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an universitar (2 semestre), în cadrul a 24 prelegeri (48 ore de curs).
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Capitolul VI –3URWHF LDLQWHUQD LRQDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL
Capitolul VII –7HULWRULXOvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF
Capitolul VIII –'UHSWXOGLSORPDWLFúLFRQVXODU
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Capitolul XII -5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDO
Capitolul XIII -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOXPDQLWDU
Capitolul XIV -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSHQDO
În continuare sunt prezentate principalele probleme tratate în
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2
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state.
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de drept.

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pe regulile moralei.
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ale raporturilor interstatale, contribuind la dezvoltarea acestora în raport
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3
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umane.

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4
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dreptului intern.

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colectiv.

Capitolul II –*HQH]DúLHYROX LDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

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5
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diplomatice (soliile), jus gentium din dreptul roman prefigurând dreptul
LQWHUQD LRQDOGHPDL târziu.
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interstatale, care a impulsionat dezvoltareaGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
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ca Nicollo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Alberico Gentilis (1552-1608) sau
Hugo Grotins (1583-1645).
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6
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codificarea pe care au realizat-o în domeniul dreptului conflictelor
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7
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specifice recunoscute de comunitatea statelor ca fiind izvoare de drept.
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juridice de H[SULPDUH D QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLW UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFRUGXO GH
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supuse Curtea va aplica:
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stabilesc reguli recunoscute în mod expres de statele aflate în
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DFFHSWDWFDUHSUH]HQWkQGGUHSWXO
c) principiile generDOHGHGUHSWUHFXQRVFXWHGHQD LXQLOHFLYLOL]DWH
d) KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL úL GRFWULQD VSHFLDOLúWLORU FHORU PDL
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auxiliare de determinare a regulilor de drept.

8
 /DDFHVWHDVHDGDXJúLHFKLWDWHa (ex aequa et bono).
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precum úLOHJHDLQWHUQDVWDWHORU
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Ulterior, în mare parte cutumele au fost încorporate în tratate, dar ele
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&XWXPDLQWHUQD LRQDOHVWHGHILQLWFDRSUDFWLFJHQHUDOUHODWLY
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9
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intrinseci ideii de drept.
3ULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW QX WUHEXLH V ILH FRQIXQGDWH FX
SULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOHOHIFkQGSDUWHGLQ
dreptul intern al statelor.
G-XULVSUXGHQ DLQWHUQD LRQDOUHSUH]LQWSUDFWLFDLQVWDQ HORUGH
MXGHFDWDúDFXPDFHDVWDUH]XOWGLQKRWUkULOHGDWHGHDFHVWHDFDUH
DX UHOHYDQ  SHQWUX H[LVWHQ D XQHL QRUPH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO 2
GHRVHELWLPSRUWDQ SUH]LQWSHQWUXGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOKRWUkULOHGDWH
GH &XUWHD ,QWHUQD LRQDO GH -XVWL LH GDU úL GH DOWH LQVWDQ H judiciare
LQWHUQD LRQDOHLDUXQHRULúLGHWULEXQDOHOHLQWHUQHDOHVWDWHORU
H'RFWULQD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO UHSUH]LQW RSLQLLOH IRUPXODWH
GH VSHFLDOLúWLL FHL PDL FDOLILFD L vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH GDU úL GH IRUXULOH
úWLLQ LILFH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FXP DU IL ,QVWLWXWXO GH 'UHSW ,QWHUQD LRQDO FDUH
VH LPSXQ SULQ DQDOL] úWLLQ LILF SURIXQG D RUGLQLL QRUPDWLYH
LQWHUQD LRQDOHvQOXPLQDSULQFLSLLORUGHGUHSWúLDILQDOLW LLGUHSWXOXL
I3ULQFLSLLOH HFKLW LL SRW IL LQYRFDWH vQ VROX LRQDUHD XQRU
probleme interna LRQDOH vQ OLSVD XQRU L]YRDUH GH GUHSW FODVLFH VDX vQ
VLWXD LD FkQG DSOLFDUHD XQRU SULQFLSLL GH GUHSW DU GXFH OD VROX LL
inechitabile.

2. 3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWQRUPH
GHPD[LPJHQHUDOLWDWHFXDSOLFDELOLWDWHXQLYHUVDODFURUUHVSHFWDUH
HVWH REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX WRDWH VWDWHOH úL FDUH JKLGHD] FRQGXLWD WXWXURU
HQWLW LORULQWHUQD LRQDOHvQUDSRUWXULOHORUUHFLSURFH
'LQ FXSULQVXO &DUWHL 218 DUW SUHFXP úL GLQ 'HFODUD LD
UHIHULWRDUHODSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYLQGUHOD LLOHSULHWHQHúWL
úLFRRSHUDUHDGLQWUHVWDWH´DGRSWDWGH$GXQDUHD*HQHUDOD218vQ

10
 UH]XOW F GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO VH ED]HD] SH XUPWRDUHOH
principii fundamentale:
- PrinFLSLXOHJDOLW LLVXYHUDQHDVWDWHORU
- 3ULQFLSLXOHJDOLW LLvQGUHSWXULDSRSRDUHORUúLDGUHSWXOXLORUGH
a decide de ele însele;
- Principiul neamestecului în treburile interne ale altor state;
- 3ULQFLSLXO QHUHFXUJHULL OD IRU  úL OD DPHQLQ DUHD FX IRORVLUea
IRU HL
- 3ULQFLSLXO VROX LRQULL SH FDOH SDúQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXO vQGHSOLQLULL FX EXQ FUHGLQ  D REOLJD LLORU
LQWHUQD LRQDOH
- 3ULQFLSLXOFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOH

3. &RGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
&RGLILFDUHD HVWH R RSHU GH sistematizare a normelor de drept
LQWHUQD LRQDO (DDVLJXUSUHFL]LDDFHVWRUQRUPHFRH]LXQHDúLXQLWDWHD
ORU HOHPHQW GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD úL DSOLFDUHD
FRUHFWGHFWUHWRDWHVWDWHOH
6XE HJLGD 218GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D FXQRVFXW Xn vast proces
GHFRGLILFDUHFHFRQWLQXúLDVW]L

&DSLWROXO,96XELHFWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

6XELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWDFHOHHQWLW LFDSDELOHV

SDUWLFLSH OD UDSRUWXUL JXYHUQDWH GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO úL vQ FDGUXO
acestoUUDSRUWXULVILHWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LL
'RFWULQDúLSUDFWLFDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQUHFXQRVF
GUHSW VXELHFWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO XUPWRDUHOH VWDWHOH

11
RUJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHLQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLPLúFULOHGHHOLEHrare
QD LRQDO

1. Statele
D6WDWHOHFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
6WDWHOHFRQVWLWXLHSULQFLSDOHOHVXELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
vQED]DVXYHUDQLW LLORU
Statele sunt subiecte tipice, fundamentale, ale dreptului
LQWHUQD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLQG HQWLW LOH SROLWLFR-juridice care au dreptul
QHOLPLWDWGHDSDUWLFLSDODHODERUDUHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
(OHVXQWvQDFHODúLWLPSVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOXQLYHUVDOH
singurele care au capacitatea de a-úL DVXPD WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU úL
REOLJD LLORUFXFDUDFWHULQWHUQD LRQDO
3HQWUX D IL VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO VWDWHOH WUHEXLH V
vQWUXQHDVFXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH
- RSRSXOD LHSHUPDQHQW
- un teritoriu determinat;
- RDXWRULWDWHJXYHUQDPHQWDO
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LQWUD vQ UHOD LL FX DOte state, implicând
suveranitatea.
'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDORUJDQL]ULLORUVWDWHOHSRWXQLWDUHVDX
compuse.
([LVWPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVWDWHFRPSXVHXQLXQHDSHUVRQDO
XQLXQHDUHDOFRQIHGHUD LDIHGHUD LDúLDVRFLD LLOHGHVWDWH
Dreptul intHUQD LRQDO D FXQRVFXW úL XQHOH IRUPH GH VWDWH
GHSHQGHQWHWLSLFHILLQGYDVDOLWDWHDúLSURWHFWRUDWXO
b) Neutralitatea statelor
'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO UHFXQRDúWH GUHSWXO VWDWHORU FD vQ DQXPLWH
VLWXD LLV-úLGHFODUHQHXWUDOLWDWHD

12
 Neutralitatea statelor eVWH GH GRX IHOXUL QHXWUDOLWDWHD FODVLF úL
QHXWUDOLWDWHDSHUPDQHQW
1HXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLFHVWHVLWXD LDMXULGLFVSHFLDOvQFDUHVHDIO
XQ VWDW FDUH vQ WLPSXO XQXL FRQIOLFW DUPDW LQWHUQD LRQDO QX LD SDUWH OD
RVWLOLW L FRQWLQXkQG V vQWUH LQ UHOD Li normale cu celelalte state,
inclusiv cu cele beligerante.
6WDWXO QHXWUX DUH REOLJD LD GH D QX VSULMLQL YUHXQ VWDW DIODW vQ
FRQIOLFW DWLWXGLQHD VD WUHEXLQG V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H SULQ RE LQHUH úL
LPSDU LDOLWDWH LDU FHOHODOWH VWDWH WUHEXLH V-L UHFXQRDVF statutul de
neutralitate.
1HXWUDOLWDWHD SHUPDQHQW HVWH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH XQ VWDW VH
DQJDMHD] V UPkQ QHXWUX ID  GH RULFH FRQIOLFWH DUPDWH FDUH DU
LQWHUYHQLúLVGXFRSROLWLFJHQHUDOvQDFHVWVHQV
,QVWLWXLUHD QHXWUDOLW LL SHUPDQHQWH VH IDFH SULn acte interne ale
VWDWXOXLFDUHvúLDVXPDFHVWVWDWXWXUPDWHGHDFWHGHUHFXQRDúWHUHúL
JDUDQWDUH GLQ SDUWHD DOWRU VWDWH vQ VSHFLDO D PDULORU SXWHUL úL LPSOLF
REOLJD LL DWkW GLQ SDUWHD VWDWXOXL SHUPDQHQW QHXWUX FkW úL GLQ SDUWHD
celorlalte state.
ExHPSOXOFODVLFGHVWDWSHUPDQHQWQHXWUXvOFRQVWLWXLH(OYH LD
F5HFXQRDúWHUHDVWDWHORU
5HFXQRDúWHUHD VWDWHORU HVWH XQ DFW XQLODWHUDO SULQ FDUH VWDWHOH
DGPLW F HOH FRQVLGHU R QRX HQWLWDWH SROLWLFR-MXULGLF GUHSW VWDW
recunoscându-i personalitatea juriGLFvQSODQXOUHOD LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOH
5HFXQRDúWHUHDHVWHXQDFWSROLWLFJHQHUDWRUGHHIHFWHMXULGLFH
ÌQ SULQFLSLX UHFXQRDúWHUHD DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GHFODUDWLY úL QX
FRQVWLWXWLY GH GUHSWXUL VWDWXO H[LVWkQG úL vQ OLSVD UHFXQRDúWHULL GDU
neputând avea rHOD LLFXVWDWHOHFDUHQXvOUHFXQRVF
d)Succesiunea statelor
Modificarea teritoriului de stat prin reunirea mai multor state într-
XQXO VLQJXU SH FDOHD IX]LXQLL VDX D DEVRUE LHL SULQ GH]PHPEUDUH úL

13
constituirea mai multor state din unul singur, prin separarea sau
secesiunea unui stat sau prin transferul unor teritorii de la un stat la
DOWXO SXQH SUREOHPD VXFFHVLXQLL QRLORU VWDWH VDX D VWDWHORU FDUH úL-au
PULWWHULWRULLOHODXQHOHGUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLDOHVWDWHORUDQWHULRDUH
În principiu statul succesor nu este continuatorul statului
SUHGHFHVRUvQSODQMXULGLFúLQXHVWHREOLJDWVSUHLDDXWRPDWúLLQWHJUDO
GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJD LLOH VWDWXOXL SUHGHFHVRU GDU GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO D
VWDELOLWDQXPLWHUHJXOLúLPRGDOLW LMXULGLFHFDUHWUHEXLHVILHUHVpectate
în cadrul procesului de succesiune.
3UREOHPH GH VXFFHVLXQH VH ULGLF vQ VSHFLDO vQ OHJWXU FX
WUDWDWHOHvQFKHLDWHFXEXQXULOHúLFUHDQ HOHVWDWXOXLDQWHULRUFXDUKLYHOH
DFHVWXLDLDUXQHRULúLFXFHW HQLDSHUVRDQHORU

2. 2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRnale interguvernamentale

2UJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXFDOLWDWHDGHVXELHFWGHULYDWDO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO DSDUL LD ORU ILLQG vQWRWGHDXQD UH]XOWDWXO DFRUGXOXL
GHYRLQ DOXQRUVWDWHFDUHKRWUVFDVXSUDvQILLQ ULLSUHFXPúLDVXSUD
scopurilRU IXQF LLORU PHFDQLVPHORU LQVWLWX LRQDOH úL D SULQFLSLLORU ORU GH
IXQF LRQDUH
3ULQ DFWXO ORU GH vQILLQ DUH RUJDQL]D LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GREkQGHVF
SHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOFDUHOHSHUPLWHV-úLDVXPH
DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL cu caracter limitat, potrivit principiului
VSHFLDOLW LL DGLF vQ OLPLWHOH VFRSXULORU úL IXQF LLORU FH OH-au fost
conferite.

3. 0LúFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDO
0LúFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDODXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFúL
calitatea de subiect al drHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH
VXQWUHFXQRVFXWHGHFWUHVWDWHSHQWUXDFHDVWDILLQGQHFHVDUFDHOHV
vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWH FRQGL LL V DLE XQ RUJDQ UHSUH]HQWDWLY V

14
DF LRQH]HvQQXPHOHXQHLQD LXQLúLVPDQLIHVWHSHXQWHULWRULXSURSULu,
eliberat.
'UHSWXULOHORUVXQWPDLOLPLWDWHvQDFRUGFXVFRSXOSURSXVúLDXXQ
FDUDFWHU WUDQ]LWRULX SkQ OD GREkQGLUHD LQGHSHQGHQ HL SRSRDUHORU vQ
FDX]

&DSLWROXO93RSXOD LDvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

3RSXOD LDUHSUH]LQWWRWDOLWDWHDSHUVoanelor fizice care locuiesc pe

WHULWRULXO  XQXL VWDW úL VXQW VXSXVH MXULVGLF LHL DFHVWXLD ÌQWU-R DOW
DFFHS LXQH SULQ SRSXOD LH VH vQ HOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH
OHJDWHGHXQDQXPLWVWDWSULQFHW HQLH
6WDWXO VWDELOHúWH UHJXOL REOLJDWRULL SHQtru toate persoanele care
ORFXLHVFSHWHULWRULXOVXLQGLIHUHQWGDFDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXFHW HQLDL
VLúLDUHXQGUHSWGHSURWHF LH–SURWHF LDGLSORPDWLF–vQFHSULYHúWH
SHSURSULLFHW HQLDIOD LvQDIDUD ULL
Statutul juridic al persoanelor se sWDELOHúWH SRWULYLW OHJLORU LQWHUQH
DOHVWDWHORU LQkQGX-VHVHDPDúLGHQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOúLGH
QHYRLOHFRRSHUULLLQWHUQD LRQDOHvQGHRVHELvQGRPHQLLFXPVXQWGXEOD
FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD OLSVD FHW HQLHL DSDWULGLD  VWDWXWXO UHIXJLD LORU úL
DO SHUVRDQHORU VWUPXWDWH UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU GUHSWXO GH D]LO
H[WUGDUHDSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFúLGUHSWXULOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHRPXOXL

&HW HQLD
(VWH OHJWXUD SROLWLF úL MXULGLF SHUPDQHQW úL HIHFWLY vQWUH R
SHUVRDQ IL]LF úL XQ DQXPLW VWDW FDUH JHQHUHD] GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL
SHQWUXFHW HDQúLSHQWUXVWDWXOUHVSHFWLY
'HUHJXOQXPDLFHW HQLLXQXLVWDWVHEXFXUGHGUHSWXULSROLWLFH
úLSRWDYHDDFFHVODIXQF LLSXEOLFHFLYLOHVDXPLOLWDUH
&HW HQLDVHSRDWHGREkQGLSULQQDúWHUHVDXSULQQDWXUDOL]DUH

15
 'REkQGLUHDSULQQDúWHUHVHIDFHSRWULYLWSULQFLSLXOXLMXVVDQJYLPXV
GXS FHW HQLD SULQ LORU VDX DO SULQFLSLXOXL MXV VROH GXS ORFXO
QDúWHULL
3ULQQDWXUDOL]DUHGREkQGLUHDFHW HQLHLVHSRDWHIDFHvQPDLPXOWH
PRGDOLW L SULQ FVWRULH SULQ DGRS LH vQILHUH SULQ UHGREkQGLUH
UHLQWHJUDUHFDHIHFWDOúHGHULLSUHOXQJLWHUH]LGHQ HLVDXSULQRS LXQH
&HW HQLD VH SRDWH SLHUGH SULQ UHQXQ DUH VDX SULQ UHWUDJHUH
&HW HQLDRE LQXWSULQQDúWHUHQXSRDWHILUHWUDV
DuEOD FHW HQLH ELSDWULGLD HVWH VLWXD LD MXULGLF vQ FDUH R
SHUVRDQ GH LQH FRPFRPLWHQW FHW HQLD D GRX VWDWH FD HIHFW DO XQXL
FRQIOLFW SR]LWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ GLIHULWH UL UHIHULWRU OD GREkQGLUHD
FHW HQLHL
/LSVDFHW HQLHLDSDWULGLDHVWHVLWXD LDLQYHUVELSDWULGLHLFkQG
GDWRULW XQXL FRQIOLFW QHJDWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DQXPLWH SHUVRDQHQXDX
QLFLRFHW HQLHVDXvúLSLHUGFHW HQLDIUDGHYHQLFHW HQLDLDOWXLVWDW
$SDWULGLD ILLQG R VLWXD LH FDUH OLSVHúWH SHUVRDQD XPDQ GH
SURWHF LH úL GH LPSRUWDQWH GUHSWXUL SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO V-au adoptat
UHJOHPHQWUL FDUH YL]HD] SH GH R SDUWH OUJLUHD GUHSWXULORU DSDWUL]LORU
LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH DGRSWDUHD GH PVXUL PHQLWH D HOLPLQD FD]XULOH GH
apatridie.

5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOVWULQLORU
6WULQXO HVWH R SHUVRDQ FHW HDQ DO DOWXL VWDW FDUH VH DIO
SHUPDQHQW VDX WHPSRUDUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWIUDDYHDúLFHW HQLD
acestuia.
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWULQLORU VH VWDELOHúWH GH FWUH ILHFDUH VWDW
LQkQG VHDPD úL GH UHJXOLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUHFXP úL GH
SUHYHGHULOHFRQYHQ LLORUELODWHUDOHFDUHVHvQFKHLHvQWUHVWDWH
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO VWULQLL QX VH SRW EXFXUD GH
GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH QX SRW IL QXPL L vQ IXQF LL SROLWLFH VDX PLOLWDUH QX

16
HIHFWXHD] VWDJLXO PLOLWDU REOLJDWRULX GDU VH EXFXU GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH
drepturi fundamentale ale omului.
,QWUDUHDúLúHGHUHDVWULQLORUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWSRDWHILVXSXV
XQRU UHVWULF LL 6WULQXO SRDWH vQ FRQGL LLOH OHJLL V ILH H[SXO]DW VDX
H[WUGDW
Dreptul de azil este dreptul pe care îl are un stat de a aproba
LQWUDUHD úL VWDELOLUHD SH WHULWRULXO VX D XQRU VWULQL VXSXúL SHUVHFX LLORU
VDX XUPUL L vQ DUD ORU SHQWUX FRQFHS LLOH VDX DFWLYLWDWHD ORU SROLWLF
([LVWGRXIHOXULGHD]LOD]LOXOWHULWRULDOSROLWLFúLD]LOXOGLSORPDWLc.
([SXO]DUHD VWULQLORU HVWH R PVXU GH VLJXUDQ  FX FDUDFWHU
DGPLQLVWUDWLYSULQFDUHXQVWDWFRQVWUkQJHSHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LVWULQL
VSUVHDVFWHULWRULXOVXvQFHOPDLVFXUWWLPS0VXUDVHLDvQVFRSXO
ocrotirii ordinii juridice a statului, peQWUX UD LXQL GH VHFXULWDWH SROLWLFH
HFRQRPLFHVDXGHDOWQDWXU
([WUGDUHD VWULQLORU HVWH DFWXO SULQ FDUH XQ VWDW SUHG OD
FHUHUHD  DOWXL VWDW R SHUVRDQ DIODW SH WHULWRULXO VX vQ YHGHUHD
FHUFHWULLVDXMXGHFULLDFHVWHLDSHQWUXVYkUúLUHDXQHLIapte penale ori
vQ YHGHUHD H[HFXWULL SHGHSVHL GDF DQWHULRU D IRVW FRQGDPQDW GH
FWUHRLQVWDQ GHMXGHFDW

5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOUHIXJLD LORU
5HIXJLDWXO HVWH XQ VWULQ VDX R SHUVRDQ IU FHW HQLH FDUH
SHQWUX YDULDWH PRWLYH GH SHUVHFX LH QX SRDWH VDX QX GRUHúWH V VH
vQWRDUFvQ DUDGHRULJLQHILLQGDVWIHOOLSVLWGHSURWHF LDDFHVWHLD
6WDWXWXO GH UHIXJLDW VH DFRUG vQWRWGHDXQD vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO úL
QXPDL GDF VH FRQVWDW F PRWLYHOH GH SHUVHFX LH LQYRFDWH VXQW
întemeiate.
3URWHF LDSULYHúWHDFRUGDUHDGHFWUHVWDWXOSULPLWRUDGUHSWXOXLGH
úHGHUH GXS XQ UHJLP VLPLODU VWULQLORU SUHFXP úL XQHOH GUHSWXUL FDUH
VSHUPLWLQWHJUDUHDORU

17
 $VLVWHQ D VH UHIHU OD PVXUL GH DMXWRUDUH LPSOLFkQG VSULMLQ
PDWHULDOILQDQFLDUDVLVWHQ VRFLDOORFXLQ HHWFFDUHVIDFSRVLELO
úLFRQYHQDELOúHGHUHDORUSHWHULWRULXOVWDWXOXLSULPLWRU

Capitolul VI –3URWHF LDLQWHUQD LRQDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL

3URWHF LDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLvQVRFLHWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ
&RPXQLWDWHD LQWHUQD LRQDO HVWH DVW]L mai mult ca oricând
SUHRFXSDW GH SURPRYDUHD ODUJ D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL GH FUHDUHD XQXL
FDGUX OHJDO FkW PDL GLYHUVLILFDW GH FRODERUDUH LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ DFHVW
VFRS GHUHDOL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPFkWPDLFRPSOHWGHDSUDUHSHGLIHULWH
FLOHJDOHDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLúLGHDVLJXUDUHDWUDQVSXQHULLvQSUDFWLFD
acestora.
&DUWD 2UJDQL]D LHL 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH D VWDELOLW GUHSW VFRS DO
RUJDQL]D LHL vQWUH DOWHOH úL UHDOL]DUHD FRRSHUULL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX
GH]YROWDUHDúLvQFXUDMDUHDUHVSHFWULLGUHSWXULORURPXOXLúLDOLEHUW LORU
IXQGDPHQWDOHSHQWUXWR LIUGHRVHELUHGHUDVVH[OLPEVDXUHOLJLH´
(art.1, paragraful 3).
Sub egida O.N.U.au fost adoptate documentele fundamentale
SULYLQG SURWHF LD JHQHUDO D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL FDUH VXQW 'HFODUD LD
universalDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLGLQ3DFWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXSULYLUH
ODGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHúLSROLWLFHúL3DFWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOH
HFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHúLFXOWXUDOHDPEHOHGLQ
$OWXUL GH DFHVWHD DX IRVW DGRSWDWH QXPHURDVH DOWH GRFXPente
LQWHUQD LRQDOH SULYLQG GUHSWXULOH úL SURWHF LD MXULGLF D XQRU FDWHJRULL GH
SHUVRDQH VDX vQ DQXPLWH GRPHQLL vQWUH FDUH &RQYHQ LD SULYLWRDUH OD
GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH DOH IHPHLORU  'HFODUD LD GUHSWXULORU FRSLOXOXL
'HFODUD LDFXSULYLUHODHOLPLQDUHDRULFURUIRUPHGHGLVFULPLQDUH
UDVLDO'HFODUD LDSULYLQGSURWHF LDWXWXURUSHUVRDQHORUvPSRWULYD

18
WRUWXULLúLDOWRUWUDWDPHQWHVDXSHGHSVHFUXGHLQXPDQHVDXGHJUDGDQWH
(1975).

'HFODUD LDXQLYHUVDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL
'HFODUD LDHVWHSULPXOGRFXPHQWLQWHUQD LRQDOPRGHUQSULQFDUHVH
SURFODP vQ PRG VROHPQ GUHSWXULOH úL OLEHUW LOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFXVFRSXOGHFODUDWGHDVHUYLFDLGHDOFRPXQFWUHFDUHWUHEXLH
VWLQGSRSRDUHOHúLWRDWHQD LXQLOH«´3UHDPEXOXO
DeclarD LDDILUPFWRDWHILLQ HOHXPDQHVHQDVFOLEHUHúLHJDOHvQ
GHPQLWDWHúLvQGUHSWXULúLWUHEXLHVVHFRPSRUWHXQHOHID GHDOWHOHvQ
VSLULWXO IUDWHUQLW LL ILHFDUH RP DYkQG GUHSWXO GH D VH SUHYDOD GH WRDWH
GUHSWXULOHúLOLEHUW LOHIUQLFLRGHRVHELUHGHUDVGHFXORDUHGHVH[
GH OLPE GH UHOLJH GH RSLQLH SROLWLF VDX GH DOW QDWXU GH RULJLQH
QD LRQDO VDX VRFLDO GH DYHUH GH QDúWHUH VDX GHFXUJkQG GLQ RULFH
DOW VLWXD LH úL IU D VH IDFH YUHR GHRVHELUH ED]DW SH VWDWXWXO SROLWLF
juridic VDXLQWHUQD LRQDODO ULLVDOH
7R L RDPHQLL VXQW HJDOL vQ ID D OHJLL úL DX GUHSWXO OD R SURWHF LH
HJDODOHJLLIUQLFLRGLVFULPLQDUH(LDXGUHSWXOGHDOLVHUHFXQRDúWH
SHUVRQDOLWDWHDORUMXULGLFRULXQGHV-ar afla.
&DUWD HQXPHU FX PHQ LXQHD F Dcestea trebuie respectate de
VWDWH úL JDUDQWDWH SULQ OHJLVOD LD ORU WRDWH GUHSWXULOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH
RPXOXLFDUHXOWHULRUDXIRVWSUHOXDWHvQFHOHGRXSDFWHPHQ LRQDWH
3ULQHQXQ DUHDDFHVWRUGUHSWXUL'HFODUD LDFRQVWLWXLHXQGRFXPHQW
GHUHIHULQ vQDILUPDUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQHúLDSURWHF LHLLQWHUQD LRQDOHD
persoanelor într-RVRFLHWDWHGHPRFUDWLFPRGHUQúLDUHXQUROGHRVHELW
GH LPSRUWDQW vQ OXSWD GH HPDQFLSDUH D SRSRDUHORU úL vQ OXSWD GXV GH
SWXULOH VRFLDOH GHIDYRUL]DWH SHQWUX FXFHULUHD GUHSWXULORU ORU VRFLDOH úL
economice.

19
 3DFWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOHRPXOXL
&HOH GRX SDFWH VXQW GRFXPHQWH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
FDUH vQFRUSRUHD] DQJDMDPHQWXO VWDWHORU SU L GH D DILUPD úL UHVSHFWD
drepturile fundamentale în domeniilHODFDUHVHUHIHU
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH FLYLOH úL SROLWLFH
FRQVDFU GUHSWXUL FXP VXQW GUHSWXO OD YLD  GUHSWXO OD OLEHUWDWH úL OD
VHFXULWDWH SHUVRQDO GUHSWXO OD OLEHU FLUFXOD LH HJDOLWDWHD vQ ID D
MXVWL LHLSURWHF LDYLH Li intime sub multiple aspecte, libertatea gândirii, a
FRQúWLLQ HL úL D UHOLJLHL OLEHUWDWHD GH RSLQLH úL GH H[SULPDUH GUHSWXO OD
DVRFLHUH úL OD vQWUXQLUH SDúQLF GUHSWXO GH SDUWLFLSDUH OD YLD D SXEOLF
GUHSWXULOHPLQRULW LORUHWQLFHUHOLJLRDVHVDXOLQgvistice.
3DFWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOH úL
FXOWXUDOHSUHYHGHGUHSWXOODPXQFvPSUHXQFXWRDWHFHOHODOWHGUHSWXUL
DIHUHQWH VDODULX HJDO UHPXQHUD LH HFKLWDELO RGLKQ FRQFHGLL SOWLWH
DVRFLHUHVLQGLFDOJUHYVHFXULWDWHVRFLDOHWFGUHSWXOODHGXFD LHúL
ODYLD FXOWXUDO
,PSRUWDQWH FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FX SULYLUH OD SURWHF LD
GUHSWXULORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXL DX IRVW DGRSWDWH úL vQ FDGUX
regional.
'H PHQ LRQDW úL vPSUHMXUDUHD F DSURDSH vQ WRWDOLWDWHD lor
FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GLQ DFHVW GRPHQLX FXSULQG úL PHFDQLVPH GH
WUDQVSXQHUH vQ SUDFWLF GH JDUDQWDUH úL VDQF LRQDUH vQ FD] GH
QHUHVSHFWDUHDORUGHFWUHVWDWH

Capitolul VII. Teritoriul vQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

1) Teritoriul de stat
TeritRULXOGHVWDWUHSUH]LQWVSD LXOJHRJUDILFvQOLPLWHOHFUXLDXQ
VWDWvúLH[HUFLWVXYHUDQLWDWHD
([SUHVLDSROLWLFúLMXULGLFDOLPLWHORUWHULWRULDOHDOHVWDWHORUR

20
FRQVWLWXLHIURQWLHUDGHVWDWFDUHHVWHLQYLRODELO
Frontierele statelor sunt naturalHFkQGXUPHD]IRUPHOHGHUHOLHI
úLFRQYHQ LRQDOHFkQGVHWUDVHD]SULQOLQLLFDUHQX LQFRQWGHIRUPHOH
de relief, ci de meridianele sau paralelele geografice.
Frontierele pot fi terestre, fluviale sau maritime.
)URQWLHUD GH VWDW VH VWDELOHúWH SULQ lege, în conformitate cu
WUDWDWHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH vQ FDGUXO D GRX RSHUD LXQL GHOLPLWDUHD úL
demarcarea.
7HULWRULXO XQXL VWDW FXSULQGH VSD LXO WHUHVWUX VSD LXO DFYDWLF úL
VSD LXODHULDQ
6SD LXOWHUHVWUXHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGH]RQDGHXVFDWVSD LXODFYDtic
HVWHFRPSXVGLQUkXULOHODFXULOHúLPULOHLQWHULRDUHGLQDSHOHPDULWLPH
LQWHULRDUH úL PDUHD WHULWRULDO LDU VSD LXO DHULDQ UHSUH]LQW FRORDQD GH
DHUGHGHDVXSUDFHORUODOWHGRXFRPSRQHQWH

2) 0DUHDWHULWRULDO
0DUHDWHULWRULDOHVWHSRU LXQHDGHPDUe care se întinde de-a
OXQJXOVSD LXOXLWHUHVWUXDOXQXLVWDW
(DDUHGUHSWOLPLWLQWHULRDUOLQLDGHED]FDUHSRDWHILQRUPDO
ODOLWRUDOXOIUVLQXR]LW LLGHQWLILFkQGX-se cu linia refluxului de-a lungul
UPXOXL VDX GUHDSW FkQG XQHúWH SXQFWHOH H[WUHPH DOH IRUPD LXQLORU
de stânci sau insule strâns legate de uscat cu punctele cele mai
DYDQVDWH DOH XQXL OLWRUDO VLQXRV LQFOX]kQG úL LQVWDOD LLOH SRUWXDUH
permanente.
/LPLWDH[WHULRDUDPULLWHULWRULDOHRFRQVWLWXLHROLQLHSDUDOHOFX
linia dHED]VLWXDWODPLOHPDULQHvQODUJ
6SHFLILF PULL WHULWRULDOH ID  GH FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH
WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW  HVWH F vQ DFHDVW ]RQ QDYHOH FRPHUFLDOH DOH
VWDWHORUVWULQHDXXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLY$FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHF
navele reVSHFWLYH SRW QDYLJD OLEHU SULQ PDUHD WHULWRULDO D DOWXL VWDW FX

21
UHVSHFWDUHDOHJLORUúLUHJXODPHQWHORUVWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLYúLIUDVWD LRQD
vQ]RQDE LQkQGX-VHGHODRULFHDFWLYLW LFDUHDUIDFHFDWUHFHUHDVQX
PDLILHLQRIHQVLY

3) Zonele maritime aVXSUD FURUD VWDWHOH H[HUFLW XQHOH

drepturi suverane
1HYRLOHGHVHFXULWDWHVDXGHDSUDUHDLQWHUHVHORUHFRQRPLFHDOH
VWDWHORU ULYHUDQH PULORU úL RFHDQHORU DX LPSXV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO
UHFXQRDúWHUHD vQ IDYRDUHD DFHVWRU VWDWH D XQRU GUHSWXUL VXYHUDQe în
anumite zone situate dincolo de limitele frontierei lor maritime, în
FRQWLQXDUHDPULLWHULWRULDOH
$FHVWH ]RQH VXQW ]RQD FRQWLJX SODWRXO FRQWLQHQWDO úL ]RQD
HFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY
D=RQDFRQWLJX
(VWH SRU LXQHD GHPDUHFDUHVHvQWLQGHSkQODRGLVWDQ GH
PLOHPDULQHGHODOLPLWDGHED]VSUHODUJvQFDUHVWDWXOULYHUDQH[HUFLW
FRQWUROXO SHQWUX SUHYHQLUHD vQFOFULL OHJLORU úL UHJXODPHQWHORU VDOH GLQ
GRPHQLLOHYDPDOILVFDOVDQLWDUúLDOUHJLPXOXLGHIURQWLHU
b) Platoul continental
EstH VROXO úL VXEVROXO VSD LLORU PDULWLPH FDUH VH vQWLQGH SkQ OD
OLPLWD H[WHULRDU D WDOX]XOXL FRQWLQHQWDO VDX SkQ OD R GLVWDQ  GH 
PLOH PDULQH DWXQFL FkQG WDOX]XO FRQWLQHQWDO QX DMXQJH OD DFHDVW
GLVWDQ 
ÌQ DFHDVW ]RQ VWDWXO ULYHUDQ H[HUFLW GUHSWuri suverane de
H[SORUDUHúLH[SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUVDOHQDWXUDOHGDUFXFRQGL LDFDSULQ
DFHDVWD V QX VWkQMHQHDVF QDYLJD LD OLEHU úL V QX DGXF DWLQJHUL
JUDYHUHVXUVHORUELRORJLFHDOHPULL

22
 F=RQDHFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY
(VWHRSRU LXQHDPULLOLEHUHDGLDFHQWPULLWHULWRULDOHDXQXLVWDW
FDUHVHvQWLQGHSHRGLVWDQ GHPLOHPDULQHGHODOLQLDGHED]D
UPXOXL
ÌQDFHDVW]RQVWDWXOULYHUDQDUHGUHSWXULVXYHUDQHvQFHSULYHúWH
H[SORUDUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD FRQVHUYDUHD úL JHVWLRQDUHD UHVXUselor
QDWXUDOHELRORJLFHúLQHELRORJLFHDOHDSHORUPULORUúLRFHDQHORU

4) 0DUHDOLEHU
0DUHDOLEHUHVWHDFHDSDUWHDPULORUúLRFHDQHORUFDUHQX
DSDU LQH PULL WHULWRULDOH VDX DSHORU LQWHULRDUH DOH XQXL VWDW úL DVXSUD
FUHLD QX VH H[HUFLW VXYHUDQLWDWHD YUHXQXL VWDW ILLQG GHVFKLV WXWXURU
QD LXQLORU
5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO PULL OLEHUH HVWH JXYHUQDW GH SULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LL
PULORU ÌQ PDUHD OLEHU WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL LQGLIHUHQW GDF DX VDX QX
LHúLUH OD PDUH SRW V-úL H[HUFLWH XUPWRDUHOH OLEHUW L GH QDYLJD LH GH
VXUYRO GH SHVFXLW GH D DúH]D FDEOXUL úL FRQGXFWH VXEPDULQH GH D
FRQVWUXLLQVXOHDUWLILFLDOHúLDOWHLQVWDOD LLGHDHIHFWXDFHUFHWULúWLLQ LILFH
6WDWHOHDXREOLJD LDGHDFRRSHUDvQDFHDVW]RQGHDRXWLOL]DvQ
VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY SDúQLFH GH D SUHYHQL úL VDQF LRQD LQIUDF LXQLOH
LQWHUQD LRQDOH úL GH D OXD PVXUL SHQWUX VHFXULWDWHD QDYLJD LHL úL
DMXWRUDUHDQDYHORUúLHFKLSDMHORUDIODWHvQSHULFRO

5) =RQDLQWHUQD LRQDODWHULWRULLORUVXEPDULQH
$FHDVW]RQFXSULQGHVROXOúLVXEVROXOIXQGXOXLPULORUúL
RFHDQHORUGHDVXSUDFURUDVHDIOPDUHDOLEHU
=RQD D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO XPDQLW LL 5HVXUVHOH
]RQHL VXQW LQDOLHQDELOH GUHSWXULOH DVXSUD DFHVWRUD DSDU LQkQG vQWUHJLL
RPHQLUL LDU H[SORUDUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD ORU WUHEXLH V VH IDF FX
SDUWLFLSDUHDúLvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURUVWDWHORUúLSRSRDUHORU1LFLXQVWDWQX

23
SRDWHVUHYHQGLFHVDXVH[HUFLWHVXYHUDQLWDWHDVDRULDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL
VXYHUDQHDVXSUDYUHXQHLSU LD]RQHLVDXDVXSUDUHVXUVHORUVDOH
3ULQ &RQYHQ LD DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL PULL GLQ  D IRVW FUHDW XQ
PHFDQLVP LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU SULYLQG DFHDVW
]RQFDUHFXSULQGHXUPWRDUHOHFRPSRQHQWH$XWRULWDWHD,QWHUQD LRQDO
D WHULWRULLORU VXEPDULQH ,QWUHSULQGHUHD úL &DPHUD SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD
diferendelor.

6) 6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQWvQWLQGHULGHDSVLWXDWHvQWUH
SRU LXQLGHXVFDWFDUHIRUPHD]WUHFHULvQJXVWHSHQWUXQDYLJD LH
'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOUHFXQRDúWHWXWXURUVWDWHORUXQGUHSWGHWUDQ]LW
prin strâPWRUL VLPLODU GUHSWXOXL GH WUHFHUH LQRIHQVLY SULQ PDUHD
WHULWRULDOFXUHVSHFWDUHDVXYHUDQLW LLVWDWHORUSHWHULWRULXOFURUDVHDIO
DFHVWH VWUkPWRUL 6WUkPWRULOH 0ULL 1HJUH VXQW FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH
VWUkPWRULLQWHUQD LRQDOH

7) Canalele maritime internD LRQDOH

&DQDOHOHVXQWFLGHQDYLJD LHDUWLILFLDOHFRQVWUXLWHSHQWUXDOHJD
GRXPULVDXRFHDQHvQVFRSXOVFXUWULLUXWHORUGHQDYLJD LH
,PSRUWDQ DSHFDUHFDQDOHOHPDULWLPHFRQVWUXLWHSHWHULWRULXOXQRU
VWDWH R SUH]LQW SHQWUX QDYLJD LD LQWHUQD LRQDO D IFXW FD XQHOH GLQWUH
DFHVWHDVGREkQGHDVFXQVWDWXWLQWHUQD LRQDO
ÌQHVHQ VWDWXWXOMXULGLFDODFHVWRUFDQDOHFRQVDFUOLEHUWDWHDGH
trecere pentru toate categoriile de nave ale tuturor statelor atât în timp
GHSDFHFkWúLvQWLPSGHU]ERLSUHFXPúLGUHSWXOVWDWHORUULYHUDQHFD
vQ DQXPLWH FRQGL LL V LPSXQ XQHOH UHVWULF LL SHQWUX DSUDUHD SURSULHL
VHFXULW L
3ULQFLSDOHOHFDQDOHPDULWLPHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQW6XH]3DQDPDúL
Kiel.

24
 )OXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
)OXYLLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH VXQW DSH FXUJWRDUH FDUH WUDYHUVHD] VDX
VHSDUWHULWRULLOHDGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHúLVXQWQDYLJDELOHSkQOD
YUVDUHDORUvQPDUH
5HJLPXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO DFHVWRU IOXYLL VH UHIHU vQ JHQHUDO OD
QDYLJD LHvQSULYLQ DFUHLDVHDSOLFSULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LLGHQDYLJD LH
3HIOXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHQDYHOHFRPHUFLDOHDOHWXWXURUVWDWHORUSRW
QDYLJD OLEHU ILLQG LQWHU]LV FLUFXOD LD QDYHORU GH U]ERL DOH VWDWHORU
neriverane.
5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQDYLJD LHLSH'XQUHHVWHvQSUH]HQWVWDELOLWSULQ
&RQYHQ LDGHODBelgrad din 1948.

9) Zonele cu regim juridic special

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDODFRQVDFUDWH[LVWHQ DSHJOREDXQRU]RQHFX
un regim juridic special. Acestea sunt, pe de o parte, zonele polare,
$UFWLFD úL $QWDUFWLFD LDU SH GH DOW SDUWH ]RQHOH GHPLOLWDUL]Dte, zonele
QHXWUDOL]DWHúL]RQHOHGHQXFOHDUL]DWH

6SD LXODHULDQ
)LHFDUHVWDWDUHVXYHUDQLWDWHGHSOLQúLH[FOXVLYDVXSUDVSD LXOXL
DWPRVIHULFVLWXDWGHDVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLVXFDUHFRQVWLWXLHVSD LXDHULDQ
QD LRQDOÌQDFHVWVSD LXVHUHFXQRDúWHvQVOLEHUWDWHDWUDILFXOXLDHULDQ
FDUHLPSOLFXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLYDDHURQDYHORUFLYLOHDOHDOWRU
VWDWH FDUH VH H[HUFLW vQV vQ FRQGL LL VWDELOLWH GH ILHFDUH VWDW FX
UHVSHFWDUHDFRQYHQ LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOHvQPDWHULH
Suveranitatea statulXL DVXSUD VSD LXOXL VX DHULDQ  VH
PDWHULDOL]HD]vQSULPXOUkQGSULQGUHSWXOVXGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOMXULGLF
GHVXUYRODVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLSURSULXDWkWSHQWUXDURQDYHOHQD LRQDOHFkW
úLSHQWUXFHOHVWULQH

25
 6SD LXO DHULDQ VLWXDW GLQFROR GH OLPLWHOH MXULVGLF LHL QD LRQDOH HVWH
GHVFKLVQDYLJD LHLDHULHQHDWXWXURUVWDWHORUHOFRQVWLWXLQGVSD LXODHULDQ
LQWHUQD LRQDO
&RODERUDUHD LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ GRPHQLXO QDYLJD LHL DHULHQH úL vQ
VSHFLDODDYLD LHLFLYLOHHVWHGHRVHELWGHGH]YROWDWPDWHULDOL]kQGX-se în
FRQYHQ LL PXOWLODWHUDOH úL QXPHURDVH FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH FHD PDL
LPSRUWDQW ILLQG &RQYHQ LD UHIHULWRDUH OD QDYLJD LD FLYLO vQFKHLDW OD
Chicago în 1944.
3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX UHJOHPHQWDUHD ]ERUXULORU
DHULHQHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHOLEHUW LDOHDHUXOXLvQWUHFDUH
SULYHVF OLEHUW LOH GH WUDILF OLEHUWDWHD GH VXUYROIUHVFDOúLOLEHUWDWHD
GHHVFDOWHKQLFLDUFHOHODOWHVXQWOLEHUW LFRPHUFLDOHUHIHULWRDUHOD
vPEDUFDUHDúLGHEDUFDUHDGHSDVDJHULPUIXULúLFRUHVSRQGHQ 
([HUFLWDUHDDFHVWRUOLEHUW LGHFWUHGLIHULWHFDWHJRULLGHDHURQDYH
VH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH vQFKHLDWH vQWUH VWDWHOH
interesate.
3HQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD UHJOHPHQWULORU úL D PVXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ
acest domeniu tot la Chicago, vQ DFHODúL DQ V-D vQILLQ DW 2UJDQL]D LD
$YLD LHL&LYLOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH2$&,

6SD LXOFRVPLFH[WUDDWPRVIHULF

,QWUDUHDvQVIHUDGHLQWHUHVDVWDWHORUDVSD LXOXLFRVPLFRGDWFX
ODQVDUHDvQDSULPXOXLVDWHOLWDUWLILFLDODOSPkQWXOXLDGHWHUminat o
YDVWDF LXQHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDVWDWXWXOXLMXULGLFDODFHVWXLD
7UDWDWXOSULYLQGSULQFLSLLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQ
H[SORUDUHD úL XWLOL]DUHD VSD LXOXL DWPRVIHULF LQFOXVLY /XQD úL FHOHODOWH
FRUSXUL FHUHúWL´ vQFKHLDW vQ  SUHFXP úL QXPHURDVH DOWH FRQYHQ LL
LQWHUQD LRQDOHXOWHULRDUHDXVWDELOLWSULQFLSLLOHúLUHJXOLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]
DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQVSD LXOFRVPLF

26
 6SD LXO FRVPLF D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO vQWUHJLL
XPDQLW L QLFL XQ VWDW QHILLQG vQGUHSW LW V-úL SURFODPH VXYHUDQLWDWHD
DVXSUDDFHVWXLDV-ORFXSHVDXV-OIRORVHDVFvQPRGH[FOXVLY
6WDWHOH WUHEXLH V FRRSHUH]H vQ WRDWH SUREOHPHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD
VSD LXO FRVPLF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX SULQFLSLLOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO V
IRORVHDVF DFHVW VSD LX vQ FRQGL LL GH HJDOLWDWH úL vQ VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY
SDúQLFHvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURU ULORUIUGLVFULPLQUL

Capitolul VIII –'UHSWXOGLSORPDWLFúLFRQVXODU

'UHSWXO GLSORPDWLF úL FRQVXODU FRQVWLWXLH XQ DQVDPEOX GH

UHJOHPHQWUL SULYLQG GLIHULWH DVSHFWH DOH DFWLYLW LORU GLSORPDWLFH úL
FRQVXODUH GHVIúXUDWH GH FWUH VWDWH SULQ RUJDQHOH ORU LQWHUQH úL
H[WHULRDUHvQVFRSXOUHDOL]ULLSROLWLFLLORUH[WHUQHúLDFRODERUULLFXDOWH
VWDWH vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ FDGUXO XQRU FRQJUHVH úL FRQIHULQ H
LQWHUQD LRQDOHSUHFXPúLDORUJDQL]D LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOH
1RUPHOH GUHSWXOXL GLSORPDWLF úL FRQVXODU VXQW DVW]L FRGLILFDWH vQ
FHDPDLPDUHSDUWHvQFDGUXODGRXFRQYHQ LLLQWHUQD LRQDOHVHPQDWHOD
Viena – &RQYHQ LD SULYLQG UHOD LLOH GLSORPDWLFH  úL &RQYHQ La cu
SULYLUHODUHOD LLOHFRQVXODUH
6WUXFWXULOH LQVWLWX LRQDOH FDUH UHSUH]LQW LQWHUHVHOH VWDWHORU vQ
UHOD LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHúLGHVIúRDURDFWLYLWDWHGLSORPDWLFVXQWSRWULYLW
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO XUPWRDUHOH úHIXO VWDWXOXL JXYHUQXO SUimul
PLQLVWUX 0LQLVWHUXO $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH úL vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH FHOHODOWH
ministere.
$FWLYLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF vQ H[WHULRUXO ULL VH UHDOL]HD] GH FWUH
misiunile diplomatice.

0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLF
Misiunile diplomatice pot fi permanente sau temporare.

27
 Trimiterea sau primirea unei misiuni diplomatice permanente se
IDFHvQED]DGUHSWXOXLGHOHJD LHDPEDVDGFDUHHVWHDFWLYWULPLWHUHD
sau pasiv (primirea).
6WDWHOH KRWUVF GH FRPXQ DFRUG V VWDELOHDVF UHOD LL
GLSORPDWLFHVWDELOLQGWRWRGDWúLUDQJXOPLVLXQLLGLSORPDWLFH
5DQJXULOH PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH VXQW DPEDVDG VDX OHJD LH GDU
PLVLXQLOH GLSORPDWLFH SRW SXUWD úL DOWH GHQXPLUL QXQFLDWXU RILFLX
UHSUH]HQWDQ HWF
5DQJXO úHIXOXL XQHL PLVLXQL GLSORPDWLFH HVWH vQ UDSRUW GH UDQJXO
misLXQLL DFHOD GH DPEDVDGRU WULPLV H[WUDRUGLQDU úL PLQLVWUX
SOHQLSRWHQ LDUvQVUFLQDWFXDIDFHUL
$PEDVDGRULLúLWULPLúLLH[WUDRUGLQDULVHDFUHGLWHD]SHOkQJúHIXO
VWDWXOXLLDUvQVUFLQD LLFXDIDFHULSHOkQJPLQLVWHUHOHDIDFHULORUH[WHUQH
Misiunea GLSORPDWLF vQGHSOLQHúWH IXQF LL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH GH
QHJRFLHUL GH SURWHMDUH D LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL úL D FHW HQLORU VL GH
REVHUYDUHúLLQIRUPDUHGHSURPRYDUHDUHOD LLORUFRQVXODU
Personalul misiunii diplomatice se împarte în 3 categorii:
diplomatiFúLFRQVXODUWHKQLFúLDGPLQLVWUDWLYGHVHUYLFLX
%XQDGHVIúXUDUHDDFWLYLW LLXQHLPLVLXQLGLSORPDWLFHDLPSXVFD
PLVLXQHD vQVúL úL SHUVRQDOXO VX V EHQHILFLH]H GH XQHOH LPXQLW L úL
privilegii.
,PXQLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF VH PDQLIHVW VXE GRX PDUL Dspecte:
LQYLRODELOLWDWHDúLLPXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LH
,QYLRODELOLWDWHDHVWHRPVXUGHRFURWLUHID GHRULFHSUHVLXQLúL
LQJHULQ H GLQ SDUWHD DXWRULW LORU VWDWXOXL GH HD EHQHILFLLQG VHGLXO
PLVLXQLL DUKLYHOH GLSORPDWLFH FRUHVSRQGHQ D GLSORPDWLF úL personalul
diplomatic.
,PXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LHSULYHúWHSHUVRQDOXOGLSORPDWLFúLvPEUDF
IRUPHFRQVDFUDWHSHQDODGPLQLVWUDWLYFLYLOúLGHH[HFXWDUH

28
 3ULYLOHJLLOHGLSORPDWLFHUHSUH]LQWDQXPLWHDYDQWDMHSHFDUHVWDWXO
DFUHGLWDU OH DFRUG PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH DFUHGLWDWH úL SHUVRQDOXOXL
acesteia.
0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLFEHQHILFLD]GHGUHSWXOGHDDUERUDGUDSHOXO
VWDWXOXLVXSHORFDOXODPEDVDGHLúLSHPLMORDFHOHGHWUDQVSRUWGHVFXWLUL
GH LPSR]LWH úL WD[H SHQWUX WRDWH EXQXULOH úL DFWHOH RILFLDOH SH care le
vQWRFPHúWH
3HUVRQDOXO GLSORPDWLF EHQHILFLD]  GH VFXWLUH GH WD[H úL LPSR]LWH
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0LVLXQHDFRQVXODU
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VDXGHFWUHFRQVXOLRQRULILFL
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rangul consulului care o conduce: consulat general, consulat,
YLFHFRQVXODWVDXDJHQ LHFRQVXODU
)XQF LLOH XQHL PLVLXQL FRQVXODUH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH SURWHMDUHD
LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL úL D FHW Hnilor proprii, informarea, favorizarea
UHOD LLORU HOLEHUDUHD GH SDúDSRDUWH úL DFRUGDUHD GH YL]H GLSORPDWLFH
DFWLYLW L GH QRWDU úL GH RIL HU GH VWDUH FLYLO VDX GH UHSUH]HQWDUH vQ
MXVWL LHLQVSHFWDUHDúLDMXWRUDUHDHFKLSDMHORUQDYHORUúLDHURQDYHORUHWF.
3ULYLOHJLLOH úL LPXQLW LOH FRQVXOLORU GDF QX VXQW WRWRGDW úL
membri ai misiunii diplomatice, sunt relativ restrânse în raport cu cele
DOHGLSORPD LORU

&DSLWROXO,;7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO

7UDWDWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLH XQXO GLQ LQVWUXPHQWHOe principale

DOH UHOD LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH úL WRWRGDW SULQFLSDOXO L]YRU DO GUHSWXULORU úL
REOLJD LLORUVWDWHORUvQFDGUXODFHVWRUUHOD LL

29
 &HOPDLLPSRUWDQWWUDWDWLQWHUQD LRQDOHVWH&DUWD218
7UDWDWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHSRDUWGLYHUVHGHQXPLULWUDWDWFRQYHQ LH
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UHFXUJH OD DFHD GHQXPLUH FDUH UHIOHFW PDL ELQH VHPQLILFD LD
documentului pe care îl încheie.
'H UHJXO XQ WUDWDW LQWHUQD LRQDO FXSULQGH XUPWRDUHOH  SU L
preambulul, cupULQVXO GLVSR]LWLYXO SDUWHD ILQDO VHPQWXULOH úL
anexele.
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UDSRUW GH FDUH VH DSUHFLD] YDOLGLWDWHD VD MXULGLF HOHPHQWH FDUH
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accesorii.
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a) 3U LOHODWUDWDWWUHEXLHVDLEFDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFGHDvQFKHLD
WUDWDWHGHFLVILHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
b) 9RLQ D SU LORU WUHEXLH V ILH OLEHU H[SULPDW 2ULFH DOWHUDUH D
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reprezentantului unui stat, constrângerea împotriva
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GUHSWXULúLREOLJD LLSHQWUXSU L

30
 e) 7UDWDWXO V ILH JXYHUQDW GH QRUPHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO V
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care depind intrarea în vigoare, respectarea unor clauze sau încetarea
tratatului.
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Negocierea tratatului este un proces laborios în care persoanele
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stabilesc textul tratatuOXL3URFHVXOGHQHJRFLHUHVHGHVIúRDUvQGRX
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ratificarea, aderarea, acceptarea sau aprobarea tratatului.
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simplu, acceptându-OvQvQWUHJLPHRULSRWIRUPXODUH]HUYHVDXGHFODUD LL
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cele multilaterale într-XQDVDXPDLPXOWHOLPELGHFLUFXOD LHXQLYHUVDO

31
 TUDWDWHOH YDODELO vQFKHLDWH SURGXF HIHFWH vQWUH SU LOH OD WUDWDW
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similare celor folosite la încheierea lor.
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termenXOXLSHQWUXFDUHDXIRVWvQFKHLDWH7UDWDWHOHSRWvQFHWDúLvQDLQWH
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state.

32
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concilierea;
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MXVWL LDLQWHUQD LRQDO
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1)Mijloacele politico-GLSORPDWLFHIUFDUDFWHUMXULVGLF LRQDO

33
 a) Tratativele (negocierile)
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diferende sau litigii dintre state prin tratative prevenindu-se ori
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pU L
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de a pune în contact sau a restabili contactele între respectivele state.
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34
 F0HGLD LXQHD
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asupra modului de rezolvare a diferendului.
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Concilierea este metoda prin care un diferend este examinat de o
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35
 0LMORDFHOHFXFDUDFWHUMXULVGLF LRQDO
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neutru.
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aflate în diferend.

36
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1920-1945.
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judiciar al acesteia.

3) 3URFHGXULGHVROX LRQDUHSDúQLFDGLIHUHQGHORU
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regionale.
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de modificare a mediului în scopuri militare.

42
 ÌQ FH SULYHúWH PHWRGHOH GH OXSW sunt interzise: perfidia, refuzul
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