2 1 When An Axial Load Is Applied

2.
1 When an axial load is applied to the

ends of the bar shown in Fig. P2.1, the total
elongation of the bar between joints A and C
is 0.125 in. In segment (2), the normal strain
is measured as 1,100 μin./in. Determine:
(a) the elongation of segment (2).
(b) the normal strain in segment (1) of
the bar.
Fig. P2.1
Solution
(a) From the definition of normal strain, the elongation in segment (2) can be computed as
e2 = ε 2 L2 = (1,100 ×10−6 )(90 in.) = 0.0990 in. Ans.
(b) The combined elongations of segments (1) and (2) is given as 0.125 in. Therefore, the elongation
that occurs in segment (1) must be
e1 = etotal − e2 = 0.125 in. − 0.0990 in. = 0.0260 in.
The strain in segment (1) can now be computed:

e 0.0260 in.
ε1 = 1 = = 0.000650 in./in. = 650 μin./in. Ans.
L1 40 in.
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2.2 A rigid steel bar is supported by three rods, as
shown in Fig. P2.2. There is no strain in the rods before
the load P is applied. After load P is applied, the
normal strain in rod (2) is 1,080 μin./in. Assume initial
rod lengths of L1 = 54 in. and L2 = 120 in. Determine:
(a) the normal strain in rods (1).
(b) the normal strain in rods (1) if there is a 1/32-in. gap
in the connections between the rigid bar and rods
(1) at joints A and C before the load is applied.
(c) the normal strain in rods (1) if there is a 1/32-in. gap
in the connection between the rigid bar and rod (2)
at joint B before the load is applied.
Fig. P2.2
Solution
(a) From the normal strain in rod (2) and its length, the elongation of rod (2) can be calculated:
e2 = ε 2 L2 = (1, 080 ×10−6 )(120 in.) = 0.1296 in.
Since rod (2) is assumed to be connected to the rigid bar with a perfect connection, the rigid bar must
move downward by an amount equal to the elongation of rod (2); therefore,
vB = e2 = 0.1296 in. (downward)
By symmetry, the rigid bar must remain horizontal as it moves downward, and thus, vB = vA = vC. Rods
(1) are connected to the rigid bar at A and C, and again, perfect connections are assumed. The
elongation of rod (1) must be equal to the deflection of joint A (or C); thus, e1 = 0.1296 in. The normal
strain in rods (1) can now be calculated as:
e 0.1296 in.
ε1 = 1 = = 0.00240 in./in. = 2, 400 μin./in. Ans.
L1 54 in.
(b) We can assume that the bolted connection at

B is perfect; therefore, vB = 0.1296 in.
(downward). Further, the rigid bar must remain
horizontal as it deflects downward by virtue of
symmetry. Therefore, the deflection downward
of joints A and C is still equal to 0.1296 in.
What effect is caused by the gap at A and C?

When joint A (or C) moves downward by 0.1296
in., the first 1/32-in. of this downward movement
does not stretch rod (1)—it just closes the gap.
Therefore, rod (1) only gets elongated by the
amount
e1 = v A − 0.03125 in.
= 0.1296 in. − 0.03125 in.
= 0.09835 in.
This elongation creates a strain in rod (1) of:
e 0.09835 in.
ε1 = 1 = = 0.0018213 in./in. = 1,821 μin./in. Ans.
L1 54 in.
(c) The gap is now at joint B. We know the

strain in rod (2); hence, we know its elongation
must be 0.1296 in. However, the first 1/32-in.
of downward movement by the rigid bar does
not elongate the rod—it simply closes the gap.
To elongate rod (2) by 0.1296 in., joint B must
move down:
vB = e2 + 0.03125 in.
= 0.1296 in. + 0.03125 in.
= 0.16085 in.
Again, since the rigid bar remains horizontal, vB

= vA = vC. The joints at A and C are assumed to
be perfect; thus,
v A = e1 = 0.16085 in.
and the normal strain in rod (1) is:
e 0.16085 in.
ε1 = 1 = = 0.002979 in./in. = 2,980 μin./in. Ans.
L1 54 in.
2.3 A rigid steel bar is supported by three rods, as
shown in Fig. P2.3. There is no strain in the rods
before the load P is applied. After load P is
applied, the normal strain in rods (1) is 2,800
μm/m. Assume initial rod lengths of L1 = 1,250
mm and L2 = 2,000 mm. Determine:
(a) the normal strain in rod (2).
(b) the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a 2-
mm gap in the connections between the rigid
bar and rods (1) at joints A and C before the
load is applied.
(c) the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a 2-
mm gap in the connection between the rigid bar
and rod (2) at joint B before the load is applied.
Fig. P2.3
Solution
(a) From the normal strain in rod (1) and its length, the elongation of rod (1) can be calculated:
e1 = ε1 L1 = (2,800 ×10−6 )(1, 250 mm) = 3.50 mm
Since rod (1) is assumed to be connected to the rigid bar with a perfect connection, the rigid bar must
move downward by an amount equal to the elongation of rod (1); therefore,
vA = vC = e1 = 3.50 mm (downward)
By symmetry, the rigid bar must remain horizontal as it moves downward, and thus, vB = vA = vC. Rod
(2) is connected to the rigid bar at B, and again, a perfect connection is assumed. The elongation of rod
(2) must be equal to the deflection of joint B; thus, e2 = 3.50 mm. The normal strain in rod (2) can now
be calculated as:
e 3.50 mm
ε2 = 2 = = 0.001750 mm/mm = 1, 750 μmm/mm Ans.
L2 2,000 mm
(b) We know the strain in rod (1); hence, we know

its elongation must be 3.50 mm. However, the
joints at A and C are not perfect connections. The
first 2 mm of downward movement by the rigid
bar does not elongate rod (1)—it simply closes the
gap. To elongate rod (1) by 3.50 mm, joint A must
move down:
vA = e1 + 2 mm = 3.50 mm + 2 mm = 5.50 mm
By symmetry, the rigid bar remains horizontal;
therefore, vB = vA = vC. The joint at B is assumed to
be perfect; thus, any downward movement of the
rigid bar also elongates rod (2) by the same
amount:
vB = e2 = 5.50 mm
and the normal strain in rod (2) is:
e 5.50 mm
ε2 = 2 = = 0.002750 mm/mm = 2, 750 μmm/mm Ans.
L2 2, 000 mm
(c) We now assume that the bolted connection

at A (or C) is perfect; therefore, the rigid bar
deflection as calculated in part (a) must be vA =
3.50 mm (downward). Further, the rigid bar
must remain horizontal as it deflects downward
by virtue of symmetry; thus, vB = vA = vC.
Therefore, the deflection downward of joint B
is vB = 3.50 mm
What effect is caused by the gap at B? When

joint B moves downward by 3.50 mm, the first
2 mm of this downward movement does not
stretch rod (2)—it just closes the gap.
Therefore, rod (2) only gets elongated by the
amount
e2 = vB − 2 mm
= 3.50 mm − 2 mm
= 1.50 mm
This elongation creates a strain in rod (2) of:

e 1.50 mm
ε2 = 2 = = 0.000750 mm/mm = 750 μmm/mm Ans.
L2 2, 000 mm
2.4 A rigid bar ABCD is supported by two bars as
shown in Fig. P2.4. There is no strain in the
vertical bars before load P is applied. After load P
is applied, the normal strain in rod (1) is −1,200
μm/m. Determine:
(a) the normal strain in rod (2).
(b) the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a 1-mm
gap in the connection at pin C before the load is
applied.
(c) the normal strain in rod (2) if there is a 1-mm
gap in the connection at pin B before the load is
applied.
Fig. P2.4
Solution
(a) From the strain given for rod (1)
e1 = ε1 L1
= (−1, 200 ×10−6 )(900 mm)
= −1.080 mm
Therefore, vB = 1.080 mm (downward).
From the deformation diagram of rigid bar

ABCD
vB vC
=
240 mm (240 mm + 360 mm)
600 mm
vC = (1.080 mm) = 2.70 mm ↓
240 mm
Therefore, e2 = 2.70 mm (elongation), and thus, from the definition of strain:

e 2.70 mm
ε2 = 2 = = 1,800 × 10−6 mm/mm = 1,800 με Ans.
L2 1,500 mm
(b) The 1-mm gap at C doesn’t affect rod (1);

therefore, e1 = −1.080 mm. The rigid bar
deformation diagram is unaffected; thus, vB =
1.080 mm (downward) and vC = 2.70 mm
(downward).
The rigid bar must move downward 1 mm at C

before it begins to elongate member (2).
Therefore, the elongation of member (2) is
e2 = vC − 1 mm
= 2.70 mm − 1 mm
= 1.70 mm
and so the strain in member (2) is
e 1.70 mm
ε2 = 2 = = 1,133 × 10−6 mm/mm = 1,133 με Ans.
L2 1,500 mm
(c) From the strain given for rod (1), e1 = −1.080

mm. In order to contract rod (1) by this amount,
the rigid bar must move downward at B by
vB = 1.080 mm + 1 mm = 2.08 mm
From deformation diagram of rigid bar ABCD

vB vC
=
240 mm (240 mm + 360 mm)
600 mm
vC = (2.08 mm) = 5.20 mm ↓
240 mm
and so
e2 5.20 mm
ε2 = = = 3, 470 ×10−6 mm/mm = 3, 470 με Ans.
L2 1,500 mm
2.5 In Fig. P2.5, rigid bar ABC is supported by a
pin connection at B and two axial members. A slot
in member (1) allows the pin at A to slide 0.25-in.
before it contacts the axial member. If the load P
produces a compression normal strain in member
(1) of −1,800 μin./in., determine the normal strain
in member (2).
Fig. P2.5
Solution
From the strain given for

member (1)
e1 = ε1 L1
= (−1,800 ×10−6 )(32 in.)
= −0.0576 in.
Pin A has to move 0.25 in.
before it contacts member (1);
therefore, vA = 1.080 mm
(downward).
v A = −0.0576 in. − 0.25 in.
= −0.3076 in.
= 0.3076 in. (to the left)
From deformation diagram of

rigid bar ABC
vA v
= C
12 in. 20 in.
20 in.
vC = (0.3076 in.) = 0.512667 in. (downward)
12 in.
Therefore, e2 = 0.512667 in. (elongation). From the definition of strain,
e 0.512667 in.
ε2 = 2 = = 3, 204 × 10−6 in./in. = 3, 200 με Ans.
L2 160 in.
2.6 The sanding-drum mandrel shown in Fig.
P2.6 is made for use with a hand drill. The
mandrel is made from a rubber-like material that
expands when the nut is tightened to secure the
sanding sleeve placed over the outside surface. If
the diameter D of the mandrel increases from 2.00
in. to 2.15 in. as the nut is tightened, determine
(a) the average normal strain along a diameter of
the mandrel.
(b) the circumferential strain at the outside surface Fig. P2.6
of the mandrel.
Solution
(a) The change in strain along a diameter is found from
ΔD 2.15 in. − 2.00 in.
εD = = = 0.075 in./in. Ans.
D 2.00 in.
(b) Note that the circumference of a circle is given by πD. The change in strain around the
circumference of the mandrel is found from
ΔC π (2.15 in.) − π (2.00 in.)
εC = = = 0.075 in./in. Ans.
C π (2.00 in.)
2.7 The normal strain in a suspended bar of material of varying cross section due to its own weight is
given by the expression γy/3E where γ is the specific weight of the material, y is the distance from the
free (i.e., bottom) end of the bar, and E is a material constant. Determine, in terms of γ, L, and E,
(a) the change in length of the bar due to its own weight.
(b) the average normal strain over the length L of the bar.
(c) the maximum normal strain in the bar.
Solution
(a) The strain of the suspended bar due to its own weight is given as
γy
ε=
3E
Consider a slice of the bar having length dy. In general, e = εL.
Applying this definition to the bar slice, the elongation of slice dy is
given by
γy
d ε = ε dy = dy
3E
Since this strain expression varies with y, the total elongation of the bar must be found by integrating dε
over the bar length:
L
L
γy γ ⎡ y2 ⎤ γ L2
e=∫ dy = = Ans.
0
3E 3E ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0 6E
(b) The average normal strain is found by dividing the expression above for e by the bar length L
γ L2 / 6 E γ L
ε avg = = Ans.
L 6E
(c) Since the given strain expression varies with y, the maximum normal strain occurs at the maximum
value of y, that is, at y = L:
γy γL
ε max = ε y = L = = Ans.
3E y = L 3E
2.8 A steel cable is used to support an elevator cage at the bottom of a 2,000-ft deep mineshaft. A
uniform normal strain of 250 μin./in. is produced in the cable by the weight of the cage. At each point,
the weight of the cable produces an additional normal strain that is proportional to the length of the cable
below the point. If the total normal strain in the cable at the cable drum (upper end of the cable) is 700
μin./in., determine
(a) the strain in the cable at a depth of 500 ft.
(b) the total elongation of the cable.
Solution
Call the vertical coordinate y and establish the origin of the y
axis at the lower end of the steel cable. The strain in the cable
has a constant term (i.e., ε = 250 με) and a term (we will call it
k) that varies with the vertical coordinate y.
ε = 250 ×10−6 + k y
The problem states that the normal strain at the cable drum (i.e.,
y = 2,000 ft) is 700 μin./in. Knowing this value, the constant k
can be determined
700 × 10−6 = 250 × 10−6 + k (2, 000 ft)
700 × 10−6 − 250 ×10−6
∴k = = 0.225 × 10−6 /ft
2, 000 ft
Substituting this value for k in the strain expression gives
ε = 250 ×10−6 + (0.225 ×10−6 /ft) y
(a) At a depth of 500 ft, the y coordinate is y = 1,500 ft. Therefore, the cable strain at a depth of 500 ft
is
ε = 250 ×10−6 + (0.225 ×10−6 /ft)(1,500 ft) = 587.5 ×10−6 = 588 με Ans.
(b) The total elongation is found by integrating the strain expression over the cable length; thus,
2000
e = ∫ ε dy = ∫ ⎡⎣ 250 ×10−6 + (0.225 ×10−6 /ft) y ⎤⎦ dy
0
2000
⎡ 0.225 ×10−6 2 ⎤
= ⎢(250 ×10−6 ) y + y ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦0
= 0.950 ft = 11.40 in. Ans.
2.9 The 16 × 22 × 25-mm rubber blocks shown
in Fig. P2.9 are used in a double U shear mount
to isolate the vibration of a machine from its
supports. An applied load of P = 690 N causes
the upper frame to be deflected downward by 7
mm. Determine the average shear strain and the
shear stress in the rubber blocks.
Fig. P2.9
Solution
Consider the deformation of one block. After a downward
deflection of 7 mm:
7 mm
tan γ = = 0.4375 ∴ γ = 0.412410 rad
16 mm
and thus, the shear strain in the block is
γ = 0.412 rad = 412, 000 μrad Ans.
Note that the small angle approximation most definitely doesn’t

apply here!
The applied load of 690 N is

carried by two blocks; therefore,
the shear force applied to one
block is V = 345 N. The area
subjected to shear stress is the area
that is parallel to the direction of
the shear force; that is, the 22 mm
by 25 mm surface of the block.
The shear stress is
345 N
τ=
(22 mm)(25 mm)
= 0.627 MPa
= 627 kPa Ans.
2.10 A thin polymer plate PQR is deformed
such that corner Q is displaced downward
1/16-in. to new position Q’ as shown in Fig.
P2.10. Determine the shear strain at Q’
associated with the two edges (PQ and QR).
Fig. P2.10
Solution
Before deformation, the angle of the plate at Q
was 90° or π/2 radians. We must now
determine the plate angle at Q′ after
deformation. The difference between these
angles is the shear strain.
After point Q displaces downward by 1/16-in.,

the angle α′ is
9 in. 9 in.
tan α ′ = =
(6 in. + 1/16-in.) 6.0625 in.
∴ α ′ = 56.035354°
and the angle β′ is
4 in. 4 in.
tan β ′ = =
(6 in. + 1/16-in.) 6.0625 in.
∴ β ′ = 33.416581°
After deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

α ′ + β ′ = 56.035354° + 33.416581° = 89.451935° = 1.561231 rad
The difference in the plate angle at Q before and after deformation is the shear strain:
π
γ= − 1.561231 rad = 0.009566 rad = 9,570 μrad Ans.
2
so that corner Q is displaced downward 1.0
mm to new position Q’ as shown in Fig.
Fig. P2.11
Solution
Before deformation, the angle of the plate at Q
was 90° or π/2 radians. We must now
determine the plate angle at Q′ after
deformation. The difference between these
angles is the shear strain.
After deformation, the angle α′ is

135 mm 135 mm
tan α ′ = =
(225 mm + 1 mm) 226 mm
∴α ′ = 30.851778°
375 mm 375 mm
tan β ′ = =
(225 mm + 1 mm) 226 mm
∴ β ′ = 58.924031°
Therefore, after deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

α ′ + β ′ = 30.851778° + 58.924031° = 89.775809° = 1.566883 rad
The difference in the angle at Q before and after deformation is the shear strain:
π
γ= − 1.566883 rad = 0.003913 rad = 3,910 μrad Ans.
2
2.12 A thin rectangular plate is uniformly
deformed as shown in Fig. P2.12.
Determine the shear strain γxy at P.
Fig. P2.12
Solution
Before deformation, the angle of the plate at P was
90° or π/2 radians. We must now determine the
plate angle at P after deformation. The difference
between these angles is the shear strain.
After deformation, the angle that side PQ makes

with the horizontal axis is
1.7 mm
tan α =
1, 000 mm
∴α = 0.097403°
and the angle that side PR makes with the vertical
axis is
0.8 mm
tan β =
600 mm
∴ β = 0.076394°
Therefore, the angle of the plate at P that was initially 90° has been reduced by the sum of α and β:
α + β = 0.097403° + 0.076394° = 0.173797° = 0.003033 rad
Since shear strain is defined as the change in angle between two initially perpendicular lines, the shear
strain in the plate at P is
γ P = 0.003033 rad = 3, 030 μrad Ans.
Note: Since these angles are small, we could have just as well used tan α ≈ α and tan β ≈ β and saved
the extra steps involved in using the inverse tangent function. Thus,
1.7 mm
tan α ≈ α = = 0.0017 rad
1, 000 mm
0.8 mm
tan β ≈ β = = 0.001333 rad
600 mm
γ P = α + β = 0.0017 rad + 0.001333 rad = 0.003033 rad = 3, 030 μrad Ans.
2.13 A thin rectangular plate is uniformly
deformed as shown in Fig. P2.13.
Determine the shear strain γxy at P.
Fig. P2.13
Solution
Before deformation, the angle of the plate at P was 90° or π/2
radians. We must now determine the plate angle at P after
deformation. The difference between these angles is the shear strain.
After deformation, the angle that side PQ makes with the horizontal
axis is
0.125 in.
tan α = ∴α = 0.511556°
14 in.
and the angle that side PR makes with the vertical axis is
0.125 in.
tan β = ∴ β = 0.358094°
20 in.
By inspection, the angle of the plate at P has been increased by α and

decreased by β; thus, the angle at P after deformation is:
90° + α − β = 90° + 0.511556° − 0.358094° = 90.153462°
The angle in the plate at P that was initially 90° has been increased to 90.153462° = 1.573475 rad. The
shear strain in the plate at P is thus
π
γP = − 1.573475 rad = −0.002678 rad = −2, 680 μrad Ans.
2
Note: Since these angles are small, we could have just as well used tan α ≈ α and tan β ≈ β and saved
the extra steps involved in using the inverse tangent functions. Thus,
0.125 in.
tan α ≈ α = = 0.008929 rad
14 in.
0.125 in.
tan β ≈ β = = 0.006250 rad
20 in.
By inspection, the angle of the plate at P has been increased by α and decreased by β; thus, the angle at
P after deformation is:
π π π
+α − β = + 0.008929 rad − 0.006250 rad = + 0.002679 rad
2 2 2
Therefore, the shear strain in the plate at P is γP = −0.002679 rad = −2,680 μrad. Ans.
so that corner Q is displaced downward 1.0
mm to new position Q’ as shown in Fig.
Fig. P2.14
Solution
Before deformation, the angle of the plate at Q was 90° or
π/2 radians. We must now determine the plate angle at Q′
after deformation. The difference between these angles is
the shear strain.
After deformation, the angle α′ is

120 mm + 1.0 mm 121 mm
tan α ′ = =
240 mm 240 mm
′
∴α = 26.755719°
480 mm − 1.0 mm 479 mm
tan β ′ = =
240 mm 240 mm
β ′ = 63.387123°
Therefore, after deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

α ′ + β ′ = 26.755719° + 63.387123° = 90.142841° = 1.573289 rad
The difference in plate angle before and after deformation is the shear strain:
π
γ= − 1.573289 rad = −0.002493 rad = −2, 490 μrad Ans.
2
2.15 An airplane has a wingspan of 40 m. Determine the change in length of the aluminum alloy
[αA = 22.5×10-6/°C] wing spar if the plane leaves the ground at a temperature of 40°C and climbs
to an altitude where the temperature is -40°C.
Solution
The change in temperature between the ground and the altitude in flight is
ΔT = Tfinal − Tinitial = −40°C − 40°C = −80°C
The thermal strain is given by

ε T = α ΔT = (22.5 ×10−6 /°C)(−80°C) = −0.001800 mm/mm
and thus the elongation in 40-m wing is

e = ε T L = (−0.001800 mm/mm)(40 m) = −0.072 m = −72.0 mm Ans.
2.16 A large cement kiln has a length of 225 ft and a diameter of 12 ft. Determine the change in
length and diameter of the structural steel [αS = 6.5×10-6/°F] shell caused by an increase in
temperature of 250°F.
Solution
The thermal strain is given by
ε T = α ΔT = (6.5 ×10−6 /°F)(+250°F) = +0.001625 in./in.
The elongation in 225-ft kiln length is

e = ε T L = (+0.001625 in./in.)(225 ft) = 0.365625 ft = 4.39 in. Ans.
The increase in the 12-ft diameter is

e = ε T L = (+0.001625 in./in.)(12 ft) = 0.019500 ft = 0.234 in. Ans.
2.17 A cast iron pipe has an inside diameter of d = 70 mm and an outside diameter of D = 105 mm. The
length of the pipe is L = 2.5 m. The coefficient of thermal expansion for cast iron is αI = 12.1×10-6/°C.
Determine the dimension changes caused by
(a) An increase in temperature of 70°C.
(b) A decrease in temperature of 85°C.
Solution
(a) The thermal strain caused by a temperature increase of 70°C is given by
ε T = α ΔT = (12.1×10−6 /°C)(70°C) = 0.000847 mm/mm
The dimension changes caused by a temperature increase of 70°C are

ΔD = ε T D = (0.000847 mm/mm)(105 mm) = 0.0889 mm Ans.
Δd = ε T d = (0.000847 mm/mm)(70 mm) = 0.0593 mm Ans.
ΔL = ε T L = (0.000847 mm/mm)(2.5 m) = 0.002118 m = 2.12 mm Ans.
(b) The thermal strain caused by a temperature decrease of 85°C is given by

ε T = α ΔT = (12.1×10−6 /°C)(−85°C) = −0.001029 mm/mm
The dimension changes caused by a temperature decrease of 85°C are

ΔD = ε T D = (−0.001029 mm/mm)(105 mm) = −0.1080 mm Ans.
Δd = ε T d = (−0.001029 mm/mm)(70 mm) = −0.0720 mm Ans.
ΔL = ε T L = (−0.001029 mm/mm)(2.5 m) = −0.002571 m = −2.57 mm Ans.
2.18 An aluminum pipe has a length of 60 m at a temperature of 10°C. An adjacent steel pipe at
the same temperature is 5 mm longer. At what temperature will the aluminum pipe be 15 mm
longer than the steel pipe? Assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion for the aluminum is
22.5×10-6/°C and that the coefficient of thermal expansion for the steel is 12.5×10-6/°C.
Solution
The length of the aluminum pipe after a change in temperature can be expressed as
( Lfinal ) A = ( Linitial ) A + ( ΔL ) A
= ( Linitial ) A + α A ΔT ( Linitial ) A (a)
Similarly, the length of the steel pipe after the same change in temperature is given by
( Lfinal )S = ( Linitial )S + ( ΔL )S
= ( Linitial ) S + α S ΔT ( Linitial ) S (b)
From the problem statement, we are trying to determine the temperature change that will cause the final
length of the aluminum pipe to be 15 mm longer than the steel pipe. This requirement can be expressed
as
( Lfinal ) A = ( Lfinal )S + 15 mm (c)
Substitute Eqs. (a) and (b) into Eq. (c) to obtain the following relationship
( Linitial ) A + α AΔT ( Linitial ) A = ( Linitial )S + α S ΔT ( Linitial )S + 15 mm
Collect the terms with ΔT on the left-hand side of the equation
α A ΔT ( Linitial ) A − α S ΔT ( Linitial ) S = ( Linitial ) S − ( Linitial ) A + 15 mm
Factor out ΔT
ΔT ⎡⎣α A ( Linitial ) A − α S ( Linitial ) S ⎤⎦ = ( Linitial ) S − ( Linitial ) A + 15 mm
and thus, ΔT can be expressed as
( Linitial )S − ( Linitial ) A + 15 mm
ΔT =
α A ( Linitial ) A − α S ( Linitial ) S
Convert all length dimensions to units of millimeters and solve
60, 005 mm − 60, 000 mm + 15 mm
ΔT =
(22.5 ×10 /°C)(60, 000 mm) − (12.5 × 10−6 /°C)(60, 005 mm)
−6
20 mm 20 mm
= =
1.35 mm/°C − 0.75 mm/°C 0.60 mm/°C
= 33.3°C
Initially, the pipes were at a temperature of 10°C. With the temperature change determined above, the
temperature at which the aluminum pipe is 15 mm longer than the steel pipe is
Tfinal = Tinitial + ΔT = 10°C + 33.3°C = 43.3°C Ans.
2.19 Determine the movement of the pointer
of Fig. P2.19 with respect to the scale zero in
response to a temperature increase of 80°F.
The coefficients of thermal expansion are
6.6×10-6/°F for the steel and 12.5×10-6/°F for
the aluminum.
Fig. P2.19
Solution
In response to the 80°F temperature increase, the steel pieces elongate by the amount
eSteel = α Steel ΔT LSteel = (6.6 × 10−6 /°F)(80°F)(20 in.) = 0.01056 in.
and the aluminum piece elongates by
eAlum = α Alum ΔT LAlum = (12.5 ×10−6 /°F)(80°F)(20 in.) = 0.020 in.
From the deformation diagram of the pointer, the scale reading can be determined from similar triangles
eAlum − eSteel vpointer
=
1 in. 5 in.
5 in.
∴ vpointer = ( eAlum − eSteel ) = 5 ( 0.020 in. − 0.01056 in.) = 0.0472 in. (upward) Ans.
1 in.
2.20 Determine the horizontal movement of
point A of Fig. P2.20 due to a temperature
increase of 75°C. Assume that member AE
has a negligible coefficient of thermal
expansion. The coefficients of thermal
expansion are 11.9×10-6/°C for the steel and
22.5×10-6/°C for the aluminum alloy.
Fig. P2.20
Solution
In response to the 75°C temperature increase, the steel piece elongates by the amount
eSteel = α Steel ΔT LSteel = (11.9 × 10−6 /°C)(75°C)(300 mm) = 0.267750 mm
Thus, joint C moves to the right by 0.267750 mm.
Next, calculate the elongation of the aluminum piece:

eAlum = α Alum ΔT LAlum = (22.5 × 10−6 /°C)(75°C)(300 mm) = 0.50625 mm
Joint E moves to the right by 0.50625 mm.
Take the initial position of E as the origin. The coordinates of E in the deflected position are (0.50625
mm, 0) and the coordinates of C are (0.267750 mm, 25 mm). Use the deflected-position coordinates of
E and C to determine the slope of the pointer.
yC − yE 25 mm − 0 25 mm
slope = = = = −104.821803
xC − xE 0.267750 mm − 0.50625 mm −0.2385 mm
A general equation for the deflected pointer can be expressed as

y = mx + b = −104.821803x + b
Use the known coordinates of point E to determine b:

0 = −104.821803(0.50625 mm) + b
∴ b = 53.066038 mm
Thus, the deflected pointer can be described by the line
y = −104.821803 x + 53.066038 mm
or rearranging to solve for x
(53.066038 mm) − y
x=
104.821803
At pointer tip A, y = 275 mm; therefore, the x coordinate of the pointer tip is
(53.066038 mm − 275 mm) −221.933962 mm
x= = = −2.11725 mm = −2.12 mm Ans.
104.821803 104.821803
The x coordinate is the same as the horizontal movement since we took the initial position of joint E as
the origin.
2.21 At a temperature of 25°C, a cold-rolled red brass [αB = 17.6×10-6/°C] sleeve has an inside
diameter of dB = 299.75 mm and an outside diameter of DB = 310 mm. The sleeve is to be placed
on a steel [αS = 11.9×10-6/°C] shaft with an outside diameter of DS = 300 mm. If the temperatures
of the sleeve and the shaft remain the same, determine the temperature at which the sleeve will slip
over the shaft with a gap of 0.05 mm.
Solution
The inside diameter of the brass sleeve after a change in temperature can be expressed as
( dfinal ) B = ( dinitial ) B + ( Δd ) B
= ( dinitial ) B + α B ΔT ( dinitial ) B (a)
Similarly, the outside diameter of the steel shaft after the same change in temperature is given by
( Dfinal )S = ( Dinitial )S + ( ΔD )S
= ( Dinitial ) S + α S ΔT ( Dinitial ) S (b)
From the problem statement, we are trying to determine the temperature change that will cause the
inside diameter of the brass sleeve to be 0.05 mm greater than the outside diameter of the steel shaft.
This requirement can be expressed as
( dfinal ) B = ( Dfinal )S + 0.05 mm (c)
Substitute Eqs. (a) and (b) into Eq. (c) to obtain the following relationship
( dinitial ) B + α B ΔT ( dinitial ) B = ( Dinitial )S + α S ΔT ( Dinitial )S + 0.05 mm
Collect the terms with ΔT on the left-hand side of the equation
α B ΔT ( dinitial ) B − α S ΔT ( Dinitial ) S = ( Dinitial ) S − ( dinitial ) B + 0.05 mm
Factor out ΔT
ΔT ⎡⎣α B ( dinitial ) B − α S ( Dinitial ) S ⎤⎦ = ( Dinitial ) S − ( dinitial ) B + 0.05 mm
and thus, ΔT can be expressed as
( Dinitial )S − ( dinitial ) B + 0.05 mm
ΔT =
α B ( dinitial ) B − α S ( Dinitial ) S
Solve for the temperature change
300 mm − 299.75 mm + 0.05 mm
ΔT =
(17.6 ×10 /°C)(299.75 mm) − (11.9 ×10−6 /°C)(300 mm)
−6
0.30 mm 0.30 mm
= =
0.005276 mm/°C − 0.003570 mm/°C 0.001706 mm/°C
= 175.9°C
Initially, the shaft and sleeve were at a temperature of 25°C. With the temperature change determined
above, the temperature at which the sleeve fits over the shaft with a gap of 0.05 mm is
Tfinal = Tinitial + ΔT = 25°C + 175.9°C = 201°C Ans.

2 1 When An Axial Load Is Applied

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2 1 When An Axial Load Is Applied

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2.

1 When an axial load is applied to the

The strain in segment (1) can now be computed:

(b) We can assume that the bolted connection at

What effect is caused by the gap at A and C?

(c) The gap is now at joint B. We know the

Again, since the rigid bar remains horizontal, vB

(b) We know the strain in rod (1); hence, we know

(c) We now assume that the bolted connection

What effect is caused by the gap at B? When

This elongation creates a strain in rod (2) of:

From the deformation diagram of rigid bar

Therefore, e2 = 2.70 mm (elongation), and thus, from the definition of strain:

(b) The 1-mm gap at C doesn’t affect rod (1);

The rigid bar must move downward 1 mm at C

(c) From the strain given for rod (1), e1 = −1.080

From deformation diagram of rigid bar ABCD

From the strain given for

From deformation diagram of

Note that the small angle approximation most definitely doesn’t

The applied load of 690 N is

After point Q displaces downward by 1/16-in.,

After deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

After deformation, the angle α′ is

Therefore, after deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

After deformation, the angle that side PQ makes

By inspection, the angle of the plate at P has been increased by α and

After deformation, the angle α′ is

Therefore, after deformation, the angle of the plate at Q′ is

The thermal strain is given by

and thus the elongation in 40-m wing is

The elongation in 225-ft kiln length is

The increase in the 12-ft diameter is

The dimension changes caused by a temperature increase of 70°C are

(b) The thermal strain caused by a temperature decrease of 85°C is given by

The dimension changes caused by a temperature decrease of 85°C are

Next, calculate the elongation of the aluminum piece:

A general equation for the deflected pointer can be expressed as

Use the known coordinates of point E to determine b:

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