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Radia\ia dipolilor 75
PARTEA III
RADIA|IA DIPOLILOR
1. Dipolul electric
Dipolul electric
Un dipol electric este un ansamblu rigid alc`tuit din
dou` corpuri punctiforme înc`rcate cu sarcini electrice
egale ]i de semne contrare. Sarcina electric` dipolar`
este ± Qd. Distan\a dintre sarcini – lungimea dipolului –
este . Vectorul l, având modulul , este orientat de la
sarcina negativ` la cea pozitiv`.
M`rimea fizic` care caracterizeaz` un dipol electric
este momentul electric. Prin defini\ie momentul electric
este produsul dintre sarcin` ]i lungimea orientat`:
p d = Qd l (3.1)
Observa\ii.
1) Modulul momentului electric, p = pd = Qd este
Qd 1 1 Q cos θ
Vd = ( − )≈ d . (3.3)
4π ε R+ R− 4π ε R+ R−
R− − R+ ≅ cos θ . (3.4
)
M(x,y,
z)
R+
+Qd
cosθ .
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 78
R-
θ
-Qd
La limit` rezult`
pd cos θ
V (r ) = . (3.5)
4π ε R 2
1 p ⋅R
V (r ) =
4πε R 3
. (3.6)
1 p ⋅R
E =−
4πε
∇
R3
. (3.7)
1 3(p ⋅ R )R p
E(r ) =
4π ε0
− . (3.8)
R5 R3
2. Dipolul magnetic
Bucla de curent
Dipolul magnetic este o bucl` conductoare parcurs`
de curent. Pentru simplitate vom considera o spir`
circular` de raz` a, situat` în planul xoy.
z
m
y
x
µI dr '
Ab = ∫ . (3.9)
4π Γ R
µI (3.10
u ⋅ Ab = ∫ (∇ '× u ) ⋅ ndS '.
4π S R
)
Γ
∇'× u = −∇ × u = u × ∇
1
− ∇× u = −u ×
R (3.11
R R R R3 )
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 81
µI n ×R (3.12
u ⋅ Ab = u⋅ ∫ dS '.
4π S R 3
Γ )
µI n × R (3.13
u ⋅ Ab = u⋅ Sb .
4π R3 )
µI m × R (3.14
Ab = .
4π R 3
)
B(r ) =
µ 3(m ⋅ R )R m
− . (3.15
4π R5 R3 )
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 82
∫ ndS = 0. (3.18
)
m = n lim Iπa 2 .
a →0
(3.19
)
µ m cos θ
Vm (r ) = .
4π R2
3. Poten\iale electrodinamice
∂
E(r, t ) = −grad V (r, t ) − A (r , t ),
∂t (3.23)
B (r , t ) = rot A (r, t ).
∂A
E =−
∇V − ,
∂t (3.24)
B = ∇×A.
∂B
∇×E + = 0, ∇⋅B = 0,
∂t
∂D
(3.25)
∇× H − = J , ∇⋅D = ρv .
∂t
B = rotA (3.26)
∂A
rot (E + ) = 0.
∂t
∂A
E+
∂t
= −grad V (3.27)
nu-l modific` pe B:
B' = ∇ ⋅ A ' = ∇ ⋅ A + ∇ ⋅ ∇φ = ∇ ⋅ A = B,
∂A ' ∂A ∂φ
E' = −
∇ V '− =−
∇ V '− −∇ ,
∂t ∂t ∂t
este necesar ca
∂φ
V ' =V − .
∂t
∂φ
A ' = A + grad φ V ' =V − .
∂t
(3.28)
∂A ∂A '
E =−
∇V − =−∇ V '− ,
∂t ∂t
B =∇×A =∇×A '.
D = ε0 E, B = µ0 H, (3.29)
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 88
∂B
∇ ×E + = 0, ∇ ⋅B = 0,
∂t
∂E 1 (3.30)
∇ × B − ε0 µ0 = µ0J , ∇ ⋅E = ρ .
∂t ε0 v
∂A
E = −∇ V −
∂t
, B = ∇ × A. (3.31)
∂ ∂A
∇ × (∇ × A) + ε 0 µ0 (∇V + ) = µ0 J.
∂t ∂t
∂V ∂2 A
∇(∇ ⋅ A + ε 0 µ0
∂t
) − ∇2 A + ε 0 µ0 = µ0 J. (3.32)
∂t 2
∂V
∇ ⋅ A + ε 0 µ0
∂t
= 0. (3.33)
∂2 A
∇2 A − ε 0 µ0 = µ0 J. (3.34)
∂t 2
1
c0 = .
ε 0 µ0
1 ∂V
∇⋅ A + = 0.
c 2 ∂t (3.35)
0
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 90
1 ∂2 A
∇2 A − = µ0 J. (3.36)
c 02 ∂t 2
∂A 1
− ∇ ⋅ ∇V + = − ρ,
∂t ε0
∂ 1
∇2V − ∇ ⋅ A = ρ.
∂t ε0
1 ∂2
(∇2 − )( •)
c02 ∂t 2
∂ρ
∇⋅ J + = 0.
∂t
1 ∂2 A
∇2 A − = 0.
c 02 ∂t 2
1 ∂2V
(3.38)
2
∇ V − =0
c 02 ∂t 2
1 ∂V
∇⋅ A + = 0.
c 2 ∂t
unde
c0
c= .
ε r µr
1 ∂2 A
∇2 A − = µJ ,
c 2 ∂t 2
1 ∂2V 1
∇2V − = ρ.
c 2
∂t 2 ε
1 1
∇ ⋅ ε E = E ⋅ ∇ε + ε ∇ ⋅ E ⇒ ∇ ⋅ E = ρ − E ⋅ ∇ε .
ε ε
µ J (r ' , t − R c0 )
A(r , t ) = 0 ∫ dv ',
4π Ω R
sursa
1 ρ(r ' , t − R c0 ) (3.39)
V (r, t ) = ∫ dv '
4π ε0 Ω R
sursa
s p a tiu
dQd
i= .
dt
dp d
p =
dt
= (l / ) (Qd ) = li.
dt
(3.42)
[i ] = i (t − R / c). (3.43)
[i ] = I 2 sin 2π (t / T − R / λ).
f
λ= .
c
µ [p ]
A (r , t ) =
4π R
. (3.45)
V (r , t ) = − c 2 ∫ ∇ ⋅A dt. (3.46)
µ 1 µ 1 1
∇⋅A = ∇ ⋅ ([p ] ) = ∇ ⋅ [p ]) + (∇ ) ⋅ [p ]
4π R 4π R R (3.47
=−
µ [p
] [p ] R
+ ⋅ = −
µ [p
] ⋅ R µ [p ] ⋅ R
− , )
4π cR R 2 R 4π cR 2 4π R 3
deoarece
p R ] ⋅ R
[p
∇ ⋅ [p ] = (∇[ p ]) ⋅ k = (− ) ⋅k = − .
c R cR
µ [p
] ⋅ R µ [p ] ⋅ R 1 ∂V
4π cR 2
+
4π R 3
−
c 2 ∂t
= 0, (3.48)
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 10
0
µc 2 [p ] ⋅ R µc 2 [p] ⋅ R
V (r , t ) =
4π cR 2
+
4π R 3
. (3.49)
1 1 [p
]
H=
µ
∇× A =
4π
∇×
R
. (3.50)
1 1 1 1 ∇×[p ] ×R
] [p
H= ∇×[p
]+ (∇ ) ×[p
]= − ,
4π R 4π R 4πR R2
In final, rezult`
] × R
1 [p ] ×R
1 [p
H (r, t ) =
4π cR 2
+
4π R 3
. (3.51)
In final rezult`
1 ([ p
] ⋅ R )R [ p
]
E(r, t ) = −
4π ε c R 2 3 2
c R
3([ p ] ⋅ R )R [ p ]
(3.52)
1 1 3([ p] ⋅ R )R [ p]
+ − + − .
4π ε cR 4
cR 4π ε
2
R5 R3
Hϕ =
1 [ p ] sin θ
+
1 [ p ] sin θ
. (3.53)
4π cR 4π R2
Eϕ = uϕ ⋅ E = 0.
(3.54)
1 2[ p ] ⋅ R 1 2[ p ] ⋅ R
ER = u R ⋅ E = +
4π ε cR 2 4π ε R3
1 2[ p ] cos θ 1 2[ p ] cos θ
(3.55)
= + .
4π ε cR 2 4π ε R 3
Eθ = uθ ⋅ E =
=
1 [ p ] sin θ
+
1 [ p ] sin θ
+
1 [ p ] sin θ
. (3.56)
4π ε c 2 R 4π ε cR 2 4π ε R 3
1 [ p ] sin θ 2 [ p ] cos θ
EθI = , ERI =
4π ε cR 2 4π ε R2
1 [ p ] sin θ
(3.58)
HϕI =
4π cR 2
0 1 2[ p ] cos θ 1 [ p ] sin θ
ER = , Eθ0 = . (3.59)
4π ε R 3 4π ε R3
1 1
E = uθ Eθ = [ p ] sin θ uθ ,
4π εc 2 R
1 1
(3.60)
H = uϕ Hϕ = [ p ] sin θ uϕ.
4πc R
] = I
[p 2 sin ω(t − R / c )
[ p ] =ωI 2 cos ω(t − R / c )
(3.61)
ωI 2
Eθ ( R,θ, t ) = sin θ cos ω(t − R / c),
4πεc 2 R
(3.62)
ωI 2
Hϕ ( R,θ, t ) = sin θ cos ω(t − R / c ).
4πc R
1 µ
η = µc =
εc
=
ε
. (3.63)
µ0
η0 =
ε0
. (3.64)
2 1 1
S R = ηH ϕ = [ p ]2 sin 2 θ . (3.66)
2 2
(4πc) R
η 1 η[ p ]2
S R da = [ p ]2 sin 2 θ 2πR 2 sin θdθ = sin 3 θ dθ ,
( 4πc ) 2 R 2 8πc 2
(3.66)
[ p] 3 2 π
∫ (E × H ) ⋅ nda =η 2 ∫ sin θdθ.
8πc 0
(3.67)
Σ
Dar
π π
3 2 4
∫ sin θdθ = ∫ (1 − cos θ )d (−cos θ ) = 3
0 0
]i atunci
η
∫ (E × H) ⋅ ndS = [ p ]2 . (3.68)
2
Σ 6πc
R
β =ω
c
=ω ε µ (3.73)
R
sin ω (t − ) → e − jβR . (3.74)
c
I − jβR jβ 1
H ϕ ( R,θ ) = e + sin θ ,
4π R R2
I − jβR
jωµ + η + 1
sin θ ,
Eθ ( R,θ ) =
4π
e
R
R2 jωεR 3
(3.75)
I − jβR
2η + 2
cos θ.
E R ( R,θ ) = e
4π R2 jωεR 3
I − jβR jβ
Hϕ = e sin θ ,
4π R
I − jβR jω µ
(3.75)
Eθ = e sin θ = η H ϕ .
4π R
5. Dipolul magnetic
m = k iπa 2 . (3.77)
([ m
µ ] ⋅ R )R [ m ]
B (r , t ) = −
4π 2 3 2
c R c R
(3.78)
µ 3([ m ] ⋅ R )R [m] µ 3([ m ] ⋅ R )R [ m ]
+ − + − .
4π cR 4 cR 2 4π R5 R3
] × R
1 [m ]×R
1 [m
E (r , t ) =
4π ε cR 2
+
4π ε
(3.79)
R3
jωµa 2 I − jβR jβ 1
Eϕ ( R,θ ) = − e + sin θ,
4 R R2
jωµa 2 I − jβR
jωε + 1 + 1
sin θ ,
H θ ( R,θ ) = e (3.80)
4 R ηR 2 jωµR 3
jωµa 2 I − jβR
2 + 2
cos θ.
H R ( R,θ ) = e
4 ηR 2 jωµR 3
1
De fapt, planul de polarizare se refer` la vectorul D. Aceasta
este o conven\ie interna\ional`.
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 11
3
6. Antena dipol
µ ωI ( z ' ) 1 − jβR
d A(r, t ) = k
4π R
e dz '. (3.81)
z A
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 11
4
θ r
I(z,t)
µω 1
A z (r , t ) = ∫ I ( z ' ) e − jβR dz '. (3.82)
4π − R
1 − jβ R
e ≅
1 1
e − jβr e jβz 'cosθ ≅ e − jβr e jβz 'cosθ . (3.85
R r − z ' cosθ r
)
A z ( x, y , z , t ) =
µω1 − jβr jβz 'cos θ (3.86
4π r
e ∫ I ( z') e dz '.
− )
)
Intensitatea curentului are expresia unei unde
sta\ionare. De fapt, reparti\ia admis` corespunde
reparti\iei curentului pe o linie de transmisie f`r`
pierderi, terminat` [n gol. Caracteristica de und`
sta\ionar` se observ` mai u]or dac` scriem valoarea
instantanee a intensit`\ii curentului [n forma
ω
β =
c
= 2π
λ
(3.88)
Partea III. Radia\ia dipolilor 11
6
e ax
ax
∫ e sin( bx + c) = [ a sin( bx + c) −b cos( bx + c)]. (3.90)
a 2 +b 2
Ob\inem
jβz 'cos θ cos( βcos θ ) − cos β
∫ sin β( − z ' ) e dz ' =
sin θ
.
0
η π cos 2 (π / 2) cos θ )
Rrad = ∫
2π 0 sin θ
dθ. (3.92)