RNP-Model Tuning Guide

RNP Model Tuning Guide INTERNAL
Product name Confidentiality level

RNP INTERANL
Product version
Total 91 pages
1.2
RNP Model Tuning Guide

(For internal use only)
Prepared by Zang Liang Date 2008-11-17

Reviewed by Date
Reviewed by Date
Approved by Date
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved
2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page1 , Total91

Revision Records
Date Version Description Reviewer Author
2008-12- Li Peng, Lu Peng,
1.0 Initial transmittal Zang Liang
05 Yangfan
2008-12-
1.1 Correct some errors for easy understanding. Qin Yan
16
Update the operating environment of SPM
2009-3-25 1.2 Chen Fazhi
Tuning to U-Net 2.2.1

Contents
1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................11
2 Flow for Model Tuning..............................................................................................................11
2.1 About Model Tuning........................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Flow for Model Tuning....................................................................................................................................12
3 SPM Tuning..................................................................................................................................14
3.1 About SPM.......................................................................................................................................................14
3.1.1 Basic Formula.........................................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna..............................................................14
3.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna..............................................................................................................15
3.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna.............................................................................................................15
3.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions..........................................................................................16
3.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss..................................................................................................................16
3.1.7 Clutter loss..............................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Procedure for Tuning SPM..............................................................................................................................17
3.2.1 Setting Up a Model Tuning Project........................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Setting Up Propagation Model...............................................................................................................22
3.2.3 Setting Transmitter.................................................................................................................................27
3.2.4 Importing and Adjusting Data................................................................................................................33
3.2.5 Model Tuning.........................................................................................................................................47
3.2.6 Proposals on SPM Tuning......................................................................................................................53
3.2.7 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model..................................................................................................55
4 Volcano Model Tuning..............................................................................................................61

4.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model.....................................................................................................61
4.1.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell Model...........................................................................62
4.1.2 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model...............................................................................67
4.1.3 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Minicell Model..............................................................................75
4.2 Tuning Volcano Models...................................................................................................................................81
4.2.1 Tuning Process........................................................................................................................................82
4.2.2 Checking and Analyzing Tuning Result.................................................................................................83

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Figures
Figure 2-1 Model Tuning Flow.............................................................................................................................13
Figure 3-1 Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM..............................................................17
Figure 3-2 Importing data of Clutter class............................................................................................................19
Figure 3-3 Importing data of altitude....................................................................................................................19
Figure 3-4 Imports data of clutter heights.............................................................................................................20
Figure 3-5 Importing data of vectors (1)...............................................................................................................20
Figure 3-6 Importing data of vectors (2)...............................................................................................................21
Figure 3-7 Antenna properties...............................................................................................................................21
Figure 3-8 Importing antenna file.........................................................................................................................22
Figure 3-9 Setting up propagation model.............................................................................................................23
Figure 3-10 Properties of SPM.............................................................................................................................24
Figure 3-11 Setting SPM parameters....................................................................................................................24
Figure 3-12 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM................................................................................26
Figure 3-13 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM.........................................................................27

Figure 3-14 Importing head file............................................................................................................................29
Figure 3-15 Global parameters of transmitters.....................................................................................................29
Figure 3-16 Configuring transmitter propagation models....................................................................................30
Figure 3-17 Setting up new site............................................................................................................................31
Figure 3-18 Setting up transmitter........................................................................................................................31
Figure 3-19 Properties of new transmitter............................................................................................................32
Figure 3-20 Configuring pilot power....................................................................................................................33
Figure 3-21 Setting up CW measurements...........................................................................................................34
Figure 3-22 New CW measurement path..............................................................................................................35
Figure 3-23 Interface after importing data............................................................................................................35
Figure 3-24 Importing CW measurement.............................................................................................................36
Figure 3-25 Importing a text file...........................................................................................................................36

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Figure 3-26 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data..........................................................37
Figure 3-27 Changing measurement line..............................................................................................................38
Figure 3-28 CW measurement setup.....................................................................................................................38
Figure 3-29 Filtering measurement data...............................................................................................................40
Figure 3-30 Displaying measurement data...........................................................................................................41
Figure 3-31 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system........................................................................42
Figure 3-32 Before translating location in map....................................................................................................43
Figure 3-33 Original coordinates of reference point.............................................................................................43
Figure 3-34 After translating location in map.......................................................................................................44
Figure 3-35 Coordinates of reference point after translation................................................................................45
Figure 3-36 Frequency Difference Setting............................................................................................................46
Figure 3-37 Parameters of SPM to be tuned.........................................................................................................48
Figure 3-38 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning......................................................................................49
Figure 3-39 Tuning SPM (1).................................................................................................................................50
Figure 3-40 Tuning SPM (2).................................................................................................................................50
Figure 3-41 Automatic Calibration.......................................................................................................................52
Figure 3-42 Select parameters for calibration.......................................................................................................52
Figure 3-43 Statistics report after tuning..............................................................................................................56
Figure 3-44 Measurement parameters of tuned model.........................................................................................57
Figure 3-45 Comparison curve.............................................................................................................................58
Figure 3-46 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model.................................................................58

Figure 3-47 Error distribution...............................................................................................................................59
Figure 4-1 Volcano models displayed in U-Net....................................................................................................62
Figure 4-2 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................................................................63
Figure 4-3 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model.................................................................63
Figure 4-4 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................................................................64
Figure 4-5 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model.....................................................................65
Figure 4-6 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model................................................................66
Figure 4-7 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model.....................................................................67
Figure 4-8 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model...................................................................68
Figure 4-9 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model..................................................................69
Figure 4-10 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model.................................................................70
Figure 4-11 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model....................................................................71

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Figure 4-12 Correct configuration of vectors of building type.............................................................................72
Figure 4-13 Menu file for vector map...................................................................................................................72
Figure 4-14 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Microcell model...........................................................73
Figure 4-15 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model..............................................................74
Figure 4-16 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Miniocell model.................................................................75
Figure 4-17 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model................................................................76
Figure 4-18 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Minicell model...................................................................77
Figure 4-19 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Minicell model.....................................................................78
Figure 4-20 Correct configuration of vectors of building type.............................................................................79
Figure 4-21 Menu file for vector map...................................................................................................................79
Figure 4-22 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Minicell model.............................................................80
Figure 4-23 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Minicell model.................................................................81
Figure 4-24 Volcano tuning dialog box.................................................................................................................82
Figure 4-25 Selecting automatic tuning mode for Volcano Microcell model.......................................................83
Figure 4-26 Tuning report.....................................................................................................................................83
Figure 4-27 Calibration result...............................................................................................................................84

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Tables
Table 3-1 Frequency differences for GSM900 in different propagation environments........................................46
Table 3-2 Frequency differences for DCS1800 in different propagation environments.......................................46
Table 3-3 Default values of SPM coefficients.......................................................................................................47
Table 3-4 Value range of K parameters.................................................................................................................51
Table 3-5 Typical values of clutter losses..............................................................................................................53
RNP Model Tuning Guide

Key words
Model Tuning, SPM, Volcano Model
Abstract
This guide introduces flow and principle for model tuning. The operation procedures for SPM and
Volcano model tuning are described based on U-NET tool. There are some rules for guaranteeing
correct tuning results. The U-NET tool software version is U-NET 2.2.1(Build 2613) in this book.
Acronyms and abbreviations:

Acronyms and abbreviations Full Spelling
CW Continuous Wave
SPM standard propagation model
LOS/NLOS Line of sight/No Line of sight

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1 Overview
The propagation model lays a foundation for the cell planning of a mobile communication network.
The accuracy of the propagation model determines whether the cell planning is reasonable and
whether operators can meet the requirements of users through cost-effective and rational
investments. Therefore, it is necessary to tune the propagation model in order to obtain the wireless
propagation model that complies with the actual environment of the specific area, improve the
accuracy of the coverage prediction and lay a solid foundation for network planning. This document
introduces rationales for propagation model tuning, methods and principles for propagation model
tuning based on the U-Net tool. The methods and principles include method and flow for processing
the data obtained in the CW test and tuning the propagation model by using the data in the U-Net
tool and some rules for guaranteeing correct tuning results.
This guide includes main chapters as below.
Chapter 2: Introduce the flow and basic knowledge for model tuning.
Chapter 3: Describe the process for SPM model tuning in a detail.
Chapter 4: Introduce how to tune Volcano model.
2 Flow for Model Tuning
2.1 About Model Tuning

There are two propagation model research methods:

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− Theoretical analysis method based on radio propagation

− Actual measurement and statistics method based on large amount of test data and
empirical formulae
The radial tracking model integrated into the planning software, which can be put into commercial
use, such as Volcano model, WaveSight model and WinProp model, and they are the representations
of propagation model research through the theoretical analysis method, but this type of model
requires a high precision (at least 5 m precision), including 3D digital map of the building
information. Accuracy of model prediction is closely related to the precision and accuracy of the
digital map. Those factors that affect the propagation of radio signals such as moving vehicles
cannot be considered in the current theoretical analysis method, but the general theoretical analysis
method requires some approximation and simplification of the propagation environment, thus
causing certain errors. At present, the propagation model based on the theoretical analysis method
has not been applied in large scale.
In the actual measurement and statistics method for the propagation model, the most famous
statistics model is Okumura model. This model is a propagation model represented by curves and
was built by Okumura based on a large amount of test data collected in Japan. On the basis of the
Okumura model, the regression method is used to fit out resolution empirical formulae to facilitate
computation. These empirical formulae include the Hata model formula, which is applicable to the
GSM900 macro cell, and the COST 231-Hata formula, which is applicable to the GSM1800 macro
cell. These empirical formulae also include the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model formula, which is
applicable to the microcell, and the Keenan-Motley formula, which is used in the indoor propagation
environment. These formulae are complex and errors may occur as against the actual environment.
2.2 Flow for Model Tuning

During the actual field strength predication, the tuned Hata model is used as the prototype, and the
planning software is used to import the data that is obtained from the radio propagation features test
on the local radio environment. Tune the coefficients in the model formula and then the propagation
model for actual predication is obtained.
Figure 1.1 shows the flow for model tuning.

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Figure 1.1 Model Tuning Flow
The procedure of “Tune model” in Figure 1.1 is as below.

1. Select a model and set parameter values. The values can be default values on this frequency or
that of tuned parameters similar to the terrain in other places.
2. Perform radio propagation predication by using the selected model, and compare the predicated
value with the drive test data to obtain a difference.
3. Change the model parameters based on the obtained difference.
4. Perform constant iteration and processing till the mean square error and the standard deviation
between the predicated value and the drive test data are minimized. Then the parameter values of the
model obtained after tuning are what we need.

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3 SPM Tuning
3.1 About SPM

SPM is based on the formula of Cost231-Hata model. Compared with Cost231-Hata, SPM has the
following new features:
 The factors are variable.
 The diffraction on clutter is added.
 SPM supports using different constant K1 and distance coefficient K2 for LOS/NLOS
and near/far region.
Due to the previous new features, SPM is more flexible and applies to more scenarios. You can tune
SPM according to the data of CW measurement, namely, the adjustment of parameters.
3.1.1 Basic Formula

SPM is based on the following formula:
Lmodel  K 1  K 2 log d   K 3 log HTxeff   K 4  Diffraction loss  K 5 log d   log HTxeff   K 6  H Rxeff   K clutterf  clutte
Wherein,
 K1: a constant (dB), related to frequency.
 K2: the multiplier (distance factor). It shows how the field strength changes as the
distance changes.
 d: the horizontal distance (m) between the Tx antenna and Rx antenna.
 K3: the multiplier of log(HTxeff). It represents the variation of field strength as the height
of Tx antenna changes.
 HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
 K4: multiplier of diffraction loss. It represents the strength of diffraction.
 Diffraction loss: diffraction loss due to obstacles (dB).
 K5: multiplier of log(HTxeff)log(d).
 K6: multiplier of H Rxeff . It represents the variation of field strength as the height of Rx
antenna changes.
 H Rxeff : Effective height of Rx antenna (m)
 Kclutter: multiplier of f(clutter). It is the weighting factor of clutter loss.
 f(clutter): weighted-average loss due to clutter.

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3.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna

In each calculation, SPM uses the following aspects.
2 Distance Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna
If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna is shorter than the maximum distance defined by
the operator, the Rx antenna is considered as near the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parameters
marked with Near transmitter for calculation. If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna is
longer than the maximum distance defined by the operator, the Rx antenna is considered as far from
the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parameters marked with Far from transmitter for calculation.
3 Visibility
According to terrain and clutter high, SPM judges whether the receiver is in the light of sight (LOS)
range. If you do not use the clutter height layer, SPM calculates LOS with the terrain height map
only. If you use the clutter height layer, SPM calculates LOS with the terrain and clutter height maps.
If the receiver is in the sight of LOS, SPM use (K1,K2)LOS; otherwise, SPM uses (K1,K2)NLOS.
3.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna

There are six methods to calculate effective height of Tx antenna H txeff as below:
 Height above ground

The height above ground is the height of Tx antenna above ground.
 Height above average profile
Determining the height of Tx antenna depends on average ground height, which is
calculated on the lateral section where the transmitter and receiver are.
 Slope at receiver between 0 and distance min
Calculate the height of Tx antenna with the slope of the ground where the receiver is.
 Spot Ht
 Abs Spot Ht
 Enhanced slope at receiver
U-Net supports a new method to calculate effective height of Tx antenna, called "Enhanced slope at
receiver".
The methods of "1-Height above average profile" and "0-Height above ground" apply to plain region
while other methods are for mountainous regions. This does not mean that the methods for

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mountainous regions do not apply to plain regions. The best method is to adjust these parameters and
to produce a most suitable tuning result.
3.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna

H Rxeff   H Rx  H 0Rx   H 0Tx
Wherein,
 H Rx : the receiver antenna height above ground (m).
 H 0 Rx : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the receiver (m).
 H 0Tx : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the transmitter (m).
NOTE
The calculation of effective heights of antennas H Rxeff and H Txeff is based on the DTM lateral section. If importing
height data is not realized, the calculation will fail.
3.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions

An optional amendment condition is that SPM can amend path loss of mountainous regions on the
condition that the transmitter and receiver are LOS.
3.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss

U-Net calculates diffraction loss on the lateral section of transmitter and receiver with the following
four methods:
 Deygout
 Epstein-Peterson
 Deygout with correction
 Millington
For the urban areas or the urban areas with rural areas, the operator can use Deygout and Epstein-
Peterson (these two methods also apply to mountainous regions).
3.1.7 Clutter loss

U-Net calculates the maximum distance f(clutter) from the receiver as below:
n
f  clutter    Li w i
i 1
Wherein,
 L: clutter loss defined by the operator in the Clutter tab
 w: the weighting factor for applying weighting function
 n: number of spots to be considered in the lateral section. These spots are distributed
according to the accuracy of lateral section.
There are four weighting functions as below:

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1
 Uniform weighting function: w i 
n
di
wi  n
Triangular weighting function:
d

j
j 1
d i  D  d i' . The d'i is the distance between the receiver and the ith spot. The D is the
maximum defined distance.
d 
log i  1
D 
 Logarithmic weighting function: w i  n
dj 
 log  1
j 1 D 
di
e D 1
 Exponential weighting function
wi  dj
n
e
j 1
D
1

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Figure 1.1 Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM
w i=f(di)
Uniform w eighting function

Triangular w eighting function
Loragithmic w eighting function
Exponential w eighting function
wi
di
3.2 Procedure for Tuning SPM

To make the model more applicable for a region, you can tune the model with the data of radio
propagation feature test (usually CW measurement), namely, adjusting the parameters of model.
CW data measurement and filtering processing are introduced in the guide Radio Propagation
Feature Test. Here shows the process of data input. Before importing head files, proceed as below:
Step 2 Set up a new project.
Step 3 Import digital maps.
Step 4 Set the coordination system.
Step 5 Import antenna pattern
The contents from step 1 to step 4 are simply described here and can be known detailedly in the U-
Net Operation Manuel.
Step 6 Set up the model to be tuned.
----End
After importing head files, compare the related setting values with contents in head files.

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3.2.1 Setting Up a Model Tuning Project

2. Creating a New Project
In U-Net, click the New shortcut button or select File > New. In the pop-up Project type window,
there are several types. They are CDMA2000 1XRTT 1XEV-DO, GSM GPRS EGPRS, IS-95CDMA
one, UMTS HSDPA,TD-SCDMA, Microwave Radio Links, WIMAX 802.16d, WIMAX 802.16e.
3. Setting Coordination System

In U-Net, select Tools > Options. The Projection is the main coordination system while the Display
is the side coordination system. There is a button on the right of Projection window. For digital map
of China, select the WGS84 UTM Zones coordination system, and sometimes Asia-Pacific
coordination system. This depends on the coordination system on which the digital map is based.
The longitude of Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China is 114°–120° east,
 If you select WGS84 UTM Zones coordination system, so you shall select WGS84/UTM
zones 50N.
 If you select Asia-Pacific coordination system, so you shall select Beijing 1954/Gauss-
Kruger 20N.
The previous two coordination systems apply to the digital maps for Zhangzhou. The side
coordination system depends on the main coordination system, namely,
 Main coordination system: WGS84 / UTM zone 50N
Side coordination system: WGS84
 Main coordination system: Beijing 1954/Gauss-Kruger 20N
Side coordination system: Beijing 1954 or WGS84
Identify the coordination system of the current map as below:
In the height directory of digital map, there is a file named projection. There are three lines. The first
line is the ellipsoid for projection (such as WGS84 and Russian Krassowsky). The section line is the
projection mode. The third line is the central meridian and coordination system shift. Find the
coordination system corresponding to the projection in U-Net. Pay attention to the difference of
coordination system of The Northern Hemisphere and The Southern Hemisphere. The coordination
system for The Northern Hemisphere is usually marked with the letter N.
4. Importing Digital Map

U-Net can use the files of various formats without conversion. It supports the following formats:
− Raster data: DEM, terrain distribution data, traffic data, scanned maps. The formats
of scanned maps include BIL, TIF, BMP, MSI Planet, and original binary files.
− Vector data: MSI Planet, DXF, MIP-Mapinfo, and Arcview Shapefile.
The following paragraphs describe how to import digital maps that are commonly used by Huawei.
For importing other types, see U-Net Usage Guide.
 Clutter Map
Read the index file according to the saving path (usually clutter or DLU) of clutter map files. Select
Clutter class as shown in Figure 1.1, and then click OK.

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Figure 1.1 Importing data of Clutter class
 Height Map
Read the index file in the saving path (usually height or DTM) where the height map file is saved. As
shown in Figure 1.2, in Data type box, select Altitude, and then click OK.
Figure 1.2 Importing data of altitude
 Clutter Height Map

Read the index file in the saving path (usually Building or DHM) where the height map file is
saved. As shown in Figure 1.3, in Data type box, select Clutter Heights, and then click OK.

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Figure 1.3 Imports data of clutter heights
 Vector Map
Read the index file in the saving path (usually Vector) where the vector map file is saved. As shown
in Figure 1.4, in Data type box, select Vectors, and then click OK.
Figure 1.4 Importing data of vectors (1)

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Figure 1.5 Importing data of vectors (2)
By select the Embed in document right under the Geo drop-down list, you can choose to display
one or four types of maps. For the operations like modifying the properties of map, see the
corresponding manual.
Not all maps include the four data types. Import the corresponding maps according to the map
conditions and project's requests in actual operations.
5. Importing Antenna Information

In the Explorer pane, click Data tab. Select Antennas > New. In the popup Antennas new
elements properties window, click General, and input the parameters like antenna type, vendor,
and gain.
In the Horizontal pattern and Vertical pattern, import the fading table for the antenna. Namely,
copy all the data in the Excel and paste it to the corresponding table.
Figure 1.1 Antenna properties
For the properties of antenna, see the U-Net User Manual. If the current antenna is present in the
original antenna library, you do not need to re-import and you can use it directly.

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Import the corresponding antenna file directly if there is. Select File > Import. In the File dialog
box, change the file type to "Planet Database". In the Planet data to be imported dialog box, import
the antenna index file (named index) in the Antenna box. Click OK, and then click OK. You can see
the imported antenna file in the Explorer window of U-Net.
Figure 1.2 Importing antenna file
3.2.2 Setting Up Propagation Model

In the Explorer pane, click Modules tab. Right-click Standard propagation model, and select
Duplicate to create a new model named copy of standard propagation model. You can define as
you wanted based on this template. You need to set up models as many as the models to be tuned in
an area.

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Figure 1.3 Setting up propagation model
1. Configuring Parameters in the General Tab

In the Explorer pane, click Modules tab. Double click the new Copy of Standard propagation
model. In the popup dialog box, click General tab, fill the name for the model to be tuned, such as
shanghaiCWtest, as shown in Figure 1.4.

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Figure 1.4 Properties of SPM
6. Configuring Parameters in the Parameters Tab

In the Copy of Standard propagation model window, as shown in Figure 1.1, there are default
values for each parameter.
Figure 1.1 Setting SPM parameters

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Before tuning propagation models, you shall configure the parameters in the Parameters tab,
detailed as below:
 Near Transmitter\Max. Distance
It is 0 by default no matter it is near or far.
 Near Transmitter & Far from Transmitter
K1 is 17.4 and K2 is 44.9 by default. The initial parameters for LOS and NLOS are the
same.
 Effective Antenna Height
Method: By default, if the overall terrain of target area is flat without great undulation,
you are recommended to select 1-height above average profile. If the overall terrain of
target area is with great undulation (with a fall of 50 m or above), you are recommended
to select 5-enchanced slope at receiver.
The Distance min (m) and Distance max (m) do not serve in calculation in moduel
tuning, so use the default values.
Use the default value of K3.
 Diffraction
Method: select 1-Deygout by default.
K4: If there is not height information about clutter in the map and there is no great
undulation in the area, you are not recommended to adjust K4 and you can configure K4
to 0; otherwise, configure it to 1.
 Other parameters
K5: use the default value.
K6: use the default value.
Kclutter: you can configure Kclutter to 0 in tuning; namely, you do not count clutter
loss. The CW test usually proceeds in outdoor open land, so there are inadequate spots.
As a result, the clutter loss is not adjusted according to recommendation. The default
value of clutter loss serves in simulation forecast, so the default Kclutter is 1.
Other parameters /hilly terrain correction: configure it to 1-yes only when the total
terrain is with great undulation (with a fall over 50 m); otherwise, configure it to 0-no.
Profile: use the default value.
Grid calculation: use the default value.

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7. Configuring the Parameters of Clutter Tab
Figure 1.1 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM
Parameters are configured as below:

 Height\User clutter heights: it refers to whether to consider the clutter height in
calculating diffraction loss when the imported digital map contains clutter height data.
− If you use 2D digital map (20-meter solution or lower) without clutter height layer,
you can configure Use clutter heights to 0-No.
− If you use 3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher) with clutter height layer and
you want to calculate diffraction loss with clutter height, you can configure Use clutter heights to
1-yes.
− If you use 3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher) with clutter height layer and
you do not want to calculate diffraction loss with clutter height, you can configure Use clutter
heights to 0-No.
NOTE
As previously described, if you configure Use clutter heights to 1, namely, you want to calculate the
diffraction with clutter height, you need configure K4 to 1, the default value.
 Max.distance: Configure to 0 by default.

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 Losses per clutter class: it refers to clutter losses. The CW test spots are all in open
land, so you must configure all the clutter losses to 0 in model tuning. Do not adjust
clutter loss in model tuning. However, you need configure clutter loss to the
recommended value in simulation forecast.
 Other parameters: use the default values.
8. Configuring the Parameters of Calibration Lable

Figure 1.1 shows the Calibration tab.
Figure 1.1 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM
When the test data is already imported, the test paths will be displayed in the CW measurement
path(s) to be used box.
LOS and NLOS: If you do not want to distinguish LOS and NLOS, you need select two buttons. If
you want to tune LOS or NLOS parameters respectively, you can select them respectively for tuning.
3.2.3 Setting Transmitter

Configure the site and transmitter as usual. Set up a transmitter for CW test. Pay attention to the
following aspects:
 Longitude and latitude of site
 Transmit power at feeder port
 Losses on feeders and connectors
 Antenna type

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You can set the transmitter manually or by importing head file.
9. Importing Head File

Creating a head file
The suffix of head file is hd. A head file corresponds to a test site, so you shall make several head
files for several sites. Every two items are separated by a blank. The following describe an example.
test.dat DATE test 741790 32 54 0 0 0 23.04499751 113.7509966 Survey 0 GPS 0 0 0 0 hard
Wherein,
 test.dat: the name of the file that saves test data for the site. If there are multiple test
files for a site, it is better to combine them into one. Now the data in the file can not be
automatically imported. Therefore you can delete it and re-import the data files when
test.
 DATE: the test data. You can configure it to DATE.
 Test: the name of test site. You can change it accordingly. It is displayed after successful
import.
 741790: the type of antenna used by the site. The antenna type is available before import
in U-Net. If it is unavailable, the U-Net automatically sets up the antenna type with the
same name. the pattern and gain are by default, so you need modify them accordingly. It
is recommended that you set up the corresponding antenna type before importing the
head file.
 32: the effective height of antenna on the site.
 54: the transmit power of feeder port. When you configure it in U-Net, you can obtain
pilot power of NodeB by deducting antenna gain from EIRP. It is recommended as
below:
Transmit power of feeder port = output power of transmitter - total loss on the Tx feeder
- loss on feeder connectors + antenna gain + Rx antenna gain - total Rx loss. You shall
guarantee that the length of Tx feeder, the gain of Rx antenna, and Rx loss are configured
to 0. They are 0 by default.
 0 0 0: the three 0's are the azimuth, down tilt, and squire size respectively. They are 0 for
omnidirectional antenna.
 23.04499751: the northern latitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly.
 113.7509966: the eastern longitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly. Note that the
latitude degree is before the longitude degree. If it is southern latitude or western
longitude, put a minus symbol before the value.
 Survey 0 GPS 0 0 0 0 hard: the last eight parameters of head file. They can be fixed.
The 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 11 items are usually fixed. The method for obtaining the
template for head file the same as that for manual, and you can also make it.

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NOTE
When the head file is imported, the inside antenna type is not set up yet. The gain of the antenna of the type
automatically set up by U-Net is 0. As a result, the pilot power is the same as the transmit power of feeder
port, because the antenna gain is not automatically deducted. After the antenna pattern and gain are changed,
U-Net judges that the transmit power of feeder port is higher than actual power, so error occurs. Therefore
you need set up the antenna type before importing head file, and then check whether the pilot power equals to
the transmit power of feeder model minus antenna gain.
Importing a head file

Step 1 In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-click CW Measurement
(or select File > Import). In the drop-down list, select Import.
Step 2 A window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1. Select the target head file and select its file
type as *.hd, and then open the file.
Figure 1.1 Importing head file
Step 3 In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-click transmitter. Select
properties in the window, and the Transmitters properties window is displayed. Click the
Global parameter tab, as shown in Figure 1.1. Configure frequency and keep the first carrier
unchanged as shown in Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Global parameters of transmitters
Step 4 Click the Propagation tab, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Configuring transmitter propagation models

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Select the set model in the Propagation model drop-down list respectively. When there are multiple
sectors, you can set the model for each sector. You can configure the radius and resolution
respectively. The radius is the maximum distance from the test data to the site in model tuning.
Resolution is the accuracy of map. You do not need configure other parameters.
10. Manual Setup

Step 1 Set up a site first. Right-click Sites in the navigation tree, and select New. A properties
dialog box is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1. Input the site name, longitude, and latitude.
Since only the model tuning is necessary here, you do not have to configure the parameters in
the Equipment tab.
Figure 1.1 Setting up new site
Step 2 Set a Transmitter. In the similar way, you can configure parameters in the General tab on
the Transmitters new element properties. Input the name and site. The Dx and Dy are
usually configured to 0 m, because the location for recording data is the location of antenna.

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Figure 1.1 Setting up transmitter
Step 3 In the Transmitter tab, input the losses of Tx feeder, antenna model, height, down tilts, as
shown in Figure 1.1. Click OK.

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Figure 1.1 Properties of new transmitter
Step 4 In the navigation tree, right-click new Transmitter, and select Properties dialog box. Select
the Cell tab, and configure pilot power.

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Figure 1.1 Configuring pilot power
Only the pilot power is used in model tuning, so other configurations have no impact on the tuning
result.
The pilot power minus loss of Tx feeder is the transmit power of feeder port. The transmit power of
feeder port plus antenna gain is EIRP.
− You can configure the previous loss of Tx feeder to 0, and the pilot power shall
deduct loss of Tx feeder.
− Some tests provide EIRP (such as there is only one head file *.hd), so you can
configure the loss of Tx feeder to 0 and configure the pilot power to EIRP minus antenna gain so
that the transmit power of feeder power is correct.
Other configurations, such as frequency and propagation mode, are the same as importing files. You
can refer to the previous section.
3.2.4 Importing and Adjusting Data

11. Organizing Data of CW Measurement
U-Net needs longitude, latitude, and field strength of signal. U-Net supports the data of multiple
formats. The data of a site is usually combined into a text file, and then import the file or paste
directly. The following sections describe the process.
12. Importing DT Data

There are two methods to import DT data.
1）Paste
Step 1 In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-click CW measurements, and
select New in the menu.

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Figure 1.1 Setting up CW measurements
Step 2 Configuring the parameters shown in Figure 1.1 and then click OK.
− Input the name of test file in the Name text box. You can name the test file
accordingly.
− In the Transmitter area, input the name of site in the Name drop-down list and the
frequency in the Frequency spin box.
− In the Receiver area, the Height is the height of test antenna. The Rx antenna is
usually mounted on the roof of vehicle, so the height depends on the height of vehicle. The default
height is 1.5 m. The gain and loss are usually 0. The value is already considered in the transmit
power of feeder port (note: the antenna gain and feeder loss of DTI is 4 dB, so they can counteract
each other).
− In the Coordinates area, select the correct coordinates, otherwise serious error may
happen.
− In the Measurements area, the unit is dBm by default. The X, Y, and M columns are
longitude, latitude, and measured level respectively. After you copy the DT data in an Excel table,
you can import the data into U-Net database by clicking the Paste button

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Figure 1.1 New CW measurement path
Figure 1.2 Interface after importing data
2）Importing DT File
Step 1 In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-click CW measurements, and
select Import in the menu.

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Figure 1.1 Importing CW measurement
Step 2 In the pop-up box, select the DT file. Figure 1.1 shows an example of importing a text file.
Figure 1.1 Importing a text file
Step 3 In the General tab, define the parameters in the same way as the previous method.

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Figure 1.1 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data
Step 4 Configuring parameters in the Setup tab as shown in Figure 1.1.

− Configuration drop-down list involves the combination mode, sorting mode, and
filtering standards. After you set the combination, sorting, and filtering standards, you can save the
current data structure to Configuration1. No matter how the data structure changes, you can restore
the data structure by selecting Configuration1. You can save several Configurations. In actual
operations, you can skip this step.
− In the File area, as shown in Figure 1.1, the 1st measurement line indicates the line to
start with. In Figure 1.1, the line starts at the second one, so you input 2 in the 1st measurement line
text box.

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Figure 1.1 Changing measurement line
Step 5 After you click the Setup button shown in Step 4Figure 1.1, a CW measurement setup dialog
box is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1. For the * drop down list, select X (File) and Y (File)
respectively, and then click OK.
Figure 1.1 CW measurement setup

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This correspondence may also be achieved by clicking on the first line of the tale header shown in.
Figure 1.2. Usually you only need to match the longitude, latitude and measurement
Figure 1.2 Setting CW measurement manually
Step 6 Click the Import button to import data shown in Step 5Figure 1.2.
13. Configuring Properties of Data

You can check the properties of data by opening the properties dialog box after select the data set to
import. You can set the filtering conditions in the Parameters properties tab.
The filtering conditions include the following aspects:
 Distance range: The minimum distance is usually 100 m to 200 m. The principia for
configuring the maximum distance is about as large as twice of forecasted cell radius.
 Range of field strength: The filtering conditions for signal strength depend on testers.
The range is usually –120 dBm to –40 dBm when test with E7476. The range is usually –
110 dBm to – 40 dBm when test with DTI.
 Azimuth range: Engineers use omnidirectional antennas in CW measurement, so you do
not need filter by antenna azimuth.
 Clutter: Filter the water and buildings which the actual test cannot cover. The test route is
in the outdoor land, and it may cover some spots that are defined by GPS, so you shall
filter these spots.
After you set filtering conditions, select the Delete points outside the filter check box in Figure 1.1,
and click Apply to delete unnecessary points.

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Figure 1.1 Filtering measurement data
When the measurement data is imported, you can change the mode and color to display the data in
the properties window. The detailed method is neglected herein. The data is displayed, as shown in
Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1.2 Displaying measurement data
14. Tuning Coordination System

When the measurement route is different from the actual road, you must adjust the coordinates of
map with the following two methods:
− Adjust the zero point of map
− Adjust the coordinates of measurement data (recommended)
1）Adjusting the Zero Point of Map
4 Measure the horizontal and vertical deviation values with U-Net.

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5 Import files such as domo.b or demo.b in the GEO/clutter classes and Digital Terrain Model.
Right-click domo.b, and select Properties. A domo.b properties window is displayed, as shown in 5.1.1 1. IStep
1Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system
Step 2 According to the deviation direction, deduct the deviations from or add the deviation to the
displayed data of X axis and Y axis, and the two deviations shall be the same. You may have
to adjust the data for multiple times until the actual route match the test data.
You cannot adjust the vector file with this method, so you need re-set up coordination system or
adjust the coordinates in the map file, and then re-import the data. Therefore the process is
complicated. If you use SPM, the deviation of vector lay has no impact on the accuracy of tuning, so
you can neglect it.
----End
2）Adjusting the Coordinates of Measurement Data

The coordinate values of CW measurement files are longitude and latitude, so you shall obtain the
deviation of longitude and latitude as below:
Step 1 Import CW measurement data and a raster map, such as clutter class layer.

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Figure 1.1 Before translating location in map
6 Select a reference point, such as the corner of a house. Click the point and record its coordinates of
longitude and latitude (Ax, Ay).

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Figure 1.1 Original coordinates of reference point
7
actual route.
Import the raster map with geocoding and minimize the deviation of CW measurement data and

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Figure 1.1 After translating location in map
8 Record the coordinates of longitude and latitude (Bx, By) of reference point after translation;
calculate the deviation of them (dx, dy) = (Ax-Bx, Ay-By).

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Figure 1.1 Coordinates of reference point after translation
9 Copy the CW measurement data to an Excel table. Add the deviation (dx, dy) to all the coordinates in
Excel, and then re-save it to a text file.
10 Delete the map and CW data, re-import them.
----End
The second method is complicated, but it guarantees that the data matches the route. Therefore, it is
preferential. This guide describes Volcano model in the following part, so the vector layer is
necessary and is imported in the properties dialog box, so the first method does not work and the
second one works.
1. Frequency Difference Setting

When the 2G test data is used to tune a 3G propagation model, it is necessary to set different path
loss differences because there are different path losses from the transmitter to a same drive test point.

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You can complete the setting on the Frequency and Model tab page in the Prediction Based on 2G
DT Data dialog box of the U-Net, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Frequency Difference Setting
The U-Net provides three default values in editing areas at three frequency bands. Because path
losses vary in different propagation environments, Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 provide some frequency
differences of GSM900 and DCS1800 in different propagation environments. You can adjust these
differences according to your own requirements.
Table 1.1 Frequency differences for GSM900 in different propagation environments
Propagation Environment Frequency Difference
Large cities 14.38 dB

Medium cities 11.35 dB
Suburbs 9.02 dB
Quasi-flat rural areas (with certain clutters) 7.34 dB
Flat rural areas 7.34 dB

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Table 1.2 Frequency differences for DCS1800 in different propagation environments
Propagation Environment Frequency Difference
Urban areas 1.549 dB

Suburbs 1.21 dB
Quasi-flat countryside (with certain clutters) 0.95 dB
Flat rural areas 0.95 dB
As shown in Figure 1.1, if you select the Auto Setting DT Based Model check box, the U-Net sets
the propagation model of the transmitters for the new CW data to DT Based Model after the data is
imported; if you do not select the Auto Setting DT Based Model check box, the U-Net sets the
propagation model of the transmitters to the default propagation model. DT Based Model is the
name of the newly created propagation model.
3.2.5 Model Tuning

2. Manual Model Tuning
Step 1 Initial Values of SPM Tuning
Tune SPM with the initial values firstly. The default scenario for SPM in U-Net is urban area. The
default height of Rx antenna is 1.5 m. when the actual conditions are different, change the initial
values accordingly.
SPM origins from HATA model, so you can obtain the equivalent coefficients of SPM according to
Cost231-Hata model. The equipment coefficients also serve as the default values and initial values
for tuning SPM.
Table 1.1 Default values of SPM coefficients

SPM Frequency
coefficien
ts 450 MHz 900 MHz 935 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz
K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22.0 24.3

K2 44.9
K3 5.83
K4 0.5
K5 –6.55
K6 0
NOTE
In the downtown areas of large and medium cities, increase K1 by 3 dB for 1805 MHz and 2110 MHz networks. Adjust the
K1 accordingly for suburban and rural areas.
Step 2 Check Initial Parameters

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In the Modules tab, select the configured model to be tuned. Double click it or select its properties
by right-clicking it, and an urban properties window is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters of SPM to be tuned
According to the method to configuration parameters in 3.2.2, check whether the parameters in each
tab are suitable. If they are suitable, click OK. Right-click the model, and select duplicate. Copy a
configured model and tune SPM based on the copied model.
Step 3 Select Data and Set Filtering Conditions
Right click the copied model and select calibration. A Calibration window is displayed, as shown in
Figure 1.1. Select the data set to be tuned, then select the Assisted Calibration.

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Figure 1.1 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning
Note: Before doing calibration, you need to set the filtering conditions including distance, field, and
LOS/NLOS. Wherein, the distance and field are set in the measurement data properties dialog box
in 3.1.1 13. IStep 1Figure 1.1.
If you want to tune K1 and K2 respectively according to LOS and NLOS, you can tune model by
selecting LOS and NLOS respectively; otherwise, select them simultaneously. For whether it is
necessary to tune LOS and NLOS parameters respectively, see 7LOS/NLOS.
Step 4 Tune Model
Click the right Calibration button in Step 3Figure 1.1, and a Calibration window is displayed, as
shown in Figure 1.1. Select the variable and tune it by clicking Identify button. Once you select a
variable, you can see the correlation with the selected variable on the right.

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Figure 1.1 Tuning SPM (1)
Click the Identify button so that U-Net tunes the multiplier of the selected variable. You can know
the amendment of the variable by checking correction. The relation between variables and K
parameters can be known from the basic formula in 3.1.1. The current value of K parameters equals
to the initial value plus amendment, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Tuning SPM (2)
The most influential variable for tuning is log(D). You shall tune the multiplier K2 preferentially, and
the K1 will be automatically tuned.

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NOTE
After tuning a parameter, check the correlation to calculate the current value of parameter (initial value plus amendment),
and check whether the value has exceeds the reasonable range. If the value has already exceeded the reasonable range, the
tuning fails.
Ensure no K parameters can exceed the range by experience listed in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Value range of K parameters

Tuning factor Minimum Maximum Typical
K2 20 70 44.9
K3 –20 20 5.83
K4 0 1 0.5
K5 –10 0 –6.55
K6 –1 0 0
If the K parameters exceed the reasonable range, it is recommended to delete the tuned model and
re-duplicate a model based on the configured model to be tuned. Start tuning with the configured
model to be tuned. It is not recommended that you continue tuning by adjusting the K parameter
which has exceeded the reasonable range. Every tuning starts with the default values of SPM. If the
K parameter is within reasonable range after tuning, you can continue tuning by clicking the
Identify button.
When the K parameter is within the range by experience, the standard deviation is smaller than 8 by
experience and the statistics result is stable, you can finish tuning. If the result is unsatisfactory,
restart tuning with default values by adjusting parameters like effective height of antennas.
3. Auto Model Tuning

After the automatic model tuning is complete, if the parameters fail to comply with the requirements
in 2. IStep 41Table 2.1, you need to restart the model tuning in the manual mode. The process of
automatic model tuning is as below:
Step 1 Right-click the Explorer/Modules/ Models for Calibration/Calibration… in the U-Net, and
select Automatic Calibration, as shown in Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Automatic Calibration
Step 2 Select the CW test data and parameters for calibration in turn, and click Commit to complete
the setting, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Select parameters for calibration

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3.2.6 Proposals on SPM Tuning

Though each multiplier of SPM can be tuned, you cannot tune all the coefficients correctly at the
current stage due to limited collected data. The K1 and K2 are mandatory for model tuning, and
whether to tune other parameters depends on the following proposals.
4. Coefficients Relevant to Effective Height of Antenna (K3/K5/K6)

The K3 is relevant to effective height of antenna. The antenna height keeps fixed in measurement,
the distance to the antenna is within 3 km, and the terrain changes a little, so the effective height of
antenna changes little. Therefore, tuning K3 is not recommended.
Similar with K3, tuning K5 is also not recommended.
The K6 is relevant with the effective height of UE. The UE serves as a receiver in test, so K6 equals
to 0 and its impact can be neglected.
5. Diffraction Multiplier (K4)

The K4 is relevant to diffraction calculation.
− If the used map lacks of height information of buildings, the diffraction loss will be
calculated based on the ground height. If you test within a small range, the terrain undulates a little.
This differs greatly from knife-edge objects in calculating diffraction loss, so the calculation is
inaccurate. As a result, tuning K4 is not recommended.
− If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the area is
mountainous. As a result, tuning K4 is recommended.
− If you use high-resolution 3D maps with the height information about buildings, you
can calculate diffraction loss with the height information. Therefore, tuning K4 is recommended. In
this way, the obtained model will be more accurate.
6. Kclutter and Clutter Loss

The CW measurement proceeds in outdoor open land, but the points will be inadequate in other
clutters. As a result, do not tune Kclutter and losses per clutter loss. Therefore, you can configure
Kclutter to 1 and losses per clutter loss to 0, or Kclutter to 0. This has no impact on tuning result.
In simulation, you need configure Kclutter to 1; you need configure losses per clutter loss according
to conditions of digital maps or local conditions. Different digital maps contain the different clutters
with different definitions, so you shall set them accordingly. In a planning project, the values of
clutter losses must be confirmed by the operator or even provided by the operator.
Table 1.1 lists typical values of clutter losses.
Table 1.1 Typical values of clutter losses

Clutter Type Losses per clutter loss
Open Land in Village 0
Open Land in Urban 0
Wet Land 0
Village 6

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Town in Suburban 8
Park in Urban 0
Parallel and Lower Buildings 18
Others Lower Buildings 13
Ocean Area –2
Large and Lower Buildings 18
Inland Water –2
High Buildings 20
Green land 0
Forest 10
Dense Urban 16
Common Buildings 13
7. LOS/NLOS
The proposals about LOS/NLOS are similar with these for 5K4.
− If the used map lacks of height information about buildings and the terrain undulates
a little in the calculated range, the model cannot distinguish LOS and NLOS. Therefore,
distinguishing LOS/NLOS is not recommended.
− If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the area is
mountainous. As a result, you can tune the model with LOS and NLOS respectively with two sets of
parameters.
− If you use high-resolution 3D maps with height information about buildings, you can
tune the model with LOS and NLOS respectively with two sets of parameters.
For the later two cases, there must be enough spots (>200) for LOS and NLOS to guarantee accurate
tuning. Before tuning, collect statistics of spots for LOS and NLOS respectively (by clicking the
statistics button on the tuning properties tab) and check whether the number of spots meets the
requirement. If the spots for LOS or NLOS are inadequate, it is recommended not to distinguish
LOS/NLOS.
8. Near/Far region
SPM is a macro cell model applicable for a large range of cell radius, but engineers usually perform
tests in a range of 3 km. As a result, it is not to distinguish near and far region.
9. Proposals on Tuning Result

The proposals on tuning result are as below:
 The correlation value can not necessarily be 0 in tuning.
 The range of K parameters and the requirement of standard deviation less than 8
mentioned previously are by experience and not absolute. For some special clutter, no
matter how you tune parameters, the tuning result still fails to meet the reasonable range

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of K parameters and the requirement of standard deviation less than 8. A little deviation
is also acceptable.
 Model tuning is iterated process, sometimes it takes a long time. In addition, you do not
necessarily tune K parameters according to correlation or big to small. When you fail to
tune models ideally, you can try comprehensive tuning.
3.2.7 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model

10. Evaluating Model Deviation
The main indexes of model tuning result are average error, standard deviation, and relative
coefficients. The model tuning or verification shall meet the following conditions:
 
 Average error E :  2dB  E  2dB
 Standard deviation:  E :   8dB
11. Analyzing Model Tuning Result

After tuning, you shall analyze the tuning result, verify its validity, and evaluate its accuracy. There
are two methods.
 Checking with Statistics Report: SPM supports outputting model statistics report for
analysis, and this report includes the information like standard deviation.
 Illustrating model tuning: By illustrating, you can clearly see the distribution of model
deviation so that you can evaluate the validity of model.
For example, in the diagram, the deviation on the roads is large, so you can judge that the
large deviation is due to test errors. You can delete these points and re-tune the model.
1) Checking with Statistics Report

After tuning, in the calibration window, click Statistics button. A Report window is displayed, as
shown in Figure 1.1. The statistics report covers model parameters, clutter losses, total deviation of
model, and deviation of various clutters.

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Figure 1.1 Statistics report after tuning
2) Comparison with Correlation Curve

Right lick the measurement data of tuned model, and a column is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.2..

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Figure 1.2 Measurement parameters of tuned model
A drop-down list is displayed with the following actions:

 Calculate Signal Levels: calculate the level of signal from the transmitter according to
the selected model. After calculation, U-Net automatically collects overall statistics and
statistics of clutters, and then displays them.
 Refresh geo data: refresh map information, such as clutter type and height.
 Display statistics: display statistics of calculate prediction. It does not calculate
prediction again.
Engineers usually use the two actions as below:
 Calculate Signal Levels (mandatory)
 Display statistics
Detailed operations of Calculate Signal Levels are as below:
Step 1 Select the tuned model in the Propagation model drop-down list, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Step 2 Click the Calculations button.
Step 3 Select Calculate Signal Levels.
Step 4 Right-click the measurement data after calculation.

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Step 5 Select Open the Analysis Tool, and a comparison curve is displayed, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.1 Comparison curve
The red curve stands for the measured value. The blue curve stands for the predicted value of tuned
model. You can see the distribution of model deviation with the suitability of two curves.
3) Comparison with Error Distribution Chart

Right-click the corresponding measurement data of tuned model, and the properties window is
displayed. Click the Display tab, as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model
Select the display type and field as shown in Figure 1.2. Error(P-M) stands for the error between
predicted value (P) and measured value (M). You can adjust the error range highlighted by different
colors in Figure 1.3; you can see the error distribution, as shown in Figure 1.3.

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Figure 1.3 Error distribution
NOTE
You can also predict coverage with the model and see the distribution and variation of predicted field. They indicate the
result of model tuning. The details are neglected here.
12. Verifying Model

Verifying model is applying tuned model to an unknown area, comparing the predicted value and
measured value, and obtaining an error evaluation (section 10). The requirements on average error,
standard deviation, and relevant coefficients described in 10 shall be met.
In actual operations, when selecting CW test sites, select another site for the verification spot for a
model. The site shall meet all the features and conditions for model tuning spot. The CW
measurement data of the site does not serve model tuning, but the method to process the CW
measurement data of the site is the same as that for other sites. The data for verifying the site and the
data of tuned site are imported together.
You can adjust the detailed filtering conditions accordingly. In the Assisted Calibration window, the
standard deviation between predicted value and measured value was shown in the lower left corner.
You can also obtain the standard deviation from statistics result of statistics, as well as correlation
curve (refers to the section Comparison with Correlation Curve) and error distribution (Comparison
with Error Distribution Chart) refers to the section.

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4 Volcano Model Tuning
4.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model

Volcano models, ray tracing models, are developed by Siradel. Volcano models use hybrid method of
LOS prediction and ray tracing. They calculate path loss with enhanced Deygout method for some
multi-path of LOS and ray tracing. They introduce tuning coefficients based on experience model
and can be tuned with CW measurement data. They support maps of different resolutions in different
areas.
Volcano scenarios include the following three types:
 Macro cell: the Tx antenna is higher than surrounding buildings.
 Micro cell: the Tx antenna is lower than surrounding buildings.
 Mini cell: the Tx antenna is between the Tx antenna of Macro cell and that of Micro cell.
For the second and third scenarios, Volcano models use ray tracing for calculation. For the macro
cell scenario, the Volcano model, similar with SPM, calculates LOS loss only.
You can install Volcano respectively. After installation, the Propagation Models list in the Modules
tab contains three models:
 Volcano Macrocell
 Volcano Microcell
 Volcano Minicell

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Figure 1.1 Volcano models displayed in U-Net
4.1.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell Model

In U-Net, in the Explorer window, in the Modules tab, in the unfolded Propagation Models list,
right-click the Volcao Macrocell model. Select Properties. You can configure its properties in the
macro properties window.
13. Parameters in General Tab

You can configure the name and description information of the model, similar to these of SPM.

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Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model
11 Parameters in Map Data Tab
You can configure the parameters related to map used in model and map-related aspects, as shown in
Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Vertical analysis mode: it indicates whether the height information about clutters is from 3D raster
map (raster favorite) or 3D vector map (vector favorite). If you use 2D vector map without height
information about clutters, you shall select raster favorite.
Map data layers: the digital map used by the model. You shall import layers into Volcano model
respectively. The layers are usually consistent with the imported digital maps in U-Net.
Altimetry: raster map of terrain height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the
heights or DTM directory.
Clutter: raster map of clutter type. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the clutter
or DLU directory.
Clutter height: raster map of clutter height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under
the building or DHM directory.
3D Vector: 3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the vector
directory. The vector map in Volcano Macrocell model is optional. In vertical analysis mode, when
selecting vector favorite, you shall import 3D vector map, because the model requires abstracting
height information of clutters from 3D vector map.
Vector reference: it is valid only when 3D vector map is imported. It indicates whether the height
reference of vector map is ground (relative height) or sea surface (absolute height). Its reference is
usually ground.
Prediction Preferences: it is valid only when the import map contains various resolutions, such as
20 m and 5 m. It indicates the preferential resolution.

INTERNAL
12 Parameters in Clutters Tab
You can configure clutter parameters in raster map in Clutter tab, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model
When you import the raster map of clutter type (DLU), you can see various clutters in the Clutter
tab. Volcano Macrocell model describes raster maps from the following aspects:
 Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. There are several clutter types. They
are Land, Water, Building, Vegetation, Bridge, Built-up area.
These six clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select corresponding
volcano type according to the definitions of clutter types in digital maps.
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has default clutter attenuation,
but you can change it.
 Clutter height: the clutter height. If there is no 3D map, you can specify a uniform
clutter height for each clutter type. It is invalid when you use 3D maps.

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13 Parameters in Vectors Tab
You can configure vector parameters of vector maps in the Vectors tab, as shown in Figure 1.1. If
you use 2D vector map or no vector map, this tab is invalid.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model
When importing a vector map, you can see various clutter types in the Vectors tab. Volcano
Macrocell model describes vector properties from the following aspects:
 Volcano type: the vector type defined in Volcano model. The Volcano types are Land,
Water, Building, Vegetation and Bridge.
These five clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select
corresponding volcano type according to the definitions of vector types in digital maps.
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter loss, but
you can change it.

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14 Parameters in Parameters Tab
You can configure algorithm parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Free space correction: coefficient for free space correction. You can set two sets of A and B for
LOS and NLOS respectively.
Deterministic weighting: weighting factor of deterministic calculation.
Environment: environment tuning parameter. If you use low-resolution map without clutter height
layer (20-meter resolution map), you can select Low resolution; otherwise, you select Urban.
Geographic profile extraction: the algorithm to extract lateral section with Deygout method.
 If you select radial, you will abstract the lateral sections between the transmitter and the
center of all rasters. For any receiver spots, select the nearest lateral section. Engineers
usually select radial.

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 If you select systematic, you will abstract the lateral section between the transmitter and
receiver for all receivers. Therefore the calculation amount is great.
K factor: the amendment factor of earth curvature towards effective height of antenna. You can use
the default value.
Indoor penetration: indoor prediction. The "indoor" referred herein is inside buildings of building
type.
15 Parameters in Tuning Tab
You can configure model tuning parameters in Tuning tab and tune model, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Autotuning mode: it indicates simple tuning or full tuning. Simple tuning are for the free space
correction A and B, and deterministic weighting alpha. Full tuning is for all parameters include
clutter loss and clutter height.

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Statistical tuning: It is valid when you select full tuning. It indicates whether to tune clutter loss and
clutter height. Huawei performs CW measurements in outdoor open land, so selecting No in both
Attenuation and Height drop-down lists is recommended.
Tune parameters: you can start model tuning by clicking Tune Parameters button.
4.1.2 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model

In U-Net, right-click the Volcao Microcell model in the Explorer\Modules\Propagation Models
list. Select Properties. You can configure its properties in the micro properties window.
16 Parameters in General Tab

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model
Figure 1.1.

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Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model
or DLU directory.
2DVector/3D Vector: 2D/3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the
vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Microcell model is mandatory, and at least the 2D
vector map is mandatory.
usually ground.

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model
tab. Volcano Microcell model describes raster maps from the following aspects:
 Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. The clutter types are Land, Water,
Building, Vegetation, Bridge and Built-up area.
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter attenuation,
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings. You can configure it for the clutter of
building type. It is 0.5 dB/m by default. If you do not consider linear loss of buildings,
you can configure it to 0.
In Volcano Microcell model, the penetration loss of buildings includes two parts: clutter attenuation
and building linear loss, but in SPM, there is loss per clutter class only. To make Volcano model and
SPM compatible, you can configure the clutter attenuation of Volcano consistent with losses per

INTERNAL
clutter class of SPM while you configure building linear loss to 0. In this way, SPM and Volcano
model have same indoor penetration loss.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model
you can change it.

INTERNAL
NOTE
You must configure volcano type to building in vector maps; otherwise, Volcano Microcell model will not perform multi-
path calculation of ray tracing.
If some 2D vector map with 5-meter resolution, the Vectors tab is invalid, gray. For the vector of
building type, you shall check whether its volcano type is Building. Figure 1.2 shows the correct
configuration.
Figure 1.2 Correct configuration of vectors of building type
If the Volcano type (especially the building type) is incorrect in the Vectors tab, you need modify the
menu file for vector map by adding #BUILDING at the building type, as shown in Figure 1.3. After
modification, you need re-import the vector layer.

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Figure 1.3 Menu file for vector map
20 Parameter in Ray Tracing Tab
You can configure parameters of ray tracing algorithm for Volcano Microcell model, as shown in
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Microcell model
Launching parameters: the parameters of ray tracing (transmission ray) algorithm used by the
model.

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Maximum number of diffractions: maximum number of diffractions usually configured to 1.

Maximum number of reflections: maximum number of reflections usually configured to 4.
Angular step: angular step of transmission ray, usually configured to 1.5°.
Ray stopping limits: maximum distance of ray propagation.
You can configure other parameters for Microcell model, as show in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model
Free space correction: coefficient for free space correction. You can set two sets of A and B for
LOS and NLOS respectively.

INTERNAL
Urban correction: environment correction factor. It includes forward correction, backward

correction, and roughness.
You can obtain the values of previous parameters by model tuning.
Geographic profile extraction: the algorithm to extract lateral section with Deygout method.
 If you select radial, you will abstract the lateral sections between the transmitter and the
center of all rasters. For any receiver spots, select the nearest lateral section. Engineers
usually select radial.
 If you select systematic, you will abstract the lateral section between the transmitter and
receiver for all receivers. Therefore the calculation amount is great.
type.
4.1.3 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Minicell Model

In U-Net, in the Explorer window, in the Modules tab, in the unfolded Propagation Models list,
right-click the Volcao Minicell model. Select Properties. You can configure its properties in the
mini properties window.
22 Parameters in General Tab

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Miniocell model
Figure 1.1.

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model
or DLU directory.
2DVector/3D Vector: 2D/3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the
vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Microcell model is mandatory, and at least the 2D
vector map is mandatory.
usually ground.

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Minicell model
tab. Volcano Minicell model describes raster maps from the following aspects:
 Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. The clutter types are Land, Water,
Building, Vegetation, Bridge and Built-up area.
 Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter attenuation,
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings. You can configure it for the clutter of
In Volcano Minicell model, the penetration loss of buildings includes two parts: clutter attenuation
and building linear loss, but in SPM, there is loss per clutter class only. To make Volcano model and
SPM compatible, you can configure the clutter attenuation of Volcano consistent with losses per

INTERNAL
clutter class of SPM while you configure building linear loss to 0. In this way, SPM and Volcano
model have same indoor penetration loss.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Minicell model
you can change it.

INTERNAL
 Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings You can configure it for the clutter of
NOTE
You must configure volcano type to building in vector maps; otherwise, Volcano Microcell model will not perform multi-
path calculation of ray tracing.
If some 2D vector map with 5-meter resolution, the Vectors tab is invalid, gray. For the vector of
building type, you shall check whether its volcano type is Building. Figure 1.2 shows the correct
configuration.
Figure 1.2 Correct configuration of vectors of building type
If the Volcano type (especially the building type) is incorrect in the Vectors tab, you need modify the
menu file for vector map by adding #BUILDING at the building type, as shown in Figure 1.3. After
modification, you need re-import the vector layer.

INTERNAL
Figure 1.3 Menu file for vector map
26 Parameter in Ray Tracing Tab
You can configure parameters of ray tracing algorithm for Volcano Minicell model, as shown in
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Minicell model
Launching parameters: the parameters of ray tracing (transmission ray) algorithm used by the
Minicell model.

INTERNAL
Maximum number of diffractions: maximum number of diffractions, usually configured to 1.

Maximum number of reflections: maximum number of reflections, 2 by default, usually
configured to 4.
Angular step: angular step of transmission ray, usually configured to 1°.
Linear step: the distance between transmission rays, usually 4 m.
Ray stopping limits/Width of near region: radius of near region.
You can configure other parameters for Minicell model, as show in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Minicell model
Free space correction: coefficient for free space correction. You can set two sets of A and B for near
region and far region respectively.
Ray-Tracing Weighting: weighting factor of ray tracing calculation. It includes reflection weight,
diffraction weight, and backward weight.

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You can obtain the values of previous parameters by model tuning.

type.
4.2 Tuning Volcano Models

The flow for tuning Volcano models in U-Net is similar with that for tuning SPM. The flow also
includes the following steps:
28 Set up a tuning project.
29 Import map.
30 Set sites and antennas
31 Import and adjust CW measurement data.
32 Set up propagation model
----End

INTERNAL
The detailed steps are skipped herein, which are in the sections 3.2and 3.2.4. This section describes
the process of model tuning and the method to check tuning result.
4.2.1 Tuning Process

Before tuning Volcano model, you shall configure the initial values of model parameters, detailed in
4.1. Configure the parameters of Volcano models to the default values. CW measurements collect
outdoor data, so you can skip indoor prediction to save tuning time by clearing indoor penetration
check box in the parameters tab.
33 Volcano Tuning Dialog Box
After filtering data and setting model correctly, you can tune Volcano models.
In the propagation model properties dialog box, click Tuning Parameters button, and a Volcano
Tuning dialog box is displayed. The Volcano Macro/Micro/Mini model tuning dialog boxes are
similar, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Volcano tuning dialog box
The only difference between micro model and other two models is the Autotuning mode drop-down
list, which includes full tuning and Simple tuning.

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Figure 1.2 Selecting automatic tuning mode for Volcano Microcell model
The automatic tuning mode of Volcano Macrocell model is selected in the Parameters tab. For
Macrocell/Microcell model, the full tuning mode is recommended. Full tuning and simple tuning
make no difference for Minicell model.
34 Automatic Model Tuning
As shown in 33.1.1 1. IStep 1Figure 1.1, you can see the imported CW measurement data in the
upper part of the dialog box. You can select one or more groups of data as required. After selection,
start automatic tuning by clicking the Start button. The tuning time depends on the type of Volcano
model (Macro/Micro/Mini) and amount of data. Generally, tuning Macrocell model takes least time,
usually within half a minute. Tuning Microcell/Minicell is slower, about 4-10 minutes.
4.2.2 Checking and Analyzing Tuning Result

After model tuning, a dialog box as shown in Figure 1.1 pops up.

INTERNAL
Figure 1.1 Tuning report
The Tuning Report dialog box displays the tuned parameters. The most important parameters are A
and B. The range of tuned A is [–5, 5] while that of tuned B is [20, 30].
Apply the tuned parameters to the model by clicking Apply button. You can see open a detailed
tuning report by clicking Show results, and the report is a text file.
Figure 1.2 Calibration result
The text file includes the following aspects:

 Standard deviation
 Correlation factor
 Clutter result

INTERNAL
CW measurement proceeds in open land, so there must be an error due to location error if a point is
on other clutters. If these points have great impact on result, you shall re-tune after deleting these
points.
The displayed diagram of tuning result and steps to verify result are similar to these of SPM. You can
refer to 3.2.7.

RNP-Model Tuning Guide

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Product name Confidentiality level

RNP Model Tuning Guide

Prepared by Zang Liang Date 2008-11-17

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page1 , Total91

2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page2 , Total91

4 Volcano Model Tuning..............................................................................................................61

2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page3 , Total91

Figure 2-1 Model Tuning Flow.............................................................................................................................13

Figure 3-2 Importing data of Clutter class............................................................................................................19

Figure 3-3 Importing data of altitude....................................................................................................................19

Figure 3-4 Imports data of clutter heights.............................................................................................................20

Figure 3-5 Importing data of vectors (1)...............................................................................................................20

Figure 3-6 Importing data of vectors (2)...............................................................................................................21

Figure 3-7 Antenna properties...............................................................................................................................21

Figure 3-8 Importing antenna file.........................................................................................................................22

Figure 3-9 Setting up propagation model.............................................................................................................23

Figure 3-10 Properties of SPM.............................................................................................................................24

Figure 3-11 Setting SPM parameters....................................................................................................................24

Figure 3-12 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM................................................................................26

Figure 3-13 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM.........................................................................27

Figure 3-15 Global parameters of transmitters.....................................................................................................29

Figure 3-16 Configuring transmitter propagation models....................................................................................30

Figure 3-17 Setting up new site............................................................................................................................31

Figure 3-18 Setting up transmitter........................................................................................................................31

Figure 3-19 Properties of new transmitter............................................................................................................32

Figure 3-20 Configuring pilot power....................................................................................................................33

Figure 3-21 Setting up CW measurements...........................................................................................................34

Figure 3-22 New CW measurement path..............................................................................................................35

Figure 3-23 Interface after importing data............................................................................................................35

Figure 3-24 Importing CW measurement.............................................................................................................36

Figure 3-25 Importing a text file...........................................................................................................................36

2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page5 , Total91

Figure 3-26 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data..........................................................37

Figure 3-27 Changing measurement line..............................................................................................................38

Figure 3-28 CW measurement setup.....................................................................................................................38

Figure 3-29 Filtering measurement data...............................................................................................................40

Figure 3-30 Displaying measurement data...........................................................................................................41

Figure 3-31 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system........................................................................42

Figure 3-32 Before translating location in map....................................................................................................43

Figure 3-33 Original coordinates of reference point.............................................................................................43

Figure 3-34 After translating location in map.......................................................................................................44

Figure 3-35 Coordinates of reference point after translation................................................................................45

Figure 3-36 Frequency Difference Setting............................................................................................................46

Figure 3-37 Parameters of SPM to be tuned.........................................................................................................48

Figure 3-38 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning......................................................................................49

Figure 3-39 Tuning SPM (1).................................................................................................................................50

Figure 3-40 Tuning SPM (2).................................................................................................................................50

Figure 3-41 Automatic Calibration.......................................................................................................................52

Figure 3-42 Select parameters for calibration.......................................................................................................52

Figure 3-43 Statistics report after tuning..............................................................................................................56

Figure 3-44 Measurement parameters of tuned model.........................................................................................57

Figure 3-45 Comparison curve.............................................................................................................................58

Figure 3-46 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model.................................................................58

Figure 4-1 Volcano models displayed in U-Net....................................................................................................62

Figure 4-2 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................................................................63

Figure 4-4 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................................................................64

Figure 4-5 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model.....................................................................65

Figure 4-6 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model................................................................66

Figure 4-7 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model.....................................................................67

Figure 4-8 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model...................................................................68

Figure 4-10 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model.................................................................70