Surface Texture |. Song and T.V. Vorburger, National Institute of Standards and Technology TRIROLOGISTS ae eoneored with wet bppens wba vo sid suze side over each cbr, under ether dry or bed condiions. They ofen mesure and compar the sate ‘ere mange perms hfe a (2th wear proces, abd a ineroesae Sages aswel. Understanting the restinship bere oe pepe al Ste ee Sa ed ‘specication of optimized surice eitileatlg pes rvs i ew afie tam" es te fre So nes ces fare Sie orde inde sagen ok oe meron duu Sdey poss mee Eko oe on sesyamntymg - ae “eee oe ong! oe SS aotagaly See eet Speed sal tants sh ek height messeemens are made snply along & line (grfile methods) or over an area (rs ar methods). Both types of techniques develop ‘QuaceniveLaowladge ofthe mafac pea and valleys by poine-by-point measurenem wih 8 highesoluto probe. Sufae rls are ge0- ally measured cross the surface ny, the ire ‘dbo of usiadal machaing marke cased by ‘mos surface forming processes. Toe profile say be eed by « coectng sos tht ‘raverses the sure, by a aoncontsing probe, iy nial cote tere, Teese ‘meod has been widely ued (Ref [-10) by en- sioeers, ope, and tibolgiss. Thertore, the styl tchnigee will be dscasied in some Seti in thie ace a am porta example of ‘surface pofng, Oter echniques re discuseed elsewhere (Ref, Surface Statisties I gexeral, surface tems se hietly com- plex, Because may surface fisting proceses, sch ae paling, pining, and shor Basing se satstical by ase. To characteze euch surfaces, two Types of satsical eseriptos are teed: parameters, sich as rook mean uN {ot toeghascrs chink emoege te noone ‘some spon of te saice satsics wih a single ‘umber, and sass fanedons, such as the ower spectal density, which by thir nacre ‘eld a tao information sbout the surface. Surface Parameters ‘There area yet varey of surface parame ‘er, many of which tave been developed 0 Saracetae the fuaeuon of engineering Sacer fox panicuar applications. Infact, abou 500 100 parameters have ben defined for ida we, and many of hee appear in atonal sane ‘rs as well Neverbeles, sree prams em geeclly be dasified as belek partes, ‘wavelngh puanetes, shape parameters, and sabato of hes, known a yb parame “ight Parameter. The mos common sa- Aistial desrpirs of surface height ae the rraghnest avenge, Ry and the ms (Gi ald Te ct ees tk sxe given by the following formula, shown in lnwepral and digitized form: ff bite 2E bl ean oo] Ebk oT oe ete ite ctr te, spe by he ot pinay one os ag ova el Te pn aa bre ob shecgasct fee pole Te esta ry Spee torte sticsl ose component, I gal, be we trong th Gia copeotn es Say sae ht dts ehh cei fe coment Howie enn ne ae See fae es of cpm, ‘eects eo al BB ation w ar ro eng Rage rect an ret of Oe he pe ‘Rees bebe defn rs spe RE sn atv ge ‘to-valley height (Ref 4, 14). ‘Wavlegth parameter ae wel ce sche stn of pad alc Man Chane 0 pos thesia, ch te ht ee be rtrd Sietalheet Conta piety ee Schemes Sia ries ipo sree (GD) ee Cin ek pig Sy Ret, dete! re fr dl are Syme roe Smee Se eclaveSegtne cusp fk tees. ‘Shape Promeas.Te pte ott aes ts ete rp Relais Sela eaiedt {Ecc deer stein ar calcein oa oeentienigsebeme SSS Ee fie ig 40) bt wed «nn fin, What Ge of oes Sao cle tr cd ng Se pune bp to qe ate ere sel he ips ‘see ewes, rt moe of ee ey ine ont een me? es According to tht definition, he seones fhe rofl in Fig 36) is positive, whereas go oh, » Average stele devon ofcle 0% ‘nani eae Figt (Sohne Stes Belang esos Mo iictestincrtcbeasnehsue une Fg 3) as wegtveshewoess, The ‘bertve ries (Fig 3c an are syrmerrica ‘nd ave aero sewnes Pye Faraneters Se ant evan se wo examples of quamies that combine the ‘ovoxps of aeight devon and lateral place The pons spect density (P50) dcop poses teste rc at i spatial Feuer ‘componest rams ean sd esa fom Lie 2 a rso= to [F sepa renarsowege[E 10 | eS) (Gampling interval of the igiized data pola, {he wal length of te profile 1, is equal tA, and thes of spatial frequeacies, Fi he dgi- and BSD i avon by WL where K isan ieee ‘hat ranges fom 7 to N22. Calculation of te ‘igital Fourier weseform in Eq $ can be realy speeded by using ast Fourier transform FFT) alnoritins Ref 24,25). ‘Pigure 4 sTnsteates the ensivicy of the PSD. 1 the differeat charctestes of surfaces pro- Foe snp ot the dared SFObl aa svengh = op, or A Surface Texture / 335 ae alon evden from the presence of higher ar- ‘monis in te specrum. By coumast, Fig (6) sows 2 more random surfice by the ‘hat formula given by an ove ata of hid nd ashe profes: ire ewo=if bane + ode aD hee te Land (2) have been de- isp Se gaits Za 09 "Te le of te anocovaene feos 2p hit (= 0) by deftion equal othe ‘ean square rsphness, 2, of te pol, po ‘ded appetite ead bre Bab been S- {aned fom te pole wo alse). When {Be autoovatinc function is erased by ving bye aeo hi vale, the re is ooh of oe sioesntnos incten (AU), ar vo, [inet i a [vem fe fact dat the ovectap between the shifted ‘and unsifted profiles decreases as tbe shift cs- ‘ace increate for finite login profi ken into acoare and the dig formulations siol- ‘neously Used, the ACE canbe esioaled by: wo-G4) «= = owes =i,» pre mt raced resco dbosachs Cds UUUISULTLITIDS ™ Fig. 3 Mts forourditeremsurtcee with hasame roughness erg Re ee Rg. R= OA R= O.THE ‘eta ess he poston ofthe rean aloe336 / Laboratory Characterization Techniques spt ten * oo eons ozo q i 3 Phatoceanntd 8 aint ey 1 an ae . i. tc mean : sreveomennyert 3 0s ore os os 3 a hrs 1 ee be + 3 : seta wore 0.9m ig 4 ower spectra deny functions fr proties of wo specinen machined ty daordturing ite of yun CD pin) sn spa woarga ef Mh em roughness specimens.) Suse! coughnese 2. Regis prof ata commarcaly pound sui wots Pts shown ny ch Comers erste specimen oa ound sia wn ofS um 2s wn) bots power spc re ised tr pros faring ea itngte ofan ‘elvan ae plone nt vas. ‘Tat autocovariance and autocorrelation func. tions are wef for visualizing the relative d=- sree of pesdity an randori Sree frofies, For example, ig 5 shows CFs fer {ermanium and seor surfaces calslaed Eom, surface profiles measured by sla instrument ‘Ref 28). Both suficrs wore machined by dis- mond vuming under similar conditions, be the etiodicity imposed by the feed ofthe tol wes {uch stronger onthe sicon surface and this ACE is highly peciodic. Because of i moe the aia vhs oven oe uate Ooo epee perl Sen ‘and surface topography, the germanivm sur- face exhibits = suongly decaying ACF. with caly small amount of periodicity shown as a ‘arty visible escilton. “Taeeioe, as measures ofthe lateral svcmre ‘of surfaces, the PSD and the ACF seem t be useful fn different ways. The PSD is usefl for stniving the stents of various periodic com- ponent in the surface profile and fr eamparing ‘these with dhe strength of the broad specu of | random compeneats The ACP i useful for ob- serving directly the lateral exteat of te madom. sirdtues on the sutace by suing the ray in the faction near zero cit. : As sate previously, sees of pnts tod funeon have bon Seveiged qe Se poes of ten, maly OF ft aplctions in tology and engcting. The Sei of roughner paninet sare foorions to chance he as con 3 ats choca or tach appa ane ‘ple fom fe stom asm wile ceed bee Fiithing of engine cider bores byte pl tena honing process (Rel 29) ay rel 3 optimal cytinder bore surface vere. This Floetast negative skewness. Ra, wiih rs jn good performance fer unit a, looper ‘ung, chrom teins Va ‘uch smtns, the wana reughaes pane er, Ry does nox adequately este de pee formants of cylinder bore sac. The desp ‘alleo, whisk Ga be weed wal eves der ing eagiae operation, ae bee: quanstot by combining with Ru Indend athe prune ters, suchas We Ry frail (Ref 30), be also Nees tovalped ob Reeteeal deocigom of these ypes of sraces ‘Therefore, it may be possible to opin the fuoetonatpefonnince of engineedaesutices ty combining the epecifcaton of afar ene purses, mute, and maoufscuring ro i withthe development alt cout ‘tures, Tis combination tas bon cad a= {se este cin Ref, ‘Eis Heely dar in sac science, wo, oes topographic an be developed tat conelat sell with Fox expe, Blatt and Somoriai (Ref 32) and oes oe. Tared the ably of = sueace to foster aris surface chemical eacions with be pres of lace steps onthe rurface, These ideas coulbe fanfied ia tems of wep density yrameer ‘Bittmigt be dened athe coon Be toms that ae adjacent ance ps. Experimental Issues for Stylus Instruments ‘Te height resolution and range oft inant cept largely 9 ro ts fmitcer aed the methanol ost ad staighaess fhe tavern mechani. ey ‘tecareh intents, he wssturr 9 Beat ‘Varible iffereatl tans (LVD0 a3) {Ga ogetier wih demochlaco wd ap ion cuity (Ref 33), roduces an ost Teal proporieal to tae bight Aber ‘vos oftapedacer bated on opi nee Ey also penaces a signal Coed pepe to height (Ref 34). Inductive and piemeleic ‘ransdocers that are sensitive tothe veri Bo- fon of sus (Gat sete detest ‘the stylus tip height rather than the height itself) ean avalbl Ref 35, 35). These OPE ‘evealy more eeonened un LVDTs dtSurface Texture / 337 oe oe es = oe oe cee — 1 a a eI \ 8 od] gly 34 i d LA E oz 2-22] i 4 waa : Se eee ee ee aoeeae ones : : Finss Méscoreaion fnevon or singer suaces machined by Gamond uring) Geman (1 Sicon, The eune for gemaniom isan werge ofthe moe generaly wed in industrial shops thn in ‘Seearth or mevology borsores. "As eraupe of es LYDT is shown schemat- callyinFig 6. Aste solos moves vertcally, be fete oe is dplaced from the balance post SS SE re eB dive ara high caer’ The ose balaoe ohage signa hat is demodeleed and Sel propetonal ote ves ile Suh astobave ms nob levelsof about (Ref), whch cas tha surface SR: sp Fwoinatly one atom high can be deed, Dir LVDT waned eve vere range lege as sevealinndred micrometers ot mee, ad in pir, tert of range to esolton an the oer of 10°. One version of te peal Rider that 36) msc ove Naan fen wer range (m4 ae, oF 016 in) and ‘esoluon of approximately 001 um. Tare ‘pe of designs for achieving tow caning nbn sod good sighs of veh axe shown in Fig 7. The las expensive method volves the ust ofa skid (Fig 7), which races areferecee Hoe on Die sare very eat 10 Oe LWDT, The vertical positon of the stylus is sessared with respect © the path of the skid. The ski also serves as a high-pass mechanical ‘her because We averages Over a uty whe swath of surface peaks, Meckaical noise in the drive mechanism ea be sigrifianty reduced by ahs approach, because ache des ne ote nd thes o which iis referenced Figue 70) schematically shows an extemal reference damm surface tit guides the mation of dhe tracer. Wellengincered wang systems ‘ay minimize the ABLE ost (Ref 36) between ‘the reference sce and the metured surface ‘byplacng he sys coma and test off possible. Altemadhely, such systems may mini ‘mize the amoun of angular mation and vibration In Gecartage ‘The decign shown in Fig 7(¢) involves 20 sliding components at all. Rater, 2 flexure if pisotora set of pvt consis te motion a Dane at is perpendicular tothe ais of De Brot The wld conse poviee Nighy Soueice mation. One comercial design has teen shown to provide approxirtely Ot ame oie (Rf 7) ove a tace legs of 1mm {O04 in. ‘Amd vant fe Bens proach (Ref 37) ivalves mileple ses of ex {esto allow for motion nwo desbon. Formeabrement of smoot srfces hat qe high serdeltngetcaon, de oghe ‘es enor of Oe tee mechanism cans tovly distor the measured profi. Figure 3) Shows a distort profile of 91 om G6 pin) ephight spinon (Ref 31). The bee of the Sic can mabey inde tie err ce Fig 8), bean the reference drum sa porton ocean tte uesdy stand wend principle in dimensional measurement (Ret 36). The approach wrk wal as ong 5th id ‘ taverigg ona smooth rezone. sae However, of be id eon lead vo ond frase snd ks absahie calteation is of Secondary mpoanceinsuch te enya iat Specimen ay be ended for sface ease. Zest qualy ‘ona. The plo specimen coal ‘be selected from the measured engineering parts sxcouldbeaneagneeing sufare wid same Serface tr pater and a Siar couehners unmet vie ate te sare, proguced by the sane manaficeing proces, I boas tho have pot suc tet nor. Te fev insromet shuld be checked for meas cnet oy mnsing Oe ae ‘trace approximately 15 to 20 times. After that, frre meson soul be made Cyst teshionr ent dsbutedin yal measure ‘Sexdelgntd on est of ep pore ibe, The ter shoul hn be able Soest & ‘significant change in the characteristics of the Corparzon ofthe surface profiles ofes yields more wf infornaon In BoLogy ex owen lame pes cameaies ‘quae Ot be eed sic be roraed Shera ame place fom oe measursoent ro tothe sexe Diz, rcogniabe crac fx. fue, elder auroral, cou be used Rrraentoe: In Fig, for etal, Sep ‘ly onthe eased gl rang ace Ge aout) pve snes of eentng ete poe fir ombs fom anon. ‘Applications Metalworking. Measurements of surface roughness for meslwenang compocents likely for the bulk of safe roughness measure- ments eoughout te word, The automotive in- daszy is one example where the manufactared ‘Babes ae eatluly spocsbea. 120 2, 00¥ bout 16 years old (Ref 12), shows roughness donsin tems ofthe roughness average, , foranumber of awomobile componens. is Iity tat ede specmesuons were arzwn, empirically and were probably similar to speci- tatons elsewhere in the automotive industry. However, thee is no real collective body of ‘noweage that sescibes ese yes of spectt- ‘ions and the reasons for there. As far a8 can be old, the information is scared throughout the lieracue os proprietary. ‘Gafiihs Ott 31) acerpted to sysemaze some ofthe knowledge on surface function, To be 3, taken from hs pepe, lists the correltions ‘between surface physical properties and various fadnes of component fasure. The cxcies are taken from previous work of Toashoff and Brinksoeier (Ref 52) and the squares fom Gri- fide? addtional research, The surface texore influences fare coun bY plate terme ‘Son, frigue, an coroson. rifts als listed the influence of surate parameters on compo: ‘ent performance (Table 4). Tis abe discusses{ble 2 yp race ougmes peccions oot cry agmes ana wane, ots {1576 moda ear sutomotve engine compocett rewngy ao chy of ie is = oer alien wall Rowan spec SEE Raper for eng dimen ere — 7 Ta pberng te clases fae compos op amas San SENS, eben Beer Yee He iacton ogy 0 ee Ge ne = Fee Serres ete ieeteend nae trie tod aan of uae tana Losmy 44400) the wear proces. Many invesiguss we Sa Fete HES AEDS ate gomecies fr wear an cts, oma BS Speen or oe ese at ausas 55. The arco sed sauce of ge © Sec bent ase fee compooras sof pew tae ah = ‘sede ctrl ene wea a = ou ey oe at 20 asiase soi Bn a Wemcrsiain aaa Ee ssh te dink lg ot sa Se Saecmacio iniyaso samteae Tae cine eucosr seme guvoss tga raphy maps can teed ets we ag. = eae Stas TER SSSR ESS GURL NG Steno opens» re ae ‘fegee gate ane, aman wear sear ig bane end the ae los ot ee sey wen eg Sf Ginton ie wif Sepooat emmace ore tee en SS ea Fon te value cn be eta wt 4 dee a : ‘Te pole cn be coed by as ae eee SS seals the : menor age nape a. Gfaeereinng aa as estas —g.g0y) | rece pony ee eee ORES EE te gam Ee eee (9 ntgo pgtn Zaues tat dcr be opogeapy ote fie afte he ess Prete ch sae SS Sot eterno a meta a ition, i ees seed by Bee Teble 3 ect of suriace properties on compost are caties {Ste chou an gona ra rrr Cee ee tos ct naam fe wat veto Comtoon _ ttt frm SFE tee tre, Sidenote aT = og tun tc pve ientona tod oo : "Eipue 16 show dn surface perly St Eewtont : + auled oa peanuts onoa bales Ste se Eile ot 5) tnd 35 ue 25 sr : ‘ 2 Resta ate These ee dein — . . . Wasa UE Une ween aver ounface ware earefuly 6 ems ° © 8 ead toenave exes asewmesa er peg aero, meaner npoties Lr seepTacanehfumee Swe Figure 17 shows the relationship bev karen ai oat " "= year volume of th top tll cars ath bot ‘all sears Sth four ball ec. Five ets fall were ested at room tempecatire whe imme in paraffin cil. Because thee are thee bot ‘Table 4 Effect of surface pararneters on component performance balls which wear snataneousty hres ttt ‘year volume for one bal 1 plored alge rans. The scar vlume ofthe top balls l= 606 sgn sp ne Santie Fig 16 soter-bett topographic data tora fourdall ts showing.a round wen sear. Source: Ret $6 “fst” lubricants designed w assist he rn- gat ot the sorisces. Eis ranaungin 1s oo cial or cbnining satisfactory service life. ‘Boringoa (Ref 57) has observed how aprop- ceny twin surface can be distinguished fom 2 seutea srface, Generally, the Tumi sutace conbias a number of flat plateaus, te peak ‘alley roughness is about half that ofthe new surfaz, and the skewness, Rao is neeaive, Ruvabjs proccess tn a Contouea Taner, ‘hats sth the muncation of surface pee but ‘vitott abrasive or adhesive wear proesies ‘Toe erator r pleas rel pa earion cae prestuses, and sls reese ft ‘oodindicaion of loog service life, Seung, on the ober band, generics new surfaces. Thee- for, ie peakvalley roughness doesnot oe bragsesively more negative Borngtin (Ref 57) bas also observed that modem engine design and lubrication techsal- ey am 2 aivanced thatthe old tiotods of ‘valanion of wear, such 2s weight lows ae be~ coming eleva. "The lubricant indusry needs to begin defining wearin terns of changes in ‘Davis a (Ref SS) measured the thee-t- tmensioal topography of various places in a ‘Sx(botor ba lume). nx 10+ o os 12 18 24 20 28 5 Toptal vlna, cin? SEBEES A Oot Gad O08 O08 Gas Bos 'x(botam bl vine), mn? rig teal teneeetme econ Srecemnencoeers onenres omorne ins Sige oe Gee TreigCicane Senate Sooo arcuate honed engine cylinder bore and miata the 0: pograply fo component wear Based on detailed FRsUls, they developed 2 char showing ci val- ‘me i cubic wlmeters vers the amount of the surice that would be muneated bythe wea ing process, The au volume is relaed 0 he volume ofthe surface valleys, caeuted from twas a sauanon ora wear proces int Cut Oc ‘he sue peaks. Foran engine ciner bore, cl volume is of crucial imperance. Figure 1 Sows dew taken from dhe analyses of one of ‘heir dree-dinersional mpogaphie MEDS. AS {he truncation proceeds, the of volume inthe valleys decreases. Bast on thr information snd measurement resls, Davis eal. (Ref 38) redivct tie die vuunpasem mould el Fak ra rupeatin level beeen 619 70%, because the ol volume would desreate to unsceepable levels __ Magnetic Storage. Tubology is expecially ‘anportat othe functioning of apes and disks in the magnetic recording infuse (Ref 59), in cluding the hydrodynamic properies of ying fad need, the Ieteaten of pen rd Ser, ‘ad the sliding contact berween ask and read ‘ead upon strap, Soefice roughness is also io- portant. Figure 19 shows sels fom Bhushan ral. @af $9.60) for the mestured coeffcent of fiction of six CrO, magnetic apes siding ba | nats te ea z em é = + ene oe “rea. lume fo cade bots erated by Fig 18 Pstemmea eaten osc Ope caghy map Soe: kets Surface Texture / 342 * HH owe y ‘sta reuginess (0 ‘ : eR Seales es Aa) =82K6 = 6/R'S Meat ° se19 at er cam Fig 19 ares ay 3 tuncton of two parameters Seulement Gian aadcereae saanine slats ead a 9 finetion of the rm oughaess measured wih an opted profile ‘Tho aper alld he came composition the va aon in rs roughness was achieved by usin iferetedendering pressures during the fst {ng process. The coetficieat of fiction. de ‘rected rpily up oan ams roughness of abot 40am, then seemed oremai fay level How ever, then the fritin resus were Bloued ve ‘Sts the teal are of contet (normalized wo @ spplied load) an excelent linear eorelation st brain (Fig 196). The quanuity ploted lor ‘Be absesea is based ‘on Greenacod ar ‘Wimiamson's formula (Ref 15) forthe rel an of contact fy inthe ela regime: 32 Ae =(3) A z fare Ane putt tpt Eee Porat pak le doen Se ered ans ac ari Se cates eee edt scree asc ie Swattnokit footrest oe. ae he eee cane SES Tahun ot too che seapentarat deleiyiorkosad Soper dg oo mee decane eteect Nua Co 180-195" on et of Samir ad Toe ete Soy teed etches ‘in pecs Way YBa 180 pet 28 BL. Goo TV. Vat, ad IC ‘Wye, Diet Copan of acne to Opie acne fe ‘Besoin ates Opn tan On (Eng Vol 1903p eA et ete oe ‘apiy of Cyne Doron Ggonel atime gtfueecta: Geen Naeger Segre STS Reavers Seta 1. Sasa, Th Paame Rast—is 3, “Messen 9 Sure te 1 i i specpenreen Eee . Gin, Pur Pies Sag er concer eee sae 1 RE cena sm “Beret » Rae a LS aaa er "gree near Lane ieee Tete Sorc © Syne, Wer VaR, a3 1 BR moet tt ieee parenereatTip Radius and Flight on Surtace Topogea- Measaemeets, J. Tribology (Trans. EC Teague, “Evaluaon, Revision, and Applicaton of the NBS SpluyCampater Sysem for the Measurement of Surface Mage 18h 101; and. Bhushen, 1. sai CL. Kaliopoloe, Measuemeat of Suthes Tepoerasty of Tes Mine Teetromty. Ame Ope, U2, 1985, 1489 ling, Hes tnd Eigenschation von Referenenonmales fr das Einstein von Goeawenemessgeaien, Worms ‘scl, Vol 55,1985, p 380 3. LF. Song, T-V. Vorburger, and P. Rubee, CCoapazson Between Precision Roughness 3. Replicas, Prec. Ea, Vol 14, 1982, p84 ‘BJ. Grits, Manstacting Surfoce De- ‘Sn and Moning for Putman So ‘op0g., Vol, 1998, 61 HK. Tonthof an 2 Brinkameiet, Dier- sinstion ofthe Mechanied) and Thermal Influences en Machined Sites hy Mier Tardaess and Residual Srese Analysis, CP Ann, Vel 29 (No.2), 1980,» 518 . B.A, Wilemet and 8.K. ‘Kanéah, Wear Asvonmet~A Comparin of te, Wear ‘Volumes of te Rotung ond Sotonary Balls in the Four-Ball Maciae, ASCE Trans., Vol 26, 1982, p73. 3 Fog. Nw aproath plereeag ‘Wear Resa, Wear, Val 3, e928 . EP. Whitenon and PJ. Blau, A Compati= 408 of Meads for Deteiniog Wear Vole Shera SeracePermctesofspheneay “Tipped Slicers, Wear, Vol 12, 198, B a When and D.E. Deckman, Meas- ‘img aren wear Seas or ls 0 ras, Ser. Tapop, Vol 2, 1983, 205 ). CH, Bowne, Sure Finsb and Engine Testing of Lobrisints: An. Indusralist eons Baf psy Vel 2 900.7 409 8. 9. 6. 6. Swace Texture (24! EJ, Davis, Ps. Sliven, and KJ. Stout Tin Applian of 3-0 Toporapy to Boe Noe tess, boy Bo {988,p6i: KI. Sut £4, Dov and Sulivan, Aas of Mechined Supocet, ‘Chaps Hal London, 1950, Rian Paangy ned Maron 9 Magne Borage Devices. Spingaret hag 190 . B. Bhushan, RL. Bradshaw, and B.S Sharma, Fron in Magredc Tapes T Bole of Physi Propenics, ASLE Vola. 1984, p99 Ke Miyoshi BH, Buckley, and B. Boas an, “Fen wad Membolony of apne Tapes Sling Conse Wi Nie i Fei” Tech Paper 2267, Naona Acronetios and. Space Adminitation ‘see Ue noms, CH. Hotes, 2-1 Mead ais, ina 1¢. Bena “Saface Feature Tetencing the Efectvenes of Lip Seals ‘A Patera Resopaion Approach" Tota Euipertgia ao, soak or manatee Sng Engineers, 1973 Th Thomas and RS. Seles, Rough Ser cts ER. Tomas Bb, Logan, Loo