin,
calcium and phosphoric acid and has a good supply of vitamins A and D. the
average composition percentage of milk is 86.6% water, 3.8% protein, 4.6%
sugar, 4.3% fat and 7% minerals.
MILK IS PROCESSED COMMERCIALLY IN VARIOUS WAYS:
* Evaporated Milk
- Is full cream milk with 40% of the water removed
by evaporation. It is homogenized before canning.
* Dried Milk
- Maybe made from full cream or skimmed milk.
* Condensed Milk
- Is prepared in similar way and has sugar added.
USES OF MILK:
1. Increases dough strength.
2. Improves the dough’s tolerance to mixing.
3. It enables longer fermentation of dough. This results to a better aroma of
baked products.
4. Gives a golden color to baked products.
5. Improves gain and texture.
6. Improves nutrition, flavor and eating quality.
4. SHORTENING
- Any fat which when added to flour mixtures increases tenderness. This is done by
preventing the sticking of gluten strands while mixing so that gluten is shortened
and makes the product more tender
- The physical and chemical properties of fats are influenced by the fatty acid
content. Fats contain relatively high temperature of saturated fatty acid.
- Fats are composed by Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. They can be molded and
creamed. They do not occur free in nature; hence they are * from other materials
or tissues and undergo refinement processes.
CLASSIFICATION OF FATS BY PHYSICAL APPEARANCE:
1. Visible Appearance
- Are purified fats and easily recognized. Examples are: margarine
and hydrogenated.
2. Invisible Fats
- Are fats present in various eaten foods such as meats, eggs, whole
milk and avocado. They are hidden and not easily recognized.
1. Fats
- Exist in bacon, butter, fish, oils, poultry, fats, suet, and hallow.
2. Vegetable
- Oil found in coconut, cotton seed, peanut, sunflower, and
soybeans.
USES OF FATS:
1. Made bread products tender and improve flavor (by making gluten air
tight).
2. Assist in gas retention giving better volume and crusts.
3. Prevents cohesion of gluten strands which allow better volume of baked.
5. SUGAR
FORMS OF SUGAR:
1. Granulated Sugar or Table Sugar or Refined Sugar
- Is made from sugar cane or sugar beets syrup. It comes in
white crystals and lend itself to practically all uses.
2. Brown Sugar
- Is light medium or dark brown. It coarse sticky crystals
locally known as muscavado.
3. Powdered Sugar or Confectioner’s Sugar
- Is obtained from granulated sugar by pulverizing. Cornstarch
is added to prevent caking.
6. EGGS
1. Mucin
- A kind o protein and is found in the egg white and is
responsible for the gel characteristics of the white.
2. Lecithin
- Is a phospholipid found in egg yolk. It gives the yolk its
emulsifying properties.
3. Dextrose
- Is present in small amount in both white and the yolk.
USES OF EGGS IN BAKING:
1. Thickening Agent
2. Binding Agent
3. Emulsifying Agent
4. Leavening Agent
5. Gives Color
6. Richness
7. Flavor
8. Freshness and Nutritive Value
7. LEAVENING AGENT
- Is a gas added to produce during the mixing and or heating of a batter or dough
allowing mixture to rise. Making the products light and porous.
1. Air
- Is incorporated in flour mixtures by beating eggs, folding
molding dough.
2. Steam
- Is probably produced in all flour mixtures to a certain degree
since all flour mixtures contain water and are usually heated to
the vaporization temperature of the water.
3. Carbon Dioxide
- Is produced in a flour mixture either biological process (yeast)
or by purely a chemical reaction.
2 FORMS OF YEAST:
1. Dry or Granular
- Makes the yeast dormant, making inactive it is
reactivated by adding water which is why not in use, they
must be kept in a cool dry place with container tightly
closed.
2. Cake ( Compressed or Fresh)
- Yeast are in an active state in a moist mixture with starch.
The presence of moisture makes the product perishable
and therefore needs to be refrigerated if not for use.
* Baking Creams
- Achieved by diluting Sodium Phosphate with
cornstarch to lessen its activity to only 5%. Slow acting
powder wherein the greatest part of its gas is retained
until the batter has been heated in the oven.
Disadvantage: It leaves an unpleasant residue if
excessively used.
* Ammonium Carbonate and Ammonium Bicarbonate
- Used as leavening in small quantities and is limited to
certain types of cookies and cream puffs. Disadvantage:
Excess in use results to a very disagreeable taste and
color.
1. Salt
- Is purified table or cooking salt. The salt to be used should be clean and refined.
Impurities presentinless refined alt affect. The taste of the production and also
increase absorption of moisture.
USES OF SALT:
3. Flavorings
- Solutions for the ethyl alcohol or other solvent. The base of these flavors are
extracted essential oils of the fruit or bean or an imitation of the same.
- Avoid using too much flavor. An excessive use may result to undesirable
characteristic of baked products.
- Widely used in production and finishing of cakes, pastries, pies and cookies. They
produce for variety and supply body acid bulk to the cake mix or icing.
PRE-TEST
POST TEST:
MAJOR INGREDIENTS
1. This flour is the basic flour ingredient of batters and dough and provides structure and
body in baked products?
2. It is defined as a whole, fresh and clean lacteal secretion of the mammary glands.
3. It contains 10-11% protein. It is used to substitute for either cake or bread flour.
4. These are liquids in baking maybe milk, fruit juices or just plain water.
5. Is the flours ability to hold the maximum amount of moisture in the dough and still
produce a high quality loaf of bread.
6. Are soluble proteins present in wheat flour but do not play an important role in baking.
7. It refers to an ovum of a chicken.
8. Is sweet soluble, crystalline organic compound that belongs o the carbohydrates group of
foods.
9. Is a gas added to produced during the mixing and or heating of a batter or dough allowing
mixture to rise.
10. It is a single-celled plant that reproduces through budding which is capable of
transforming sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide in a process known fermentation.
11.13. Enumerate the three kinds of wheat flour.
14. It contains 12-14% protein. It is utilized for baked products such as bread rolls and other
sweet yeast-raised products.
15. It gives elastic or stretching properties.
W A T E R A T D C G K L
H L I Q I U D C I C L E
E K A Z L Q M F Q R W A
A A D X M I D U H O A V
T L Y G L S S N C A O I
F I A K T C U N D I U N
L N Y R T H S D D P N I
O E S U G A R S S R D N
U Q W O C V N A T E V G
R E D L A N M X H I G A
F L E F S G N K K K D G
C A K E F L O U R S E E
U W Q S O U L U O U P N
S H G O O T H Z W H A T
T E V P D E V A R C X C
A A I R D C F S I B I F
R T A U S H D T Q U U H
D F S P L O U F A T S S
B L G L I A D I N T C S
I O G L C A K E S E F H
B R E A D F L O U R S C
MINOR INGREDIENTS
7. Are aromatic vegetable products commercially available usually in finely ground state?
8. These are solutions of the flavors in ethyl alcohol or other solvent.
9-10. Give the two forms of yeast.
11-15. Give at least five uses of salt.