Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PublIC Llbr.ry 01
(. I nc I rln~tl Ha-nlltOII
Co
FIL
yourself
teach
Iapanese
CQ'!$gory
goal
all-around confidence
language
content • learn to speak and understand japanese • progress quickly beyond the basics • explore the language in depth
teach yourself
japanese
teach yourself
japanese
h. j. ballhatchet and s. kaiser
FOr over 60 years, more than 40 million people- have leamt over 750 subjects the- teach yourself Wc1/, with impressive results. be INhere you want to be with teach yourself
ix xii 1
introduction
01
kanal desu this is my wife basic Japanese sentences, introductions and forms of address, simple Questions, countries and nationality resularan wa loi clesu ka? is the restaurant far? questions about where thhlgS are, adjectives, everyday greetings shi di ga lakusan arlmasu ne haven't you got a lot of compact discs! there is and I have, arlmasu for objects and
02
13
113
24
04
someone's house biflJ demo nomlmashO ka? sball we have a beer or something? 32 ordinary verbs, some new particles and more on wa, language for wining and dining
05
Rondon de kale
hikimashifa
I caught
a cold in London
44
past experiences, verbs of motion, time expressions, joining sentences, giviRg souvenirs,
06
feminine sentenee endlngs yube wa zuibL,ln nooda desha? you had quite
56
vi
n
07
yakyu
3III ~
S'
come and see the baseball? 1urth eruses of parnc Ies, explan atary statements, public holidays
71 15 80
able or unable to do neru mae nikono kusuri robed clauses involving time (including when and before), must and must not, it ~eems and apparently, being ill in Japan
0
vii
1:)
nonde kud~
!
169
3-
08
jusu ga hoshii I want some juice wishes and requests, likes and dislikes, train journeys, informal speech and given names
S'
09
kono chairo no enpltsu wa ippon ikura desu ka? how much is one of these brown pencils? prices and costs per unit, counting items, colours, shopping
16 95
17
tetsudaHeagemashO ka? shall I help you? imperatives, indirect requests, 'giving' and 'doing' favours, addressing and referring to members of the family Suzuki-san wa hik6ki nl noriokure.so',desu it looks as jf Suzuki-san will miss the plane
184
10
biru mo wain mo reizoko nl Ireta? did you put both the beer and the wine in the fridge? uses of wa, ga and mo, linking nouns, entertaining guests
197
108
convtctron, more
uses of the ·Ie form, indirect questions, more sentence endings with the idea of seems, airports and air-travel
11
Yamada-san ga matte im Yamada-san is wafting ccnnnous action, uses of the -te form of the verb, working In Japanese companies
118
18
irasJlIte Itadakemasen dashO ka? might you be able to come? honorific and humble speech, expressions of contrast and purpose, parties
.214
12
wareta n' ja nakute, watta n' desM? it didn't get broken, you broke it, didn't you? intransitive and transitive verbs, impersonal sentences with ·Ie aru, emotions. Japanese sound symbolism
133
19
moshi o-kane ga attara, Iglrisu e itte milal wa If I had the money, I'd like to go to Britain expressing hope and regret, another use of -te mo, various ways of sayjng only, the weather and the Japanese yearly cycle
231
13
Jiru-san wa do omoimasu ka? what do you think, Jill? 144 reporting what people say, giving your opinion, asking how to say something in Japanese, more on the ·Ie form of vertis and the conjunctive forms of adjectives, marriages in Japan, congratulating people
20
Waseda ka Kelo
we intend to get him to take the entrance exams to Waseda or Ke/o maklng or allowing people to do things, more in/out group expressions, a female way of ending sentences
14
watashi wa sorosoro kekkon shita h6 ga II desu I ought to be getting married soon forming the equivalent of English relative clauses in Japanese, allowing or recommending
157
viii
21
five had
s a
m
::!
my wallettaken
the passive and causative passive, another way of (}xpressing reasons, the police and crime in Japan
258
iii'
22
f}fIi'fJ
me a hand,
272
dialects and
informal Japanese, revision and expansion of Imownstructures, common insults appendix 1: numbers anil counting appendix 2: basic noun and adjeeUve forms appendix 3: basic verb fOnTIs appendix 4: basic -uverbpaHems
290 292 294 296 297 306 307 323 326 339
You are advised to read the Inzroduction with care as it contains information that will be useful in learning the language, including an outline of how japanese sounds are pronounced. You may find it useful to keep referring back to it as you work through the first few units.
e
UJ
(I)
PIt-
Contents of a unit
Each unit starts with a brief description of what it contains.
Dialogues
Set in a wide variety of everyday situations, the dialogues (kaiwa in Japanese) form the core of each unit. They are generally divided into two or m.oresectio~s, each pre?eded by a few sentences to set the scene. For the first four units, these sentences are in English, and after that in non-conversational Japanese. This will provide you with an opporturu'o/ to develop an understanding of this style, too, and a basts .on which to go on to study written Japanese should you decide to do so.. English translations accompany the first two dialogues toea~e you into the Japanese text; thereafter, only new vocabulary IS given, with cross-references to explanations of Dewstructures and language and society information.
:::T UJ
_.
cO
~
Acknowledg:ements
We would like to thank Ms Tomoko Aoyama of the University of Queensland for her help and advice; responsibility far any mistakes, however, lies with- us.. . The publishers and authors would also like to thank the following for granting permission to reproduce material in this book; p. 72 Tokyo Yomiuri Kyojin Gun; p..93 Teito Kosokudo Kotsu Eidan.
True or false?
These serve to test your understanding of the dialogues; do Dot attempt them until you have a good grasp of the dialogue. If you find that your answer does not match the key. try working out where you went wrong by going over the dialogues again.
Structures
In order to get an idea of the points covered in a new unit, you may wish to read through this section first of all, but you will probably find it easier to look up structures as you are referred to them in the vocabulary boxes follow ing the dialogues. New .. structures are often given in pattern form: for example, A wa B desu (A is B). An explanation will foHow, telling you about things like the relationship between A and B, what kinds of words can be used in these positions, and how to form the negative of the new pattern. This approach is adapted here because of its suitability in illustrating differences in word order to Western students of Japanese. You will also see structures expressed in the form of, for instance, [noun] 0 kudasai please give me [noun]. Among other things, this is again useful for illustrating differences in word order between English and Japanese. When example sentences are very straightforward, we have not given an English equivalent.
beginning, as they lay the foundation for a good pronunciation - mistakes are difficlut to correct later on! When starting a new unit, it is perhaps best if you listen to the dialogue once or twice to get a very general impression of the new material. Theu you should read the explanation of what the unit contains, work out what the setting is (given in Japanese from Unit 5), and read through the vocabulary, Structures and Language and society sections before going back to the recording. Repeat this process until you have a good grasp of the new unit. Try to check your command of the new material by first speaking along with the recording, then stopping it at the relevant points to take over a dialogue part yourself. Do not attempt the true or false questions or the recorded practice material until you have mastered the new unit. Finally check your understanding by doing the exercises.
xi
o
e o
..,
:l
r+
... _. o
c.
sentence may consist of a verb only (mita can mean 1 saw him/her/it etc.), It is therefore fair to say that Japanese depends more on the context than English. Word order differences deserve special attention in the Japanese equivalents to English relative clauses and comparative sentences. Thus, Yesterday I saw a man who had red· trousers turns out something like the following in Japanese word order: Yesterday red trousers had man saw. He is bigger than I usually has the order of he ~han.1 bigger is. Note, however, that except for the verb (which is Iways at the end of a sentence), Japanese word order is more flexible than English word order. Japanese is not a difficult language to learn, especially at the basic level. To begin with, pronunciation is easy, which makes it eminently suitable for self-study. The language is best suited to explanation based on sentence patterns or 'structures'; these are especially useful for the learner since new sentences can often be formed simply by substituting other words or expressions. This is possible because in Japanese you need not worry about making words agree in terms of distinctions between masculine/feminine Or singular/plural as in languages such as French or German. New structures are listed in the vocabulary after each dialogue with a cross-reference if a further explanation is given.. The following abbreviations are used: S = Structures, 15
xiii
i
D.
C
o·
:;I
Particles
Relationships between parts of speech, which in English and other European languages are indic~ted by mean: of. cas,e endings or prepositions, are expressed m Japanese by particles', which are attached directly after the word they mark .. In the structure notes this is indicated as, for instance [place] e to [place], which gives three pieces of information in ~s instance: (l) e is equivalent in meaning to to; (2) to comes 10 front of a noun in English whereas e is attached after the noun in Japanese; and (3) the noun used with e in this structure mdicates a place.
Speech levels
Japanese uses different forms of verbs (and, occasi~nally, other words) for formal and informal levels of speech. Units 8, 16 and 18 specifically deal with this, but relevant information is given in various other places too, as this is an area that requires special attention from English speakers.
= Language
and society.
Writing system
The system of romanized script used in this book 1S usually called the modified Hepburn system, which is better suited for English speakers than the kunrei system officially used in japan. although the differences are not great. A few words on the nature of the Japanese writing system may be useful for the learner: japanese is written in a mixture of Chinese characters (imported some 1,500 years ago) or kanji, as they are called in japan, and kana, two syllabaries derived from kanji. Roughly speaking, kanji are used for those parts of ~e language that convey meaning, while hiragana (the cursive
Word order
In English, verbs precede their objects (I saw 0. man), but in Japanese they normally follow their object, coming last in a sentence. Subjects (1.in the English sentence above), and even objects (man) are often optional in Japanese, 0 a Japanese
.xiv
g:
::I
variety of kana) are used for elements indicating the {unctions of words. (particles, tense-endings and such like). The second, square-looking set of kana (katakana) is used in a way akin to our italics to give prominence to words. Katakana are particularly common for words of Western origin (for words of Chinese provenance, kanji are, of course, used), words depicting a sound (Japanese has a rich inventory of these - see Unit 12), and, traditionally, the texts of telegrams. H you want to learn more about the Japanese script, look out for Teach Yourself Beginner's Japanese Script, which will give you a step-by-step introduction to reading and writing simple Japanese.
consonants, which are either used to double the consonant (other than n, m) in a non-initial syllable (to-te-me -+ to-t-te-mo), or 'syllabic -n', which is used to double the consonants n and m, but also occurs at the end of another syllable or between other syllables without doubling them: sa-~, sa-n-kai (~ee the section on consonants below for pronunciation of syllabic -0). The following table contains the basic Japanese syllable structure:
vowel consonant + vowel a i
D
xv
syllabic -n
ta da na ha
ill
Ita
ga
gi
sa
za
pa
ki
leu
ke ko
shi ji gu su zu
se ze
chi
tsu
e
0
ge go
re
to
so
zo
mu yu ru nu de ne he pc be me re do no ho po bo mo yo co
hi pI bi fu pu bu
ba rna ya ra rni ri
wa
-n
nya hya pya bya my a nyubyu pyu byu rnyu nyohyo pyo byornyo
Vowels
Japanese vowels are pure and clipped; the strong contraction of the throat that takes place .at the beginning of English words starting with a vowel is almost unnoticeable in Japanese ".Loog vowels have the same quality as short ones; they are Simply longer in duration. '
Consonant.s
Most consonants are similar to English consonants, although k, g, s,Z, t, d, p and b are all pronounc~d without .the noticeable puff of air that accompanies the English sounds ":"'- ccentuated a position. Special attention is needed for the syllabic -n, As the consonant in a consonant + vowel combination (na erc.), n causes no difficulties, however, syllabic -n requires some attention as its pronunciation changes according to the sound following it: • Before p, b, m it is pronounced m: an-pi [pron, ampi) an-bai (pron. amhai) an-rna (pron. amrna)
Syllable st.ructure
A Japanese syllable consists of a vowel alone (a, i, etc.), a combination of a consonant + vowel (e.g. ka, tal, or consonant + glide + vowel (kya, cha); these syllables can in principle be lengthened by doubling the short vowel. There are no syllabic
xvi
• •
i
D. C
Before t, [51 d, n, ch, j it is pronounced n. (the same sound as in na etc.): antei, annal, encho Before k and g it is pronounced ng (as- in English singer): ginko,shingo Before all other sounds, or at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a nasal n, This sound is like the nasal French 'Jean', but as it constitutes a separate syllable in Japanese the preceding vowel is not nasalized. "Before vowels and y. this syllabic nasal is marked by an apostrophe to distinguish it from the n in na, no, etc. Compare the following pairs: kani kana
kanyu
short vowels: asa kita sulci asa kiita saki seki loko koko
xvii
!l
0o
koko
Whispered vowels
In Standard Japanese, which is based on the Tokyo dialect, a short i or u occurring between unvoiced consonants (k, s, t, h, p) becomes unvoiced too, making it scarcely audible (like a
kan'i kan'6
kan'yu
appearing to be totally absent: train k(u)sa grass the seasons s(u)koshi a little strength ts(u)ki moon aeroplane f(u)ton futon exactly p(u)rin pudding (creme caramel)
kiya versus kya etc. Whereas ki-ya is a combination of two syllables pronounced consecutively, kya is a single syllable. Pronounce the following pairs: kiyaku kyaku biyoin byoin shiy6nin shonin riyaku ryaku jiyuka jiika riyoshi ryoshi Single versus double consonants Doubling means 'holding' the consonant fat a syllable's length. Compare the following pairs: a-ka Ma-sa-o ma-ra i-chi
Despite
Unvoicing of the same vowels often takes place at the end of a word as we1l, although it is optional: h(i)tots(u)lh(i)totsu £(u}tats(u)/f(u)tatsu ntitts(u)/mittsu yotts(u)/yottsu its(u)ts(u)/itsuts(u) ikimas(u) Hade des(u) one two three
four
five
Foreign words
Japanese has a large stock of words that were originally introduced from China, the so-called Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Many terms associated with modern technology, such as demva (telephone) and hikoki (aeroplane) are of Chinese coinage. The bulk. of Sino-Japanese words) however, were brought to Japan long ago and may be said to playa role comparable to words derived from Latin or Classical Greek in present-day English. For example the difference in usage found between English words such as to begin/to commence or of the flight/nocturnal has its parallels in expressions like hajimerulkaishi suru and yoru no/yakan no? the second word being used in formal language or as a technical term.
Single venus double vowels Recall that a double vowel is a syllable longer. In the romanization used in this book, macrons are used over the short vowel for doubled a (a), a (0) and u (u), whereas the double e-sound is written ei, and double i, ii. (In loanwords from English and other Western languages, however, e and i are used; e is also used for the few items where ee occurs in japanese spelling, such as e
~
c:
.a:
0.
In the wake of the impact of West em civilization on japan, there has been an influx of words from European languages like Dutch, Portuguese and German over the past few centuries (e.g. pan. bread from Portuguese; biro., bl'!et from Dutch; and karate, (patient's) card from German), but since the Second World War foreign loanwords have been taken almost exclusively from American English. It is important to make a habit of pronouncing these in the Japanese w.ay, if communication is not to be seriously impaired. For example, suteki steak konpyiita computer supIka loudspeaker Often shortened forms are used:
biru building dejikame digital camera
Particles attached to these W01'ds will be at the same level of pitch as the last syllable. Different endings attached to verbs and adjectives may bring about a change in acce':lt (although the younger generation now tends to leave the adjacent accent on the same syllable), for examples
ta ra shi a- -_.. -i
xix
a a
0.
c:
is new
a- .
ta-ra- ..
a o
.:::1
shi-ka-t-ra
was new
Many English-type expressions are actually coined in Japan, often using truncated forms of English words in new combinations (pansuto 'panty stocking', i.. panty hose). e. Loanwords are generally adapted to Japanese syllable structure and sounds by inserting vowels between consonant dusters and after final consonantsc Christmas ku-ri-su-ma-sn lamp ranpu mat ma-t-to Tom Tomu Exceptions are words or names ending in -n and ~tz.g, which become (nasalized) -n in Japanese:
the Japanese accent may be said to provide a natural sentence melody rather than distinguish items-of vocabulary; failure to apply it correctly will not normally impede communicati~n. While the higher/lower relations are. almost exactly opposite between Standard Japanese and the dialects of Western Japan, this does not greatly seem to impede mutual understanding. In this boek, no accent markings are given, but many dictionaries indicate the accent of individual vocabulary items according to various systems .. Although accent will differ greatly by area in Japan, do try to attempt to develop an ear for the subtle ups and downs in the speech of native speakers when~ver you have the chance: this will give your Japanese the final
polish.
Jane
tongue
Jen
in restaurants, erc.)
There are some syllables (not contained in the table') that are restricted to use in Western loanwords, such as je Gen, Jane) and ti (ti, tea).
de
Accent
The Japanese accent consists of differences in pitch, that is to say somesyllables are relatively higher or lower than others. To our ears, these differences are rather slight in comparison to the quite marked stresses of English, and therefore difficult to pick up. Below are some examples of Standard Japanese accent (in dialects, you will often hear different accents for the same words): Kyo-o -to Y.o~ko-ha-m:a .-ho NI -n
sa
Tokyo end of a European trading company; Jill, his American wifewho teaches English at a Tokyo language school; Ken, their sixteen-year-old son, attending an international school in Tokyo.
The Anzai family Anzai-san, Tom Herd's dentist, a middle-aged Japanese; his wife, currently engaged in looking after the family full-time;
-yo-o-na
-ra
xx
f
o
Michiko-san, their sixteen-year-old daughter, attending a Tokyo high school; Taro-knn, their ten-year-old son, attending a Tokyo primary school. Yamada-san,
twenties,
go
:I
Jill
Suzuki-san, a senior employee of Yamanaka Maketingu, a Japanese firm based in Sendai, a middle-aged man who is a long-time business associate of Tom Herd. (This list is given to clarify the sex, age, status and interrelationships of the various characters in the book, since this affectstbe sort of Japanese which they use to each other.]
J\
Ha
~~ An
t"
do zai
~A
To
~)V
J!
?- /'
Ke n
mu
ru
r+
Jir
Michl ko
~a~
zr
(f)
tlJ83
Varna da
83er
Ta
naka
~*
Suzu
Id
Ta
rO
-"
en
--+0
'<
CD
m 3 ::l m ~. _.
~
a
LS
5 lit.
section is on the
C. CD til C
In this unit you will learn • how to fonn some basic Japanese sentences • how to introduce and address people • how to identify things • how to ask simple questions • how to talk about countries, nationality, etc.
DDialogues
Tom Herd and his wife have gone into a Tokyo coffee shop. Tem thinks he recognizes someone sitting at a table reading a newspaper.
Tom Anzai Tom Jill Anzal Tom Jill Tom Anzai Tom Jill Anzai Tom Jill ala
To kyo
Elgo English (language) - LS4 sense.i teacher· ~ so desu that is so (sentence] k.a? - $2· Iglrisujln British (person) [sentence] ne - 83
okusan /your/his) wife [noun] mo - S4 Tlelle no de wa arimasen negative of desu AmerikaJln Amerl~n (person)
3 g
iif
iii'
'<
o ......
Shitsurei desu ga ... A, HMoooSan!Shibaraku desu ne. (to Anzai) Sensei (gestures in Jill's dlrectiof)) - kanai desu. Jlru to rncshlmasu. Hajimete a-me nikakarimasu. Anzai desu. Hajimemashite. Anzai-sensei wa baku no ha-isha-san desu. Doza yaroshiku.
Excuse me, but ... Well, Herd-san! It's been some- time since we've met. Sensel- my wife. My name is Jill. How do you do. I'm Anzai. How do you do. Anzai-sensei I's myde-ntist. Pleased to meet you. [noun] wa - S1 shlbaraku desu ne • Unl.t 2 LS2 boku I boku no (noun] my {noun] (used by men only) . [noun] no [nounl - S6 ha-Isha dentist (ha tooth + isha doctor) dozo yoroshlku • LS1
True or false?
t Anzai-sensei wa T omu-san no ha-isha desu, 2 Jim-san wa Eigo no sensei de wa arimasen. J Jiru-san wa Igirisujin desu .
a
Jill
o ......
They all get up to go, leaving the newspaper on the table. Tom notices an umbrella on the floor and picks it up ..
Tom Anza] Anzal Tom Annl Jill Anzai
(to Anzai) Kore wa sensei nokasa desu ka? Hal, watashi no desu. DOmo. Shlnbun mo sensei no desuka? lie,. sore wa watashi no de wa arimasan,
fsn'tthis your umbrella? Yes, It's mine. Thanks, Is the newspaper yours too?
No, that's not mine.
this. 55 domo thanks
.LS2
sensei kanai
J,
- LS2
desu
k.ore
kasa
umbrella
Tom and
Tom Anzal Tom Tom Anzal Tom
Jill
A, sO desu ka. Hado-san walgirislIjin dssu ne. Okusan rno Igirisujin desu ka? lie, Igirisujin de wa arimasen. Amerlkajin desu. My wife Is « teacher of English/English teacher. aht is that so? You're (a) British (person) aren't you, Herd-sen? Is your wife British too? No, she isn't British. She ~s(an) Amen"can.
Tom and Jill then take Anzai-sensei to a special fair of imported goods which Tom. has helped to organize at a nearby exhibition centre.
Arlzai Jill Anzai Jill Anzal Jill Anzai Sore wa doko no chizu desu ka? Korn· desu ka? Kore wa Furansu no chTzu desu. Sore kara, are wa nan desu ka? A, are wa Igirlsu no jamu desu, Nan no jamu desu ka? Ichigo no jamu desu. Zenbu tabemono desu ka?
.-
'~
l'
4 g
Tom
Anzal Anzal
A.
ii"
Jill
Anzai
~
ID
Jill
AnzaJ
Jill
AnzaJ
0
~
Tom Anzai
Where is that cheese from? Do you mean this cheese? This is cheese fro m France/ French cheese. And then, what Is that? Ah. that's jam from Britain/BritIsh Jam. What sort of jam is It? ft's strawberry jam. Is it all food? Oh no, that's not so. Look at thatl Why, ft's a Rolls-Royce.! Jamu jam Ichlgo strawberry zenbu all tabemono food horal lookl {informal w ayof getting someone to 10ok at something)
The negative equivalent of this pattern is formed by replacing tlesu with de wa arimas en. Alternative forms are ja arimasen, de wa nai dcsu,and ja nai desu. All are commonly used and you should be able to recog mze them. . I
..
Kore Watashi.
wa
wa
kasa
dewa
arimasen.
Am erikajin
dewa arimasen.
Furansu France doko? where?/what place? do~o no (noun) [naun) af what place chizu cheese are that (over there) nan? what? Igirlsu Britain
Whcn [A] wa is underst ood, it is frequently omitted to avoid unnecessary repetition. F or example, see the following sequence nf sentences, both statem ents about A, with warashi wa omitted III the second sentence:
Wataslu wa Amerikaji10 de wa arimasen. Igirisuj in desu, I am not (an) American.
I am British.
True or false?
4 Anzai-sensei no shinbun desu ka? Hai, so desu, 5 Doko no chizu desu ka? Amerika no chizu desu, 6 Nan no jamu desu ka? Ichigo no jamu desu,
A statement of the type seen in 1 can be made into a question hy attaching ka? to the e nd of the sentence. In speech, questions rre normally accornpani ed by rising intonation similar to that used in an English questi on. (Note that no change in word order
IS
necessary in Japanese,
unlike English.)
Structures
1 A wa B desu A is B
the particle WI
This type of question is often called a 'yeslno question', calls for an answer beg'inning with yes (hai) or no [iie).
Hai, (sensei wa) Arne rikajin desu, lie, (sensei wa) Ameri ikajin de wa arimasen.
Things or persons are identified in Japanese by using this pattern, which means A is B. The particle wa marks th e thing-or person (A) which is identified by means of B; desu (is) then completes the sentence. Kore
Watasbi Sensei wa wa .kasa Igirisuiin Amerikajin
IA] wa
the particle 1m
wa
,
- .....
:.~
rhus, if you enquire .about an item that is on the salesperson's "Ie of the sales counter you would ask: Sore wa nan desu ka?
What is that? (lit. That is what?)
Ne is used to solicit agreement from the listener, rather like isn't it in English (intonation can be slightly rising, or falling; especially in its lengthened form ne). Kore desu ne, Okusan wa 'Igirisujin de wa anmasen ne.
You mean (it is) this (one), don't you? Your wife isn't British, is she?
Ir the salesperson wants to confirm which item you referred to hy sore, he might sometimes point at it [or pick it up) and ask
1 hI' k~
----~
(You mean) this one?
......
C)
o ......
Kotc
K rnai K(mai
Kore Kore
wa wa wa wa wa wa
Igiri su
no
If you want to go on to substitute another person, C, for A, wa is replaced by rno (too. also). YOu can make this statement into a question by adding ka?
Watashi Okusan rno .mo sensei sensei desu, desu ka?
Rig 0
no
sensei
My wife is an
English teacher. This is an umbrella. This is my umbrella.
teacher.
r am
no
kasa
desu.
The answer to the question could be the following: Hai, (kanai rno) sensei desu. lie, kanai wa sensei de wa arimasen. Note that with the answer Yes, the repeated LA] mo is optional; when the answer is No, [A] rno cannot be used and it is usual to give [A] wa.
5 Words used to point at things (or sometimes persons) Where we use the words this or that in English, Japanese has
three words - kore, sore and are: Kore for items closer to the speaker than the listener: this Sore for items closer to the listener than the speaker: that Are for items at a distance from both: that over there
In the second sentence of each pair, the noun (X) before no is providing further information about the noun after no. No can join any two nouns, leading to various English equivalents depending on the types of nouns involved: Where X stands for a person, no will indicate either ownership, ifB is a thing, or, ifB is a person too, it will indicate n personal relationship between X and B: Watashi no Rorusu-roisu My Rolls-Boyce Tomu-san no sensei Tom's teacher (it might help you to get used to the wor~ orde~ if yon ~ of no as equivalent to's in English, though its use J.S much wider.) b If the first noun is a place noun, it shows. the place of origin of the second noun Furansu no jamu Igirisu no kasa
French jam An English umbrella
c If X IS any other type of noun, it will describe the contents or make-up of B where B is a thing, or B's area of specialization where i.t is a person: Nihongo no shinbun Ichigo no jamu Eigo D.O sensei A Japanese newspaper Strawberry jam A teacher of English
Again using the list, produce sentences in a similar order plying what each person teaches. (Assume that they all teach
Example: Hido-san wa Eigo no sensei desu. Here are some more of the teachers: Mexico [ohn Brown Australia Pablo Torres Ka rl Schmidt Austria l'rnduce pairs of sentences similar to the following examples, m,lng first wa, and then mo. Example: Yamada-san wa Nihongo no sensei desu. Tanaka-san rna Nihongo no sensei desu . b
II
o ......
The difference between a, b and c becomes clearer when A wa X n~ B desu type sentences become information-seeking questions. The place of X is taken by the questions words dare? (who?)., doko? (where?), and nan? (what?), becoming respectively dare no? (of who. whose), doko no? (from where, where from), nan no.? (of what): a b
c
o ......
KOI:ewa dare no kasa desu ka? Whose umbrella is this? Kore wa doko no jamu desu ka? Where is this jam from? (lit. This is jam from where?) Yamada-sensei wa nan no sensei desu ka? What does Mr Yamada teach? (lit. What I"S Mr Yamada a teacher of)
Hade-san Gureza-san
Santosu-san
t At the trade fair there are also the following items: German l 1meras, Italian handbags, British umbrellas, and strawberry rcc-cream. Complete Anzai-sensei's questions and Jill's replies.
Anzal
In the case of a and b only, and where the second noun (8) is not a person, 8 is commonly abbreviated where-understood: Talking about cheese: Talking about umbrellas: Kore wa Furansu no desn, Sore wa watashi no de wa
anmasen,
Exercises
You will need to read through the Language and society section before working through exercises 1, 2, 3 and 5. Here is a list of some of the teachers employed at the language school where Jill Herd works, giving their names and countries of origin;
Michel Barre Jill Herd Lucia Verde
Jill Tom
Michel
Sore wa (a) no kamera desu ka? (b) desu ka? (c) __ no desu. Are wa Igirisu (d) handobaggu desu ka? lia, (e) wa Igirisu (1) handobaggu (g) . Itaria no (h) _ Kasa (I) l!aria no desu ka? lle.Rasa wa Igirisu U) desu. Sore wa (k) no aisukurTmu desu ka? (I) alsukurirnu desu.
sentences giving the nationality of each teacher. Example (rei): Hade-san wa Amerikajin desu. a Barn-san d Berud -san b Gureza-san e Ma-san c Santosu-san
This may be preceded by the name of the person to whom B is being introduced, just as we say in English: Tom - meet my wife.
Okusan is another wor.d that can be used for both address and r( ference. Depending on who is being addressed (the wife herself 01' her husband), the following sentences can have two meanings: Okusan wa sensei desu ka.r
Alli a question about a third person it could also mean Is his wife teacher? t )kusan clearly incorporates -san, Just as -san cannot be used to
II
refer to members
II
of one's
i'amily, so oknsancanaot
be used by
......
40
The phrase dozo yoroshiku can be used after hajimemashite etc., or in its place; it may also be used to reply to the introduction. The above expressions are accompanied by bows (where Westerners are involved, often handshakes and bows). Between professional people of any kind, an exchange of narnecards (meishi), which are again tendered with a bow, is extremely common; such people are advised to have namecards made, preferably with a Japanese version of their name and position on one side and the English on the other.
when talking about one's own wife, although it, too, would not he used by a husband when addressing his own wife directly . Fur this purpose he would use his wife's given name (often without -san), omae (you there). or perhaps kimi (intimate you), while wives generally call their husbands anata (you).
hi Japanese,
.....
40
given names arc used much less than in English; rnstead, surnames are used, normally with -san attached (except when referring to a member of one's family or group, when the surname is used on its own: wives sometimes refer to their husband as Anzai, etc.), On the other hand. you will Dote a tendency to use the given name of foreigners rather than their Male friends use -kun to address/refer to each other rather than DO; -knn is also used in the case of boys, and when men address or refer to men junior to them .. Junior members of a family are generally addressed/referred to by their given name (Taro etc.), sometimes with the diminutive -chan attached.
sumarnes.
Teachers, medical doctors and MPs are customarily addressed and referred to by -sensei (teacher) attached to their surname
(teachers of any kind enjoy a very high social starusl), Sensei can also be used on its own to address persons of the above description in the sense of you: Rare wa sensei no kasa desn ka? Is this your umbrella?
3 Countries,peoples andlanguagecs
If you add -jin (person) to the name of any country, you get the name for a person from that country; if you add -go (word! la,lguage), you get the name for its language (note exceptions such n~ Australia, where the language is obviously English; incidentally, AustTalian English would be called Osutoraria-Eigo).
Australia China
France Osutoraria 'Osutoraria [in
You has no direct equivalent in Japanese; instead a variety of words are used, depending on the relative status levels and degree of intimacy of those involved. The problem of which word to use can, however, be avoided by using [namej-san and [namej-sensei in situations where one has to express the idea of you as in the sentence above, and otherwise, by quite legitimately abbreviating that part (A wa) of the sentence:
Hade-san desn ka?
Chiigoku
Furansu Doitsu
ltaria Supein
12
I I
o .....
Britain
I I~isul Eikoku
Nihoa/ Nippon
Ig4:isujinlEikokujin NilionjinlNipponjin
Eigo
Nihongo/Nippongo
:
~
Japan
Lastly, for foreign countries, foreigners and their languages in general: gaikoku gaikokujin/gaijin gaikokugo
en .......
:f
CD
"
sac.s::r+ ~ CD
VI
01 CD .~A
~ (I)
r+
Pi' ...
,_
0
Q)
~
...
.~ ::-;Q)~
.--.) <;; Q)
In this unit you will learn • how to ask and answer questions about where things are • how to use adjectives in Japanese • how to use everyday greetings
• 14
a D.ialogues
Jill has been invited out to lunch by Tanaka-san, a friend who is also an ex-pupil, They meet as arranged.
Jill
Tanaka Tanaka-san, konnichi wa ..O-genki desuka? Hai, o-kaqa-sama de. Sensei wa? Totemo genki dasu, Demo, Nihon no natsu waatsui ne.
loko over there/that place (over there) • 54 olshl.1 del/cious; good (of restaurants, etc.)
[.noun)·ya shop etc. dealJng professionalJy In [noun] - lS3 ryorlya eating place, restaurant
15
Jill Jill
Tanaka
desu
True or false?
.1 ranaka-san wa genki desu, Ano Nihon-ryoriya we oishii desu,
Jill
Tanaka-san, hel/o. Are you well?IHow are you? Yes, thanks for askingll'm fine, thank you. And you, sensei? very well. But aren't Japanese summers hot!
rm
konnlchl wa
.LS2
hel/o/good day
genklna healthy, well - S1, 2 o-gonk1 desu ka? - LS1 o-'kage..sama de thanks for asklng
towmo vel)'. 52 ,demo but, however (at the beginning of a sentence) natsu summer atsu.i hot. S1, 2
Jill
T naka
Tonaka
Jill
(In a low
voIce)
Tanaka
Jill begins
Tanaka
Tanaka
Jill
Tanaka
Jill
Resutoran wa t.ol desu ka? lie, ano takal biru no tonari desu. (rather unenthusiastically) Furansu ryon desu ka? E. ... Ja, Nihon ryori wa lkaga desuka? Asoko wa totemo oishii Nlhon-rydrlya desu. Is the restaurant isr? No, it's next to that high building. Is it French cuisine/a French restaurant? Yes ... Well then, how about Japanese cuisine? Over there i$ a very good Japanese restaurant. ryoi'l cooklng,culslne e yes (less formal than hai) laljilde wa, ... (a,tthe beginning of a sentence) well thenl If that's so, ... Ikaga? IIOW? i[noun] WIll Ikaga desu ka? How about/Would you like (noun]? .
Sensei - are you all right? What's this strange thIng? It's octopus. How Is it?!How do you like It-? Octopus! It's not veJY tasty, is it'? Where is the ladies' toilet? It's just there. amarl [negative] [not] very
Tanaka
Jill
dalj6bunaal/ rigf'lt kono [noun1 this [noun] henna. strange mono thing tako octopus
o-tearal toilet. LS4 sug.u immediately/just scko there/that place (by yuu)
.52
Tanaka
True or fal.se?
3 jiru-san wa daijobu de wa arimasen, 4 Tako wa oishii desu,
resutoran restaurant (specializing In Western-style food) tool far ano [noun] that [noun] (over there) - 53 taka.i high biro building [nour~l:no tonan next to, nejghboun'ng [noun] - 55
Structures
shi
16
Kore wa oishii
chizu desu,
17
There are two types of adjective in Japanese, ODe which ends in -i before nouns, and one which ends in na before nouns. We will caU these i and na adjectives, and they will be identified in
vocabulary lists as in the following examples:
Nute what happens to each type of adjective when. it comes at he end of a sentence in normal polite speech:
Tanaka-san
is young.
Suzuki-san is handsome.
-i adjective: atsu.i
na adjective: genki na
While the i- adjective remains exactly the same, the na adjective drops na before desu,
L
rile two types of adjective also behave differently when forming he negative:
i adjectives. To tum an ~i adjective into the negative, for r .... imple in order to say that British summers are not hot, you IIwe to actually change its form: .
.1
furu.i
1.1
waru.i haya.i
oso.i
big small (used for: young, i.e, small, children) young (teenagers, adults) new old (opposite of ararashii, not of wakai) good, all right bad quick,. early slow, late
Nihon no natsu wa atsn i i desu, lgirisu no natsu wa atsu ]ku arimasen, Oishiii desu lea?
lie, oishi! ku arimasen.
Japanese summers are hot. British summers are not hot. Is it tasty?/Does it taste good? No, it isn't/doesn't.
Many na adjectives are of foreign, primarily Chinese, origin. Common ones include:
henri na
shizuka na shins etsu na yilrnei na
famous
pretty, clean, neat. important
am
Na adjectives taken from Western languages such as English and French axe often used co enhance the vocabulary of the advertising copy-writer: ereganto na .resutoran shikku na burausn
411
a due blnuse
elegant restaurant
li Totemo, and the less colloquial taihen (here acting as an ndverb not as a na adjective), can both precede a positive ndjective to mean very:
18
Igirisu no jamu wa totemo oishii desu, jiru-san wa taihen shinsetsu na sensei desu, Fukuda-sensei wa amari wakaku arimasen, Kore wa amari benri de wa arimasen,
Similarly, we can indicate where B IS: Asoko wa yiimei na resuroran desu, Over there is a famous restaurant. Where
Jill
If you
Fukuda-sensei is not
we?
is here?!Where are
Ihere is another series of words referring to place which you win hear. These are kochira, sochira, acbira, and doehira? They ,U.. t either as a more formal equivalent 0.£ koko etc., or to mean this way/in this direction, O-tearai etc., according to context:
UJay.
wa kechira desu,
The toilet is here/this Who is this? (on the telephone) This is Kimura-san.
While kore, sore and are always stand by themselves, kana, sana and ano have a similar meaning, but are always in front of nouns: kana jamn (this jam); sana Rorusu-roisu (that RollsRoyce, by you); ana sensei (that teacher; over there); ana hito (that person [hito],over there; he/she) ..
Ihey call also be used to address or refer to people politely: Dochira-sama desu ka?
Kochira wa Kimura-san desu,
Kono [amu wa taihen yiimei desu, Ana shinbun wa date no desu ka?
.1I1d Society L)
(For another
koko for places closer to the speaker than the listener: here/this place soko for places closer to the listener than the speaker: there/that place asoko for places at a distance from both: over there/that place over there To ask questions, doko?, meaning where?/whatplac£?, is used. With the help of these and other place words, we can extend our basic A wa B desu pattern to indicate where A is. Forexample: Hoteru wa koko dewa arimasen, Fukuda-sensei wa doko desu ka? . (Pukuda-sensei wa) resutoran
shira
Resuroran jiru-san
nearby in front inside baak, behind (i.e. behind buildings, people, etc., rather than in front of them) reverse/other side. behind (i.e. behind in sense of rear side, of buildings, etc. but not of people) on top, above undeine(lth wa kissaten no no The reetaurant is near the coffee shop (kissaten). Jill is behind Tom. Jill is behind/at the back of the coffee shop.
desu.
chikaku desu.
wa Tomu-san
jiru-san
(NOTE~ Here soko refers to' the place associated with/mentioned by the listener rather than physically closer to him/her. This is another function of the so- words.)
20
Note that next to this/thr.tt thillg,eu:. is kono/sono not kore no/sere no ronari, for example: Shinbun wa ano zasshi no shita desu, Shinbun waano shita desu.
tonari, etc.,
The newspaper is under that magazi~le. The newspaper is under that thing over there/under there.
umbrella which. takes an hour to open with the over-enrhusiastic jazz band • the coffee shop with the ditty tablecloths
I
rhe automatic
d rhe restaurant
21
lit
Practise the position words by explaining the location of objects your room, and of shops, etc. in your local shopping centre.
Exercises
1 Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks from the choices you are given in the box below. a kissaten wa Tanaka-san wa _ Nihonjin
to the Indian
restaurant ..
"un will find some relevant vocabulary in Language and Society I. Other words which might come in useful are enpitsu (pencil), tudana (cupboard), yiibinkyoku (post office). ~ Give the Japanese Tom Suzuki Tom uzuki rom lJl:ukj equivalent for this conversation. Where Is the hotel? It's that way. Is it far? No, it's not very far. It's near the station (eld). Is it a famous hotel? Yes, it's very famous.
C)
b
d e
(; .
.__wa
desu. kasa desu, wa na hoteru desu, no sensei wa taihen . B yfunei C kana D kirei E ano Igirisujin
A taihen atarashii
2 Use the words given to make short conversations as in the example, replying positively first, and then negatively. Do this with a friend if possible. Example: Asoko, oishii, resutoran,
---J
Asoko wa oishii resutoran desu ka? Hai, taihen oishii desu, lie, amari oishiku arrmasen.
a Sore, shizuka na, hoteru. b Are, furui, Roruse-roisu. c Koko, yiimei na, kissaten, d Kore, atatakai, supu (soup). e Sore, hayai, kuruma (car).
toilet
tnoney
kurlJma
sake/alcohol
Women tend to use o~ in this way more than men, particularly i.E they want to emphasize their femininity:
o-niku
o-sakana
meat
fish
b the handsome
a the cool beer (biru) you have ordered Frenchman you had a blind date with
In polite speech, 0- is also found in front of a wider range of words to indicate that they are connected to the person being spoken to, or (more rarely) to some third person of.high status: o.. a:mae n o-shigoto o-tegarni
23
o-hanashi
your name your work, business the letter (you wrote; or which I am going to write to you) the talk (which you gavel/the conversation (1 had with you)
saka]
ya
butcher's shop/butchers fishmonger's shop/fishmonger wine shop/wine merchant (note the change in the final vowel of sake,
Similarly; note that 0- is only used in the following exchange to refer: to the health of the person being spoken to, not to the speaker's health: O-genki desu ka? Are you well?/How are you? Hai, genki desu. Yes, I'm fine. With some words you will1ind go- used instead, with the same effect: go-shujin go-han
go-jusho
l~yoriya (restaurant), formed using ryori (cooking), is slightly different from this basic pattern, (as is, for example, snshiya, a restaurant specializing in sushi). Note that ryoriya is the word used when you want to specify that an establishment produces a particular national cuisine: Nihon-ryoriya Indo-ryoriya Furansu-ryorrya Also note that there are exceptions, such as kissaten.
C)
hon
This go- is also the first syllable of gohan, the word used for both a meal and for rice in its cooked state, as opposed to 0kame, the uncooked state in which youactuaHy buy it.
2 Everyday greetings
The' greetings in this section are normally used by acquaintances on meeting. Ohay6 gozaimasu. Good morning. This is used by people when they meet for the first time in the morning, at home, on the way to work, or as the working day begins. Bar hostesses will therefore use it to greet each other as they come to work in the evening. Konnichi wa Konban wa Good aay (used from mid-morning and during the afternoon) Good evening (used after it begins to grow dark) (konbao this evening,tonight)
1£ it is some time since you last met, you may add Shibaraku desu
ne or the more feminine o-hisashiburi desu ne, with the meaning It's a long time since we met, a ccurs in the kaiwa in Unit 1.
Dialogues
MIl'hiko~san has met Ken at the station. I hL'Y are now on their way to her house ..
Kin NUchlko
,
ie
25
KG" Mlclliko
Daibu arlrnasu ka? lie, sugu desu. Asoko ni tabakoya ga arimasu na? Sono ura desu yo. (After tutningtwo comers) Are ga watashitachi no Ie desu. Rippa na Ie desu ne. lie, tonde me nal.
OkU8an
Mlchlko
s»
(J)
0...
zr
CD :J ...
~ ~
'<
co
0)
0 ~ 0 .-to 0 -f'I 0
... :::r _. -. 3 C. m -. en cc
UJ
Oku8on
ken
Okuaan
Ken
Tadaims! O~kaeri nasai! (Mrs Anzai comes to the entrance half) Okasan, kochira wa. Ken~san desu. Hajimemashlte. Yol<u irasshalmashita. Ken desu. Yoroshiku. Dozo. o-agarikudasaL O-jama snlrnasu, tadaima I'm home • LS1 o-kaerl nasal! we/come, back oki-san mother (form of address) _ Unit 16 L$1 yoku In!lsshaimashlta fhank you for coming o-agarl kudosai please come in
em
:1
.... CD m
C
~
t.bak.oya tobacco shop (_ Unit 2 LS~) watashl-tachl no our. 54 Inounl ga _ 82 1111 house I1lppa na fine, Impressive tondo me nal not at all (expression of modesty)
Oit.
83
o-Jama shlmasu
True or false?
I. Michiko-san no ie wa tabakoya no tonari desu, 2 Michiko-san no ie wa chiisai desu,
In this unit you will learn • two similar patterns to express the idea of there is and / have • the verb arimasu for objects and imasE! for livin<gthings • set phrases used when entering someone's house
"'0 0.>
:3
o r""+
en
a Michiko-san is showing Ken about the house - now they are going up the stairs to the second floor,
Ken Mh~hiko Ken Mlchlko-san no heya. wa? Watashl no heyawa nikal nl arimasu yo. Soko ni oti5to no heya gaarlmasu. Ofofo-san wa lrnasu ka?
:1
lie, lrna uchl nllrnasen. Kare 9a watashi no heya desu. Kawaii heys desu ne. A. shl dT ga takusan arimasu ne. Wa.tashi wa senna nl takusan arimasen. Ototo we motto arimasu yo ..
l lonya wa soko
desu, ni arimasu,
is
27
(Ken is looking down into the garden from Michiko-san's Ken Michiko
Naporeon Ken
(lit. The bookshop is located in. that place) The bookshop is there. desu, ru anmasn. (lit. My room is first (loor) (lit. My room is located on the (irst floor)
Michi.ko
Are we inugoya desu ne ... o-taku ni we inuga imasu ka? Ee, k.swaii pijdoru desu yo. Naporeon .. .1 Wan! A, honto nl kawall desu na. Petta we hoke nl imasu ka? 119, imasen. Inu dog
dog
oloto
Ima
now '
younger brother
uchl (my/our) house; the InsIde kawaU lovely, cute !ihi di (CD) compact disc takusan many,. a lot sonna nl so, that much, etc. • Unit 4 S€i motto more • Unit B 57 In I.Igoya dog's hoase, kennel o-tak.u your house
wan
really
When A is inanimate (a thing 0.[ plant), arimasu is used, while unasu is normally used instead of arimasu if A is animate (a person, animal or insect): Otoco wa nikai ni imasu . Inu wa niwa ni imasn,
True or false?
3 Michiko-san 4 Michiko-san
no ototo-s;m wa ima uchi ni imasen. wa petto ga. rakusan imasu.
Structures
the particle nI
be gleaned from the differences in the translations wa is attached to an A that is already known or understood (either in the form of common knowledge, or because it has been mentioned earlier on in the conversation), whereas ga is attached to an A that the speaker notices for the first time. (For A ga B desu, see Unit 10 Structures 4a.)
(the/a),
Where the situatiop implies a contrast between two different As, then wa in A wa B ni arimasU/imasu can additionally signal the notion of contrast, even if only one A is actually mentioned. (See also Unit 10 Structures 4b.) Inu wa niwa ni imasu, Neko wa ie ni imasu, Inn wa niwa ni imasu,
6" ...
Q
29
o
eN
The dog is in the garden. the cat is in the house. The dog is in the garden (wherever the cat may be).
warashi
kanojo
hiro
tile
they
persons
When B is a person,
possession or ownership
is indicated
(note
(with -sanl,
the resulting
Anzai-san-rachi Ken-san-tachi
ShI dI ga
Watashi wa sill
di_
ga
(1) have a lot. There are many CDs/(l} have many CDs. I have many CDs. (I) don't have much money. (My) brother has lats.
Mr/Ms Anzai and those with him/ber (often the Anzai family)
Exercises
I Change the order of elements and the particle as shown in the example in order to change the meaning from there is an A there lu the A is there. Example: Asoko asoko ni arimasu. ni tabakoya ga arimasu,
-I'
taJ.;:usan
Tabakoya
wa
When A is a person too, the idea of having friends (tomodachi), relatives, etc. is expressed. Notice that arimasucan be used as
well as imasu, even though instead of wa. Watashi (ni) wa Watashi lni) wa Watasbi (oi) wa B is animate. Ni wa can
be used
a. Koko ni hon ga arimasu, b Niwa ni inu ga imasu, c Soko ni watashl no shl di ga arimasu, d Doko ni Michiko-san ga imasu ka? 2 Produce sentences as shown in the example by building up the clements given, and adding the appropriate particles (you should practise each sequence several times, keeping in mind that all the sentences you produce in this exercise, whether short or long, will be considered complete sentences in japanese).
Ex.ample:arimasu; takusan; o-kane; watashi -+ Arimasu, Taknsan arimasu; Oskane ga takusau arimasu; Watashi wa 0kane ga takusan arimasu,
3
toraodachi ga tomodachiga
(l) have
many
arimasen,
ooom
gil
imasu,
ototo
b arimasu, takusan; shi di; heya c arirnasn; nikai; heya; watashi no d imasu, niwa; inu; old na
30
3 Say the following in Japanese, paying attention to the choice between wa and ga, and arimasu and imasu. a There is (some) money here. b The tobacco shop is here. c The books are over there. d
e
expected, so people arriving without being escorted by a lilt 111ber of the family will often open the genkan door and call Ilut for attention: gamen kudasai! (the standard reply to that is normally just hail).
I
,.1p inese
r
31
3< ,,111
III
8i
a~
e.g
=t
4 With a friend, practise the various phrases used when a entering and b leaving people's homes as their guest (read the relevant sections in Language and Society first).
gcg
lower level than the rest of the house, so that you have to step lip io order to enter the Jiving area (o-agari kudasai literally lilt. ns Please step up). If invited in, you take off your shoes and your host(ess) will strategically place a pair of slippers so that yuu can step up into them as you enter the house proper.
- ...
III
shimasu.
Departure:
Host
Guest
Mata d6zo. (Please come again.) Arigat/!) gozaimasu. (Thank you.) Ja, shltsurel shimasu. (Please
Dialogues
111111 has just finished a long discussion wtrh Suzuki-san, a business associate Ii 111\1 Sapporo.
demo nomimashi5 ka? un, nomimash6. Doko ka ii tokoro 9a arimasu ka? ~, chlkaku ni totemo ii nomiya 9a arirnasu . Ja, soko ni shimasha.
Sa ... ,biru
•
nomi
'33
ya
Irasshaimase .. Nan ni snlrnasu ka? So desu ne. (To proprietress) Bfru 0 kudasal, Boku mo bTru da, Wakarimashita ..... (produces beer and begins to pour) Hai, dazo. (raising their glasses) Kanpai!
::T
Q)
<D
~
s
::T
we.11 (often used, as here, a preliminary to inviting someone to do somettilng) [noun) demo [noun] or some.thing _ Unit 10 53 nom.u (nomlmasu) to drink
as
nan/nani ni shimasu ka? What will you have? mama-san proprietress (of a bar)
lra.$$taalmase stock greeting used to a customer entering a shop, bar etc .• LS (noun] 0 kudasal please (give me) [noun] • 53 and Unit 855 Boku mQ biro da That'll be beer for me too wakarimashita lit..I have understood _ Unit 5 LS3 Hal, dOzo Here you are (often used when giving, people what they have asked for)
.51
<D
nomlmash6 nomimash6 un
ru
0<D' CD --.:;;
nomlya
o --.:;;
kanpall
cheersl
C/)
CD ......
(Q -...,)
:3
::T :J
In this unit you will learn • a wide range ·of ordinary verbs - some new particles • more on wa • some wortlsand phrases which will be useful in Wining and dining
rue or false?
.1;
.D SL!zJ,lld
Tom Suzuki Tom
...
e
Suzuki Tom Suzuki Tom Suzuki Tom Suzuki Tom Suzuki Tom Suzuki Tom Suzuki
Maiban koko de nomimasu ka? NI lie, senna jikan we arimasen yol .. Sonna nf isogashii dssu ka? ~ non (ctJmplaining almost to himself) Isogashii, isogashiil Hiruma wa katsha de hataraku. Yoru wa uchl de Nihongo 0 benkyo suru. go Sore wa taihen dasu ne. .. Ma, tobun wa shlkata ga arlrnasen, SlJzuki~san wa? Mama desu. Kondo wa itsu made Tokyo nl lmasu ka? RaishO made desu. Ja, mata aimasho. Hoteru no denwa bango 0 oshiemash5 ka? Hal, o-negalshlrnasu, (producing card with details of the hotel printed on it) Kore desu. (searchlng in al/ his pockets) Are? Penga nal na ... Baku no pen de dozo, A, domo. (writes down numper, and automatically puts pen in his pocket) Ana ... , sore wa baku no pen desu ga ...
True or false?
1 Tome-san we YOn:;L kaisha de benkyo shimasu, .1 Suzuki-san wa raishu made Tokyo ni imasu,
35
·111 III
0:7
11_
""1'"
::Ii!.
Structures
1 Verbs
So far, the only verbs you have met are arimasu and imasu, In the conversation for this unit we introduced several more verbs,
il::r
...;I!l1:
!ti. ;till
CD III
C'
(II
malban evel}' evening • Unit 5 56 : (place] de53 senna [noun]: that sort of [noun]
(by you/that
'kondo
itsu
(The present plain forms of arimasn and imasu are ar.u and i.ru, and of desu, da.) This form is the simplest form which a japanese verb can have, and is the one that is us~d to list verbs III dictionaries. Polite (-masn) forms such as anmasu are the norm in ordinary adult conversation, and we would advise you 1'0 use such forms, except when talking to children {o.r to yourself}..In both of these cases, plain forms, such as aru, would he appropriate; they will also be found in the nonconversational Japanese which is used to set the scene of the dialogues from Unit 5 onwards. More information on formal nnd informal Japanese occurs throughout the book. In the meantime, it .is a good idea to learn both the plain and the -masu form whenever you encounter a new verb. Almost all Japanese verbs fall into one of two groups. The first F;wuP. which we. shall call -iruz-era verbs, have a..pr~serit. ~lain form ending in either -iru o.r -eru, Their -masu form LS obtained hy dropping the -ru and adding -masu. In the vocabulary lists they are therefore identified by means of a dot before the -ru, Some common ~iru!~eru verbs are:
.md gave their present tense plain form in the vocabulary lists.
• Unit 783
Jlkan
·S6
time
hatarak.u (hataraldmasu) to work, labour YON night~time!at night [noun] 0 • 53 ben~yo study/work Onlhe sducatlonal sense) benkyosuru to study/work
well (here an expression resignation) tobun for the rime being
isogashlJ busy jlsogashii, Isogasbiil - 84) hiruma daytime/during the day kalshacompany/the office
ta.ishu next week mataagaln a.u(a.lmasu) to meet denwa bango telephone number oshle.ru (osQiem2!su) to
rna.
of
stock phrase used when making a request lilt. ./ humbly request) • are? Whets this? nel plain negative of an.! - S4 [sentence] naina informal variant of ne, used primarily by men
sa
oshie.ru
tabe.ru i.ru rru.ru
teach, i.nform
eat
there is (animate), see stay
arimasenthere's
inevitable It's so-so
• 55
no
Boku no pen de dozo Please (write it) with my pen [instrument] de .83 ano... excuse· me ... (device for
getting: someone's attention)
mama
alternative/It's
The second group, which we shall call ~U verbs, obtain their -masu form by dropping the -u and adding -imasu, In the vocabulary lists they are therefore identified by means of a dot before the -u. Some common -uverbs are:
desu
36
~!§. 3!7!1.
;i"
~:r
_·eII
.,)~
CD III I:;t CD
...
CD
....
0
~
ar.u wakar.u owar.u kir.u nom.u yom.u hatarak.u kak.u oyog.n a.u ka.u
arimasu wak:arimasu owarimasu kirimasu nomimasn yomimasu hatarakimasu kakimasu orogimasn aunasu kaimasu
next week.
i used when suggesting a course of action: We"'. let's eat. Let's talk again next week.
I ollowed by the question particle ka, .it occurs when i~ English ( w uld use either Shall I ... or Shall we ... ?, according to the ? , nntcxt:
Note that kir.u looks like an -iru/-eru verb but is not, as the position of the dot shows. Also note that -u verbs ending in -su and -tsu obtain their -masu form as follows: hanas.u mats.u hanashimasu machimasu speak, talk wait for
Shall I wait? Machimasho ka? Shall we stopi () warimasho ka? I hl5 is a polite form, but there is a plain form too, which we will , lime across in Unit 13 Structures 6.
3 Uses of de and
The only 'irregular' verbs are sum, shimasu (to do), and kuru, kimasu (to come). A number of 'action' nouns, like benkyo, can be turned into verbs with the addition of suru. Others are ryoko (travel), kenhutsu (sightseeing), and kaimoao (shQPping). Almost all the nouns which work like this care of foreign origin, either Chinesederived like the ones above (with the exception of kaimono], or Western-derived, such as dansu (dance) or tenisu (tennis). Tbey will be identified in the vocabulary lists by the addition of suru in brackets. form, Japanese verbs stay the same whatever the subject, and the subject is often left out if understood. We have already had the negative of the -masu form (e.g. arimasen); the negative present plain form is introduced in Unit 6 Structures 1. In terms of tense, verbs ending in -masu or in the present plain form refer to habitual actions; genera] truths, or the definite future, according to the context: Tomu-san wa maiban benkyo shimasu, Yokohama wa Tokyo no chikaku ni arimasu, Torn studies every evening. Yokohama is near Tokyo.
As you have already seen, whether in the plain or the -masu
() indicates that the noun which it follows is the object of the verb, or of kudasai/dozo: Jill reads the newspaper jiru-san wa maiban shinbun every evening. o yomimasu. Shall we drink some coffee? Kohi a nomimasho ka? [Noun] 0 kudasai (or, more formally, o-neg~ shimasu) ~sused when asking for something; when offering something to someone else, dozo should be substituted: Pen a kudasai/ o-negai shimasu. Shinbun 0 dozo. Note that matsu takes 0: Michiko-san 0 machimasho,
On the other hand, au takes
A pen, please. Please take a look at the newspaper. Let's wait for Michiko-san. Tom will meet Suzuki-san again next week.
ni:
In the dialogue, we introduced two uses of the particle de. ~he first use is after place nouns, when it indicates where the actlO~ uf the sentence occurs. Ni is also used after place nouns, but this is only with a very limited number of verbs, most commonly aru and iru, which are concerned with static location rather than with action:
36
39
shop?
Note that verbs such as an, matsu, and benkyo suru all work as verbs of action rather than of static location:
the case of the negative, the plain ending for both types of !lllt·ctive is nai. This replacesarimasen, and the -i adjective -nai III:~U alternative, and is in fact the plain form of arimasen (Unit h Structures I):
Kana hoteru wa amari yokunai. Ana nomiya wa shizuka ja nai, This hotel isn't very good. That bar isn't peaceful.
Eki de aimasho.
by means of which
Let's eat with forks (fokn), Won't you cut the cake (keki) with a knife (naifu)?
.1
Linked to this function of de is its use to indicate a means of communication, as in the following:
Nihongo de hanashimasho, (as opposed to Nihongo 0 hanashimasho. Jim-san wa maiban shinbun de Amerika no nyusu a yornimasu, (as opposed to jiru-san wa Let's speak in Japanese. Let's speak Japanese ..) Every evening Jill reads the news (nyi1su) about America in the newspaper .. Every evening Jill reads the newspaper.)
A Chikaku
maibanshinhun
yomimasu.
ga
In the case of -i adjectives, all that happens in the plain form is that desu is omitted, as when Tom was complaining to himself in the kaiwa, or as in: A, kawau! Igirisu wa samui,
How sweetf Britain is cold.
Na adjectives use the plain form of desu, da, instead of desu itself; in informal spoken Japanese, however, da is frequently avoided at the end of sentences, especially in women's speech (Unit S Language and Society): Kore via taisetsu da.
This is important.
(male speaker)
you buy?
Konna ni, sonna ni, etc. are found with adjectives and indicate to this/that/what extent: A:tsui desu ne. Amerika no natsn wa kenna ni atsui desuka? Watashi wa senna ni
and verbs,
luubun
'11111
e nomu
(sea)
f miru
into gaps, as appropriate. biru (b)
41
hatarakimasen,
Isn't it hot! Are American summers this hot (hot to this extent)? I don't work that much (to the extent that you workJ that you think 1work).
san wa maiban nomiya (a) pen (c) __ denwa bangf (e) __ jim-san (f) __
ka?
"'11111
I1III II
(d) __
7 Nan/nani? what?
Nan and nani are different ways of pronouncing
The choice the same word, is quite irregular. Before ga, 0 and mo (Unit 6 Structures 8) for instance, nani is used, while before DO, de (and daldesu) nan is used. Before ka (Structures 8) and ni, both will be heard, although nani is preferred on formal occasions. Tokyo de nani 0 kaimasu ka? Kana keki 0 nan de rabemasho ka?
hiuhun (g) kudasai, I 1111 (hJ hanashimasho. (Note that there are two I" J, n/,/e answers.)
I
arc quarrelling with a friend. <?ne of you ~ootradicts ,thing the other says, using sonna OJ + the negative. IIlp\O! (koko) (totemo) (shlzuka oa)
!III
•,In wa rotemo shizuka desu ne, It's very quiet here, isn't
Ilc ,
biru] (totemo)
(tsumetai)
8 Question word combinations ka: dare ka, doko ka, nan(i) ka, itsu ka
This has an effect similar to adding some- in English, dare ka being someone, doko ka somewhere, nani ka something, and itsu ka sometime. Note that
0,
\Mi hike-san) (taihen) (kirei na) I"rn-san] (yoku) (benkyo suru) (yoku well, often) (~lIwki-san) (a-sake) (takusan) (nomu] ~ hen Tom and Suzuki-san next meet it is the afternoon,
so
Is there someone (anyone) there? Shall we eat something? Let's meet again somewhere next week.
Yin
moto
Do you study English every evening? No, I haven't the time! Is there a good butcher's somewhere? There is a good butcher's next to the wine shop.
Exercises
1 You are trying to cheer up a depressed friend. Join each noun in list A to a verb in list B, adding the appropriate particle, and putting the verb into the suggesting -shd form. Example: 1 + e: biru a nomimasho
1 2 3 4 A biru terebi (television) hanbaga Tokyo
B
a taberu b yomn c kaimono-suru d oyogu
informal. Many display incredibly realistic plastic versions of their wares. which will help you if you cannot read the menu, although in Western-style establishments knowledge of katakanaalone (and agood phonetic imagination) will get you a long way. Do not be surprised if you are greeted with a chorus of Irasshaimase (Welcome) from the staff as you enter; there is no need to mply, Here are some useful words and phrases:
43
If 41
-tl'
III Crobmeat
moningu ranchi
keki At a Japanese
... e
....
~'57a-t.fil <S77-(
¥2.000 2,000 2,000 1,900 2,300 1.400 1,300 1,500 1,3QO 1,400 1.500 1.500 1.2,00 1,400 1.800
restaurant, the equivalent of setto would be the teishoku. For instance, a tenpura teishoku would consist of tenpura + rice + soup + pickles + Japanese tea, To call for attention:
Waiter
$l'/(,$'Jt,.'.,./-A~X. I t,lod Pmwns with Tartar S~ce II} ) vX@J'\"S'-'..I"r7.1-U-Y?m:Q Sauteed R11stoJ Catfish Ga~lic :Butter
1J1"~;fl.ligc.fit;ttQ)?'.J-A"D;t '''--1'''r-AA.>:J
In 'PIe Case
~'·J.~-7~'5':?
~4. J\'I""~:5-{A
Beel Pllaf(ja.panes.e
You
. . ;m~O)::nv-
the bill will automatically be placed on your table once your order has been fulfilled, and you should pay at the cash register (reji) near the exit as you leave. To ask for the bill, however. say:
At most establishments,
Shrimp Curry with Rice ....,.:!-7 nl/t (7;JJJ.....r.:la,.'\"")''''.Q;},:;;JI'It@\-e~1.~~) Beef Ourry with Rice (Ohutney Is "",aUabl" UP"" rnquesl)
::>U.11l1'l':riG!);.tlO;:?'-.!.'?' .....
SeafOOd Spaghetti
a 10 Malson
The bill (kanjo) please. How much? (male speaker) How much? (female
speaker)
30. AJ'~'YT""i
31.
Spaghetti with Chicken, Cold Tomato Sauce fi:2E(l.)C)AAl!\UIiJ1Itet .... 7t--ii&5t " Broll.ed Game Hens with Tomato
7-~:"'-A·I)*!Nt-.V"",/-A
Western-style menu
ialogues
I III ikn-san wa sengetsu Yoroppa e itta. Nishiikan gurai ryok6 I II. neotoi kaetta. Soshite, kesa Jiru-san ni atta.
Do deshita ka, Yeroppa wa? Totemo yokatta desu. O-tenki wa? Samukatta desu. Sore wa zannen deshita ne. Demo; kirel desu ne; toku nl Haria wa. So desu ka? Watashi wa Itaria e itta koto ga arimasen. I1U
tlU
01
last month
V'l)roppa
Europa
the diiection of
deshlta past form of desu .52 yokatta desu past form of i1 desu tenki weather Sore wa zannen deshlta ne That was a shame/What a
shame
U1
.51
.SS
c co
0)
0:0
::r ~
0> 0
0 0..
~
0 0
~
Q_
::J
3° Q):::J me.
Q)Q)
~e.
_.:::J
III plain past form of Ik.u (to r}O) .82 nl,hOkan gural for about two w eks • Unit 8 58 lllihllf,l-te form of suru - 54 111otol the day before yesterday
-S6 Ie .r.u
k..
'I
to go/come back, return (to the place where you liVe or otherwise belong)
zannen na disappointing zannen deshita past form of mnnen desu • S5 toku nl especially Watashl wa Itaria e Itta koto ga arlmasen Ihave never been [verb (past plain form)] koto ga aru .53
to Italy
06 dashita ka, Yoroppa wa? How was It, Europe I mean? - LS2
_. ....
'rue or false?
In this unit you will learn • how to talk about past experiences • how verbs of motion work in Japanese • various time expressions • two ways of jOining sentences • about souvenir-giving • about feminine sentence
endings-
:TeD
~
Tanaka-san wa sengetsu Yoroppa kara kaetta. jiru-san wa Itaria e itta koto ga aru. Tanaka-san wa Yorappa de shashin a takusan totta, \nshite, jiru-san ni sana shashin 0 miseru,
Jlru
oaka
Jlru
(I)
Kore wa doko no shashin desu ka7 Eta ... Roma no shashln desu. Roma wa sonna ni samukunakatta desu. (Tsugi no shashin 0 dasu) Koko wa doko datta kashira? (Jiru-san ni miseru) A, natsukashii wa. Rondon no yUmei na OkkusufOdo Dcri desu.
46
r-::I III
0(')
Tanaka
Jiru
a.C
OICI
:I;t
III
Tanaka
Omaidashimashita. Hateru kara basu de nte, o-mlyage a irairo kaimasnlta, Hendon wa do deshita ka? Tanoshikatta desu ga, mainichi ame deshita. Asoko de kaze 0 hikimashita yo, (sentence] wa (feminine) - LS4 Rondon London Okkusufodo Doli Oxford Street omoldas.u to remember, in the sense of to recall something
forgotten
II( II the action is directed at a person rather than a place, for 1IIIpi. in showing or giving things to people, ni .is used rather
47
til
111 ~.:
a:
$'
nnsemashita,
c.n
[person] nito[parsonj. 51 mise.ru to show eto ... let me see ... Roma Rome samukunakatta desu past form of samukunai desu - S5 tsugi no [noun) the next [noOn] das.u to take out, produce datta plaln past form of desu kashi.ra? I wonder? - Unit 6 53 A, natsukashii wa This brings
back memories
I •• Indicate where an action comes from, kara is used: I umu-san wa itsu Kyoto When will Tom come back knra kaerimasu lea? from Kyoto?
omoidashimashlta past -masu form of omoldas.u [place] kara from [place] basu bus [vehicle) de by [vehicle] - 57 o-mlyage souvenir - L51 Irolro various, all sorts of malnlchl every day arne rain kaze 0 hlk.u to catch a coJd
P st form of verbs
, 11
-52
put any -masu form of the verb into the past, all you need to
turn -masu into -mashita:
U1
III I
L
rbc.ru
ik.u
suru
tabemashita
ikimashita
shimashita
natsukashl.1 [noun]
good old [noun]
dear old/
True or false?
3 Tanaka-san 4 Tanaka-san wa jim-san ni Roma no shashin wa Itaria de kaze 0 hiita.
0
miseta,
I 11(' past form of desu is deshira. Y o~ can put t~e nega~ve 1IJ.t~cn form of any verb into the past JUst by adding des~ta. , nnilarly, the past of de wa arimasen is de wa arimasen deshitar
nshie.ru
Structures
1 [noun] elnilkara: indicating direction of action
In Unit 3 Structures 1 and 2 we saw [place] ni being used with am andiru, verbs indicating a 'state', or the way things are, to specify a static location. With verbs indicating movement to or towards (rather than location in) a place, ni or e will specify the
direction of the movement: Tornu-san wa raishii Kyoto elm ikimasu. Ken-san wa itsu Igirisu elni kaerimasu ka?
ka.u kuru
osbtiernasen deshlta kaimasen deshita kimasen deshita I didn't go to Kyoto. Jill didn't eat the octopus.
Kyoto e ikimasen deshita. lim-san wa tako a ra bemasen deshita. Sore wa Roma no shashin de wa arimasen deshita. I he past plain form
I
for
-ru:
48 .... 00 :lei
DID
Q.C:
The past plain .form of -u verbs, cOJ;lSo~ant preceding the '"U, as you gronpmgs: ar.u wakar.n tor.u kir.u nom.u yom.u atta wakatta totta kitta nanda yonda hataraita
however,
depends
on the
III Ih. l
I( It
in questions
it is equivalent
49
:I;:r
Have you ever drunk sake? Yes, I have (drunk it). No, I haven't. Michiko-san's younge1' brother is handsome isn't he? It's a shame, but (= unfortunately) I've neuer met him.
ED
C;
5'
also asob.u asonda (to play) yob,u yanda (to call/invite) (note, however; the exceptional ik.n itta)
U1
<:)
kaita
hUta
U1
oyoida hanashita
dashira
marta
a noun meaning (abstract) thing. You will meet other ructions in which koto follows the plain forms of verbs in 111111 13 Structures 3 and Unit 14 Structures 1, 2 and 5.
1111 t
Verbs like a.u, which have a vowel in front of the -u rather than a consonant, go like this: a.u ka.u The two irregular
rile -te form is made by changing the vowel at the end of the
t
I'
atta
katta
oshieze
owatte nonde kaite shite
verbs behave like this: suru kuru shita kita I he -te form of
shita
da is de.
The plain past form of desu is datta. The plain present and past forms of the negative will be dealt with in the next unit. Information about some particular uses of the past tense in Japanese is givenin Language and society 3.
I II ' -te form has many nses, and is similar to the -ing form of the I I b in English in that it has no tense and cannot form a full t lit nee by itself. A very common use is in joining sentences whrch form a consecutive sequence of events. Thus the sentences: Suzuki-san wa rnaiban nomiya e ikimasu. Nomiya de a-sake a takusan nomimasu.
111
be made into one by putting ikimasu into its -te form, itte: uzuki-san wa maiban nomiya e itte, o-sake 0 takusan nomimasu. Every evening Suzuki"san goes to a bar and drinks a lot o{.sake.
How (do) do you like the octopus? I've bad it at a Japanese restaurant, It tasted
good.
50
Similarly,
Tanaka-san wa shashin a dashimashira. ni misemashira. becomes Tanaka-san wa shashin a dashite, jiru-san ni misemashita, Note that the tense of the whole sentence is given by the verb at the end. b. This ga has already appeared in several dialogues. It 18. different from [noun} ga which was introduced in Unit 3 Structures 2, and in meaning is similar to the English but: Sumimasen ga, o-tearai wa dochira desu ka.r oishiku arimasen deshita. Shashin
0 Jim-san
III
,.,.It in a similar way . To indicate the past tense they therefore dcshita,. the past form of desu: This room is quiet. ~ uno heya wa shizuka desu. The hotel in Rome was Rmna no harem wa shizuka quiet. deshira.
III.tinrly, the negative de wa arimasen,
l{undoD no
51
deshita:
That dog isn't very dean. The London buses weren't very dean, That restaurant is good .. The [oodin Itilly was good. Michiko-san'$ house is a long way away. The restaurant was a long way (rom the. station.
Q U1
Excuse me, but which way is the toilet? I ate it all, but it didn't taste good.
II contrast,
-i adjectives
Auo resutoran wa oishii desu. H.lda no tabemono wa oishikarta desu, Michiko-san no nchi wa t oi desu. I{esutoran wa eki kara rokatta desu,
I .1~l1inan
comes after ga rather than before. In speech as well, any pause will come after the ga. rather than before.
Ga is also used where the first part of a sentence is setting the scene for the rest, and where but would not therefore be an appropriate English equivalent: Kesa Ken-san ni aimashita ga, hansarnu desu ne. Kore wa tako desu ga, tabeta koto ga arimasu ka? 1 met Ken this morning;
1\" you can see, -i desu is replaced by -katra desu, Note that ii desu
exception, having the past form of yokatta desu, are two arimasen form of becomes past form of -i adjectives there p'IN~ibilities. as with the negative present form. -leu l'I'l ornes -ku arimasen deshita. Since nai, the plain II hnasen, itself acts like an -i adjective, -kunai dew knnakatta desu:
Note also how, as at the end of the dialogue in Unit 4, it is possible to stop talking after the ga, Leaving your listener to wO.rk ou~ what you were going to say. This can be a useful way of implying, rather than directly saying, something which might offend yom listener: '
lu~hiku arimasen,
\110 IllNhikunai
\ Ill)
resutoran
wa amari
That restaurant is not very good. Tbe food in Britain was not very good.
You w~ sometimes ga at the beginning of a sentence, where it has the meanmg of but, however. Demo (Unit 2; dialogue) and the more formal shikashi (Unit 4 Structures 5) are more common in this position, though they cannot be used to join two sentences together as ga can.
fin?
tlilihikunakatta
ihove:
desu,
wei da
kirei de walja nai oishii oishikunai
kireidatta
xercises
'III~U) form, making
I
K
63
and put the verbs int~ th~ past (them positive unless otherwise militated. (a) (tabem) _, (a) de; tabemashita
3 a:
3'
month
sengetsu korigetsu raigetsu maigetsu (or maitsuki)
week .senshu
konshu raishu
c.n
C)
this next
every
last
(tomorrow)
{or rnaitoshi)
maishfi
mainicbi
Tomu-san wa senshu basu (a) . Narita (b) _ (iku). II Michilw-san wa kino Ken-san (c) Kyoto no shashin (d) _. (miseru). IliI A Kesa shinbun (e) (yomn) ka? U lie, (yomu negative) __ . III Kyonen (f) natsu doko (g) _. __~. (im) ka? . \II A Kino uchifh) __ nani (i) _ (benkyosuru) ka? B (Benkyo suru negative); (asobu), The Japanese like asking foreigners if they have had any urthentic 'Japan experiences'. Use the [verb (past plain form)] koto ga am construction to ask and answer about the following. (110 this with a friend if pessible.)
I
'"
These words can be followed by certain particles, by wa if some contrast is implied: Kino wa samukatta desn. Kyo wa il o-tenki desu ne, Usually, however, Ashita nani
0
for example
I' "ample: Seeing Mt Fuji (Fuji-san) Ifuii-san a mita koto ga arimasu lea? l l.ri, (mita koto gal arimasu. II,', [mita koto ga)arimasen .. Hating octopus/raw fish (sashimi or sushi) h Drinking sake/Japanese tea (o-cha) l Going to KyotolNara cI Seeing Nob/Kabuki drama t· Staying at a Japanese-style inn (ryokan ni tomar.u)
.1
ka?
It is also worth noting at this stage that these relative expressions can act like nouns and be joined to other time words through the use of no: kino no yoru rainen no natsu
sentences
There will be more information about time including how to tell the time, in Units 6 and 8.
Example: Yoroppa ni ikimashita .. Shashin 0 takusan torimashita, --+ Yoroppa ni itte, shashin a takusan torimashita. Yoroppa ill ikimashita, Kenbutsu shima sen deshita. . --+ Yoroppa ni ikimashita ga, kenbutsu shimasen deshita,
I Tomodachi ni aimashita ..Hanashimashita, h Tomodachi 0 yobimashita. Kimasen deshka. l Shashin 0 mirnashita ..Amari yoku arimasen deshita, d Shashin a mimashita, Rondon 0 omoidashirnashira. to jiru-san wa Nihongo de tegami 0 kakimashita ..Tanaka-san ni misemashita,
7 Means of transport
[Vehicle] de is used with verbs of motion as follows. This is a natural extension of the use of de to indicate the instrument with which an action is performed: Basu/densha de kaerimasho.
Note that where English would sayan foot. Japanese -te form of the verb aruk.u{to walk), amite: Amite kaerimashita,
54 '
4 Put the following sentences in the past. Example: Roma wa atsui desu, a b c d e
-+ ROUl3
kuru
In certain situations, the past forms of these verbs can take on a ~pedal meaning. When A, who is junior to B, bas been listening , 11 instructions or advice given by B,.the reply Hai, wakarimashita will imply not only that A has understood, but .dAo that he or she will carey out what B has said. (A more lnrrnal equivalent to wakarimashita in this context is keshikemarimashita. ) If you catch sight of the bus or train that you are waiting for, in English you say It's coming!. In Japanese, however, you say
55
Rondon wa amari atsukunai desu, Okkusufodo wa shizuka desu. haria no resutoran wa oishii desu, Ano kissaten wa amari kirei de wa arimasen, Tenki wa amari yoku arimasen,
1 O..miyage souvenirs
The Japanese love travelling and travel has inevitably become ritualized. Commemorative photographs (kinen shashin) must be taken, and o-miyage must be bought, fur one's neighbours, relatives and colleagues at school or work. If you go to Japan, particularly if you are going to stay with Japanese friends, or if someone is going to be looking after you in some way, you should arm yourself with a choice selection of o-miyage: from appropriately emblazoned keyrings to bottles of brandy and scarves at ties with famous designer names. When presenting a gift to someone, it is usu~lly ap~r?priat~ ~o say: Kore wa tsumaranai mono desu ga ... (ht.) .Thls 1$ a trtvlal [rsumarana.i) thing but ... In the case of an o-mryage, however, you would probably say: (Kore wa) Igirisu/ Amerika no 0mirage desu, Tsumarenai mono desuga, dozo ... This is a souv.enir from Britain/America. It is a trivial thing, but please (accept it). The happy recipient can respond in various wafs, most simply, of course, with Domo arigato gozaimasu (a polite
Thank you) ..
Kiruasbita! (lit. It has come). You may feel that this is a natural reflection of the greater speed and efficiency of Japanese transport systems .....
en.
2 Inverted sentences
You will come across these frequently in everyday spontaneous conversations. The speaker adds information as an afterthought to a sentence which is already complete, possibly to clarify the meaning or for emphasis. Handsome isn't be, Hansamu desu ne, Ken 1mean. Ken-san wa. We went from the hotel. Hoteru kara ikimashita, by bus. basu de. In London we had rain, Rondon wa arne deshita, every day. mainichi .. (Fat inverted questions, see Unit 22 Structures 1 .h.]
Daijobu
na no?
You will hear men using no, mainly if they are asking a woman with whom they are On dose terms a question, and waas well, particularly if they are from the west of japan,
Dialogues
0 tsurete chikaku no nomiya Futari wa gozen niji sugi ni issho ni kaette, sugu neta. I.Inshite, ima wa nichiyobi no a-him chikaku cia ga, futari wa
57
11Iitta.
f.uto okita •.. okusan Anzal to Tomu akusan Anzal to Tomu Osoi desu ns - yUbe wa zuibun nonda desha?
Ee ... itete .... (atama a osaero) O-furo nl hairanakatta desha? Sumimasen. Ha rna migakanakatta desha? Gomen nasal, Manto rna kesanakatta desha? sake K-kesanakatta ka mo shiremasen ... Komatta hltotachi desu. Sa, nani 0 meshiagarimasu ka? Gahan? Pan? Nani rno lranal ... o-cha dake kudasai. Sore kara, i.gusuri mol
didn't brush teeth,e.ithat gomen nasal Itwa am/ate sony
Okusan
Anzallo Tomu
'<. '< 00
cc
...)
s:u o,
..0 CD Ol
:::y
0
:::J
Q)
:::J '<
;:::t:
C. CD
CD
c. cQ)
yObe last nIght t.;ur·e.'u to take, accompany futan two persons, the two
Dozen am .• S6 nlJI two o'clock. S6 (tIme] sugl aftet [time] • S6 Iliho nl togethar na.rlJi to lie down; sleep nlchlyobl Sunday o.hll'u lunch, lunchtime o-hlru chlkaku nearly lunchtime Ylltta finally, at length okl.ru to get up I.ulbun a fait deal, a lot I,onlenca) daro (deshO) • S2 Inou"]i to (noun] [noun] and tnoun] • UnitS S3 Ilote ouch 81ama hesd atamaoosae.ru to hold one's head (osae.ru to hold down) o-furo bath e-fueo nl hair.u to take a bath halranakaHa plain negative past tense form of "alr.u • 51 lumlmasenexcuse melus; I/wa
am/are sony.
hamo mlgakanakatta
kes.u
to
switch off
0 ...-+
Ol
:e C.
tn N
:T C
en ...-+
[sentence) lea mo shlrenal (ka mo shiremasen) may; perhaps .53 komatta hite a troUblesome pers.on, a nuisance sa = sa • Unft 4 0 mashlaga'.u honorific equfvalent of tabe.ru • Unit 18 51c pan bread nanl mo [negative] nothing
1
co :::y
...-+
-o, O. c._.) C o,
::J
-.
:::J
ir.u
:::J
.-+
In this unit you will learn • about plain negative verb forms • how to express uncerta,inty. probabHity and reason with plain forms • how to count • how to show off!
·sa
ha 0 mlgek.u
teeth
58
True or false?
1 Futari wa amarinomanakatta. 2 Futari wa ha 0 migaita,
form, change -nai to -nakatta (recall the past tense formation of -i adjectives)! oki.ru tabe.ru mi.ru old inai tabe 100 nil [nai oki [nakarta mi nakatta
59
mukae ni kuru.
tabe lnakatta
Jlru
Okusan
Gomen kudasail A, Jlru-sanl O-agari kudasai. o-eha wa ikaga? Itadakimasu. Ano futari wa osokatta desha kara, yube wa taihen datta desha? E:, demo, watashi wa said ni neta kara ... Sore wa yokatta desu. De, ano futari wa? Mata neta desha ka? lie, achlra no heya de mukaezake (isu kara ochiru)
0 ...
b With -u verbs, change the final -u to -a-, then attach -nai present tense, -nakarta for past: tor:n hanas.u nom.u ayog.u tara [nai hanasa noma j nai oyoga [nai
o
en
Jim
Okusan Jim
!nai
han half past [t.lme]goro about [time) • 86 mukae nl kuru (come to) meet, plck up (mukae :: -masu base of mukae.ru to meet. Unit 7 82) itadakimasu yes please (when
offer of food or drink) taihen datta desho you must have had a difficult time sa.ki ni ahead of someone else, first [sentence] kara (sentence] and accepting
(sore wa) yokatta desu I (was) am gla.d (about that) (lit. it was de [sentence] and so (sentence] mukaezake a pick-me~up to
combat good)
Notice that verbs ending in -tsu change to -ta-, and verbs with a vowel before the -u, to -wa- (although awanai and other such forms sound in fact more like aanai in normal rapid speech): rnats.u a.u ka.u malta t nai a! wa!nai ka:wa[nai
rna 1 ta
hangover
ka i wa nakatta
ai wa i nakatta
i nakatta
so -84
c The two irregular verbs sum and kuru work as follows: suru
True or false?
3 Anzai-sensei no okusan wa saki ni neta, 4 Jim-san wa o-cha a nomanakatta.
kuru
d Notice that ar.u does not have regular negative forms (aranai does not exist); instead, nailnakatta are used: O-kane ga nai. Hon ga nakatta, There isl1 have no money. The book wasn't there.
Structures
1 Plain negative forms of verbs
The plain negative form of verbs is obtained in the following manner: a With -irul-eru verbs, substitute -nai for -ru to obtain the plain present negative, and to obtain the corresponding past tense
60
Daro is attached [0 nouns, adjectives and verbs in their present and past affirmative and negative forms as seen in the following table: nouns Ano biro wa Nihonjin
datta ja nai ja nakatta
When the question is about something associated with the speaker, the implication is often one of showing off (in this use falling intonation is generally used): (photo of boyfriend) Hansamu desha? (home-baked cake) Watashi no keki wa oishii demo? 1£ ka? is attached after daro/desho, wonder if: (Knock at the door) Dare daro ka? Kono sukato wa takai desha ka? Ken-san mo iku desha ka? Don't you think he's handsome? My cakes are not bad, eh?! the meaning normally is I Who might that be? Is this skirt (sukato) expensive, I wonder? I wontkrif Ken is going. too?
61
desha.
is Japanese. was
isn't wasn't desha. I expect this room is quiet. was isn't wasn't Summer must be hot. have been hot. be cool (not hot). have been cool (not hot). She probably will go. went. won't go. didn't go.
o 0)
na adjectives
Q)
When desha is used instead of desu in a question (with normal question intonation), it results in a very polite question:
Ii desu ka? Ii desha ka?
Natsn wa
desho
verbs
is the cloakroom? Where wOJ41d the cloakroom be, please? When said with a falling intonation, the speaker's doubt as to the validity of the assumption expressed in the question is expressed:
Ii desha ka?
Kanojowa
ikju
it-] [a ika-inai ika-] nakatta
desha.
nichiyobi
Note that so behaves like a noun (so daro/desbo), In questions ending in daro/desho?, the speaker signals to the listener to confirm the assumption presented in the question: Yiibe wa zuibun nonda desha? O-furo n.i hairanakatta desha? Ha mo migakanakatta desha? You had quite a lot last night, didn't you? You. didn't take a bath, did YOtt? You didn't brush Y014r teeth either, did you?
62
An,o biro
wa Nihonjin
kama shiremasen,
Kana heya wa
... might/may be a Japanese. ... may have been quiet. ... may not be hot. ... may not have gone.
In normal polite speech, kara is more likely to be attached to the plain forms of the verb and adjectives rather than to desul -masu forms . Note that the subject of the whole sentence (marked by wa) may come at the beginning of the sentence, or in the second half after kara. If the subordinate sentence has a different subject (heya ga shizuka datta), it is generally marked by ga (see Unit 10). This applies equally to sentences where the overall subject is understood, such as the first example given on p. 62. In full this would read as follows: Tenki ga ii kara watashi-tachi wa ikimasu. In English it is possible to say Because Michiko-san didn't (go) in reply to a question such as Why didn't you go? Similarly, sentences consisting only of the part indicating the reason are possible in Japanese, too: Michiko-san ga ikanakatta kara.
63
o en
Kashiraj came up in Unit 5; as mentioned there, it is restricted to female speech in standard Japanese (although men use it regularly in certain dialects, such as those spoken in the Kyoto! Osaka area). With a meaning similar to desha ka? (and the more masculine daro ka?), kashira? is attached to the same forms as ka mo shirenai, Some more examples are given below: Dare kashira] Kana sukato wa takai
kashira?
en
Kono hoteru wa shizuka kashira? Ken-san rna iku kashira? Kesa no shinbun wa konakatta kashira?
Who might that be? Is this skirt expensive. I wonder? I wonder if this hotel is quiet? I wonder if Ken will go, too? Am I right in thinking that the paper didn't come this morning?
5 How to count
Japanese has two sets of numerals, an indigenous set and one imported from China. The Japanese set is used only for numbers up to and including 10. Number Japanese hito-tsu
futa-tsu mit-tsn yot-tsu itsu-tsu Chinese (alternatives) ichi
DI
1
,
3 4
5 6
San
shi
go
(yon) (nana)
7 8
9
10
roku shichi
hachi
to
kyuIku
jii
T enki ga ii kara ikimasu. Futari wa osokatta kara sugu nemashita, Heya ga shizuka datta kara, warashi wa yoku nemashira, Jiru-san ga kimashita kara, issho ni o-cha 0 nomimashita,
We will go because the weather is fine. The two went straight to bed because it was late. I slept well because the room was quiet. Because Jill came, we drank tea together.
The alternatives to the purely Chinese words, yon and nana, are derived from the Japanese set, and are more common than shi and shichi, On their own, the Chinese numerals are used to count from 1to 10, 1 to 100 and so on, for example in doing arithmetic. For counting things, it is normal to combine them with specific counters. (See Structures 6 about counting hours and minutes,
64
~nd ...l]nit 9 for more info~mation.) The Ja.panese s~t 0.£. numbers IS also used to count things, but generally only m the case of objects which have no specific counter assigned to them. One couldsay that vtsu is the counter for such objects .. After 10; tbe tens are indicated by atrachingni, san '" before jii, while the ones are made up by attaching ichi, ni .,. after jii (note that yon and nana are again used as common alternatives):
65
11 jii! ichi
jll! shilyon jiiigo jii!roku jii i shichi/nana iii! hachi
20 30
40
5Q
en
17
19
iu! kyiilku
60 70 80 90
ichi
iji
1 o'clock
2 o'clock 3 o'clock
4 o'clock 5 o'cku;k 6 o'clock
7 o'clock
jii
ip
8 o'clock 9 o'clock
10o'dock 11 o'clock 12 o'clock lD hours
jUku i Jl
I ..
niju
nijiisan
I'·
1)1
en.
iii
23 hours
The same principle applies with hyaku (a hundred) and sen (a thousand): thus the year 1984 would be sen kyUhyaku hacl1ijii yo-nen (&D€n = year; this is also the Japanese title of Orwell's Nineteen Eighty~Four), and 2001 nisen ichi-nen. Certain combinations undergo phonetic change, thus sanbyaku (not sanhyaku), roppyaku (not .rokuhyaku), happyaku (not hachihyalrn). Check Appendix 1 for a list of common phonetic changes. The basic unit for large numbers is not 1,000 but 1,0000 (ichiman); calculate by remembering that there are four noughts, not three, as with thousands:
Where necessary, the a.m.lp.m. distinction can be indicated by putting gozen {a.. .. or gogo (p.m.) in front. Thus, gozen ichiji m) IS one a.m.
!tal( past is indicated by adding han \halfl; sanji han (half past three). Alternatively, YOIl can say sanji sanjuppun (three thirty).
The minutes are expressed by combinations of the numerals 1-59 in combination with -fun/-pun (see Appendix 1 for combinations) ..
as follows:
yoniiigofun 1.S0 4.55
7..05
Hachiji
Ichiji gojuppun
Yoji gojiigofun Jiiichiji gojiihachifun the minutes
8045
11.58
past
It is possible to attach sugi (Past/a{ter)co hour: sbicbiji gofun sugi live past seven.
the
After the half hour. it is also possible to give the minutes to the horn by adding mae (before).: Kuji jii.gofun mae Goji gofun mae Niji juppun mae JUniji nifun mae
(lOOO,OOOO)
For approximate times, goro (abmifj,chikaku (nearly) and sugi (past/after) can be used; while chodo (just/exactly) i:s attached before the hour:
66
Shichiji goro
Seuenish, about seven o'clock Nearly seven ~ After seven It's just on seven.
-ji
Dare rna kimasen deshita, Dare IDO yobimasen. I are ni rna aimasen deshita, oko (ni) rna ikimasen deshita,
Nani
IDO
irimasen,
No one came. I shall invite no one. I didn't meet anyone. We didn't go anywhere. [ don't want anything.
67
Note that itsu rno cannot be used with negative forms; it is, however. commonly used with positive forms in the sense of altllays (Unit 7): Itsu rna shichiji ni kaerimasu. [Ihe always rl'furn!s at seven.
Exercises
I Tell the time in Japanese as indicated (give two versions where possible).
en
Let's go at three o'clock. They came back after 2 a.m. I did some shopping on Satuniay.
On the other hand, it cannot be used with relative times (recall Unit 5 Structures 6): Mainichi biru 0 nomimasu, Kino eiga a mimashita,
I drink beer every day. I saw a film (eiga)
yesterday.
Other expressions of time are either specific or general in meaning; these can be used without ni in a general sense, or with ni to give them a more specific feel. This distinction does not exist in English - if in doubt use these expressions without ni Asa (morning) Gogo Fuyu (winter) Sanji goro (nil (ni)
(ni) (ni)
roo [+ negative] answers as shown in the model: Example: Dare ka kimashita ka? ...... dare rna kimasen deshita. lie,
I+
negative]
This combination is similar in meaning to no- or not any- in English, dare mo being no one or not ... anyone, doko mo nowhere or not ... anywhere, and nani rna nothing/not ... anything. Particles ga and, usually, 0 are omitted; others such as ni combine with rna (preceding it). With iku, however, nile can be left out.
68
"urelci na purezento
.umimasen.
desho?
a (car; fast) h (room; big) c (blouse [burausu], pretty) d (jam; tasty) e (dog; cute) 4 Put these English sentences into Japanese.
<:)
shimashira.
Thanks for the lovely (suteki na) present. Sorry about last night. I do beg your pardon a:bout yesterday.
69
( l'hc last two do not necessarily imply some grave social blunder II may be that you were late for an appointment, or simply v(HIred someone out of the blue!)
en
a I bought it because I had the money. b Because Ken went, I went too. c I got up early this morning because I went to bed early last night.
7F.1318
2 Giving the date
I he
-aatsu
-nichi
o en
specific (the larger unit to the lesser): kesa rokeji, gozen niji, ~nnji gofun, etc. The same order applies with dates (year, month, day rather than vice versa). 15 December 1990; 1990 (sen kyuhyaku kyii:ju)-nen 12 (jUni)-gatsu 15 (jiigol-nichi -nen is attached to the years, -gatsu (month) to the months, and -nichi (day) to the days. The months have no names, but are numbered from 1 to 12. The year can also be indicated by the somewhat flowery name given to the era of an emperor's reign. If you ask someone when they were born, they will normally give you the relevant era rather than the year according to Western reckoning. The first year in an era is known as gannen. The current era is Heisei (achieving peace), while the previous era was Showa (enlightened peace). Heisei gannen corresponds to 1989, while ShOwa gannen is equivalent to 1926, Showa ninen to 1927, and o on. Heisel years can therefore be converted into Western calendar years by adding (19)88, and Showa years by adding (19)25. Showa SS (Sho'Wa gojiigo-nen), for example, is 1980, and Heisei 20 (Heisei nijiinenlnisenh.achi-nen), 2008. The days of the week areas follows: Cetsuyobi Kayobi Suiyobi Mokuyobi Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Kin'yobi Doyobi Nichiyobi Nan'yobi
Friday
In the sense of I am sorry, both (domo) sumimasen and gomen nasai (the latter tends to be used by females) are used in a wide range of situations: you may have trodden on someone'sfoot, caused a traffic accident or got caught by a police officer for not carrying your foreigner's registration card - in all these cases, sumimasen is the thing to say. More informally, domo is used by itself.
(Domo) sumimasen is also used to acknowledge people's kindness when receiving gifts or favours, and in its form su(m)imasen deshita it can refer to misdeeds or blunders committed in the past. Shitsurei shimashita can be used in the same situations.
70
en:
c:r~
0)
(j)
0
::::J
_.'<
CD
-0
o
CD CD
3~
Q.Q)
o
::::J
:3
Q.
en
CD CD
_ m:::J
.~_.
In this unit. you willieam • further uses of some particles • how to make explanatory statements • about public holidays
DDialogues
Michiko-san wa Ken-san to issho ill Shinjuku e asobi ni iku. Nichiyobi wa itsu rno hokosha-tengoku da. Sore de futari wa dow no rnannaka 0 aruku ...
Michiko Ii o-tenki desu oe ...
True or false?
I Michiko-san-tachi wa yama ni iku, 1 Ken-san-tachi wa moguri ni iku,
Mlchlk.o Delllo, Yligata Tokyo Domu e yakyO 0 mi ni ikimasen ka? Kippu ga am n' desu, Doko to doko desu ka? Kyojin to Hanshin desu yo. Ii desu ne .,' Sono ato wa dlsuko ni odon ni ikimashO ne! Sekkaku desu ga ... mongen ga jOji. na n' desu! dlsuko disco odori, -masu base of odor,u sekkaku dasu ga...
that's very kind of you but.,. (phrase used to decl!ne an invitation orofler) mongen '/ock",up time', time one has to be home by
73
Ken
Mlchlko
desu.
sugoi hlto
Ken
'M.ichiko
.......
Ken
. lchiko M
Ken
Mlchlko
:Ken
desu nel Nichiy6bi we ltsu moke na n' desu yo. He ... ratshu wa garuden uiku desha? Sono toki wa motto sugoi desha ne, Demo, minna umi yayama e dekakeru desha, So ka ... Michiko ..san-tachi mo desu ka? watashi-tachi wa urnl e moguri ni iku n' desu . Yokattara, lssho ni ikimasen ka? Damo ari.gat6 .•. demo, watashi-tachi mo dekakeru n' dssu, Ara, dochira e? Karulzawa. desu. Yama 0 aruku n' desu.
Ken Mlchlko
Ken Mlchlko
e.,
to dance
82
yakyu
ml, -masu base of mi.ro .82 klppu ticket Kyojln,. Hanshln farnous rival professional baseball teams, based In Tokyo and Osaka respectively
baseball
[noun] to Issho ni with [noun] • Unit 853 Shinjuku one of the downtown
'Tokyo centres a50bl, -mesu base of asob.u play, engage Inactivities other than work • 52
to
itsu mo always hok6sha-tengoku 'pedestrians' paradIse', road temporarily closed to vehicles, e.g, on
holidays
surprise gli.ruden uiku 'Golden Week', term used to refer to the string of public holidays
Which occurs between late April and early May - L8 mln(n)a all,everyone yama mountain, hill umI ya )'<Ima the sea and the hills (ya • Unit 10 81)
True or false?
3 Michiko-san wa yakyii no kippu ga aru, 4 Furari wa disuko ni ikanai.
Structures
1 The use of iku and kuru
These two verbs are used in a somewhat different way £rom English come and go. In English, come and go are used loosely in expressions such as I'll come with you or 1 can't come tomorrow when we actually mean I'll go with you or I can't gD tomorrow; Japanese makes a more rigorous distinction: iku refers only to movement away from the speaker/the domain of the speaker, and kuru to movement toward the speaker. 1 2 3 4 Ashita ikimasu. I'll come/gD (to your place) tomorrow. Ashita kimasu, I'll come (to your place) tomorrow. Issho ni ikimasen ka? HDW about coming/going with us? Issho ni kimasen ka? How about coming with us?
sore de [sentence] so, therefore [sentence] doro road mannaka middle, ceotr« [noun] 0 along [noun1 - S4 kimochl feeling klmochl ga II 'feeling is good', I.e. one feels good sugo.t terrible, formldable 5Ogol hito a formidable
[num,ber of] people, a huge crowd
dekake.ru to set/go out mogur.u to dive (skin or scuba) yokattara if it's 13/1 n'ght with you, how about ... (phrase often used to lntroduce an invitation)
- Un'1119 81 of surprise Karuizawa famous summer resort in the mountains northeast df Tokyo
ara exclamation
The first example may be said au the telephone, or written .in a letter, i.e, when the speaker is away from the listener; b,y contrast, the second sentence is only possible if the speaker is at the listener's place. The distinction between the third and fourth sentences is less clear-cut, but the implication in 4 is that the speaker asks the listener to join him/her to go to a place that is perceived as his/her domain, either by virtue of ownership (e.g. the speaker's country cottage) or habit (we always go there in the summer).
I am going out to
Shinjuku. I am going to the ocean for a swim. I am going dancing at a disco. I am going to a friend's place to stay the night.
75
......
lhese have come up already in the dialogues of Units 4 and 5, I ara after a place word meaning from, and made with time
tabe
nu
norm
kai
(masu)
shi These forms may be understood as the noun-form of verbs, since the -masa base of some verbs can act as an independent noun, e.g. oyogi swim(ming), asobi p/ay(ing), odori dance/dancing.
Ni can be attached
Gersuyobi kara kinyebi made hatarakimasu, Asa kara ban made- terebi o mimashita. Kaisha kara Okkusufodo Don made arukimashita.
I work from Monday to Friday. I watched TV from morning till evening. I walke4 from the office to Oxford Street.
to the -masu base of most verbs in combination with a following iku or kuru; the meaning is very similar to ni expressing the direction of an action, although by force of context the implication is often one of purpose. Compare the following pairs (note that e cannot he used to indicate purpose): Sbinjuku e/ni ikimasu, Oyogi ni ikimasu. Sensei ga uchi e/ni kimasu. Sensei ga now ni kimasu. I am going to Shin;uku. I am going swimming. The teacher is coming to our house. The teacher is coming to have a drink.
Eiga
Where directional elni and ni indicating purpose are used together, direction always comes first (to avoid repetition, e is sometimes preferred to nil:
76
nouns
Ken Mlchlko na
Igirisnjin
n' da/desu.
Reis British, you see. was isn't wasn't It is quiet, you see. was isn't wasn't cold, you see. It is was isn't wasn't I am going! did go! am not going! didn't go!
Sugoi hlto desul What a crowdJ Ooyobi we ltsu mo ko na n' desu yo. On Saturdays it's a/ways like this! Yokattara,
77
Mlchiko Ken
lssho ni ikimasen ka? How about ccming with us? Domo arigeto ... demo, watashi-taGhi mo dekakeru n' desu. Thanks, but we are goIng away as we/lf
Shiznka
na
datta
janai
n'da/deso.
Explanatory statements may also be attached by the same speaker to something he himself has said:
Mlchlko Ken
Ara, dochira e? Oh, where to? Karuizawa desu. Yama 0 aruku n' desu. To Karu/zawa. We are going hill-walking.
.......
ja nakatta
-; adjectlves Samu-li
......
n'da/deso.
6 Koz so,
a indicating
These words are parallel in meaning to kore/sore/are: ko means this way, while so means that way (a is rarely used). Doyobi wa itsu mo kb desu. On Saturdays it's always like
Ko shimasho.
n'da/desu. So shimasho. So desu ka?
Ik-! n
u-] ta
Let's do it this way. (i.e. as follows) Let's do that. (Sore a sbimashQ is not idiomatic Japanese) Is that sor
this.
so behaves like a noun (so na n' da/desu). The n' desu form has anexplanatory/highlighting force (it's a matter of ... ) that is most typically seen in question-answer exch~ges ~etween two speakers. As you may gather fr:om the English equivalent t-o the answer, the meaning is not as strong as be"!use ... (for that, kara is available); instead it may converuentlr: be thought of as equivalent to you see, or perhaps an exclamation mark:
(Doshite] ikanai.n' desu ka? (Why) aren't you goingr O-kane ga nai n' desu. { I haven't got any money (you see). 1 haven't got the money!
Exercises
1 Answer the questions using the n' desu form. Example: Doshite konai n' desu ka? (1 am busy) __.Isogashii n' desu, a Doshite eiga 0 minai n' desu ka? (1 have work to do, lit. there is study) b Doshite ikanai n' desu ka? (1 have no time) c Doshite disuko ni ikanai n' desu ka? (1 have to be back by 9.30 - use mongen) d Doshite kakanakatta n' desu ka? (1 didn't have a pen!) e Doshite shashin a totta n' desu ka? (It was pretty) f Doshite seta (sweater) 0 kita n' desu ka? (Itll was cold)
!lere,an explanation is called for in the question, and is given m the reply. Stat~ments ending in n' desu are not necessarily answers to questions; explanatory statements occur in other contexts as well:
2 After a domestic discord, you are in an obstinate mood and threaten to go out by yourself (use either [noun] ni iku or ([nounI 0) -masu base ni ikn). Example: I'm going to see a baseball match! .....Yakyu a b c d I'm going to the pub! I'm going to see a filml I'm going to a restaurant to eat! I'm going to stay overnight at a friend's place!
0
November 3 November 23
mi ni ikul
.......
3 Tell a japanese friend about what you did in Shinjuku yesterday, using kara or made, or beth, as indicated by the arrows. Example: a b c d e
Ie....
II(
S~juku~eki
de gohan 0 taberu. .. Tomodachi no ie; amite iku. Yoji : tomodachi no ie de asobu, Yom no jiiji .... ... jfiniji; disuko de odoru.
NIJI
.. eki; aruku: Ie kara eki made arukirnashita. depato; takushi (taxi) de iku.
...
When any of the above falls on a Sunday, the following Monday i~treated as a holiday (fnrikae kyiijitsu transfer holiday). During Muruden niku (the week between April 29 and May 5), which contains three public holidays, most employers grant a week's holiday. Any day other than Sunday between May 3 and 5 also becomes a holiday. Offices and banks are generally closed for a three- to five-day period over the New Year (O-shogatsu), whereas shops are closed on 1st (and often 2nd) of January only. Shops and department stores are usually open aU day on Saturdays and undays (they are normally closed on one weekday instead). Banks, post offices and government offices are now dosed on iaturdays.
f*
.
(shnkujitsu):
a-
kyo
April 29 May 3
MayS July (third Monday) September 15 September (autumn equinox) October (second Monday)
Dialogues
Y,mo goruden _uikuni n~tta: Anzai-san-tachi wa eki ~ iru. Kore ni notte umie iku no da keredomo, nonoknreru ka lllO shirenai ... 1"1'6 Boku wa uohi de tornodachi to. asobitai n' da.
81
I MU, densha
Mlchlko
yo..
Ken-san
to.
issho ni Karuizawa
OkUS8n
·CfJ
Anzai
Okusan Mlchlko
Koke ni aru. Shimada-yuki wa nanbansen kashira? Juji-han-hatsu we sanban yo. Otesan, okasan, hayaku. ha¥aku! Me nijugofun sugi da wa.
o
ext
nar.u to become. 8.2 kore kara ·aftar thfs, now densha train. L8.1 nor.u to get on train, etc. (NOTE: [vehicle] ni noru) k.eredomo but, however [vehicle] nl noil-okure.ru late for [vehic/e1- L8.2 [noun] to - 53 (-masu basel·tal
I-masu
Shimada seaside city on tip of Izu peninsula [place)-yuld (the train/bus) bound for/terminating at [place] nan bam,en ? what platform? _ Unit 9 S7 on counters [timefplace]-hatsu (the
train/bus) leaving at (tlme]/starting from !place] sanban(sen) platform 3 oto-san (ather (form used fer addressing) - Unit 16 L8.1 hayaku quickly. 8.1 ma already - Unit 11 8.6
base] nasal - S5
c:~ 0 ....
CD
:3 CD
,,,
[verb].84 Watashi rno so, yo Note omission of da - L8.3 II kagen ni shi nasal yol Behave yourselves/
to want to
o til :T _. -.
:T
True or false?
In this unit you will learn • how to express wishes and requests • how to express likes and dislikes, including liking some things more than others • some useful words and phrases for train joumeys in Japan • about inforTTlall speech and
misete, isoide
Anaunsl.l
Mamonaku sanbansen ni densha 9a mairimasu. Abunai desukara, kiiroi sen no uchigawa e o-sagari kudasai.
given names
Michiko Okusan
Chado rna ni atta. Demo, hitoga 6j ne. Yaharl, shltelseki a kane yokaHa wa. Sa, norlmasho.
True or false?
Michiko-san wa remon-jiisu ka rna shirenai, " Anzai-sensei wa ringo-jiisu ga kirai
0
83
nonda.
ri n
Sf!ki Taro
wa nimotsu
tana ni
noseru. Okusan Baku, nodo 'kawaita. JOsu ga hoshii. Mo nomltaku natta no? Shimada made sanllkan kak~rimasu yo .. Okasan, jnsu dashite! Hal, hal, (Ua .kara fukuro 0 orosuJ Orenji to remon to ringo to palnappuru '9a aru keredo, dare 9a hoshii? Baku wa orenji ni suru, Remon to ringo gakirai da kara, Michik.o wa reman desha? lie, reman yori ringo no he ga ii wa. {Anzaj-sensei nil Anata wa? Boku wa shlzuka ni hon 9a yomltai ne. Boku, nodo kawalta. Note omission of w.a and g8- LS3 nodo ga kawaku to become
thirsty (lit throet gets dry)
go
Structures
1 Adverbial forms of adjectives
Many Japanese adverbs, such as sugu and takusan, are- fixed in their form. As in English, however, it is possible to turn ndjectives into adverbs, With na adjectives, na becomes ni; with -j adjectives, -i is replaced by -ku, p-roducing the form which you have already met in turning -i adjectives into the negarivee
Taro Okusan
ree
Okusan Mlchlko Okusan
Q CO
Anzai
A train will be arriving shortly at platform 3. It is dangerous, so please stand back from the yel/ow lines o-[-masll base] kuda.sai please [verb] .85 rna niau be in time {[noun] ni rna nlau be in time tor [nounD o.i many' 86 yahari after all/Just as I thought shltelseld reserved seat sekl seat/one's place katte yokatta I'm glad th.at we bought (them) - Unit 13 S4 mltsuke .. u to find r suwar.u to sit nlmotsu luggage ta,na shelf nose.ru to place onlload
kaisatsuguchi ticket barrier isolde hurrfedty (-te form of isog.u to hurry) homu platform anaunsu announcement Mamonaku sanbansen ni densha ga malrimasu. Abunal desu kara, kUro! sen no uchigawa e o-sagarlkudasai Stock station announcement:
Jill
teaches
arukimashita.
Note that the adverbial Yoku benkyo shimashital Asoko e yoke ikimasu ka?
kindly.
English very
jilsu juice [naun] ·gaheshl.l (I) want [noun) '86 sanjlkan (for') three hourS • sa kakar .. u to lasl (of lime) dashitel -teform for Informal requests '85 fukuro bag oros.U to take o.fflunload orenjI oranfJ!3 [noun] to [noun] I[noun] and [noun]. II 83 remon lemon ringo apple painappuru pineapple keredo coltoqulal abbreviation of kered'omo dore? which? (out of three or more things) [noun] ga klral da (I) hate
than [Y] • S7 (NOTE: II (here) Indicates choice/preference • Unit 9 84 shlzuka nl quietly. 81 prefer [A] to/rather
form of ii is yoku.:
The adverbial forms of some-i adjectives can act like nouns and join together with particles .. Chikaku (Unit 2 Structures 5) and oku are found in both A and B position in A no B patterns: chikaku no nomiyaa nomiya no chikaku 6ku no Nihonjin Nihonjin no oku the following common phrases: hayaku kara from early on taku kara from far away
nearby bar
The others (furuku, hayaku, osokn, and toku) can be found in furuku
osoku made
IY1 yorl
[noun}
• S6
[AJ no ho ga II
(f)
noun
na adjective -i adjective
noun na
-I
m m
-1m
lu sentences naru/snru
iNNho
m:
to leave out
85
Tanaka-san
:e
o
.111
III III
Note the similar use of to with some verbs, such as asobu and II masu, in tbe same way as with in. English: Taro-kun to asobimasho, Suzuki-san to Let's
a en
III
Jill
became a teacher.
o (XI
Tomu-san wa sugu genki ni naru desho. Heya 0 kirei ni shimasho, Samuku narimashita ne] O-fura 0 atsuku shimasho Note that time words English would probably
ka?
Shall we have whisky (nisuki)? I expect Tom u/illbecome well/recover very soon. Let's make the room clean! Let's tidy the room. Hasn't it goteald? Shall T make the bath hot?
hanashimashits ka?
(Compare the latter with: Suzuki-san ni hanashimashita ka?
ka?
Ikimasho
Spring (haru) has come at last. Two o'cJock has come/It's two o'clock. Shall we go? uses of naru in Unit 9 dialogues.
you want?
anything. wants a
beer.
b In order to express the wish to do something, rather than the wish for a concrete thing, you add the -tai ending to the -masu base (Unit 7 Structures 2) of the appropriate verb. The -tai ending has negative and past forms just like other -i adjectives: Watashi wa hayaku kaeri i ta i desu. I want to get b.ackearly. Michiko-san ni ai ita! kunai desu ka? Don't you want to mee·t Michiko-sani! Ken-san wa Shimodae iki ta karta desha. I expect Ken wanted to go to Shimada.
!!
Note that A wa XQ sum can become either A wa X A wa X ga shieai (compare A wa X ga hoshii): Watashi wa Nihon de kamera gala kaitai desu, Jiru~san wa tako ga/o tabetakunai desho.
shitai, or
Ikimashita.
to eat octopus.
86
to express the feelings of the speaker or, in questions, to ask aboutthe feelings of the person being spoken to. They ace not normally used to describe the wishes of third persons, unless in reported speech, or in sentences with endings equivalent to it seems or apparently (Unit 15 Structures 1,3; Unit 17 Structures 6;. also see Unit 14 Structures 4 )..
In spoken Japanese,
l'he verb form in front of kudasai is really a negative equivalent of the -te form (Unit 17 Structures 5). Note that betweenfriends and within families you will hear the
positiv,: an~ negative.-te ..forms being used alone, without kudasas, as informal, friendly requests. Shinaide yo!
87
Chotto matte!
Wait
a bit/
CO
We have already met the structure [noun} 0 kudasai as a method of asking for concrete things (Unit 4 Structures 3). Verbs can be linked to kudasai in two ways in order to ask people to do things:
-re fotm
o-j-masn base)
kudasai
Please speak more slowly
(yukkuri) ..
Similar to hoshii: Watashi wa Nihon no biru ga suki desu, Ano sensei ga iya desul Taka ga amari saki de wa nai n' desn ka?
Q CO
llihe
Japa1~ese beer.
Please there.
The second way is the more formal. Also note the following, even more polite, alternatives: Sh6sh6 o-machi kudasaimase,
O-namae
0
kaite
Kudasaimasenka? is polite because the request is framed indirectly, as a negative question (lit. 'Wouldn't you please .... ?).
formal
version
of
kudasai,
So also do jozu na/heta na, which deal with being goodl~ad at particular skills such as a language or sport, and the slightly overlapping tokui naluigate na, which deal with havingllac~g confidence in oue's ability in general areas, such as academic subjects as well as sports, etc. Note that you would never use jow to refer to your own prowess at something, while tokui would be perfectly acceptable. Michiko-san is good at Michiko-san wa Eigo ga English. [ozu desu.. Aren't you good at Nihongo ga o-jozu desu nel
Japanese! (note the honorific 0-; see o-genki desu kat Unit 2 Language and society 1) Ken is bad at tennis. Ken-san wa tenisu ga Watasru wa siigaku ga nigate desu.
T~e structure .using the. l-masu base]. ~as~ is mor:~ ab~pt; you will be most likely to hear mothers using it to their children:
Hayaku tabe nasail Eat it up quickly! However, note that the phrase O-yasumi nasai, which literally means Rest!, is the Japanese equivalent of Good night and uot at all abrupt.
heta desu,
I am hopeless at maths
(sugaku).
The most straightforward way of forming negative requests, that is, of asking people not to do things, is as follows: [present plain neganvej-de kudasai Kuruiza wae ikal nai ! de kudasai, Please don't go
A similar structure is used asa basic way of giving more information about any noun A, particularly in describing people. This is really an exte~sio~ of. our very first pattern, A wa B'desu, to A wa B ga [adjective] desu:
wa me ga kirei desu, Rondon wa tenki ga warui Michiko-san desu, Michiko-san has pretty eyes (me). The weather in London bad.
to Karuizawa.
kudasai,
is
88
The following
atarna
set phrases fall nicely into this pattern: tall/short (se stature) dever/stupid
a wide number
se ga takailhikui
89
ga ii/warui
Jill gets
Tomu-san wa se ga takai desu, Jim-san wa atama ga ii desu-. Note also the behaviour sukuna.i few: of the -i adjectives
o.i many,
and
ho a kaimasho,
o
CD
Britain has a tot of rain. Tokyo has few parks. (koen park)
II!
Motto, equivalent to more, is used to reinforce comparisons, make a comparison cleat when Y is not stated: Tokyo wa Shidorii yori motto okii desu, Motto shizuka ni hanashite kudasai,
and
It might help you [0 grow used to this kind of wa - ga pattern if you think of it as meaning literally As for A, B is ... (wanted, liked, disliked, pretty, many, few, etc.). More information on such patterns wiU be given in Unit 10 Structures 4.
o
CD
7 Comparisons
Since adjectives in Japanese have no special comparative forms, comparison is indicated through the use of sentence structures based on the following: Comparing two things, A and Y
Comparing three or more things (A to B to ... Z no naka de) (Out of A, B, ... and Z) A A ga ichiban [adjective] desu is the [ad;ective]-est ..
If you are singling something out from a general category Q rather than from among specific alternatives, Q no naka de Is sufficient:
samukarta desu.
wa Rcrna yori
Rome.
was
colder than
With this structure too, many variations Hado-san-tachi no naka de Jim-san ga asa ichiban hayaku okimasu.
90
suki
~
rako
jUsu
tom tenisu
gitii'1.
tola.tdW (special
characteristics) nagai karni' se ga takai okii karada" kirei na me
91
No particle is needed with expressions of Jength of time, but gurai/kurai can be attached to give the idea of about, just as gorolkoro is used with expressions of point of time:
Nijikan gurai machimashita, 1 waited for about two hours.
dOM
Jit u
lomu k.en Michiko
Note also that to ask about length of time you should use gurai/kurai: Dono gurai kakarimasu ka?
See Appendix 1 for more expressions of length of time, and details of how they combine with numbers.
=
40
Exercises
-ji
lean
1 You are busy getting r-eady for an outdoor party and your rather nosy next-door neighbour, hoping to be invited, offers to help. With a friend if possible, supply both parts of the conversation, first accepting, then refusing. Example: o-sake a akeru (ake.ru to open) Neighbour: Ossake a b c d
0
IJs > the A wa X ga [adjective] desu constructi?n .to make five entences about each of them, and then make similar sentences "bout yourself. II ampler jiru-san wa kohl ga suki desu; rako ga kirai desu~ ienisu ga tokui desu, Furansugo ga nigate desu; sore kara karru ~' nagai desu. \ Using the same table, work out their respective re.sponses to rhe question Nani 0 shimasho ka? (N?~ .(here) te~su(etc,) 0 SliCU play tennis (and other sports); gita/piano 0 hiku play the 1{uitarlpiano) . Example: (Jill) W.atashi wa kohl gala nomitai desu or Watashi wa tenisu galo shitai desu, 4 Again using the table, work out the probable response to each [uestion of the person specified in brackets.
Hxample: Biru ga sulci desn ka] Uill)
teburu 0 dasu kyabetsu 0 kim (kyabetsu cabbage) chizu 0 kai ni iku koppu a aran (koppu glass) (ara.u to wash)
2 Here is a table showing the likes and. dislikes and other pieces of information about some of our characters.
It Kohl ga suki desu ka? (Tom) b Ragubi ga tokui desu ka? (K~n). c Furansu e ikitai desu ka? (Michiko] d YakyU ga mitai desu ka? am)
S Put the following dialogues into polite-style Japanese: nA B bA B How long do yOll study every day? Three hours. At what time are you meeting Michiko-san? At 5 o'clock.
92
c A Apples ate the fruit (kudamono) I like the best. B I like oranges rather than apples. d A Hasn't it become warm! B r expect you're glad we came to Shimoda.
93
kyu
Nil train journey in Japan would be complete without the 11I1I'chase of a packed lunch (o-bento] at the station or on the u.iin, In the summer, you might try the packs of frozen III. ndarin oranges (mikan).
CD
The train is a vital form of transport in Japan, not only for commuting but also for going on holiday. If you are planning to travel by train during the peak season (at New Year, during Golden Week, and in August), it is advisable to book seats well in advance. These reserved seats are called shiteiseki; there are always carriages containing unreserved seats, jiyUseki, but you would have no chance of getting one of these unless you arrived very early at the station from which the train starts. When going by train, the general term is densha de iku, the underground, or subway, is chikatetsu. Kyiiko denotes an express train, and tokkyU, a super-express. In 'Japanese English' the latter is confusingly known as a 'limited express'; this is short for 'limited-stopping express'. And, of course, we must not forget the shinkansen, Japan's famous 'bullet train'. Tickets for normal journeys (kippn or joshaken) can be purchased from automatic machines. H there is no romanized price chart, ask someone how much your ticket will cost: X made ikura desu ka? How much is it as far as X? Tickets for long distances, and the special tickets for travelling by express, etc. (kyukoken, tokkyiiken) which you need in addition to your joshaken, must also be purchased either over the counter or by machine. You might find the following phrases of use. (Note that tickets are counted using -mai.) Kyoto made ichimai Shinkansen de Morioka made sanmai kudasai, Ofuku desu ka? lie, katamichi desu, One to Kyoto. Three to Morioko by shinkansen please. Is that a return (ofuku)? No. it's one way (katamkhi) only.
CD
94
hanashi-au tori-dasu
omoi-dasu
to talk together; discuss (a.u meaning to match/harmonize, not to meet) to take out, produce to remember (in the sense of take something (Jut of your memory - omo.n to thin.k, feel)
o
CO
CD 0
zr
::J, ~
r.n3
." c ()
:::r
(j)
o
:J
CD
o -n
.-+
:::r
CD
(j)
CD 0-
s :J
In this unit you will learn • how to ask prices and costs per unit • how to count items .' colour terms • how to go shopping in
Japan
DDialogues
Ken-san wa Michiko-san to issho ill kaimono ni iku. Futari wa Ginza de chikatetsu 0 orite, chikakn no depato made amite iku. Depato ni haitte, sedan SUIU.
Michiko Ken Michiko
Ken-san, donna mono ga kaitai desu ka? So desu ne ... lrolro arimasu ga, mazu mitai desu. So desu ka? Ja, ikkai kara mimasu ka?
depito
o-tsuke shlmasM
sukoshi
ka? Would you like me to attach it (to your watch)? -S5 Ichlman-en de o-tsurl 0 kudasai please give me change from V1O,OOO- S6 Itomakal no 'small one' (= komakai o-kane small change) gozalmasu formal equivalent of
o·azukari shlmasu - LS6 o-matase shimashlta sorry to have kept you waiting (- Unit
97
desu
here
is your
change of
!f7,2oo
i, chotto...
aru
en
o
CD
kaimono shopping Ginza famous shopping area in Tokyo; station on the Ginza, Marunouchi Bnd Hibiya underground lines orl.ru to climb down; get off
sodan (suru)
- LS4
<:)
otheIj so desu ne.~ let me see ... mazu first of aI/ ikkai ground floor - L51
CD
True or false?
·51
D {Tokei-uriba
Ken Michiko Ken
Tan'in
a
de)
I Ken-san wa aka no banda 0 kairnashita. 1 Baudo Will ichiman-en deshita, (Bunb6gu-uriba de)
Sumlrnasen ... kano chairo no enpitsu wa ippon ikura desu ka? Hyaku-en desu. Kono gurin no wa? Sore we hyaku hachij~n desu. Doitsu-sel de gozaimasu. Chairo no de II na. Sore de wa, chairoi no 0 san bon kudasal. Sore kara, kokOyo no binsen to tot() ga arimasu ka? Hai, gozaimasu. Kochira ni narimasu ga ... FOta waichimai ikura desu ka? VanjO-en desu. Ja, kono ptnku no binsen 0 hltotsu to, kono fmo 0 jOmai kudasai. Zenbu de ikura desu ka? Chado sen-en nl narimasu. Hal, sen-en. cneco itadaklmasu. Maida arigato gozalmasu.
0
tokei ga arimasu ne ... Banda dake aru ka na? Arimasu yo, kltto ... Hora, koko ni takusan arimasu yo. Kono akai no wa totemo ii desu ne ... Sumimasen, kono aka no bando wa ikura desu ka? Hal. Kare desu ka? Nisen happyaku-en desu ga ... A, kore ga ii. Kore a kudasai. Kashikamarimashita. O-tsuke shlmasho ka? E. o-nagai shimasu. Ja, ichlman-en de o-tsuri 0 kudasai. Komakai no wa gozaimasen ka? E, chotto ... Ichiman-en o-azukari shimasu. ShoshO o-machi kudasai. O-matase itashimashita. Nanasen nihyaku-en no o-tsurl desu. Arigata gozaimashita. aka noun-form of akaJ - 52 ten'ln salesperson, shop assistant hai at your service, Sir/Madam
en yen kore ga II
tokel watch, clock urtba sales counter, section banda strap, belt [sentenoe] ka na? I wonder If {sentence] (Informal male equivalent of kashlra) kitto no doubt, surely; definitely
red - 52 kono akal no this red one
nimai
to
jisho
issatsu
- L55
aka.l
-53
-S4
de go.zaimasu fo.rmal equivalent of desu - LS2 (see also Unit 18 S2) k6kQ-yo no binsen air (mail) letter paper! pad flita envelope kochira nl narimasu this is It, this Is the type(s) we have Ichl-mal one (flat object) - 57
pinlw
pink
z:~nbu de sen-en nl
VI,OOD
narimasu
altogether,
it comes
In alJ
to
the exact amount) hai, sen-en hete Is ¥1,OOO ~it here- you are, ¥1, 0001
maida anga.to gozaimasu thank you,. Sir/Madam (lit. thank you each time) tishatsu T-shIrt jisha dictionary ls-satsu one bound object, one volume - 87
noun
English equivalent
aka
kuro
•(Q
True or false?
3 Gurin 1),0 enpltsu wa ippon hyaku-en desu . 4 Ken-san-tachi wa tishatsu 0 nimai kaimasbita ..
aD
sh:ir~
Structures
1 Verbs with a choice between 0 and kara
Verbs like ori.ru and de.ru (to come/go out, leave) commonly take a to mark their object, i.e, the place one alights from, or comes/goes out of: Kyoto de densha o orimashita, Futari wa Michiko-san ie 0 dernashita, no
ki(iro) cha(iro) kon{iro) midori(iro) murasaki (iro) orenji(iro) beju(iro) buru gure gurin
red blue/green black white yellow brown navy blue green pu,rple orange beige blue green
o c.o
grey
Aoi/ao is a notoriously
We got off the train at Kyoto. The two left Michiko-san's house.
Instead of 0, kara also can be used in these sentences; the difference being that the idea of out of is emphasized with kara, so if you tell someone to get out of your room. kara is the one to use for maximum effect! Watashi no heya kara dete yo!
vague term, being used for colours such as that of the sky, the sea, the green of traffic lights, the pale green of young leaves, and even the paleness of a face. Midori is also used for colours normally observed in nature such as fully grown leaves and evergreens, while gorin and burii (and most other English-derived terms] are mainly used for the colour of dresses or shoes. When describing the colour of some o bjecr, the adjective form is used where available; when a choice of colours is made (Ken:'-s aka no banda), or something is described which has two colours or more, the noun form is used. Kana shatsu (shirt) wa akai desu, Kana shatsu no iro wa aka desu. Kanojo wa itsumo shiro a kimasu.
2 Colour terms
Words indicating colour may be -i adjectives (aka.i, kUro.i) or nouns (chairo, gurin) .. All colour adjectives have alternative noun forms (lacking the final -i), while not all nouns indicating colour haveadjective forms. Thus the adjective aka.i has the noun form aka, whereas no adjective form is available for midori (the final i here is not an adjective ending) or heju (see following list). Some noun colour terms have two forms because iro (colour) can optionally be attached to them, e.g. both midori and midori-iro are used.
This shirt is red. The colour of this shirt is red. She .alwaY$ wears white. The traffic lights were at red.. I want to buy a red and blue tie.
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lowering your own, Such offers or statements are formed by irtaching shimasho ka or shimasu instead of kudasai to o-I-masu base]. The implication is that the action is to be fl -rformed for the benefit of the listener:
101
When the salesperson later on says komakai no, it is clear from the context that no refers to a-kane, even though o-kane has not actually been mentioned. Adjectives preceding no in this sense take the same form as when preceding nouns.
Sa.lesman Kono nekutai wa How about this tie? Haven't you got anything nicer? Aren't there any cheaper ones?
Shall I/would you like me to attach it? Shall I hold (mots.u) it for you? l shall read it for you. I shall wait for you.
40
CD
CUstomer OR
See Unit 18 for more information on humble expressions; see • Iso Language and Society 2 and 6 in this unit.
arimasen ka?
Motto yasui no wa
arimasen ka?
4 Wa and ga with ii
Besides meaning it is good, ii can also mean it's all right/] don't it. (Thus ii desu is often used to refuse an offer of something: Kohl 0 nominasen ka? - lie, ii desu.]
want
Note that you can have two instances of de in a sentence, with the other one indicating the location of the action of buying. Kono shatsu wa deparo de sanzen-en de kaimashita. I bought this shirt at a department store for
3,000 Yen.
Compare the meaning of the following identical except for wa and ga: Kore wa ii desu. Kore ga ii desu.
pair of sentences,
De is also used in giving the total sum of money from which one wants change: Gosen-en de o-tsuri ga arimasu ka? Do
YOli have change from 5,000 Yen?
distinctive focus (see Unit 3 Structures 2 and Unit 10 Structures 4) provided by wa (as far as this one is concerned, it's OK) and
ga (this is the one that's good).
Said by a customer to a. salesperson, these two sentences will have a .rather different effect: while the wa sentence means I don't want this one, the ga sentence means This is what] ~ant (i.e, I'll take it; recall that ii can indicate choice or preference, Unit 8). The difference in meaning is largely due to the
7 Counters
In Japanese, most nouns are counted with the use of specific 'counters'; English only does this with some nouns, for instance bread, which is counted in either loaves or slices: one loaf/slice of bread. Counters are normally attached to the Chinese set of numerals, although alternative forms using Japanese numerals are commonly used fOJ: the numbers 4 and 7. In some combinations, numerals and counters will assume slightly different forms due to phonetic change: thus -hon becomes -pon or -bon. See Appendix 1 for a list of common combinations. (Counters which begin with the same consonant almost always undergo similar phonetic changes.)
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Many counters are not restricted to use with one particular noun, but combine with a variety of nouns referring to things of common shape or type. Thus, -hon is used for long, thin, and often cylindrical, objects such as pencils, cigarettes, bottles; trees, legs and bananas, Belts, ties, and even wrinkles are also counted with -hon. Flat things like sheets of paper, CDs, paper money, stamps, tickets and some items of apparel (fiat in their folded state), like shirts and kimonos, are counted with -mai, For bound matter, like books, magazines and notebooks, -satsu is used.
I'IIt" first two sentences mean: 1111 re are three cats at home. \\1;1 • shi wa jinzu (jeans) o a Ringo o Korn Biru
I 'he first l ~nunters
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nihyakugurarnu
a nan-bon
o
CD
Other useful counters include -hai for cup-, glass- and spoonfuls and such like; -dai for machines and appliances such as computers, cars, and TV sets; -wa for birds and fowl; -hiki for animals and insects, and, last but not least, -nin for the human species (note the irregular forms hito-ri and futa-ri for one and twO persons respectively). Some more abstract nouns (plans, problems, lectures and the like) lack specific counters; for these, -tsu (see Unit 6) is used with the japanese numerals 1-9. Thus, 9 lectures would be counted as kokono-tsu, 10 as to, and 11 onwards with Chinese numerals (jUichi, juni ... ). -tsu (or alternatively -ko) can also be used with some concrete objects like apples, pears, oranges, boxes and other things of varying shape. If you can't recall any specific counter for a noun, it is always worth trying -tsu! Things like cigarettes and pencils can also be counted in packetor boxfuls ('-hako), and bottles in casefuls (-kesu). Weights, measures and currency units are also. used like counters: kim (kilogram/kilometre), guramu (gram), en (yen), doru (dollar), pondo (pound of weight/sterling). Counters are most commonly used in basic structures such as (A nil B ga aru/iru and (A wa) B 0 sum; in either structure the combination numeral-counter occupies the same position that adverbs of quantity like takusan would occupy; they are also similar in that no particles are attached. Uchi ni Dehi ni neko (cat) neko Nihonjinno tomodachi Wain Kami (paper) Kogi (lecture) ga takusan ga san-biki ga ga ga ga . shichi-nin ni-hon nan-mal iku-tsu imasu.
ll1l3SU.
are also commonly added to the enumerations. Note Ih, to and ga are normally added to all items but the last. Tlshatsu to jisho a kaimashita. Tishatsu 0 nimai to jisho a issatsu kaimashita. Banana to reman to orenji ga arimasu. Banana ga sanbon to reman ga ikkolhitotsu to orenji ga sanko/mittsu arimasu, A part from being used after the nouns they count, counters are also found before nouns, with no attached. This is especially common in titles of books or films, and other situations where a scene is being set: Shichinin no samurai. The Seven Samurai. Futari no Amerikajin ga Two Americans got off the chikatetsu 0 orimashita. underground. If understood from the context, the noun (and any attached particle) preceding the counter is omitted, leaving the combination numeral-coanter on its own (again without particle): - Watashi mo sanmai - Kyo shi d:i: a kaimashita, kaimashita yo. - I bought three, too. - I bought some CDs today. Note that bitori, futari ... are also used as nouns, with particles attached: The two/both drank a lot. Futari wa takusan nonda.
unasu,
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(The meanings of the above sentences are as follows: These melons are ¥3,OOO each. Bananas are ¥800 a kilo. How much is a cup of coffee? (lit. How much is coffee per cupful?)
c d
9 De with ii
With ii (here used in its basic meaning is good), de indicates
h Kono manshon (<mansion' Kohi luxury apartment) Kodomo no sharsu Fuji-san no e-hagaki (picture postcard) Example Orenji wa hitotsu ikura desu ka?
105
sufficiency:
Tllis time, ask the question as before and then reply as indicated,
using no. (Do this with a friend if possible). Example: orenji (okii, ¥10D) A
Nthe cheap one will suffiCe. Tomorrow will do. 1,000 Yen will be fine.
Okii no wa hitotsu hyaku-en desu. Fuji-san no e-hagaki (chiisai, ¥120) m Neko (sana genki na, Yi0,OOO)
Exercises
B ga [ntrmeral-counter] amnasu/imasu
Shinbun (Furansugo, Yl,OOO) J ' Kan-biru (tsumetai, ¥600) k Kodoma no shatsu (Itariasei, ¥20,OOD) Example: Ringo a b c d e
0
yottsu kudasai.
Supotsuka (sports car) 0 (5) kaimashita, Kitte 0 (10) kaimashita. Kino hon 0 (3) yomimashita. Maiasa tosuto (toast) 0 (2) to yude-tamago (boiled egg) 0(2) tabemasu. Sore kara, kohi 0 (1) nomimasu.
ill
4 How would you say the following difficulty, search the dialogue for clues.) a b c d e
f
Japanese?
(If m
Example: Isu ga mittsu arimasu, a Kodomo (child) b Neko cHon d Tori (bird) e Pen
Excuse me, but where is the camera sales counter? Do you have lenses (renzu) by themselves? How much is this small one? - This one? It's ¥35,OOO. How much are the apples? - ¥50 each. In that case, I'd like five please. - That will be ¥250. Yesterday, Taro-kun ate four hamburgers (hanbaga) and six ice-creams. Last night he fell ill (by6ki ni naru).
Then, in the same order, and preferably with a friend, practise asking questions about the contents of the picture, using the pattern: B ga [question word + counter] arimasu ka?/imasu kat Example: Isu ga ikutsu arimasu ka? 2 Ask how much one of each of the following items is: a b Shinbun Kan-biru (can of beer) f Aka-enpitsu g Neko
2 Speech levels
In japanese, levels of speech play an important role in differentiating people's status in society. Customers, for instance, are treated as superiors by sales personnel, who will use very polite language towards them. Conversely, some customers, ill particular rural males, will speak down to the perSOl15 serving them. Such a customer might use (not necessarily consistently] ikura? without the ending desu lea that is used between equals in normal polite conversation, whereas salespeople will often employ the very polite ending de gozaimasu instead of desu. Another example is the assistant's use of kashikomarimashita; this form would never be used by a customer. The difference in status is also obvious in that sales personnel will thank customers very politely for any purchase, while customers will not normally say 'thank you' at all; it they do, they are likely to use a less polite expression such as domo or arigaro, or perhaps the combination domo arigato,
B
"I'
How about going to see a film? Thank you: (for inviting me).
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offer, one normallygives some excuse (isogashii, also very common, just to intimate vaguely that by using an unfinished sentence like: SUmimaseJ;l, ... (on chotto, see below).
o
CD
E, chotto arimasen.
hotto (a bit; somehow) is commonly used in this way to down requests, invitations, etc. without being too abrupt.
tum.
o
CD
Komakai no wa gozaimasen ka? Haven't you any change? Haile, arimasen. Yes, you're right, I haven't (= No, I haven't). Iie, arimasn, No. you're wrong, I have (= Yes, I have).
Thus, if the answer also contains a negative [arimasen, etc.), it is introduced by hai (or the less formal e) in the sense of Yes, you are correct in what you suggest; if, on the other hand, the answer diverges from what has been suggested in the question, it is introduced by iie (No, what you are suggesting is not correct). Such answers are normally accompanied (or replaced) by nodding (hai, e) or shaking (iie) of the head, Invitations/offers that are made in the form of a negative question are answered differently:
Dialogues
1)oyobi no gogo, Anzai-sensei no kazoku wa Hado-san-tachi 0 hokuji ni shotai shita, Sore de, Anzai-sensei no okusan to MI hike-san wa ima yiihan no ybi ni isogashii.
OkU8an Mlchlka Okusan Mlchlka Okusan Mlchlka Okusan Mlchiko Okusan BTru mo wain rna reizako ni Ireta? Un, ireta wa yo. Hade-san-tachi wa e-sashimi ya o-sakana no shioyaki nado wa daijobu kashira? Daijobu yo, okasan. A, dezato ga nai desha! Ke,ki ga chanto aru ja nai desu kaliya ne, ok:§san, wasureta no? A, so datta wa ne. Yokatta ... Okasan hitoyasuml shite, o-cna demo nomanal? Sore ga ii wa ne. shloyakl
-·3 cCD
I
.... .... 0
O)'""t
·~~.3
NO
~~
kazoku family shokuji (suru) a meal .h6tal (suru) to Invite yOhan dinner, supper yol (suru) preparation Inoun) ni/deisogashl.l
busy with [noun] reiz6ko refrigerator
10 be
8 dish of whole bro#ed coat of salt [noun] nado [noun] and the like, etcetera • S1 dezato dessert chanto properly aru ja nal dasu kal Come on, there is! - L52 Iya ne oh no/dear me (fern.) wasure.ru to forget hitoyasuml (suru) to take a little rest [noun1 demo {noun] or such like fish with
[noun] and
-53
True or false?
00)
_.
11'1 this unit you will learn • the various uses of the partloles wa. !iJa, and mo, including some new uses as how to say tg,th ... and and
Okusan Anut-sensei
.-+
eo
:::::r
Anzal-sensei
·Minna
Wakatta. yo, suru yo. (Denwa de) Moshi-moshL A, Hade-san desu ne. Anzai desu ga, mada irasshaimasen ka? E? Iya! kore washitsurei shimashita. Domo, uehi no kasan wa kioku 9a wa.rukute ne. Sore ja, raishu no doyobi ni o-maehi shlts lmasu. Sayonara. Okasan!! kore wa shltsurei shimashita I am so sorry about this uehi no kisan my wife (lit. our mother) less formal than kanal kloku (memol)1 ga warui to have 8 bad memory, be forgetful warukute conjunctive form of warul, here giving a reason Unit 11 S5 o-ma.chl shlte Imasu we will be waiting for you (. Unit t 1 52 for the-te imaeu form)
2 More on
rna
<:)
......
nakanaka [negative verb] to be s/ow/late (In dOing something); [do something] with diffitll/ty do shlta n' desho I wonder what's happened miehl ni mayo.u to lose ones way, get lost som nl ehita mo even so, despite
fhqt
Unlike to, which can be attached to the last noun in a sequence, and ya, which cannot, rno must be repeated after each noun.
too in positive sentences (see Unit 1), whereas in negative sentences it means (not) either. Recall the following example
lrom the Unit 6 dialogue: Ha rno migakanakatta desha?
C)
......
·S4
denwa (suru)
moshl-moshi etc.)
mada (not) yet • Unit 11 S6 irassharu honorific for kuru (. Unit 18 S1)
When rna is used with more than one noun. the meaning is both ,.. and in a positive sentence, and neither .. , nor in a negative
Michiko-san rna
kimashita. kimasen
True or false?
3 Tomu-san 4 Anzai-san wa kita koro ga nai, wa Hade-san ni denwa shira,
deshita,
Orenji rna
ichigo mo
kaimashita .
Structures
1 [noun}ya [noun} (nado): linking nouns
In Unit 8, we saw that to implies that every relevant item has been men_tion:ed. ~ a also links nouns in the meaning of and, but the implication IS that not all relevant items have been mentioned. Ya does not come after the last item, which can, however, be followed by nado (and others) which serves to reinforce the meaning of va: ' Biro ya wain (nado) kaimashita.
0
kaimasen deshita, Mo replaces wa and ga and, usually, Watashi T omu-san Biru wa ikimashita ga kita. a katta. __. __. __.
Both Taro and Michiko came. Neither Taro nor Michiko came. We bought oranges as well as strawberries. We bought neither oranges nor strawberries.
0:
rna mo rna
De, ni etc, combine some examples: Rajio (radio) Michiko-san Yokohama Tomu-san de ni e kara
with mo as de rna, ni mo, etc. Below are mo rna rna mo kikimashita. I heard it on the radio, too. aimashita. I met Michiko-san, too. ikitai desu. denwa ga arimashita,
such like.
Resutoran Doydbi
I de I rna
ni
ba rna nichiyobi
I de I rna
ni
Recall also the use of mo after question words in negative sentences (Unit 6 Structures 8).
Tokyo ni wa itta ga, Kyoto 01 wa ikimasen deshira, 'J oleyo de wa mira ga, Rondon de wa mimasen deshita. yo to ni wa ikimashita.
I uieni: to Tokyo, but not Kyoto. 1 saw (some) in Tokyo, not in London. 1 did go to Kyoto.
but
......
Demo is distinct from the combination de mo and can therefore be attached to other particles, such as ni (although it replaces wa, ga and 0). Demo has a similar effect to English expressions like or something, making an invitation or suggestion less direct: O-cha demo nomanai? How about a cup of tea or something? Doyobi ni demo ikimasho. Let's go on, say, Saturday.
is often found in negative sentences (negatives. expre~s so~.e IS an implicit 111trast to positive situations): Kino wa ikimasen deshira. I didn't go yesterday. Fako wa suki ja arimasen. I don't like octopus . Komakai no wa arimasen (Unit 9) Don't you have lea? anything smaller?
.1
4 Uses of wa and ga
Let us briefly review the uses of wa and ga that we have encountered thus far: a In the pattern A wa B desu, wa signals that B desu is a statement about A. Kore Kono shinbun Watashi no shinbun wa shinbun waNihon no wa Nihon no desu. desu. de wa arimasen.
We also met wa and ga in the patterns B (ni) wa A ga aru (Lillit 3) and A wa X ga hoshii (Unit 8), which ~dicate po' ession and desire, respectively. In either case the object of possession/desire is marked by ga, whereas the person possessing or desiring is marked by wa.
understands/needs
'lmilar to these is the pattern A (nil wa B ga wa~ar.u1ir.u ~ B' the object of understanding/need IS marked by ga, and the person understanding/needing by wa: Ken-san wa Nihongo ga wakarimasu, Watashi ni wa ana hito ga wakarimasen. Watashi wa o-kane ga iru.
NOTE:
Ken understands
Japanese. that
As we have noted in Unit 3, A is already known or understood; the focus is therefore on B desu, The pattern A ga B desu, on the other hand, focuses on A. Question-words like nani, dare cannot take wa, as this would contradict their role of asking about focal information, for example when talking about photos: Kore ga Michiko-san desu. Dare ga Tomu-san desu ka?
This is Michiko-san. Which one is Tom?
I don't understand
person. I need money.
'c also Unit 14 Structures 5 (A (ni) wa B ga dekiru), Whenever you have both wa and gao wa will always come first. d Another wa - ga pattern that came up in Unit 8 is A wa B ga Indjective] or A wa B ga [nann] desu, Here are some further examples: Uchi no kasan wa kioku ga warm desu. Mother has a Michiko-san Kono seta Kanojo wa wa wa me iro otosan ga ga ga okii desu, kirei desu, sensei desu.
bad memory. Michiko-san has large eyes. This sweater is a pretty colour. Her father is a teacher.
b In Unit 3, we saw that wa can also signal a contrast; this distinction depends on the context, in other words, another noun C, which contrasts with A, must be either present or implied. In this use, wa replaces ga or 0, while it combines with other particles as ni wa, de wa, etc. Wain wa aru ga, biru wa arimasen, Wain W;I katta ga, biru wa kaimasen deshita. We have wine but no beer. (replacing gal
I bought wine, but not any beer. (replacing 0)
These sentences are an extension of the basic A wa B desu pattern with B desu becoming B ga [adjective]/[noun] desu, In this pattern, B is something that belongs to A, and you might therefore expect no instead 01 wa: Uchi no kasan Kanojo no no kioku otosan wa wa warui desu. sensei desu.
\; hen there is a sense of contrast, however, wa is used: Rorusu-roisu wa takai kara, watashl wa kaimasen, Rolls-Royces (unlike some other cars I can think of) are expensive, so 1shan't buyone.
St'I'
In fact, these sentences are acceptable, but the wa - ga way of putting this is more natural, idiomatic Japanese (see Unit 8, Structures 6).
e
1.111 es,
As we saw above, A wa signals that a considered statement/comment is about to be made (about A). If, for instance, you make a well-considered comment about Taro, having long been aware of his good looks, you would say:
Taro-kun
-xercises
I It's Sunday, but you don't feel like doing anything (including ~"ying at homel). Make unenthusiastic suggestions to your
wa hansamu
desu.
When some situation is, however, perceived spontaneously (by the five senses), ga is normally used; imagine, for instance, that it suddenly occurs to you that Taro (because of the light, the way he is dressed, etc.) is really quite handsome. If you pass this observation straight on to your friend, you would say:
f'.lrlfriend based on the cues: 'xample: Disuko ni ikimasho lea? ---t Disuko ni demo lkimasho ka? a Terebi 0 mimasho ka? b Ginza e ikimasho lea? cO-sake 0 nomimasho ka? d Yakyii 0 mi ni ikimasho ka? 1. You have been out shopping; tell your friend what you have bought by using mo, ya (nado) or to as shown in brackets to join the listed items. Example: binsen, futo, pen (rna) ---t Binsen rna fiito mo pen
rna kaimashita.
Adjectives Like sum na, kirai na and iya na, too, are generally concerned with the spontaneous expression of like/dislike, and therefore mostly take ga rather than wa. Here are some more examples: A, densha ga kita. Mizu ga tsumetai! Ana hito ga kirai desu. Oh, the train is coming. The water is cold! I hate that person.
a b
Remon, orenji, painappuru, ichigo (to) Zasshi, shinbun (ya) C [)lCU, wain, uisuki, igusuri (mo) d Tako,sakana(ya,nado) Fill in the blanks, choosing between wa and gao a Kino kaisha ni ikimasen deshita. b Okasan, tomodachi __ kimashira. cRandon keen oi desu. d Orenji _ katta ga, painappuru __ kaimasen deshira. e Ken-san se takai desu, f Kyo __ totemo kimochi __ ii desu.
f Ga and wa in subordinate sentences. Recall that ga is normally used in subordinate sentences if they have a different subject from the main sentence: Tenki ga ii kara, oyogi ni Rorusu-roisu ga takai kara, watashi wa kaimasen.
ikimasho.
Lers go for a swim because the weather is nice. The Rolls-Royce is expensive so I am not going to buy it.
Ilw Japanese equivalent of reactions like come on, don't be so lImy/surely it's all right will often take the form of a negative Illl'Ntion: Ii [a nai kal (lit. It's all right, isn't it?) )1 you might try and stop your partner from buying a new "lIlfit; the reply may well be a defiant: Y sui ja nail Oh really, it's not expensive!
uorfce the obvious, as when Mrs Anzai forgets that the dessert h I already been taken care of; it would also be used when uhvinus place:
uching a film on TV, whereas you think that it's perfectly OK.
Ihe same pattern is often used when someone has failed to umecne is looking for his spectacles, when they are in a very
Dialogues
'llbe Tomu-san wasbigoto no kankei de osoku made nondari, utattari shire ita. Sore de kesa nebo shita, Kohl i:ppai uonde kara isoide dekaketa ga, s_orede rna sanjuppun chikoku hita, Hisho no Yamada-san ga jimusho de matte iru,
LUll 0
119
ramu
Y rnada
Ohayo. Shachlldaij6bu desu ka? Shinpai shlte orimashita. Osoku natte warukatta ne. Kesa irolro taihen dana kara.
Yamada Tomu
So desu ka? Asa-gohan wa mada desha? O-naks ga itakute, nani rna tabete lnal. (Teche) 0 mfru) .1::10, kyo wa Yamanaka Maketingu no Suzuki-san ga kuru dara? M6 mieteimasu. Osetsu-ehltsu de o-cha 0 nonde
lrasshaimasu.
...... ......
Taihen dal
orimashita humble equivalent of Imashita • Unit 1851 Os'oku natte warukatta It was bad of me to be late • Unit 13 as~gohan breakfast (lit. momfngmea~ o-naka stomach Itakute conjunctive form of Ita.! painful .85 mada (nat) yet .56 techo pocket dlatylnotebook Yamanaka Miketingu Yamanaka Marke.fing (name 01
imaginary firm)
·kankei relation, co.nnection [noun] no kankel de in connection/relation with [f1oun} nendarl, -tali· form of nom.u drink (and do other things) • S1 uta 0. uta.u to sing fa song) .hltelta past form of -tEl Iru was (do)ing - 82 nabo (suru) to oversleep,. get up late [verbl"te kara after doing [verb]
54
.53
In this unit you will learn • how to express the idea continuous action the verb
• the conjunc1ive,form adjectives of
of
sore de mo even so chlkoku (suru) to be late (kalshanichikoku suru to be late for the office) hlshe no Yamada-san Yamadasan, his secretaty • 54 hlsho. (personal) secr'etary Ilmushe one's place of work, office shachO head of a firm (here. used as a torm of address.) shlnpal (suru) worry [noun] 0 shlnpal suru to warl}' about {noun]
mo miete Imasu (hl;l) has already come - 56 mle.ru (here) honorific equivalent of kuru. Unit 18 51 osetsu-shitsu reception room il'.asshalmasu honorific equivalent of h:nasu • Unit 18 51
120
True or false?
'1111
a Tomu-san wawashorui a nomi-nagarakara osetsu-shitsuiru.ni matomete hairn, Suzuki-san o-cha shorui yonde
0
1 Yiibe Tomn-san wa uchi de Nihongo a benkyo shita, 2 Suzuki-san wa osetsu-shitsu de matte iru,
Iuucrion with nouns, see Unit 10 Structures 1.) Thus, in the I ntence earlier, the two verbs in the -tari form are examples of luu I did; they represent the sort of activities in which I was lIIyulved, but are not an accurate and exhaustive list. It is l'u~Nibleto string more than two verbs together in this way, and II 1~, I 0 possible to give just one verb: I)oyobi wa tomodachi ni auari shimasu,
121
~ 3
III
.Q.
Tomu
Suzuki
...... ......
Tomu
Suzuki
Suzuki-san - taihan a-matase shimashita. Dome •... Ie, ie, do itashimashite. Repat.a a mada yanda lnakatta kara kaette yakatta desu. So desu ka? Ana repato wa nagai desu ne. Baku me mada zenbu yande imasen . Shikashi, Hade-san, kao-ito ga warui desu ne. Hatarakisugi ja nai desu ka7 kaette on the contrsry; in fact kao-iro ga warul (you) look
unwell while •
I'll' -tari form can also be used for two actions taking place lilt rnately, In this case, the two verbs in question are ol)posites ittari kitari (suru) to go and come, i.e, to go to and fro naitari warattari (suru) to laugh and cry (nak .. to cry; u wara.u to laugh - note that in this phrase the verbs combine ill the opposite order fr-om English)
I )I~
...... ......
[-masu base]-nagara
doing [verb]
S7
don't mention
kao--lro facial colour/complexion hatarakl-sugl noun form of hatarak:!-suglru (-masu basej-sugl.ru to over·
[verb]
b sets of positive and negative pairs ittari ikanakartari (suru) to sometimes go and sometimes Hot go benkyo shitari shinakattari (suru) to sometimes study and sometimes not (note that it is not necessary to. repeat
benkyo)
True or fal$e1
3 Suzuki-san wa o-cha 0 nomanakatta, 4 Suzuki-san wa yube repoto 0 zenbu yonda.
Taro kept on standing up and then sitting down. (tats.u to stand) Michiko-san goes through phases of meeting Ken, and then not meeting him.
Structures
1 The -tari form
The -tari form of a verb is made by adding ri to the plain past form of the verb(s) in question. It is possible to have only one verb in the -tari form, or a whole series, but the sequence must finish with suru, or less often da, in the appropriate tense and level of politeness. Terebi 0 mitari, han a yondari shimashita/deshita. I watched television, read a book ...
There is no straight English equivalent far -tari; it implies that the verb to which it is attached represents merely one activity
I III now,as
III I he
-re iru form, however, it refers to the stare that Miura-san a result of getting married. Miura-san is married. Miura-san wa kekkon "nite imasu, , cnn use this form in the negativetoo, as follows:
l lunda-san wa kekkon shire imasen,
123
....... .....
Here -te iru is equivalent to is/was -mg in English, describing actions which are actually going on in the present, or which were going on at some time in the p_ast: Nani oshite imasu ka? What are you doing? Why didn't you come? Because I was watching television.
I II I C are some other verbs of this type. Many of them are 1111 runsitive (Unit 12 Structures 1) i.e. they do not take objects, t\k.tl, for example, means to open in the sense of a door opening III IIH own accord, not to open in the sense of someone opening
door.
,Ik.n (intrans.]
...... ......
It can also refer to what you will be doing in the future. For example, you arrange to wait until a &iend has finished clearing
become vacant
to open,
aite iru
to be open, vacant
shimatte iru
to be- closed,
to have
up at work:
(intrans.)
to begin
shut bajimatte iru owatte iru futORe iru yasete iru dekite iru
(See also the humble equivalent Osmachi shire imasu in Unit 10 dialogue.) As would seem logical, only actions which do in fact occur continuously take the -te iru form in this sense. Ai; we shall see in c, however, some actions which English thinks of as occurring continuously are thought of in Japanese as involving an immediate change of state. c States resulting from actions This sense of -te H-U has no single English equivalent, but it is probably nearest to the 'present in the past' tense formed with have. It conveys the idea that while the action of the verb has already taken place, the state which it has brought about is still in existence. It is often used in conjunction with the adverbs mo and mada (Structures 6). Japanese, as mentioned above, are thought of as involving an immediate change of state rather than happening over time. Take, for example, the verb kekkon suru, to get married: Honda-san wa ashita kekkon shimasu,
Miura-san -te iru in this sense often occurs with a group of verbs which in
(trans .. & intrans.) to end fUEor.u (intrans.) to become fat yase.ru (intrans.) to become thin deki.m (intrans.) to be ki.ru (trans.) .toput on, wear (for items worn
over
to be ended,
made, prepared
from the shoulders) e.g, shirts, dresses) hak,u (trans.) to Pl4t on, wear (for items worn from the waist downwards, e.g.
skirts, shoes) oboe.ru [trans.] to learn,
haite iru
wearing
to have on, be
oboete iru to remember (i.e. not forget, as opposed to omoidasu to forgotten) shinde iru to be dead tsukarete iru to be tired
shimashita.
wa kyonen kekkon
remember something
year.
tired
124
Asa-gohan
A
B
Ana nomiya 0 abaete imasu ka? O-sake a takusan nonda kara, nani rna abaete imasen, expressions:
umisu-san wa Igirisu ni k ette imasu. I landobaggu ni nani ga haitte imasu ka? Nani ka ochite imasu yo.
MrlMs Smith has gone back to/is back in England. What is in you,r handbag? Something has fallen.! There's something on the (loor.lYou've dropped something. Hasn t it got quiet?
thirsty
to get
nodo ga kawaite
thirsty
iru
to be to be
...... ......
o-naka
hungry
111,,' -te iru foon of these verbs cannot be used in the sense
...... ......
With these verbs which involve an immediate change of state, there is very often little difference in actual meaning between the
past tense and the -te iru form:
of them does not refer to continuous action, but to the The Japanese equivalent of He's coming in a second is Ilwrefore Sugu kimasu. Similarly:
luture,
I'm tired! (lit. I got tired) I'm tired! (lit. J am in the state which results from getting tired)
When is the ba11kopening? The doors (doa) are closing. (station warning)
In the case of the former, you have just finished doing something which has made you tired - perhaps you have just been carrying something heavy. In the case of the latter, you are in a general state of tiredness - you are having a busy week at the office. The verbs of motion iku, kuru, hairu, dern, dekakeru, ochim, but not amku and oyogu, belong to this g,roup. In the -re iru form they therefore refer to where you are after moving .. For example, Honda-san was in the same room as you, but has just gone to the bank (ginko}, If so me ones COmes in and asks: Honda-san wa doko ni imasu ka? you can, of course, just reply: Ginko ni ikimashira. However, you will also hear: Ginko ni itte .imasn,
Finally, Dote some verbs which are more likely to be used in the te iru form than in the present form:
mots.u
to hold, take
Mochimasho ka? Nani 0 motte imasu ka? Watashi wa kamera imasen, ([place]
a motte
nil
sum.u
to take up
residence
ltaria ni sumitai desu. Anzai-san wa Yokohama ni sunde imasu, hir.u
iru to be holding, possess, have Shall I carry it (for you)? What are you holdi11g/have you got there? 1 haven't got/don~t own a camera. sunde iru to be settled, live in a place motte I want to live in Italy. Anzai-san lives in Yokohama. shitte im
to get to know
in the sense ofRelshe is thestate which results {rom going to the bank i.e, Helshe has gone to the banklis at the bank. Similarly!
note: Tomodachi ga kiteimasu yo.
I don't k,~ow does not usually occur in the -ee iru form, but is simply shirimasen: Michiko-san no denwa bango
0
lie, shirimasen,
The verb ([company] nil tsurome.ru, to work (for a firm), normally found only in the -te iru form. Suzuki-san wa Yamanaka
Nihon ni kite kara jikan ga amari arimasen. e a eki de saba a tabete kara nani mo tabete imasen.
is also
Since coming to Japan. I haven't had much time. 1 haven't eaten anything since having some noodles (soba) at the station this morning.
127
Suzuki-san
Maketingu ni rsutomete
llus use of the -te form with kara must not be confused with Q meaning because following the final forms of verbs (Unit 6 '"I ruccures 4).
".1
....... .....
irnasu,
In informal
constructions
situations,
of the iru/imasu
The appositional no
III Ih is variation of the X no B pattern (Unit 1 Structures 6), X, , general noun, tells us who or what, B, a proper noun, is: rornodachi no Jon ha-isha no Anzai-sensei shuren no Ueno-eki my friend John (shiiten)
....
......
doko e ikimashita
ka?
Where
If the subject of the -te kara part of the sentence is different from
that of the main sentence, it Eiga ga owatte kara kissaten ni hairimashita, Honda-san ga kekkon shire kara rokunen ni narimasu,
Notice that, as with many European languages, if the situation in the main sentence after -te kara is still going on in the present (in other words, where since rather than after would be used in English) Japanese will use the present tense of adjectives, of da, iru, and am, and the -ee iru form of other verbs, where English uses the past tense with have: Galdci ga hajimatte kara
Ihis form has functions similar to the -te form of verbs, One lise, for example, is in joining two adjectives togethe~, or in Joining a. sentence which ends in an adjective to one which ends III a verb:
This is a quiet, clean restaurant. Ken is tall and handsome. London wasn't wid, and I really liked itlIt was really good as London waStl't cold. Suzuki~san likes sake and drinks a lot.
Since the term (gakki), started I have been busy every day.
128
Often, as in the last two or three sentences, the conjunctive form contains the implication that the first half of the sentence is the reason for the second half (Unit 13 Structures 4):
Kana .kasa wa benride ii desu,
..... .....
Hade-san wa amari genki ja nakute, zannen desu ne. (Also see Unit 10 Dialogue.)
This umbrella is wonderfully convenient. I didn't eat anything because I had a stomachache. Isn't it a shame that Herdsan isn't uery well?
It's time. The weather is already autumnal, isn't it? (aki autumn}
129
roo still conveys its basic idea of completion: the xlruation or event is over, and win not occur any more. When Ihe speaker is the subject, there is often the idea of negative
III the negative, mtention:
6 Mo and mada already/not any more and still/not yet Mo and marla are both adverbs. Mo conveys the idea of
completion, or neat" completion, and mada, its opposite, the idea of non-completion. This is so regardless of whether they are in positive or negative sentences, although their English equivalents will differ accordingly. a mo in positive sentences: a/ready/yet
In this sense,
ikimasen, Konban mo benkyo shitakunai desu. Watasm wa rno sonnani O-kane ga mo nai desho. jiru-san wa mo asoko de wa Eigo 0 oshiete imasen.
t'
Mo ana nomiya e wa
wakaku
arimasen,
I'm not going/will not go to that bar any more. I don't want to study any more this evening. I'm not that young any more. I don't suppose you have any money left. Jill isn't teaching English there any more.
.....
~
It will also be found with the -te iru form of verbs in the c sense, mainly with verbs involving an immediate change of state: Mo o-fu.ro kara dete imasu. Suzuki-san wa unasu.
I am already out of the
rna dekakete
I n the positive, marla is used with situations or events which are uncompleted and therefore still going on (for marla da by itself, however, see d below): Ta.ro-kun is still a small Taro-ken wa mada chiisai child. kodomo desu, There is still some cake/ Keki ga mada arimasu, There is some cake left. Are you still eating? Mada tabete iru n' desu ka? Will you eat something Mada nani ka tabemasu ka? more?
With such verbs in the present form and with daro, mo (often joined to sugu) will refer to something which is nearly completed, or just about to happen:
mada in negative sentences: not yet -te iru in the c sense, a result of not doing
be
not yet completed; it is often found with here referring to the state you are in as something! Kore wa mada kirei ni natte imasen! Michiko-san wa mada kimasen ka? Tomu-san wa mada dekakete imasen.
Mo osoi desu,
Mf iya desu.
This isn't clean yet! Hasn't Michiko-san come yet? Tom has not {eft yet.
130
Watashi wa mada nani mo yonde imasea, Note that when mada is. followed it has the meaning of not yet: A Tabemashita ka?
II I\y the end of the day, they have been able to engage in both Ilull favourite activities, and fit in other things as well, Use -tari I u i sum to describe what they each did. II ample: jim-san shimashita ..
W3
131
shashin
tottari,
Murre
shitari forms of
Notice what happens in the following exchanges, that mo and marla are opposites: A Moshashin 0 torimashita ka.? B lie, mada totte imasen. A Mada Michiko-san to deto shite imasu ka? B lie, mo shire imasen,
,lwctives.
sentences,
A Have you. taken. the B No, I haven't yet. A Are you still dating (deto suru) Michiko-sanl B No, not any more.
...... ......
photo yet?
Example: Kono kamera wa chiisai desu, Benri desu, Kono kamera wa chiisakute benri desu,
;1
h c
...... ......
d
c
I A stranger comes UP.. dearly out of breath. Reply to his/her questions in the affirmative or the negative as indicated, using 1110 or mada as appropriate,
Example:
Eiga wa mo hajimarimashita
ka?
wa maiasa uta
unasen,
wa Taro-kun
to asobi-nagara
terebi
mimashita.
a b e d
Ginko wa rno shimarimasliira ka? (Hai) Depato wa mo akimashira ka? (lie) Tokkyii wa mo kimashita lea? (Hai) Tokkyu wa mo demashita ka? (lie)
Exercises
1 Here is a list characters! Jiru: Tomu:
4 Compare the reasonably relaxed daily schedule of Torn Herd, the typical Western businessman, with 'the frenzied schedule of
of the favourite
0
activities
0
of some of our
afternoon
Suzuki-san, the typical (?) Japanese businessman bycontbining Ihe pairs of activities, first with -te kara, then with -nagara. Example.: ha Hade-san Suzuki-san a
Q
shashin
nap)
tow; hirune
suru (hirune
Miehiko:
Taro:
Anzai:
gitii 0 hikn; uta 0 utau tomodachi to asobu; T aro-kun to kenka sum (kenka quarrel) terebi 0 miru, chokoreto 0 taberu (chokoreto
wa ha
abimasu,
0
wa ha a migaki-nagara
sbawa
abimasu.
chocolate) uisukl a nornn; tabako a suu (tabakotobacco, cigarette; su.u to breathe in, smoke)
b
c d a
shinbnn 0 yomu; shatsu a kinr hisho tohanasu; memo a kaku keiyaku 0 musubu, a-sake 0 nomu musub.u tie, sign [a contract]) terebi 0 m:iru; neru conversations A B
(keiyaku
contract;
a It is Sunday. Our characters have gathered in the Herds' minute garden and are all engaged in the fitst of their favourite activities. Use the -te ito form to describe the scene, Example: jiru-san wa shashin a tone imasu,
Do you know Miura-sanj Yes, I know (her). She lives in the £latS (manshon) next to the bank.
132
b
c
if
3
III III III III ::I
C D E F
Iwas writing a report until late last night. I'm still tired.
Kimura-san is clever and pretty, but married. Perhaps she doesn't want to get married. she isn't
C.
iii'
~
<0
a: ::I
Q... ~. Q...
::::i
r+
CO
CD
r+
0-....
7\
to
kyuryo ga takai to have a good salary kyiiryo 9a hikui/yasul to have a bad salary sum 0 suru to strike
work
CD ::J
'<
o C o
A CD
::::I
In this unit you will learn • how to evade responsibility for a blunder by using intransitive vefbs • how to t~ke credit for a positive aetlon by means of transiti,ve verbs • how to form impersonal sentences with~tearu • how to describe openly displayed emotions • about Japanese sound
symbOlism
134
DDialogues
Michiko-san wa Hado-san-tachi to o-hiru a tabeta ga, sana ato de sara-ami a tetsudatte iru. Michiko-san wa sara 0 aratte, Kensan wa fuite iru,
Ken
.hufu housewife hillwase na lucky ntdko no ko boy, young !l.O'hlta in this way J • de wa
k
man
Michiko
Ken
Michiko
......
Ken
Kitchin-taom wa? Hora, soko nl kakete aru desha. A, honta da. Epuron wa? Ushiro no teburu ni oite aru ja nai no ... koko wa Ken-san no uehl no daidokora desha? Demo, itsu rna no tokoro ni oite nai kara. aftertfJat
washing
ogaerarenai
formerly
mukllshi
I
ware.ru (intransitive) to break ara are otos.u (transitive) to drop Ja nakute conjuctive form of Ja nal II Unit 17 S5 wa.r.u (transitive) to break kl 0 tsuke.ru to oe careful, pay
135
r•. ru
sana ato de
sara-aral
up,
dish-washing,
attention nash] ('" nal) there Isn't, there won't be unzarl shlts disgustedly, in disgust • L5 da kara [sentence} that's why/so [sentence} Iyagat.u to show dislike II 54
......
N
0 tetsudau to help with [activity}; [person] 0 tetsuda.u to help (person] aara dish, plate fuk.u to wipe
[activity]
·51
epuron apron ok.u to put, place daldokOro k;tchen olte nal negative of oite aru
ue or false?
Nihon no otoko no ko wa amari tetsudawanai. ~ Sara ga nimai wareta. daidokoro no shigoto
0
True or false?
1 Ken-san wa Michiko-san 110 uehi de a-him a tabera. 2 Epuron wa itsu rna 00 tokoro ni oite nai,
tructures
1 Intransitive and transitive verbs
We have already
seen some examples of intransitive verbs in Unit 11, noting that they differ from. transitive ve~bs in ~bat they du not take objects. This is a distinction that exists with many English verbs, too:
II
D Mlchiko
Ken
Ighisujin no shufu wa shiawase desu ne, otoko no ko ga koshite daidokoro no shigoto 0 tetsudattari suru kara. Nihon ja kang_aerarena! wa. Mukashi kara narete iru kara ne. Sore nl, kozukai rno fueru shi ne, (Te g8 subette, sara ga ichimai yuka ni ochite wareru) Ara ... okasan, sara 9a wareta yol
b
a
b l'he a sentences have an object, and the b sentences do not, but n more important difference IS that in the a sentences the p.erson
r -sponsible for the action of the verb is stated, whereas ill the b sentences the same action is presented as a natural occurrence. This applies in Japanese, too. I.ike English break/break or rise/raise, Japanese verbs often come in pairs of intransitive/transitive, distinguished by regular correspondences in their endings:
broke the cup. cup broke. stagehand raised the curtain. curtain rose.
E. rna ...
Ken
Sore kara, wareta n' ja nakute, watta n' desh6? Motto ki o tsuke nasal yo! Kongetsu wa o-kozukal nashi! (Daidokoro 0 deru) (Unzarl shite) Da kara Nihon no otoko wa sara-arai 0 iyagaru n' daro ...
136
.x-z:
intransitive
transitive
jilt
transitive
-su naos.u tos,u
137 to fix. heal (something) to pass (something) through to move (something) to dry (something)
to
-iru oki.ru
ori.ru
-osu okos.u
oros.u
otos.U -u war.u
ochi.ru -eru
to rouse to take (something) down to drop (something) to break (something) to pull 01-4t to increase (something) to cool (something)
I'U 1I.1Or. u
tlll"u
......
N
ware.ru
nuke.ru -eru fue.ru hie.ru -reru
u ugok.u knwak.u
-asu
ugokas.u kawakas.u
......
nuk.u
-yasu fuyas.u hiyas.u -su
koware.ru kakure.ru
taore.ru
broken to hide
to break, get
kowas.u
kakus.u
taos.u -eru hajime.ru
(something) to hide (something) to knock down to begin (something) to hang (something) up to close (something) to stop. turn off to open (something) to switch (something) on; to attach (something)
to break
hair.u
kawar.u kle.ru rrne.ru nor.u
-aru
haiimar.u kakar.ll shimar.u tomar.u
-u
to insert to change (something) to put out, extinguish to see to load, place (s01nething) on
kake.m
shime.ru tome.ru -eru ake.ru tsuke.ru
IJnlike English (break/break etc.), Japanese has hardly any identical pairs of intransitive/transitive verbs. One exception is nwar.u (to end), which is used both ways, although a 'specialized' transitive verb oe.ru (to end something) does exist: higoto ga owarimashita, Shigoto 0. owarimashita/ oemashita. Hclow
ak.u
tsuk.u
are some
verbs:
examples
with intransitive/
Ira nsitive
Is Ken up yet? No, not yet. Well, please wake him, won't you.
138
Kono biru wa amari hiete imasen ne, Reizoko de hiyashimasho. . Doa ga aite imasu yo. E, atsui kara, mado mo akete kudasai.
.Ara, tokei ga naorimashita
This beer isn't cold, is it? Let's (;00/ it in the {ridge. The door's open, you know.. Yes, please open the window too, as it's hot. Hey, the clock's been mended, I see. I mended it, you know! Is the clock broken? Taro-kun broke. it, you know!
111 the past tense, the intransitive sentences merely say that an .u.tion occurred naturally, while the -te iru sentences indicate the I. tc of affairs resulting from that happening. The -te am u-ntences, on the other hand, imply that someone is responsible lor the situation, without, however, telling us who that someone
I....
139
ne.
III the negative, -te am becomes -te nai (plain) or -te arimasen (polite):
Wa.tashi ga naoshimashira yo! Tokei ga kowaremashita ka? Taro-kun ga kowashita []. desu yo!
3 Signalling an addition with shi hnsic use of both the -te form and the conjunctive form of
.iud:
i\r. we saw in Unit 5 Structures 4 and Unit 11 Structures 5, the idjccrives is to connect sections of a sentence that could themselves be independent sentences, where English would use
......
It should be ob~ious from the last example above, and from some of the dialogue sentences, that transitive verbs Can co~veU1ently b~ used to make someone responsible for accidental or wilful damage, while intransitive verbs may be used to evade such responsibility by pretending that things came about na~ally. Transitives can, of cour~e, also be employed to take credit for a posrtive occurrence; as III the second from last example.
-te ar:.u
In Unit 11, we saw the use of -te iru after both intransitive and transitive verbs; -te am is used after transitive verbs only. Transitive verbs on their own indicate that someone is respo.nsible for the action of the verb, even if that person is not J?entlOned (thus. kowashita means Ilyoulwelheishelthey broke It); when -te am IS use~ with a transitive verb, the implication is that som~o~e UflSjJ6ety!ed has performed the action, i.e. the sen!ence IS impersonal'. In fact the 'person responsible for the acnon of the verb camtot be mentioned in a -te aru sentence. Doa ga akete arimasu, Biru ga hiyashite arimasu, The door has been opened. The beer has been cooled.
Anzai-sensei wa tabako 0 sutte, o-sake mo nomimasu, Kore wa takakute, amari sulci ja nai n' desu. Sono resutoran wa yasukute, oishii desu, Kanojo wa kirei de, atarna mo ii desu,
Anzai-sensei smokes, and drinks, too. This is expensive, and I don't fancy it that much. That restaurant is cheap and good. She is pretty and intelligent too.
Shi also connects sentences, in the sense of for one thing ... and besides, and moreover. In this use, shi is normally attached to (he plain form of verbs and adjectives: Anzai-sensei wa tabako 0 suu sill, o-sake rna nomimasu. Kore wa rakai shi, amari sulci [a nai n' desu. Sono resutoran wa yasui shi, oishii desu. . Kanojo wa kirei da shi, arama mo ii desu, Anzai-sensei smokes, and what's more, he drinks. For one thing this is expensive and besides I don't fancy it that much. That restaurant is cheap, and good too. For one thing she is pretty, and besides she is intelligent, too.
Senten~e.ssuch as tht;se indic,ate the state brought about by some unspecified person In opening the door/cooling the beer, etc. Co~pare the above examples with the following sentences which use intransitive verbs' Doa Blru Doa Biru ga ga ga ga akimashita. hiemashita. aire imasu. hiete imasu, The The The The door opened. beer became cold: door is open. beer is cold.
(.()mpare the following examples. which all express the idea dmt Kyoto has hot summers and cold winters, making it a disagreeable place in the view of the speaker:
140
Kyoto wa natsu wa atsukute, fuyu wa samukute, suki ja nai desu, Kyoto wa natsu wa atsukute, fuyu wa samui kara, sulci ja nai desu. Kyoto wa natsu wa atsui shi, £Uyu wa samui shi, sulci ja nai desu. Kyoto wa natsn wa atsui shi, fuyu wa samui kara, sulci ja nai desu, Kyoto wa natsu mo atsui shi, fuyu mo samui kara, sulci ja nai desu. Note the use of contrasting wa with natsu and fuyu, and that while you can have mote than one conjunctive fonn or shi in a sentence, kara can occur only once, at the end of the part expressing the reason.
Shi can also be used to add a further reason as an afterthought,
I x.unple,
K. ru indicates that the feeling is being openly displayed or acted unt, normally by someone other than the speaker. If a child, for
141
Michiko-san was (showing signs of) feeling the cold last night. Taro-kun is always clamouring for ice-cream. Ken doesn't show much aversion to washing up.
as a separate sentence:
m.
I he number of adjectives to which -garu can be attached is llmited, but it can also be attached to -ta.i (Unit 8); like -tai, tag.atU (to show signs of wanting to do) can be attached freely 111 any verb, and is one way of referring to the wishes of . nrneone other than the speaker:
Taro-kun wa gakko ni ikitagaranai n' desu. Doshire sonna ni ha 0 migakitagaranai n' desu ka?
4 [adjective]-gar.u: feelings
Taro-kun doesn't show any inclination to go to school (gakko). Why are you so averse to brushing your teeth?
This suffix (which itself works like an -u verb) is attached to certain adjectives which are connected with the expression of emotion. In the case of -i adjectives, -gam replaces the final -i; with na adjectives, it replaces na:
samu
-1
hos.hi
-i -i -i na
sarnui garu hoshi i garu ita isogashi iya fushigi garu garn
garu gam
ita
isogashi
iya
fushigi na (mysterious)
to feel/look cold to show signs of wanting something to feel/look in pain to feel!look busy to feel/show disgust to feel mystifkdlfind something mystifying
III some cases, the noun form -gari (with the optional addition uf -ya (Unit 2 Language and society 3)) can be used to characterize a person who habitually engages in the sort of l nnduct indicated by the adjective: You are sensitive to the Michiko-san wa samugari cold, aren't you, desu ne. Michiko-san? Baku wa atsugariya da kara ne. I feel, the heat, yOI" see.
xercises
Ingratiate yourself with your mum/dad by taking credit for the positive domestic occurrences, while blaming your younger sister I\n (Anne) for the negative ODesas shown in brackets below. Example: Ringo ga ochite imasu. (Ao)
desu,
-+
An ga otoshita n'
142
a b c d
e
Yatto otosan ga okimashita ne. (Watashi) Mado ga aite imasu net (An) Biru ga yoku mete iru ne (Watashi) Terebi ga kowarete imasu net (An) Reizoko ga tomatte imasu ne! (An)
---+
llmnto (Unit 10), unto (a lot) h.ikkiri (clearly), yukkuri (Unit 8) MillY
'" I
143
uuzuri, don'yori (dull [of the sky, etc.]) are used as adverbs, but some are used with suru (or l~ionally, da) as predicates: 111110 tabeta. I ate lots. , ukkuri itte kudasai. Please say it slowly. l l.rkkiri mimashita, J saw it clearly. ore de hakkiri shimashita. It has become clear now. Yukkuri shire kudasai. Please take your time/make
yourself at home. t lnzari shimashita/desu.
2 Put the following into japanese, using-te aru. teburu ni oite am.
Example: The report is placed on the table. It was written in this morning's paper. The luggage is unloaded. The beer is in the fridge. The outside light has been turned off. Everything has been eaten.
Repoto wa
a b
~ c
d e
3 Join the sentences, using Example: Sono resutoran wa yasui desu. ---+ Oishii desu, Sono resutoran wa yasui shi, oishii desu, a b c e Biru rna arimasu, Wain rna arimasn, O-sushi rna tabetai desu, Suteki (steak) rna tabetai desu. Kana kodomo wa genki desu. Atama rna ii desu, Michiko-san wa ikimasen. Ken-san mo ikimasen, Kana biru wa yoku hiete imasu. Oishii desu.
sm.
...yo
'1IIlt'
l1ow"nora (slowly, loiteringly): Nora-nora arukanaide kudasai, zun-zun (walk briskly): Zun-zun ikimasho,
4 You are trying to do some work in the same room with people who keep voicing their complaints and desires; tell them to shut up according to the example. Example: kudasai.
ni isogashigaranaide
ga hoshii ...
ialogues
IIIII I'anaka-san ga yoru osoku , Ii! nwa 0 kakete, tsugi no hi I Inc, iroiro hanashitai to itta. MI rushl to ju kissaten de issho
•du n
••
kek
145
~
:e ::r
o
kon
1:1.
~ e
s: 3c.... ::;j
_71:
Totsuzen yoru osoku denwa a kakete, domo shi1surei shimashita. Ie, ie, do itashimashite. Do shimashita ka? (kao ga sukoshi akaku naru) Watashi, kekkon suru koto ni narimashita. Sugiura-san to. Atta koto ga aru desha. E, Sugiura-san! O-medetol
."
07 _ItA
..
oc.. _I ., 3
lpor.onJplace] nl denwa
kakerufsuru
to telephone (ranaka-san)
I .ntence]
(p9rsonlpface],,-
to Itta
I'm sortY for doing [verb} • 54 kao ga akaku naru to go red In the face, blush kao face
st;Ild [sentence)
.81
(I.u to
a coffee
• S2
al naru to be decided to [verb) .53 Sugiura-san to [personl to kekkon (suru) to get married
to (person]
.-0
me.
~:e ~m
·~Ol
m::J
3m
congratulations
True or false?
In this unit you will learn • how to report what people say • how to give your own oprnion • a way of a.sking how to say something in Japanese • a fonn of the verb for trying to do things and thinking of doing them • more on the -te fonn of verbs and the conjunctive forms of adjectives • about marriages in Japan • how to congratulate people
1
Ueta ga kite, jiru-san to Tanaka-san wa sorezore supagetti In tsuna-sarada 0 chumon suru, Sore kara, han as hi ga tsuzuku,
Tanaka 'J
Jlru naka Sore de, kekkon suru kara, ima no shlgoto a yameya to omotte imashita ga ... Honto ni yameru no? S15 desu ne ... Kare- wa shigoto 0 yamete, uchi de ryori toka o-soji nado shi nasai to Itte imasu. Demo, watashi wa rna sukoshi hatarakitai to omoimasu.
146
lIE
Jim
a
"g
o
Iii:
:II'
Tanaka Tanaka
Jim
Il.
9
F
:;
Sore wa komarimashita ne. Sugiura~san nl We mO sukoshl hatarakita! to llrnashita k~? limashlta ga .... Dame deshita ka? Kare wa 'Safe wa jodan dasho' to iUe, kiko to shimasen deshita. Sore de, s'higoto de wa hakute,kekkon 0 yamey6 ka to kangaete imasu. Jiru-san wa do omoimasu ka7
Ara, komarimashita ne.
h In English, it is possible to quote people's words directly. that, however, Japanese must use to:
Duitsujin wa asa 'Girten
147
.a. o '< o
In the morning Germans say 'Guten Morgen'. Jill said to Ken,'Eat it up quickly'.
~ ....
C
~ :::s
Jim ueti
asked Yamada-san.
5' F
~ ~
......
w
waifer respe:ctivefy spagbetti tsuna-sarada tuna salad [thin.9], 0 chOman (suru) order [thing] tsuzuk.u (intransitive) to
sore·zore supagettl
yameyo to omotte Imasu I'm thinking of gMnfJ up • S6, 7 yame.ru to give up, cease
continue
[vem] -tal toomoimasu I would like to [verb} • S5 SOfe wa komarimashltane. That's a problemiThat's too bad. dame ne no good, useless jodan joke aodan 0 lu to tell .ajoke} [verb] -(y)6 to suru to flY to {verb} - S8 A de wa nakuteB not A but B to think, consider dO, omoimasu ka? what do you think? kangae.ru
- Unit 17 85
san .
replied Tanaka-
......
W
Ii hen reporting people's words indirectly, Japanese is more .u nighrforward English. since the tense of the original ·1 dement is unchanged. All that happens is that any verbs or
mao:
.vcn though English can omit that here as well, Japanese must rlways use to:
,t!lcctives in the polite form go into the plain form. Note that
kare
he
cleaning (sweeping
True or false?
3 Tanaka-san wa ima no shigoto 0 yametai to itta. 4 Tanaka-san wa Sugiura-saa ni jodan 0 iwanakatta,
.Mada kekkon shitaku arimas en. , Watashi wa itsu me mada kekkon shitakunai to iirnasu. Watashi wa marla kekkon shitekunai to Sugiura-san
ni iirnashita, 'Jkimasen deshita', Ken-san ni wa ikanakatta
I always say that I don'.t want to get married yet. I told Sugiura-san that I didn't want to get married yet,
1 wil.l tell Ken that 1didn't go. Michiko-san replied to Ken that she hadn't gone. will be dealt with
7didn~go.'
Structures
people say
1 [Se.nfen ce1to [verb of saying1: reporting what
In Japanese you report what someone says by adding the quoting particle to and the appropriate verb of saying at the end of the sentence. This to is equivalent to English .that, and different from the to which joins nouns (Unit 8 Structures 3). In is the most common verb of saying, but: you will also find, for exaOlple,ldk.u (to ask, hear), kotae.ru (.to reply), korowar,u (.to refuse), okor,u (.to get angry)., sakeh.u (.to shout), yorokob.u (.to rejoice), and, in the case of letters etc., kaku (to write).
Ihe
,1
l'he person doing the quoting will be followed by wa or ga as rppropriate, but note that [person] wa will normally come at
beginning of the sentence, while [person] ga will come just frer the quoting to:
Tomu-san wa
iimashita,
rna tabeta to
Tom smd that he had already eaten, A small child shouted that there was a foreigner.
~en it is clear from the context who is speaking, the speaker will usually be omitted: Tomn-san ga jUichiji sugi ni kaetta. 'Tsukarera,' to itta. Note the following: a Whe?- ~uoting the words of a specific third person in the present, It IS usual to put the verb of saying into the -te ira form: Tarc:krn:t wa o-naka ga suira
to
149 ~ !!l-
'<
e. e e c
2: ::I
:;;
itte imasu.
;;;
Doirsu no biru wa oishii to Suzuki-san ga Kerun kara kaite imasu. b Mi.chiko-san wa nani rna iimasen deshita. Watasbi wa sO iimasbita.
K6 itte kudasai,
.1
1
keto ni suru
What did he/she say? is Nan to iiraashita ka? Also notice: anythi1<lg. I said solthat. Please say this.
ka.
things
With suru in the -te iru form, it refers to something which you . unsciously make a habit of doing: Watashi wa maiasa goji ni okiru koto ni shite imasu.
(, koro ni naru 1 am in the habit of getting up at five every morning.
If you want to ask the Japanese for a word, or explain how to say something in English, you should use sentences based on the pattern A 0 X to in, which literally means We call A <X';
Eigo de Rondon a London to umasu. Kore wa Nihongo de nan to
iimasu ka?
As we saw in Unit 1 (Dialogue; Language and Society 1), with the humble form of in, mos.u, this is also a common way of introducing yourself to someone:
Hado to moshimasu,
l'hls, on the other hand, conveys the idea of an impersonal decision which is not under the control of the speaker. It might liCIt be clear who took the decision, or ir might just be more polite not to say who did, particularly in situations where the speaker is dearly being honoured in some way. The nuance is lint always easy to convey in English: Kanai wa Nihon 110 kaisha ni rsuromeru koto ni Osutoraria e ikanai koto ni
narimashita. narimashira, (It has been decided that) my wife is to work for a Japanese company. I am not to go to Australia.
Japanese often uses this pattern in front of general nouns as a way of explaining what, or who, X, a proper noun (e.~. the name of a resraurant) is:
Kiku to iu Nihonry6riya
jiru to iu Amerikajin
a Japanese restaurant called Kiku an American named Jill the British newspaper, The Times
With naru in the -te iru form, it refers to an impersonal state of IrFairs, to the way things are: Josei wa koko kara hairu koto ni natte imasu. Women (josei) are meant to enter from here/use this
entrance.
150
:IE ~ !j. a. o c:
'\~ with reported speech, to relate what Michiko Itt. present, you should use the -te iru form:
is thinking
in
Michiko-san wa omoshirokunai to omotte imasu, I his is not necessary, however, .mnccne else thought in the past:
Ken-san wa Michiko-san ga konai darb to omoimashita. "
'C§
s: s·
The same guidelines for the use of wa and ga apply as with kara (Unit 6 Structures 4). Together with the conjunctive form of adjectives, the -te form is particularly common when giving reasons for an apology, and in front of certain verbs and adjectives, such as komar.u (to get into difficulties), and yokatta (I'm glad): Osoku natte domo sumimasen. Shigoto ga okute komarte imasu, I'm sorry for being (lit. becoming) late. There is a lot of work and so I'm in difficulties, i.e. There's so much work I don't know what to do. I'm really glad (because) 1 came to Japan.
will usually
....
II you want to give the sense of a strong denial, however, nJ110imasen can be used; Watashi wa Tanaka-san kekkon sum to wa omoimasen. ga
To omoimasu is often added to verbs in the -tai form as a Jlolite, more adult way of expressing one's. wishes, and asking tbout the wishes of the person you are talking to: Ken-san no tomodachi ni naritai to omoirnasu. Watashi wa rainen Yoroppa o ryoko shitai to omotte imasu, Eiga 0 mi ni ikirai to omoimasen ka? ,I To ask someone's 'uzuki-san ka.? opinion, wa do omoimasu I would like to become Ken's friend. I would l.ike to travel in Europe next 'Year. Wouldn't you like to go and see a film? you should use
do:
What do you think, Suzukisan? ... This is what I think ... Don't you think so too, Tanaka-san?
"-Iso note:
Watashi wa ko omoimasu Tanaka-san rno so omoimasen ka?
In the following sentence, it is therefore clear that we are talking about the likelihood of Michiko's coming, not about what Michiko thinks: Michiko-san wa kuru daro to omoimasu. I think that Michiko-san will pmbabfy come.
152
~ When deeper thought. consideration rather than feeling. is Involved, kangaeru may be used in place of omouIma no Nihon wa da~e da to omotte/kangaete rmasu, I think that present-day Japan is no good. .
ss, sukoshi
ka?
benkyo shiyo
go ~ c
...
0-
thinking, rather
than what
their
Let's take a taxi. III the next sections, you will find two patterns which use the
plain -masbo form.
(to oneself) Well, p,erhaps I should get dowlz to a little studying. Let's go and see a film.
153
:IE ::r
!!l-
~ ;:
]I(
s!:f. ~.
c..
=:,
5" F
'-
!3
7 [verb]-(y)6 toomoulomotte
iru:contemplating
an action
This pattern is usedwhen you are thinking of doing something hut not sure that you will actually do jt, or to refer to something which you thought of doing in the past but did not do. It is l10rmally only used when the speaker is the subject: Konban oishii rokoro de tabey6 to omoimasu ga, issho ni ik.i.masen ka? Mada hayai desu kara, rna sukoshi mare to omounasu, Shashin 0 toto to omoimashita ga, kamera ga arirnasen deshica,
I hinking
......
W.
tabe.ru
oki.ru of the present
I feel like .eating at a good restaurant (place) tonight - won't you come too? It's still em'ly, so I think I'll w.ait a little longer. I
thought of taking a
photograph,
Ikimasho kaerimasho
nomimasho asobimasho hanashimasho aimasho
nomlo
asob hanasio
kaer ;0
ik
When omorte iru is used. the implication is that you have been of doing whatever it is for some time:
i~
I am thin,king of going to Thailand (Iai) next year. T am thinking of becoming an English teacher. ka before to makes the idea
a.u
alo
particle
Atarashii
kuruma
kao ka
to omotre imasu,
mars.u suru kuru mat
kimasho
SID yo ko yo
Il If you are thinking of doing something which requires weighty consideration, kangaeru can be used in place of omou: Yamanaka Maketingu 0. yamete jibun no kaisha 0 rsukuro to kangaete imasu,
154
intention of
5' F
Co.
go 'Ci e !T
, ~ ilecr one word £rom each of the columns to make 11!1'.lIl1ngfuJ sentences according to the pattern in the example. It luurld be possible to use each word once only. Make sure you U~l' the right particles!
It,ample: Sakura to iu resutoran de tabeta koro ga arimasu ka?
155
a
go
~
e 5' ?'
Co.
Maria
01 kusufodo
machi (town)
depatn
au
yunyU suru taberu
s:
~
,For actions which you try to do but in which you may fail the past tense, for actions which actually failedIma tegami 0 kako to shire I'm just trying to write a iru kara, ato de ikimasu, letter, so I'll come later (ato de). Hairo to shimashira ga, doa I tried to go in, but the door ga shimatre imasbita. was shut.
in
ftariajin kudamcno
resutoran
For actions which are about to take place: Sa~ura wa mo sake to shite
imasu. The cherty blossom (sakura) is already on the poi1zt of blooming (sak.u), I'm ;ust abol/,t to have a bath.
de tab em koto
III
de tabe.ru koto ni
4 Tom is looking at his diary and going over his plans for next week with Yamada-san, Using [verbJ-(y)o to omou, work out what he actually says. Example: a
exercises
1 Here is a
A
Getsuyobi ni repoto
[getsuyobi)
repoto
"Rondon wa samukatta desu.' :Sh.usbo (pri11t.e minister) ga shinirnashira.' C Koko no tako wa totemo oishii desu.' D 'Ken-san wa kyo kimasen," E <Anzai-sensei wa shinsetsu na ha-isha-san desu.' B Put them int.o indirect speech and fit them into the following sentences as III the example. Example: A + Tanaka-san ga kakimashita. a b c d Rondon wasamukatta to T anaka-san ga kakimashita. B + nynsu de iimashita. C + Itariajin ga yorokobimashita. D + .Michiko-san ga denwa de iimashira. E + Tomu-san ga kotaemashita.
b c d
A B bel
D
C E F E
Why?
I'm sorry I forgot the salad. It's aU tight (ii). I don't like salad very much. think Ken is ui It's because he says he doesn't want to eat anything. This telephone is no good. Did you put in (ire.ru) (any) money? I tried to, but ir didn't go in (hair.u).
156
[D.
1 g:
F
S'
'::;5.
ace ~
Q)<D o _.
UJ
2 Congratulating people
The stock phrase gozaimasu:
used in congratulating
people
is o-medeto
Happy birthday (taniobi) Congratulations 01l the birth (sbussan) of ym~r baby
:e o
Q)
_.
r+
Q)
to enter a company)
The Japanese celebrate New Year rather than Christmas. The customary greeting when meeting an acquaintance for the first time in the new year is (Akemashite) o-medero gozaimasu, In informal situations, gozaimasu is usually omitted from all these greetings.
CD
Q..
(J)
:::T 01
In this unit you will learn • how to fonn the equivalent of English relative clauses in Japanese • how to allow or recommend a course of action • how to say what you are able or unable to do
DDialogues
~ishiikan shite kara, Tanaka-sanga mara kekkon no koto de sodan ga aru to me, jiru-sano resutoran e yobidashita.
hu
11 ka:
Ara. ara, .zuibun urusai no ne .. Kono hito mo waruku nai deshO? Demo, hana ga hikui desho? Watashi we hana no hikui
Sono go, kekkon no hanashi wa do narimashiia? Kekkyoku Suglura-san okotowarimashita. Ara,. shigoto 0 yamenasal to itta kara? E, shigoto 0 shite rno if to lu hlto no ha gaii wa. _~aruh~do ne. Kekkon no kola de sedan ga aru to nmashltaga, donna koto desu ka? Jitsu wa nakOdo no .kata kara hanashi ga mittsu .kita n' desu ga, sono koto de .. , . Ara, mittsu mo klta n' desu ka?ii no ga arlrnasu ka? So desu ne ... mina-san shigoto rno yoku dekite, ll kata desu ga, amari hansaml,J ja nai no ga tama ni klzu, Tanaka-san wa zuibun menkui na n' desu nel (number] mo {number] as many.as
otoko
dame yo, Komarimashita ne. De, sono sOdan to iu no wa? E. ana ... Walashi wa sorosoro k.ekkon shlta ga Ii shl, nan to ka shitai to omou n' desu. sore de kangaemashita ga, se no hikui no ya, hana no hikul no wa naoranai ke redo , megane no ho wa kontakuto nl kaerareru desha? So yo, soshite tr:lkidokl hazusu koto mo dekiru kara ne, E, dakara yahari kono hansamu na htta too-miat 0 shiyO ka to omou keredo, do desha ka? It n' ja nal? Hayal tokoro kimet.e, watashl 0 kekl<on..shiki ni
wa
no
yonde kl.ldasal nel II do Informal variant of keredomo rI Ill, dorel let's see Heonarudo Dlkapur.lo Leonardo df Caprio (the film star) Inounlnl nlte In! fo resemble {nOlin] megane 0 kake.nJ to pul on! wear glasses kake.ru to put on fadal (Tokyo dalgakU) Tokyo University (ona of Japan's lop unlversities) TOdal-de a Todal graduate VQshii na Mllifmt keredo varlanl of kered'omo :r.annennagara unfortunately, as 8 matter of regret •• no takal: atoko a tall man,
tallmen
Jlru
[tlmel suru (here) [lime] passes [noun] no !koto de about [noun] yobldasu to call, summon sono go since, In tha meantime hanashl (here) proposal kekkyoku evantually, .finally [verbl·te rno II it is all right to, you may [verb]. S3 shlgoto 0 shim rno U to lu hito A man who says it is a/I right (for me) to work • S l' : lltsu wa actuaJly, In fact kata honorific equivalent 01hito nakoda nokata go·between
mina-,san all of them,all of you A wa 8ga yoku de!dru A Is, good at,excels at.B • $5 amarl hansamu ja nal no not being vel}' hanC/some • 82 tama ni kizua fly in the ointment (Il!.a flaw on a precious stone) menkul someone who attaches importance to good looks (usually used' of men)
sono sOdsn 10 iu no wa (nan da-su ka)? what was it that you wanted fo talk about? • S1 sorosoro [verb] Irs about time to {vero1 [&entence]-ta h6 g8 II It would be better if yOwYou'd .better (sentence] • 54 nan to ka suru to make an effort, do something about S8 no hlkul no being shOrt
.52
kontakuto trenzu) contact lenses A. 0 Bnl kae"ru change Ata B kaerare.n! to be able to change tolddoki sometimes hazus.1l to take off (glasses); unfasten (buttons) hazusukoto molga. deklrb to be able to take (them) off. 55 hay,,1 I.okoro .. hayaku k1me.ru to decide kekkon.,hlkl wedding
(ceremony)
ro. S5
True or false?
1 Tanaka-san wa Sugiura-san to kekkon suru koto narimashita, 2 Tanaka-san wa shigoto 0 yamenasai to iu hitoga ii,
Jlru
Shashln we arlmasu ka? E, kore na n' desu ksdo. Dore, dore, Ara, kono hlto, nekanaka Reonarudo Dikapurio ni nlte ite. . hansamu ja nai, .
.81
urusa.1 (here) choosy hana nose hana ga hlkul to ha.ve a flat nose dame na (here) have an
aversIon
to
Tanakiil
Jlru
Jim Tanaka
Tanaka
True or false?
3 Se no hikni atoka wa megane 0 kakete iru, 4 Tanaka-san we mada kekkonshitakunai,
£,_de~o walashi wa megane 0 kaketa hilo wa. lya na no. He ,.. ja, kono hlto wa? T,Odakle de yOshO da keredo ... zannenns,gara se ga hlkukute ne. Watashi we se no takai otoko 9a jj wa.
Structures
1 Modifying a noun with a sentence-like sequence
As we have seen in Unit 2, it is possible to give further information on a noun by modifying it with an adjective: Han desu, takai desu - Takai han desu, Kore wa inu desu, genki desu - Kore wageoki na inn desu, This is also possible with sentence-like elements: Kino hon 0 kaimashita, omoshiroi desu - Kino katta han wa omoshiroi desu, The book J bought yesterday is interesting" Kino watashi wa han a kaimashita; mimashita ka? - Kino watashiga kana bon 0 mimashita ka? Did you see the book .that I bou,ght yesterday? The bold parts in the above sentences have the same meaning as English relative clauses; to form them, the order of the modifying section needs to be changed so that the verb comes before the noun and is put into the plain form (which is the usual form for verbs in front of nouns), Where wa is present, it needs to be converted to ga, as subordinate clauses use ga rather than wa (recall Unit 10). The differences that exist between who. whom, to whom, with whom, etc. in .English relative clauses are expressed by the context in Japanese (although in the last example below, with is expressed by issho nil: Kino hiro ga kimashita, Hansamu deshita .. -- Kino kita hito wa hansamu deshita .. The man who came yesterday was handsome, 2 Kino hito a mimashita. Hansamu deshita, - .Kino mita hiro wa hansamu deahita. The man w.lrom I saw yesterday was handsome., 3 Kino hito to hanashimashita. Hansamu deshira, -- Kino hanashita hito wa hansamu deshira. The man to whom I talked yesterday was handsome. 4 Kino hitoto issho ni ikimashita, Hansamn deshita, 4 Kino issho ni itta hito wa hansamu deshita, The man with whom I urent yesterday was handsome. Depending on the context, the second sentence could also mean The man who saw (something not mentioned) "', the third one, The man who talked ... , and the last one The man who went 1
. however the sentences they.are based on. ~.Quld.be f rr J me .". , hi hi .) mimashira, .1illorcnt: 2 Kino hito ga (watas -tac 1 0 etc. :'''::LL~ .. ,. "ino hito ga hanashimashita (gave a talk); 4 Kmo hire ga I lu) ni ikimashira. .. . occurs mSlide tIt· e relative clause, It is normally . he re ga e
11111ged to no:. b ht' t ""'h. ,. I want to uy a 5 T WI~, "ude ,no nag31 shatsu gal sleeves (sode). kaitai desu, ~g (Hut: [Kana] shatsu wa sode ga nagar desu.) .h h Nihongo no wakaru hito Is there anyone ere w?o .. k .~ understands Japanese .. wa unasu a. . akarimasu-«- reca 11Unit. (/jut: [Kana) hito wa Nihongo ga w anmasu 10 Structures 4 c.) . dify no uns of a general meaning . I t lative clauses can a 1 moo so . urh as mODO, koto and no: This is what (the thing Kino kana mono wa kore which) I bought desu. yesterday. I forgot what (the tbing Kino itta kotoh? which) I said yesterday. wasuremas ita. .' 's tbe one I b ht Kino katta no wa doko desu Where IS t: e eone oug . ka? yesterday. , lIere monolkotolno are used instead of a D,l0respecific n?UD; ~. . d no refer to actual objects (or somenmes III this use, mono an . . tier ~efetring to more abstract persons), wherea~ koro means rna , deeds or happenings.
Ik d 0 serve to convert whole examples, ..o~o an nnbe the subject. object, etc. entences mto nouns, so that t ey ca .. ... b ... ·1. d by f a new sentence. (Note that here they cannot ..e rep ace other, specific nouns.) I had forgotten (the fact) Kana eiga 0. rnita koto 0 that I had seen this fiIm. . wasur~te imashita. I forgot to watch the film. Eiga a rruru no. a wasuremashita. . I know that that person is Ana hito no atama no wafUl ... . • . koto/no a shitte imasu, stupid. Koto and no. differ in that ketogenerally refers ~o thek~stra~ idea of factual knowledge, whereas no concerns t e ior 1P~ be one's feelings. Thus, the first of the aboveexamp es can
paraphrased as I forgot about the fact that 1 had seen it before, whereas in the second one the speaker absent-mindedly forgot to switch On the TV, or perhaps change- channels. The third example implies factual knowledge when koto is used. and impressionistic knowledge with no. Not surprisingly, verbs like miru or kiku, having to do with the wOI:kitt$sof the senses, are always used with no rather than with koto: Michiko-san ga piano a hiku no a kilcimashita. Ken-san ga a-sake 0 nomu no 0 mimashita. I heard Mi'chiko-san play the piano. I saw Ken drink alcohol.
Mnda kaeranakute mo ii desu. It is all right if you don't/Yo« needn't/don't have to come back yet. II. mative answers to the original questions 1-3 would be: I Hai, (sutte rna) ii desu. 2, E (irte mol ii desu. \ E' (tabenakute mol ii desu, (hH ways of withholding permission, i.e. prohibiting, see Unit IIII' -temaii form can also be used with adjectives of bo I y P '5, and with nouns, as follows:
t adjectives I '.J
..
th
However, kiku can also be used in the sense ef hear about some fact; in this case, obviously koto is required. .Michiko-san ga piano 0 I heard that Michiko-san hiku koto a kikimashita. plays the piano. Apart from verbs, this structure is also used with certain adjectives: Nihongo 0 kaku koto/no wa muzukashii desu, Demo, hanasu kotolno wa yasashii desu. Ana hiro wa hashiru no ga bayai desu, (hashir.u to run) Michiko-san wa oyogu no ga j ozu desu. Japanese is dit{i.cult to Write. But it is easy to speak. He is a fast runner. Michiko-san is goad at swimming.
Ieya wa chiisaknte roo ii desu ka? )~furo wa atsukunakute rna ji desu lea?
a adjectives
Is it all right if the room is small? Does it matter if the bath isn't hot? Is it all right if 1am no good at tennis? Is it all right if the hotel isn't quiet?
l'enisu wa hera de rna ii desu ka? Hoteru wa shizuka ja nakute mo ii desu ka?
nouns
understood is Is it all right if we (go, etc.) tomorrow?lDo you ",it,d if I don't (speak/write, etc. in) Japanese?
If you remove the finalvi from the negative plain form of verbs and add -kute, you get a form which can be used to ask for permission not to do something (is it all right if I don't ... ): 3 Zenbu tabenakute mo ii desu ka? Is it all right if I don't eat it all? In questions, the subject is always I (or we), but in the case of statements giving permission, the subject becomes you~ Eiga ni itte mo ii desu, the movies. It is all right
if youfYou
may go to
!o tell someone wh~t course .of action is best avoided, ho ga ii is attached to verbs .m the plain present tense negative form: Kore 0 tabenai ho ga Ii desu. You'd better not eat this Amari nomanai hO ga ii You shouldn't drink too' desu yo. much.
165
koto ga dekl.rul[verb]-re.rulrare.fu
There are two ways of expressing Japanese.
hanas [u mats [u
\u ka lu
:ll
a . (~ wa) [verb (present plain fo.llD)] koto ga demo T~.IS another [verb] koto pattern, now linked to the verb dekiru,
which here means to. be ~ossibl~. Li~erally. therefore, the pattern means As for A, [do,ngjl.s possible, t.e, A is able to [do]. Nihongo 0 hanasu koto ga dekimasu ka? Can you speak Japanese? Oyogu Can you swim?
tVI rbs like matsn are again slightly irregular in that they drop 1I1l'lf s. See Unit 4.) ru Sum and kuru suru kuru
(N()l"E:
dekiru kocareru
koto
galwa
dekimasen,
Jiru-san wa tako
taberu
(NOTE: either ga or wa is possible afterkoto in negative sentences.) b [verbj-rern/rareru As the koto ga dekiru forms are rather lengthy, a special verb form known as. the potential. is usually preferred, although tile forme~ expression is .s<?me~es used for greater emphasis. Potential forms are obtained m the following way: i With -iruJ-eru verbs, replace the final-ru with -rare.ru:
tabe
IU
tabet rareru
oki ru miru
all potentials act like -iru/-eru verbs.) 111.fore oing on to see how these forms are used in sentences, it g Ilhly be useful to point out that kuru and many -iruJ-eru verbs ,I re developing alternative potential forms that are similar to the potentials of -u verbs, e.g. mirecu, okireru, koreru. These nODtundard forms are becoming increasingly acceptable (see for I' ample the second example sentence below). l lcre are some examples of sentences wi.th potential forms. Note III.n if the potential verb has an object, it can generally be mnrked by either ga (wa for contrast) or o. Mo sukoshi iraremasu ka? Can you stay a little longer? Ashita hayaku okiremasu lea? Can you get up early tomorrow? I can't eat octopus. Watashi wa tako wa taberaremasen. Can you come with us Raishii issho ni ikemasu ka,? next week? Can you speak Japanese? Nihongo 0 hanasemasu ka? I can't play the piano. Watashi wa piano ga hikemasen. l ccasionally, the subject is marked by oi wa instead of wa, which serves to emphasize the ability/non-ability on the part of the subject, In negative sentences, this can be reinforced by using rotemo ((not) at all):
166
CD :r' 0.-
u
CD
IG
a-
Watashi ni wa totemo kono shigoto galwa dekimasen, Or, in a different word order:
Ocr
coc;
Kana shigoto.va watashi ni wa totemo dekimasen, koto ga dekiru IS hardly ever used; instead, sum is replaced with dekiru. Note that before dekim, tenisu etc. take ga (or wa, if contrastively used), Sumisu-san wa tenisu ga Can you- play tennis. Smith. dekirnasu ka? san? Watashi wa dansu wa I cannot dance (although 1 dekimasen. can do a host of other things!). (Kuruma no) uneen ga Can you drive (unten dekimasu ka? (suru))? The reason why kuruma no (rather than 0) is used in the last example is that unten here is acting as a noun rather than as a verb.
In the case ~f v:rbs of the type benkyo (0) suru, the lengthy suru
Japanese boyfriend has. a ten~enc.yto indulge in v~rlous glIlfrien~, nave othe~ Ideas. I Iii ho ga ii, provide positive or negative alternatives as 'III red by the cues to your boyfriend's cravings. I lmple: Terebi ga mitai, (jogingu suru to go jogging) Jogingu shita ho ga ii desu yo! Keki ga tabetai. (yasai (vegetable) a taberu) Wain ga nomitai. (arukoru (alcohol) a nomu NEG)
IIlIr
, , I,
II
I
Exercises
1 You are scrutinizing a set of photographs of girls with a Japanese acq~intance, who takes the opportunity to inform you about his preferences .regardjnggirlfriends. As he is a domineerin~ character of. violent disposition, you are in no mood to disapprove of his tastes, choosing instead to voice approval using relative clauses according to the model: Example: Kana onna wa karada ga okii kara kirai da. Watashl rna karada no anna ga kirai da. a Kono anna wa me ga chiisai kara kirai da, b Kono anna wa kamiga nagai kara suki da. c Kana anna wa iro ga kuroi kara kirai da. (kuro.i (here) dark-skinned) d Kono onna wa ashi (legs/feet) ga furoi (fat) kara kirai da. e Kono anna wa zubon (trousers) a haku kara kirai da.
using the words in ts to explain that you are unable to comply or accept. ample: Soko ni Jiisho 0 kaite kudasai, (Nihongo; kakul Watashi wa Nihongo ga kakemasen. I Kuruma de kite kudasai. (kuruma; unten suru] II Nihongo de hanashite kudasai. (Nihongo; hanasu) Kono oishii taka a doze. (taka; taberu) ,I Umi e jete, oyogimashe, (oyogu) Doyobi ni issho ni tenisu 0 shimasen ka? (tenisu suru] Bii e nomi ni ikimasho, (sake; nomu, see LS2)
Ilk
om
2 Using koto or no, produce Japanese sentences matching the meaning of the English sentences: a I forgot to bring the book. b I saw Michiko-san drive a car. c I know that Kyoto summers are hot. d [ heard Anzai-sensei sing. e I heard that Anzai-sensei sings. flam a fast reader.
idiomatic use of dekiru as a potential is seen in the lollowing examples. which are concerned with having/lacking ills: Do you know any Nihongo ga dekimasu ka? Japanese? I can't play the piano. Watashi wa piano ga dekimasen. l'lrese expressions may be said to be alternatives to Nihongo ga I. nasemasu ka?lWatashi wa piano ga hikemasen. A part from its use in potentials, detru:u is also commonly ~ed (0 ten in combination with madalmo) m the sense of to get a ,ob
dmls: 1 ai, mo dekimashita yo.
Will dinner be ready soon? Yes, it's iust ready. It's already prepared. I've finished my homework.
Is the tie ready? (At the cleaners) The expression yoku dekiru means to be very able (ano hito wa shigoto/benkyo ga yoku dekiru) , whereas yoku dekimashita normally means well donel In the -te iru form, the same expression has a somewhat different meaning again: Kono isu wa yoku dekite This chair is well made. imasu. Kana hanashi wa yoku This story-line is well dekite imasu. thought out.
0
<D
(j)
...
t"""+-
(J)
ro
~
0"
0 -.;
CD
m'" . _. (II m0
_.
::1
In this unit you w11lleam • various clauses involving time. including when and before • how to express must and
170
DOialogues
Tomu-san wa saikin karada no choshi ga warui yo da, Tsukare
ga nakanaka torenai shi, yoku kaze 0 hiitari o-naka a kowasbitari suru, Sore de, Anzai-sensei to sodan shite, Anzaisensei to onaji daigaku 0 deta isha ni mite moran koto ni shita. Anzai-sensei ni yoru to, totemo ii isba da so da, Shinsatsu wa rna hajimarte iru.
Tomu Konogoro domo chOshl ga warul n' desu. Asa okiru toki, atama mo nodo mo ltal shi, seki rno demasu. Sore ni, shokuyoku gahotondo arlmasen. Shigoto a shlte fru tokl sugu tsukareru shl, Ikemasen ne. Sa,· ato de ketsuatsu 0 hakarimasu ga, sono mae ni shatsu 0 nuide kudasai. (kao ga aaku naru) Ketsuatsu? KinchO shite wa dame desu yo! I II
K nsa ga yatto
owatta,
171
' .. mu
U'I
......
ka? Wa.rui n' desho ka? lie, shlnpai shinakute rne Ii desu yo. Ketsueki kensa no kekka we raishO wakarimasu gq, tonik,aku daijobu na yo de,su. Takara de, Hado-san wa nannen umare desu ka? Sen kyiihyaku rokuju-nen desu. Showa sanjugo-nen desu ne. Kore kara karada ni ki 0 tsukenai to dame desu yo. Hai, wakartmashita \ Tabako 0 sulmasu ne. Sore wa yameta h5 ga ii desu. 0sake wa? Boku no yo na shigoto wa doshitemo settai 9a oi desu. 0sake 0 nonde iru aida wa ii desu ga, tsugi no asa wa ... Dekiru dake, sake mo yamete kudasai. Sore kara, undo mo motto shinakereba nartmasen. E.to ... (shoh6sen 0 kakinagara) neru mae ni kono kusuri a nonde kudasai. Nigai kusurl desu ka?
Do desu
1
salkin recenfly A wa karada no chOshl ga warul A is not feeling well ~it.As for A. the condition of his body is bad) chashl condition, state (statement] y6 da It seems that [statement] - 51 tsukar'e ga tore.ru to recover from one's fatigue' tsukara fatigue tor'e.ru potential form of tor.u to take, remove - Unit 14 55 o-naka 0 kowas.u to have a
stomach upset
IQU
[statement] 56 da
[statement} -
apparently
1I;.118a (sum) check-up wllru.l (of illness) serious k tluakl kensa plood test ketsuekl blood klkka results toolkaku anyway tokoro de Isentence) by the way Isentencel (signals change
shinsatsu (suru) medical examina.tion konogoro recently damo (here) somehow [verb (plain form)] (Okl when [verb] -54 sekl ga de.ru to have a cough saki COl./gh shokuyoku (ga nail (to have
53
d6shltemo inevitably, wh~ther I want it or not settai receptions, entertainment [verb (plain fonn)] aida white [verb] - 56 deklru dakeas muchlfar as
possible
no) appetite
undo (SUN) exercise [verb ]-nakereba naranai shohosen prescription kusuri 0 nom.u to take medfcine kusuri medicine niga-i bitter, nasty-tasting
I etc.
What
were
must [verb]
- $8
[nounl
hotondo [negative] hardly at all Ikamasen ne That won't do (an expression of sympathy) ketsuatsu blood pressure hakar.u to measure mae nl before • 55 nu.g.u to take off klneho (suru) stress, tens/on [verb]-te wa qame da You etc. must not [verb} - 57
e or false?
Tomu-san wa karada no choehi ga taihen warui to isba ga
tta. Tomu-san wa tabako
0 yame.naker:eba
True or false?
1 Tomu-san
naranai,
wa konogoro
yoku
nerarenai,
172
Structures
1 [statement] yo da It seems ...
this is one of several endings that can be attached after statements (Structures 4; Unir 17 Structures 3 and 6). Yo da is very dose to it seems. A speaker-uses it to imply that he/she is making a statement based not upon actual knowledge, but on objective deductions made on the basis of the available evidence. This is often visual, but not necessarily so. Yo da and the other sentence endings are often used when describing the state of mind of someone other than oneself. In the following examples, note the forms which nouns, adjectives and verbs take before yo da, both in the present tense and in the past. They are the forms which would normally be found in front of nouns. nouns
Anzai-sensei wa domo byoki no Mukashi, koko wa resutoran datta na adjectives
:
:.!
When there is a negative, it will normally Koko wa mo resutoran de wa nai Ano ringo wa amari oi hikunai In the examples
yo desu,
yo desu,
c.n
......
given above where there was a past tense !:>efore was giving his/her present impre~slon of something which had already happened. When recalling past Impressions, however, where English would use seen:-ed .rather than seems, yo darta is used; and the statement preceding It does II t go into the past: Tornu-san wa seashfi by6kino Kino jim-san wa rsukarete iru
Tom seemed ill last week. Iill seemed to be tired yesterday.
yo desu,
l::
yo desu,
Anzai-sensei somehow seems ill. Formerly, this seems to have been a rest4urant.
yo deshita,
yo deshita,
sal).ga saki na Salkin made koko wa shizuka darta -I adjectives Ano mise wa totemo takai Kino .no pau wa tancshikarta
verbs
I
i
:
yo desu, yo desu,
Michiko-san seems to like Ken. It seems that until recently it was .quiet here.
taka no yo na aji tsukarete iru yo na me Kyo wa fuyu no yo na tenki desu. Koko wa daremo sunde inai yo na tokoro demo
a taste {aji} like octopus eyes which look tired Today the weather is like winter. This is the sort of place which seems to haoe no one living in it.
yo desu, yo desu,
That shop looks very expensive. It seems that the party yesterday was enjoyable
A common pattern is [proper noun (AJ] no yo na [general noun (8)]. Here the meaning is similar to B such as/like A: Tomu-san no yo na Igirisujin
an EnglishmanlEnglishmen
like Tom a countrylcountries (kuni) s.uch as France Let's eat something cold such as ice-cream. I want to live in aft old town sud» as Kyoto.
!::u-sa.n
wa genki ni
Jill appears
yo demo
yo desu.
to be tired.
Furansu no
yo na kuni
174
~ rb~s~
~~
1
i
.-------+-~~~~~~~;I
175
!
I
so desu.
i
year.
noriokureta with
i s6 desu,
c.n
3 [statement]
......
Fomn-san W;I. byoki de wa nakatta so desu. Ken-san wa sakana ga suki ja nai so desu, [iru-san wa ana eiga ga mitakunai so desu. mtcnces ending
yo
so da.
so da apparently
IlI/yoreba, according
in so cia often begin with [noun] ni yoru to [noun], or some other fonn of words I'lvmg the source of your knowledge: Shinbun ni yoru to, Igirisu no shusho ga rainichi suru so desu. According to the .. newspapers, th~ Brt~tsh prime minister is .g?tn? to visit Japan (raunchi suru), I heard from a friend that Tom has given up smoking.
nouns
Hade-san no okusan wa Amerikajin da Kin6 koko wa sugoi ame datta
so desu,
s6 desu.
Apparently Mr Herd's wife is an American. Apparently there was terrific rain here yesterday.
4 toki when
I~
na
adjectives sO desu.
Hade-san no hisho wa
totemo kirei da Kuruma wa dame datta -t adjectives Anzai-sensei wa ima taihen isogashii Taro-kun mo ikitakatta
so desu, so desu.
so desu.
They say that Mt Herd's secretary is very pretty. Apparently the car was ruined.
Apparently Anza.i-sensei is vet)' busy at the moment. I hear that Taro-hun wanted to go too.
l'oki is a noun meaning time (e.g. ano'toki at that time), but it most commonly found where English, would use when! I/,},enever. The time, or when, part of the sentence befo~e toki, md the action of the main part of the sentence after toki, occur more or less contemporaneously. Nouns, adjectives and verbs .) xurring before toki take the forms which it is. usual for them III rake before nouns. Toki can be foUowed by w to give a sense Ilf greater precision, and by wa to give a sense of contrast, or
even by both.
nouns
Arne no Kodomo no toki toki wa takusbIni nomnasuyoku benkyo shimashita .
When it rains, I take a taxi. When 1was a child I studied hard (bu.t I don't now).
176
na
adjectives
Hima na
toki ni
Genki na
told wa
(J1
......
I I
j
! Tomu-san
Please cali on us whenever you are at leisure (hima na)lhave some spare time. When Tom tuas urel! he often drank (but he doesn't now),
II IIlv· number + counter (e.g. san-kagetsu mae (nil three "",/fIbs ago/before; jii-nen mae (ni) ten years ago/before): You ill ilso find mae preceded by [noun] no, and by v~rbs m the III "l'nt plain form, with a meaning equi~aleut to English before. . with toki, mae can be followed by ru and/or wa.
ni or mae (nil wa is also possible in is~lation, meaning before or formerly, and that you will also Ill(' across kono mae pteviouslylrecently and sono mae before 11',1f (botb with or without ni/{ni) wa).
11!t· that mae
II 11 the
j do shimasu ka?
'.!llmn no What do you do when you wa1lt to smoke? When it was hot, I Was hardly able to sleep.
I
f
Atsui
:
verbs Michl
0
j roki
I
i
i mae ni
mae ni i re i i
f
i
araimasho,
Let's wash our hands before the meal. Were you tense before the exam (shiken)?
....a. U1
hotondo
neraremasen
j deshira,
!
toki
I,.uru Ilrknkeru
wataru
Nibon ni irn
I
[
i toki
i j 1
j I i
Please be careful when you cross the road. When T was in Japan, 1always spoke in japanese,
The Japanese wash their bodies before they get into the bath. ; . i temodachi ni denwa Before setting out I ! maew telephoned a friend. 0 kakemashita,
1 mae ni
! Nlhonjin
! 0 araimasu,
wa karada
ida between/while I ,kl' mae, aida (ni/{ni) wa) is a noun which, ~cts both ~s .a
I'll
irion word
It
IS
In the above examples, the form before toki was tbe same whatever the tense at the end of the sentence. With verbs, however, it is possible to have past tenses in front of tokio An alternative version of the Iast example would therefore be: Nihon ni ita toki Nihongo de hanashimashita.
shire imashita
ka?
5 mae before
We have already met mae with reference both to physical position, with the meaning 'in front' (Unit 2 Structures 5), and to telling the time (Unit 6 Structures 6). You will find mae working in a similar way with other expressions of time which
o'clock?