KEOAAAIO 4

H npooEyyiarj iwv pEiacppaoiiKcbv aAAayoov

£woiE<;

METacppacrtiKEc, aAXayEC. = (jiKpsc, yXwoaoAoyiKEC, usxapoAEC. TTOU auupaivouv

Kaid in, (jETacppaan, and eva Kfl as sva KI.
Bivai KOI NTapurtEXvET (1958): r| KXaaiKq Ta^iv6[jr|or| TOY yXuaaiKtov aXXayciv
orr| uETdcppaan,.
O opoc, TOU KdtcpopVT (1965) psic^paoTiKri, «aAXayii» atn, yXajaooXoyiKn tou
npoaEyyion, yia in, ^ETa^paan,.
To 9supr|TiK6 epyo TUV toexwv Aspu (Levy), RonopiTq (Popovic) Kai MIKO
(Miko) (SEKQEtia 1960 KQI SEKastia 1970), oi onoioi uioGETOUVTiq ucpoXoyiKsq
KOI aia9n,TiKE(; napajjEtpouq Tn,c; yXcoaaaq.
To Xsnto|jEpEt; [jovteXo fjeia(ppdaiiKuv aXXaycov Tn,q pav AepEv-Zpapt: |jm
npoondGsia va Evap^joviaiouv oi aXXaysq OTO Xoyo KOI atn,v a9n,yri(JaTiKn XEI-
Toupyia.
; unoK£i|jEviK6Tn,Ta(;, OTQV xpn,ai(jonoi£ruai o afjEiapXn,Toq au-
; yia Tn, ouyKpiar| tou Kfl \ie TO KZ.

KEI'JJEVQ avacpopaq

Catford, J. (1965/2000), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Aov6ivo: Oxford University Press

(1965). BX. enion,(;TO anoonaajja (((Translation Shifts))) OTO L. Venuti (snip.) (2000), a. 141-147.
Fawcett, P. (1997), Translation and Language: Linguistic Approaches Explained, MOVTOE-
OTEp: St Jerome, Keep. 4 KOI 5.
Leuven-Zwart, K. M. van (1989 KOI 1990), ((Translation and original: similarities and
dissimilarities, I KOI ll», Target 1.2, a. 151-181 KOI Target 2.1, a. 69-95.
Levy, J. (1967/2000), ((Translation as a decision process)) OTO L Venuti (EITIU.) (2000), o. 148-159.
Vinay, J. P. KCII Darbelnet, J. (1958, 2n, EK6oor| 1977), Stylistique compares du froncois et
de I'anglais: Methode de traduction, flapioi: Didier, uicpp. KOI emu. J. C. Sager KQI M.-J.
Hamel (1995) coi; Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation,
AuaTEpviajj KOI <£iXa5EX(pEia: PA John Benjamins. BX. £nion,c; TO anoonaoua «A
 W**""
100 M ET A * P A Z T I K EZ Z D O Y A E£ n P O Z E r n z H TON M E T A o p A Z T i KQN A A A A T Q N - IOI

4.0 evocouaTco0ei OTnv ayyAiKh uETdcppaon TOU epYou, 01 napanounec; yivovTai OE

auTri Tnv EKSoon, ue E^aipeon TIC; nepnrrcboeic; nou yiveTai uveia oe Kdnoia
Metd Tn OeKaeiia TOU 1950, SidcpopEc; yAcooooAoyiKEc; avaAuoEic; TOU cpaivo-
dAAn nnyn. EninAeov, napaTi'GeTai n yaAAiKii opoAoyia, OTOV OUTO KpiveTai
UEVOU Tnc; ueTdcppaonc; npdTeivav Aemouepeic; KaTaAdyouc; h Ta^ivouhoeic;,
avayKaio.
eni6ia)KOVTaq va Kainyopionoinoouv Tn UETacppaoTiKri 6ia6iKaoia. H EKTaan
Oi Bivai KOI NTapunEAvET anoSexovTai OTI undpxouv 8uo yeviKec; ueTa-
TOU BiBAfou udc; unoxpecovei va avacpepGouue OTO nio VVCOOTO KOI avTinpooco-
(ppaoTiKec; oTpaTnyiKec; (2000, o. 84-93): n dueon uetdtppaon KOI n 6uueon ue-
neuTiKd uovTeAa. To KecpdAaio QUTO eona^eiai, Aomdv, OTO OKdAouGa Tpfa
T6(ppaon, 01 onoieq enavacpEpouv Tn Sickpion avdusoa OTnv KKOTO Ae^n» KOI
uovTeAa:
TOV «eAeu0epn» ueTdcppaon, Tnv onoia npayuaTEUTriKauE OTO KecpdAaio 2.
1. Tnv Ta^ivdunon TCOV Bivai KQI NTapuneAveT OTO Stylistique compares du flpdYMOTi, 01 ouyypacpEic; xpnoiuonoiouv TOV dpo KKOTO AE^n» coc; ouvciivuuo
francais et de I'anglais (1958/1995), n onoia anoTeAef KAaaiKd uovTeAo KOI Tnc; dueonc; ueTdcppaonc; (o. 84). Oi Suo OTpaTnyiKec; nepiAauBdvouv emd 6ia-
eixe noAu ueydAo avriKiuno. 6iKaoiec;. And OUTCC;, 01 Tpeic; oxeTi'c^ovTai ue Tnv dueon ueid<ppaon:
2. Tn yAcooooAoYiKri npooeyYion TOU KcmpopvT (1965), n onoia eioriyaye TOV
1. To Sdveio: Oi Ae^eic; Tnc; rn ueTocpepovTai aneu0eiac; oTn TZ. IE auTii Tnv KO-
dpo ueTacppaoTiKii «aAAaYri».
Tnyopia (o. 85) evrdooovTai Ae^eic; dncoc; 01 pcooiKEc; «pouBAi», «vrdToa» h, nio
3. To Aemouepec; uovTeAo Tnc; Bav AeBev-ZBapT (1989, 1990), TO onoio eni-
npoacpaTO, «yKAdovooT» KOI «n£pEOTpdiKa», nou xpnoiuonoiouvTai OTO ayYAi-
SICOKEI Tnv avdAuon Tnc; GEUEAiooSouc; evvoiac; TCOV uiKpcov ueTacppaoTiKcov
KO KOI OE dAAsc; yAcoaoec;, yia va KaAuiJJOuv sva onuaoioAoyiKd KEVO OTn TZ.
aAAaycov OTO «uiKpoenineSo» KOI Tnv anoiiunon TCOV anoTeAeoudTcov Tout;
IE uspiKsc; nepmTCOoEic;, TO Sdvsia xpnoiuonoiouvTai yia va Sei^ouv Tnv TO-
OTO nio yeviKd «uaKpoenine8o».
niKri iSiaiTepOTnTa (dncoc;, yia napdSeiyua, 01 Ae^eic; «petanque» [naixviSi ue
ueTaAAiKec; undAec;], «armagnac» [oivonveuuaTcb8ec; noTd] KOI «bastide»
4.1 To [lovuAo luv Bivai KOI [e^oxiKd oniTi] oe eva TOUPIOTIKO cpuAAdSio yia Tn voTio5uTiKii TaAAia).
2. To 6KTuno: HpoKeiTai yia «eva iSiaiTepo eiSoc; 6aveiou» (o. 85), TO onoio
Oi Bivai KOI NTapuneAveT npayuaTonoinoav uia ouyKpiTiKii ucpoAoyiKh avdAu-
ouvioTOTai OTnv KOTO Ae^n ueTdcppaon Tnc; eKcppaonc; ri Tnc; Souhc; Tnc; ITI.
on TCOV yaAAiKcov KOI TCOV ayyAiKcov. EJjeTaoav Keiueva KOI OTIC; 8uo yAcoooet;,
Ha napdSeiyua, n cppdon «Compliments de la Saison* eivai TO yaAAiKd
enionuavav TIC; Siacpopec; avaueoa OTK; yAcoooet; auTet; KOI npooSidpioav TIC;
eKTuno Tnc; ayyAiKhc; cppdonc; «Compliments of the Season* [xpioTOuyev-
6iacpopeTiKe<; LieTacppaoTiKec; oTpa-TnyiKec; KOI «6ia6iKaoieq». FlapdAo nou TO
vidTiKec; euxec;]. Oi Bivai KOI NTapuneAveT enionuaivouv OTI TOGO TO 6d-
Stylistique compares du francais et de I'anglais (1958) Baoic^Tai udvo OTO
veia doo KOI TQ EKTuna evocouaTcbvovTai ouxvd nAhpcoc; OTn PI, napdAo
yaAAiKd KQI OTO ayYAiKd, doKnoe noAu eupuTepn enippori. MeTa^u dAAcov,
nou oe uepiKEc; nEpimcooeic; ouvTeAouvTai onuaoioAoyiKec; ueTaBoAec;, 01
anoTeAeoe Tn Boon yia eva avdAoYO epyo OXCTIKO ue Tn ueTdippaon avaueoa
onoiec; unopouv va TO ueTaTpeipouv oe Ae^eic; nou uoidc^ouv aAAd 6ev ei-
OTO yaAAiKd KOI OTO yepuavira (Malblanc, Stylistique comparee du franca/s et
vai OUCOVUUEC;.
de lallemand, 1963), aAAd KOI yia 6uo napduoia BiBAia Yia Tn ueTdcppaon avd-
3. H KQTd A6^n uetdcppaon (o. 86-88): flpoKEiTai yia Tn «As^n npoc; As^n* UE-
ueoa OTO avyAiKd KOI TO lonaviKd: TO Introduction a la Traductologia TOU Bd-
Tcuppaon, yia Tnv onoia 01 Bivai KOI NTapunsAveT avacpepouv OTI anoTeAei
QKE0 Ayiopa (Vazquez- Ay ora) (1977) KOI TO Teor/'a y practica de la traduccion
Tnv nio 8ia6e6ouevn ue0o6o ueTdcppaonc; avaueoa oe yAcoooec; nou avri-
TOU TKapBia Hsunpa (Garcia Yebra) (1982). napaSd^cog, eivai 6uoKoAo va
KOUV OTnv i8ia oiKoyeveia KOI OTnv i'8ia KOuATOupa. FlapaGeTouv coc; napd-
PEI Kanoioc; oriLiepa Tn YaAAiKn £K8oan TOU epYou TCOV Bivai KOI NTapuneA-
Seiyua Tn cppdon «I left my spectacles on the table downstairs* [dcpnoa TO
', ' °^a)(^ 6ia0eoiun n ava0ecopnuevn ueTdtppaon TOU OTO ayyAiKd, n
yuaAid pou OTO Tpanec^i TOU KOTCO opdcpou], n onoia yiveTai «J'ai laisse
npano nM°°'ei:'TnKe
Y la nP"Tn *opd TO 1995, 37 xpdvia ueTd Tnv EKSoon TOU
mes lunettes sur la table en bas».
ou KEIUEVOU. E^aiTi'ac; TCOV 0ecopnTiKCov ava0Ecophoecov nou exouv
 M ET A O P A Z T I K E I ZF1OYAES
102
Oi ouyypacpEic; OUVIOTOUV Tnv KOTO AsEjn |j£Tdcppaon coc; Tnv KaTaAAn-
AdTEpn U£0o8o yia Mia KaAri ueTdcppaan: «n KQTQ AeEjn uETdcppaon npe-
nei va Quoid^ETai udvo E^am'ac; 6ouiKcbv KOI UETayAcoaoiKCOv npoanai-
TOUUEVCOV KOI udvo acpou Exouus EAEy^Ei OTI SiaTnpsiTai andAuTa TO
vdnua* (1995, o. 288).1 'Oucoc;, unooTnpf^ouv 01 Bivai KOI NTapunEAvsT
(o. 34-35), o UETacppaoTiic; Ev6£X£Tai va Kpi'vsi «anapd8£KTn» Tnv KOTQ
|j£Td(ppaan, EnsiSri:
a) TO vdnua nou UETaSfSEi Eivai SiacpopETiKO
B) 6sv uETaSiSEi KavEva vdnua
y) Eivai aSuvaTn yia SOUIKOUC; Adyouc;
6) «6£v undpxEi avTioTOixn EKcppaon OTO UETayAcoooiKd nAaioia Tnc; ri»
E) avTIOTOIXEi OE KOTI nou avriKEi OE SiatpopETiKd EninESo Tnc; yAcoooac;.
Oi Bivai KOI NTapunsAvET unoaTnpf^ouv OTI, OTIC; nEpnrrcboEic; nou SEV EI'VQI
EtpiKTri n KOTO As^n UETdcppaon, np£n£i va xpnoiuonoiEfrai n OTpaTnyiKri Tnc;
EuuEonc; UETdcppaonc;. ME auTri OXET^OVTOI EninAEOv TEooEpic;
4. H [jeTQibnion (2000, o. 88 KOI 1995, a. 94-99): 'Eva (J£poc; TOU AOYOU U.ETO-
BdAAETai OE eva dAAo xoopi'c; va aAAdc^Ei TO vonua. H UETOTdnion unopsi va
Eivai:
• unoxpEtoTiKii: n cppdon «des son lever» [UETO Tnv Eyspori Tnc;] UETO-
cppd^ETai, OTOV TO priuaTa OTO ouyKEi'uEvo Ei'vai OE napEAGovTiKouc;
xpdvouc;, toe; «as soon as she got up» [OUEOGJC; uoAic; onKcoGnKE].
• npoaipsTiKri: avTfoTpocpa, n cppdon «as soon as she got up» unopEi va
UETacppaoTEi KOTO. AE^n coc; «des qu'elle s'est levee» ri psoco uiac; UETO-
Tdnionc; we; «des son lever». •
Oi Bivai KOI NTapunEAvET (1995, o. 94) 0£copouv OTI n UETOTdnion sivai «ni-
BavdTOTa, n nio 6[a8£6ou£vn 5ouiKri uETaBoAri nou npayuaTonoiouv oi
UETacppaoT£c;». FlapaGETOuv TOuAdxioTov 6£Ka 6iacpop£TiK£c; KaTnyopisc;,
dncoc;:
• priua -> OUOIOOTIKO: «as soon as she gof up» [uoAic; ^unvnoE] -> «des
son /ever*
• Enippnua -> priua: «He will soon be back* [0a EnioTpEipEi OUVTOUO] -> «ll
ne tardera pas a rentrer* [&EV 0a apynoEi va eniOTpei|jei].
n p o z E r n z H T O N M E T A o p A Z T i KQ N A A A A T Q N I 03
H ueTdTponfa: METaBdAAEi Tn onpaoioAoyia KOI Tnv onriKri ycovia Tnc; rn.
MnopEi va Eivai:
ri: n.x. n cppdon «the time when» [Tnv copa nou (= OTOV)] UE-
cot; «le moment ou» [Tn oTiYMri nou (= dnou)]
• npoaipETiKri, napdAo nou unopsi va OXET^ETOI UE TIC; npoTiutouEVEc;
6ou£c; OE Ka9£pia and TIC; 8uo yAcoooEc;: n.x. n avaoTpocpri Tnc; omiKric;
ycoviac; oTn cppdon «it is not difficult to shows [&EV Eivai SuoKoAo va 6ei-
«il est facile de demontrer* [EI'VOI EUKoAo va
H usTOTponia Eivai uia 6ia6iKaoia nou, ouucpcova ue Tnv ayyAiKri EKSoon
TOU spyou TCOV 5uo ouyYpacpecov, Eivai 6iKaioAoynu£vn «OTOV uia KOTO. Ae-
E;n ri EOTCO UETOToniouEvn UETdcppaon KOTaAriyei OE ypauuaTiKd op0ri EK-
cpopd TOU Adyou, nou ducoc; 0£cop£i'Tai aKaTdAAnAn, un i6icouaTiKri ri a8£^ia
OTn n» (2000, o. 89).
Oi Bivai KOI NTapunEAvET 6ivouv i6iaiT£pn onuaoia OTn UETOTponia,
xapaKTnpi^ovTdc; Tnv «in Au6ia AiGo EVOC; KaAou UETacppaoTri*, evco OVTI'-
GETO GEcopouv OTI n uETOTdnion «anAcoc; 8Eixv£i noAu KaAri yvcoon Tnc;
YAcoooac;-oTdxou» (1995, o. 246). H UETOTponia uno6iaipeiiai, OTO EnineSo
TOU unvuuaToc; (o. 246-255), UE Boon TIC; aKoAouGEc; ueTaBoAEc:
acpnpnuEvo OVTI' yia ouyKEKpiuevo
aiTi'a - anoTEAEOua
EniuEpouc; - dAo
UEpoc; - eva dAAo UEpoc;
avaoTpocpri TCOV dpcov
dpvnon TOU avTiGETOu
EVEpynTiKri cpcovri OVTI' yia naGnTiKri (KOI TO avTiOTpocpo)
xcopoc; avTi Yia xpovo
EnavE^ETaon TCOV 6iaoTnudTCOv KOI TCOV opicov (OTO xcbpo KOI TO xpovo)
UETaBoAri ouuBdAcov (ou|jn£piAauBavou£vcov TCOV ndyicov KOI VECOV ue-
Tacpopcov).
H KaTnyopia auTri KaAumei, Enousvcoc;, uEydAn oEipd cpaivouEvcov. Enionc,
napaTnpEi'Tai ouxvd TO cpaivduEvo va pETacppdc^ovrai KdnoiEc; au06punTE<;
apxiKd UETOTponiEc; oe noYicouEVEc; EKCppdoEic;. Oi ouyvpacpeic; napaGsTOuv
TO aKdAouQo napd8eiyua (o. 254): «Vous I'avez echappe belle* [KOTO Ae^n
ueTdcppaon: You have escaped beautifully] -> «You've had a narrow escape*
[cpTnvd Tn'
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o. 90) yia va avacpepGouv OTIC; nepnrrcooeic; onou 6uo YAcoooec; nepiypdcpouv KaAeiTai «demarche» OTO yaAAiKd npcoTOTuno Keipevo)

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Tnv (6ia KOTdoTaon pe SiacpopeTiKd ucpoAoyiKd KOI 6opiKd peoa. H looSuva- 2 TOUC; ouvapGpcoTEc; (o. 231-246, nou anoKaAouvTai «charnieres» OTO •

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pia eivai iSiarrepa xphoipn OTn peTdcppaon iSicopaTiopcov KOI napoipicov (n ev- toTuno KEI'PEVO), oi onoioi eivai ouveKTiKoi ouvSeTiKoi KpiKOi, Keipe

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voia, 6xi opcoc; KOI n eiKdva, nou 8npioupyei n cppaon «comme un chien dans SeiKTec; («however» [evTOUTOic;], «first» [npcoTOv] K.An.), 6eic;n (SeiK1
un jeu de quilles* [KOTO Aecjn peTdcppaon: like a dog in a set of skittles - oav avTcovupiec;, oncoc; TO «this» [OUTOC;] KOI TO «that» [eKeivoc;]) KOI oii^n.
OKuAoc; oe pia napTi'6a pndouAivyK] pnopei va peTacppaoTei ooc; dike a bull in

rf 0°
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AUTO TO enineSo avdAuonc; npoavayyeAAei oe eva BaGpd Tnv avdAuon p
a china shop* [Taupoc; ev uaAoncoAeico]). Aev npenei va ouyxeoupe auTri Tnv

w
on TO eiSoc; TCOV Keipevcov KOI Tnv avdAuon nou Baoi^eTai OTO enineSc
nspiopiopEvn ewoia TOU opou «ioo5uvapia» pe Tnv neploooTepo SiaSeSope-
A6you, TIC; onoiec; 6a eEJeTdooupe OTO KecpdAaia 5 KOI 6.
vn GECopnTiKh ewoid TOU, Tnv onoia npaypaTeuTrirape OTO KecpdAaio 3.

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Mia eninAeov onpavTIKri napdpeTpoc; Tnv onoia AapBdvouv unoipn TC

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• 0 opoc; «eJjavaYKao|j6<;» unoSnAcovei TIC; unoxpecoTiKec, peTOTonios
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po Tnc; TaAAiac;. Oi ouyypacpeic; loxupic^ovTai OTI n dpvnon eK pepouc; TOU AOVTOI OTO npooconiKd ucpoc; KOI TIC; npOTiphoeic; TOU peTacppaoTh.
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dAAa ((dipoyo* KI «ev6exeTai va yivei avTiAnmri e^aiTiac; TOU avenaioGnTOU Eivai npocpavEc; OTI npOKEiTai yia pia KaGopiOTiKhc; onpaoiac; Siacpopd. '

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TOVOU [TOU KI], nou Sev 6a eivai o andAuTa op66c;» (o. 53). 'Opcoc;, napdAo vai KOI NTappneAveT unoypappic^ouv (o. 16) OTI TO Kupio peAnpa TOU

Ol "-^.
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nou n Auon TOUC; eivai n evSeSeiypevn yia pepiKec; nepiopiopevec; peTacpo- cppaoTh npenei va eivai n eniAoyh, n onoia avhKEi OTn ocpaipa Tnc; ucpoA
piKec; xprioeic;, Sev exei vonpa n avTiKOTdoTaon TOU KPI'KCT pe Tnv noSn- 0 pdAoc; TOU peTacppaoTh eyKEiTai, Aomov, OTO «va eniAeyei peTa^u TCO
Aaoia oe cppdoeic; dncoc; «that isn't cricket* [OUTO Sev eivai KpkeT] h «a | 6eoi|j(jjv eniAoYoav, cooie va eKcppa^ei TIQ anoxpoboeic; TOU MnvupaTO

y DO
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sleepy Wednesday morning country match at Lords* [evac; aviapoc; enap- ouYYpacpeic; napaQeTouv OTn ouvexeia (o. 30-31) EVOV KaTdAoyo ps nev

o*
XIOKOC; aycovac; OTO AopVTc; TO npcoi piac; TeTdpTnc;]. POTO TO onoia npsnei va aKoAouGhosi o pETacppaoTiic; yia va pETOKivnG,

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Oi emd BaoiKec; peTacppaoTiKec; SiaSiKaoiec; ouvTeAouvTai (o. 27-30) oe
1. Na npooSiopioei TIC; peTacppaoTiKec; povdSec;.
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ro

TIC; ouvTOKTiKec; Sopec;

-

4. Na anoTiprioei TO ucpoAoyiKd anoTeAeopaTa.

co

TO pnvupa.
-

5. Na 8npioupyhoei KOI va enave^eTdoei TO KI.

TC en
en M

auTh Tnv nepimcoon, o opoc; «privupa» onpaivei oe yeviKec; ypappec, Tnv

01 7;
— M
en B- Q
Oi Bivai KOI NTappneAveT aKoAouGouv enionc; TO npcoTa Teooepa Bripc

o -0 Q
cpopd TOU AOYOU KOI Tn peTayAcoooa h TO ouyKeipevo OTO onoia evTdooe- Yia Tnv avdAuon Snpooieupevcov peTacppdoEcov.'Ooov acpopa TO Gepe/
'-i
i. Oi ouyypacpeic; eiodyouv Suo aKdpa opouc,, unepdvco Tnc; Aec;nc;:
Q

_.—
; c/rtnpa Tnc; «peTacppaoTiKtic; povdSac;*, 01 ouyypacpeic. anoppimouv TIC;
ii
!•
106 M ETA * P A Z T I K E Z ZHOYAEZ
VCOUEVEC; AE^EK;. Gscopouv OTI n UETacppaoTiKri uovd6a anoiEAsi eva ouv6ua-
oud Tnc; «AsJ;iAoYiKric; uovd8ac;» KQI Tnc; wonTiKric; uovd6ac;» KQI Tnv opi^ouv
(1995, o. 21) coc; s£;ric;: «TO uiKpdTepo Turiua Tnc; EKCpopdc; TOU AOYOU, TOU onofou
TO onuEia ouv6£OVTai UE TETOIOV Tpdno COOTE va unv npsnsi va UETacppdc^o-
VTCII u£uovcou£va». ITO npcoTOTuno yaAAiKO KEI'UEVO (1958, o. 275-277) napaTi-
GETQI Eva napd6£iYua Tnc; KOTdTunanc; («decoupage») EVOC; uiKpoii Kfl KQI TOU
avTi'oToixou KI OE UETacppaoTiKEc; uovd6£c;. ITIC; npOTEivduEVEc; KaTOTurioEic;
ou(jn£piAa|j6dvovTai napa6£i'Y|jaTa UEUOVCOUEVCOV AsEjEcov (n.x. «he» [OUTOC;],
«but» [aAAd]), ypauuaTiKd cuv6EOU£vcov oud8cov (n.x. «the watch» [TO poAoi],
«to look* [va KOITOC;]), noYicouEvcov EKCppdoecov (n.x. «from time to time* [and
Kaipd oe KOipo]) KQI onuaoioAoYiKa ouv6£ou£vcov oudScov (n.x. «to glance
away» [va pixvEic; [jia naTid]). IE (jia vEOTEpn avdAuon, OTH pETQYEVEOTEpn
ri peTdcppaon TOU KEIIJEVOU, 01 (JETacppaoTiKEc; |jovd6£<; sivai (jdAAov
Y [ d napaSEiYMQi Ka0£|ji'a ano TIC; opaBonoinoeic; «si nous
songeons / if we speak of» [av AdBoupE unoijjn pac;] KOI «en Grande Bretagne,
au Japon / in Great Britain, Japan» [oTn MEYdAn BpETOvia, OTnv lancovfa] GECJ-
PEI'TOI uia UETacppaoTiKri uovd8a (o. 321).
Ha va 6i£UKoAuv0£i n avdAuon OTOV xpnoinonoisiTai n Euuson uETdcppa-
on, 01 Bivai KOI NTapunsAvET npoTEi'vouv Tnv api'0unon TCOV UETacppaoTiKoov
uovd5cov TOOO OTO Kn 600 KOI OTO KZ (BA. TOV nivoKa 4.2 OTOV EVOTHTO UE TO
avaAuTiKd napd5£iYua). ZTn OUVEXEIO, OUTOC; nou npaYMaTonoiEiTnv avdAuon
avTinapaBdAAei TIC; uETacppaoTiKEc; uovd8£c; nou EXOUV TOV i'5io api0uo, WOTE
va 5ian[OTOJoei noia UETacppaoTiKh 8ia6iKaoia uio0£Th0nK£.
4.2 0 Kdi90pvT Kai 01 [iaa9paaiiK£'<; «
riapoAo nou 01 Bivai KOI NTapunEAvsT 6sv xpnoiponoiouv Tn As^n «aAAaYn»
OTOV npaYMCiTEUOVTai TIC; UETacppaoTiKEc; aAAoYec;, OTnv npayMaTiKOTnTa nspi-
Ypdtpouv OUTO TO cpaivousvo. 0 opoq EucpavioTnKE yia npcoTn cpopd OTO A
Linguistic Theory of Translation TOU KdTcpopvT (1965), o onoioc; acpiEpwoE EVO
oAdKAnpo KEtpdAaio OE OUTO TO c^hTnua. 0 KdTcpopvT (1965, o. 20) uio0£T£i TO
YAojoooAoyiKO UOVTEAO TCOV (Dip0 (Firth) KOI XdAAivTain, TO onoio avaAusi Tn
YAcoooa coc; uia popcpri sniKoivcoviac; nou AEITOUPYE! OUYKEIUEVIKO KOI OE uia
OEipd 6iacpop£TiKcbv EninEScov (n.x. cpcovoAoyfa, YPa(pn, YPaMMdTiKh, AE^IKO)
KOI Ba0ui6cov (n£pio6oc;, npoTaon, oud6a, AE^n, uopcpnua K.An.).2
'Ooov acpopd Tn uETdcppaon, o KcrrcpopvT npaYMOTonoiEi onuavTiKri 6id-
H n p o z E r n z H T O N M ET A o p AZT i K a N A A A A T Q N - I 07
Kpion avdusoa OTn uopcpiKh avTioTOixia KOI Tnv KEIUEVIKPI ioo6uvaufa, uia EV-
voia Tnv onoia OTn OUVEXEIO 8i£upuve o KoAAEp (BA. Ketp. 3).
• MopcpiKd avrfcrroixn Eivai «onoia6hnoT£ KOTnYOpia Tnq n (uovd6a,
uaTiKn KaTnYOpia, 8ouiKO OTOIXEI'O K.An.) yia Tnv onoia unopouuE va nou-
U£ OTI KOTEXEI OTnV "OIKOVOUl'a" TnQ PI -OTOV UEYOAllTEpO SUVOTO Ba0UO-
Tnv "iSia" 0eon UE auTti nou n 6£6ou£vn KaTnyopia Tnc; m KOTEX£I OTn
rn» (Catford 1965, o. 27).
• KeiueviKd looSOvauo Eivai «onoio6rinoT£ KEI'UEVO h Tptiua KEIUEVOU Tnc;
PI yia TO onoio SianioTcovouuE OTI OE uia ouyKEKpipEvn nspinTcoon [...] si-
vai icoSuvauo EVOC; 6£6ou£vou KEIUEVOU ri TuhuoToc; KEIUEVOU Tnc; !~n».
H KEiUEViKh looSuvauia ouv6££Tai Aomov ue EVO OUYKEKPIUEVO ^suyoc; Kfl-
KI, evco n uopcpiKh avTioTOixia Eivai uia mo YeviKh, Baoiousvn OTO YAcoooiKd
ouoThuaTa, Evvoia nou acpopd sva onoio8rinoT£ C^EUYOC; yAcooocov. 'OTav oi
60o EVVOIEC; anoKAivouv, unoTi0£Tai OTI EXEI ouuBsi uia aAAaYii. Zuucpcova UE
TOV KdTcpopvT (2000, o. 141), 01 UETacppaoTiKEc; aAAoYsc; Eivai Enousvcoc; «ano-
KAioEic; and Tn uopcpiKh avTioTOixia KOTO Tn 6ia6iKaaia ueTdBaonc; ano Tn rn
».
0 KdTcpopvT 0copEi OTI undpxouv 6uo £i'8n aAAaYCOv: (1) aAAaysc; EnmsSou
KOI (2) aAAaYEc;
1. Mia aAXayrt enin66ou (2000, o. 141-143) ouuBaivEi OTOV EVO YACOOOIKO OTOI-
XEIO EKcppdc^ETai OE uia YAcoooa UE Evav YpauuaTiKd Tuno KOI us uia 6ia-
cpoponoinon Tnc; As^nc; OE uia dAAn. Ha napaSsiYpa, uia TETOIO aAAoYh 0a
unopouoE va ouuBaivEi:
• OTOV TO noidv EVEpYEiac; OTO pcooiKd uETacppdc^ETai OTO ayYAiKd UE EVO
pnuaTiKd ouoiaoTiKo: n.x. «ingrat'» (to play [TO naic^siv]) KOI «singrat'» (to
finish playing [TO nspac; TOU naic^siv])
• h OTOV n 6uvnTiKh EYKAion OTO yaAAiKd OVTIOTOIXE! OE EVO AE^AOYIKO
OTOixsio OTO aYYAiKd: n.x. «trois touristes auraient ete tues» [KOTO Ae^n:
three tourists would have been killed / Tpsic; TOupioTsc; AEYETOI OTI EXOUV
OKOTC00£|] = three tourists have been reported killed [EvGsxouEvcoc;,
Tpeic; TOupioTEc; sixav oKOTW0Ei].
2. To UEYaAuTEpo M^poc; Tnc; avdAuonc; TOU KdTcpopvT EniKEVTpcovETai OTIC; aA-
; KcrrnYOpfac; (2000, o. 143-147). AUTEC; uno6iaipouvTai OE TEoospa Ei6n:
 108 M ET A O P A 2T I K E Z Z nOY A E2
H nPOZErnzH TON M E T A O p A Z T I KQN A A A A T Q N - 109

a) AOJJIK&; OAAav£<;: ZuLicptova LIE TOV KdTcpopvT, ei'vai n mo ouvnGiopevn 6Aa auTd, n avaAuori TOU yia Tiq Ev8oouoTn|JiK£c; aAAayEc; npo6i8£i UEPIKEC;

Lioptph aAAayric;. FlpoKEiTai, toe; £ni TO nAefotov, yia aAAayri OTn ypOLi- and TIC; aSuvaLifsc; Tnc; npooEyyioric; TOU. ZuyKpivovTac; TOV Tpdno LIE TOV

IjaTiKii 6ouh. Ha napd6£iy|ja, n Soph OVTCOVULIIKO unoKEi'LJEvo + phua onoio xpnoiuonoiouvTai OE LiiKptic; EKTaonc; napdAAnAa KEiLiEva TO yaAAiKd

+ duEoo avTiKEiLiEvo OTIC; cppdoEic; «I like jazz» KQI «j'aime le jazz» [{eyco} KOI TO ayyAiKd ouoTnLia TCOV dpGpwv, KaToAriyEi OTO ouLinEpaoLia (1965, o. 81-

ayanto Tnv t^a^] OTO yaAAiKd KOI OTO ayyAiKd LiETacppdc^ETai LIE Tn 80- 82) OTI «undpxouv 0,65 niGavdTnTsc; TO yaAAiKd dpGpa "le/la/les" va EXOUV

Llh aVTOJVULIIKO EULIEOO OVTIKEILJEVO + priLId + OVOLIOTIKd UnOKEIUEVO pETacppaoTiKO TOUC; ioo6uva|jo TO ayyAiKd dpGpo "the"» KOI SnAcovsi OTI «n LIE-

OTQ lonaviKd («me gusta el jazz») KQI OTQ iTaAiKd («mi place il jazz») TacppaoTiKii ioo6uva)jia SEV s^iocovETai andAuTa LIE Tn (JopcpiKh avTioTOixia».

[uou QPEOEI n i£a£]. AUTOU TOU £i'5ouc; n snioTnLioviKocpavhc; 6hAcoon yia TIC; niGavoTnTsc;, n onoia

B) AAAay6<; vpau|jcmKri<; KdTnyopfac;: IE OUTEC; ouLinEpiAaLiBdvovTai aA- xapaKTnp^Ei TO ouvoAo Tnc; npooEyyionc; TOU KdTcpopvT KOI ouv5sdTav UE TO

AayEc; nou ouvTeAouvTai OTQV EVQ LiEpoc; TOU Adyou (JETOTpEnETai OE au^avdpEvo Ev6iacp£pov nou unripxE EKEivn Tnv nspioSo yia Tn unxaviKh LIE-

EVQ dAAo. 0 KdTcpopvT napaGsTEi coc; napd6Eiy|ja Tnv ayyAiKh ovoLicm- Tdcppaon, sniKpiGnKE apyoTEpa EVTOVO and noAAouc;. AvdjJEod TOUC; hTav KOI

Kri tppdon «a medical student* [svac; cpoiTnThc; laTpiKhc;] KQI Tn yaAAiKii o NTEAiA (1982), o onoioc; GECopsi OTI n ouyKpiTiKh yAcooooAoyiKri npoosyyion

ovoLJdTiKh cppdon «un etudiant en medecine» [EVQC; cponrnThc; OTnv ia- TOU KdTcpopvT sivai OTOTiKri. 0 X£vpu (1984), EnavE^ETdc^ovTac; TO BiBAio TOU

TpiKh], dnou o ayyAiKdc; EniGsTiKdc; npoo6iopiouoc; «medical» [iQTpiKoq] KdTcpopvT EIKOOI xpovia LIETO Tn 8nu.ooi£uan TOU, GEOJPEI' OTI TO spyo TOU

(jETacppd^ETai OTQ yaAAiKQ LJE TOV EnippnLiQTiKo npoo6iopioLi6 «en «EX£i ouvoAiKd udvo ioTopiK.0 KOI aKa6n|jaiK6 Ev6iacp£pov» (o. 157). flap' dAa

medecine* [oTnv laipiKh]. auTd, EnionuaivEi (o. 155) Tn xpnoipoTnTa TOU KEcpaAaiou TOU TEAEUTOIOU Bi-

y) AAAay^c; (jovd6a<; n aXAay^ BaGiiiSat;: FlpoKeiTai yia aAAaysc; nou ou- BAiou TOU KdTcpopvT, TO onoio npayuaTEUETai TO opia Tnc; LiETacppaoiLiOTnTac;.

VTEAOUVTCII OTQV TO UETQCppaOTIKO IOo8uvaUO OTH TZ BpiOKETQI OE 6|Q-

!5iaiT£po EvSiacpspov napouoid^Ei Enfant; o loxupioLidc; TOU KaTcpopvT OTI n

cpopsTiKri Ba9|ji6a OTH rn. ZTn ouyKEKpiLiEvn nspinTtoan o opoc; «Ba0- MeTacppaoTiKri looSuvauia E^apTdTai and TIC; sniKOivcbviaKEc; iSicnmEc;, dncoc;

pi5a» avacpspETai OTIC; lEpapxiKec; yAtoooiKEc; uovd6£c; (n£pio6oc;, npo- n AeiToupyia, n ouvdcpEia, n KaTdoTaon KOI n KouAToupa, KOI dxi and TO Tuni-

Taon, oud6a AE^EOOV KQI (jdpcpnua). Kd yAcoooiKd KpiThpia. flap' dAa OUTO, dncoc; unoypa|j(ji^£i o (Sioc; (o. 94), n

6) Ev6oouorn|jiK6c; aAAay6<;: Oi aAAayEc; QUTEC; OUVTEAOUVTQI OTQV n rn KQI andcpaon TOU TI eivai «A£iToupyiKd ouvacp£c;» OE uia 6£6oLiEvn KOTdoTaan

n n EXOUV KQTQ npooEyyion avTi'oTOixa ouoTiiLiaTa, aAAd «n LiETdcppa- anoTEAEi avandcpsuKTa «^nTn)ja npooooniKric; £KTi|jnonc;».

on ouvEnayETai Tnv EniAoyh EVOC; Lin QVTI'OTOIXOU opou OTO ouoTnua flapd TIC; npoondGsiEc; TOU KdTcpopvT va ouLinEpiAdBEi OTnv avdAuoh TOU

Tnc; FZ» (2000, o. 146). HapaSEiyLiaTa OUTCOV TWV aAAaycov avd|j£aa OTQ tnv sniKoivcoviaKh AsiToupyia TCOV OTOIXEI'COV Tnc; m KOI napa TO yeyovdc; OTI n

yaAAiKd KOI OTQ ayyAiKd sivai TQ ouoThuaTa TCOV apiBLioov KQI TCOV dp- opoAoyia nou xpnoiuonoisi Baoi'c^ETai OE pia AEiToupyiKti npoosyyion Tnc;

6pcov. FlapoAo nou KOI OTIC; 6uo yAoaooEc; AEITOUPYOUV napduoia ouoTn- yAoaaoac;, n Kupia KpiTiKri OE Bdpoc; TOU BiBAiou TOU ouvioTOTai OTO OTI TQ na-

LiaTa, 6sv QVTIOTOIXOUV ndvTa LIETQ^U TOUC;. -ETOI, n ayyAiKn As^n paSEiyuaTa nou xpnoiuonoiEi sivai £^i6aviKEU)J£va (6nAa8ri Enivonusva KOI

«advise» [ouuBouAri] (EVIKOC; aptSLidc;) YI'VETQI «des conseils* (nAnGuvTi- SEV npospxovTai and npayuaTiKsc; LiETacppdoEic;) KOI EKTOC; ouyKEiusvou/Oxi

KOC; apiGLioc;) OTQ yaAAiKd, EVCJ TO yaAAiKd opiOTiKd dpGpo «la» OTnv npo- MOVO SEV s^ETd^Ei noTE ouvoAiKd Eva KEI'UEVO, aAAd n avdAuoh TOU SEV unsp-

Taon «ll a la jambe cassee» [Eonaos TO nd6i TOU] OVTIOTOIXEI' OTO ayyAi- SaivEi KOV TO £nin£6o Tnc; nEpidSou.

KO adpioTO dpGpo «a» OTnv npoTaon «He has a broken leg» [EXEI eva
onaoLiEvo nd8i].
4,3 Oi anoijJEic, TCOV TOE'XCOV 0Ecopr]TiKd)v y i a ti<; [JnacppaoiiKE'c, a A A a y £ ( ;

To BiBAio TOU KdTcpopvT anoTEAsoE onpavTiKn npoondOsia va scpapuooTouv ITIC; SsKaETisc; TOU 1960 KOI TOU 1970, LiEpiKoi LiETacppaoEoAdyoi OTnv TOTE TOE-
ME ouoTnucmKO Tpono OTn jjETdcppaon 01 E^sAi^Eic; OTn yAcooooAoyi'a. Dap' xoaAoBaKia Eiohyayav LIIO AoyoTEXviKh 6idoTaon OTnv EVVOIO TCOV uETacppaoTi-

I 10 M ETAcb p A Z T I KE2
KCOV aAAaycov, auTri Tnc; «£K(ppaoTiKric; A£iToupyiac;» h TOU iicpouc; evdc; KEIUEVOU.
To npcoTonopiaKd epyo TOU ZEpi AsSO yia Tn AoyoTExviKri UETdcppaon (Umenl
prekladu, 1963) -nou ueTacppdoTnKe OTO yepuaviKd ^ Die Literarische Ober-
setzung: Theorie einer Kunstgattung (Levy 1969)- exei dueon ouvdcpeia ue TO
Souiauo Tnc; IxoAric; Tnc; ilpdvac;. ITO BiBAio TOU o AeBu avaAuei TOV Tpono nou
ueTacppdc^ovTai OTO KZ 01 emcpaveiOKec; 6oue<; TOU Kfl, SivovTac; Eucpaon OTnv
nomTiKh UETdcppaon, KQI Sewpei OTI n AoyoTSxviKri UETdcppaon eivai eva ava-
napaycoyiKd KOI BniJioupyiKO EPYO nou EXEI OTOXO TOU Tnv eniTeuEjn evdc; ai-
o9nTiKd ioo6uvauou anoTeAsouaToc; (o. 65-69). Kai OUTOC;, enionc;, KOTnyopio-
noiei TO oToixeia TOU KEIUEVOU yia TO onoia Eivai avayKaio va enneuxGei ioo8u-
vauia. AUTO Eivai (o. 19): n 6nAcoTiKh onuaoia, n ouv5riAcoon, n ucpoAoyiKri 6ia-
Ta^n, n ouvra^n, n snavaAnipn TOU tixou (pu9ud<; K.An.), n 8idpK£ia npocpopdc;
TCOV cpcovnEVTOJV KOI n dpOpcoon. H onuaoia TOUC; yia Tn UETdcppaon e^apTdTai
and TO eiSoc; TOU KEIUEVOU. luucpcova UE TOV AsBu, n SidpKEia npocpopdc; TCJV
tpwvnEVTCov KOI n dpSpwon 6sv npensi va Siacpspouv OTOV Eva noinua UETO-
YAwTTi'^ETai, Evco n SnAcoTiKii onpaoia eivai npcaTapxiKn napduETpoc; OE sva TE-
XVIKO KEI'UEVO KOI 6sv np£n£i va Siacpepei. flpiv and TOV npdtopo 9dvaTO TOU, TO
EPYO TOU 6ia5paudTio£ Ka9opioTiKd pdAo OTnv avdmu^n uiac; Gscopiac; Tnc; UE-
Tdcppaonc; OTOV ToExooAoBaKia, EVCO, oTn OUVEXEIO, ennpeaoe OPKETOUC; UETO-
cppaoEoAdyouc; oe nayKdouia KAiuaKO. 'Eva dAAo enioTnuoviKd dp9po TOU, TO
(•Translation as a decision process* (1967/2000), six£ snionc; onuavTiKd avri-
KTuno, Ka9o)c; OUOXETI^E Tn «Ba9uiaia onuaoioAoyiKh aAAaYn» TCOV yAcoooiKcbv
COV TOU uETacppaoTh ue Tn 9£copia TCOV naiyvicov. 0£cop£i, Aoindv, OTI TO
d epYO TOU UETacppaoTh.Ei'vai «npayuaToAoYiKd»:
0 |j£TCKppacn:ri<; KaiaAhYei oe eKeivn ano TIC; niSavec; ALIOEIC; nou unooxetai TO i
anoTeAeoiJa ue Tnv eAaxioTn npoond6eia. AUTO an|jaivei OTI, 8iaio6nTiKa, K
OTHV anoKaAounevn «EAAXIITOMEniTH ITPATHriKH».
(Levy 1967/2000,0. 156)
Auo dAAa EnioTnuoviKd dp9pa TOEXCOV ouyYpacpEcov yia TIC; uETatppaoTiKEc; aA-
AayEc; 8nuooi£UTnKav OTO onuavTiKd ouAAoyiKd epyo The Nature of Translation:
Essays on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation (Holmes 1970). 0
OpdvTioeK Mko eniKevTpcovei Tnv avaAuoh TOU OTIC; 6iacpop£TiK£c; 9ECOpnTiK.ec;
6iaoTdo£ic; OUTWV nou anoKaAsi «aAAay£c; OTnv eKcppaon» ri OTO ucpoc; KOTO Tn
UETdcppaon. YnooTnpic^ei (Miko 1970, o. 66) OTI n 6iatripnon TOU EKCppaoTiKou
xapaKTiipa h TOU ucpouc; TOU Kfl eivai o Kupioq KOI, iacoq, o udvoc; OTOXOC; TOU
n p o i E r n z H T O N M E T A * PA Z T I K Q N A A A A T O N
ZHOYAEZ
ueTocppaoTh. RpOTeivei uia avdAuon TOU ucpout; ue Boon KQTnyopionoinoeic;,
dncoc; n AeiToupyiKOTnTa, n eiKoviKcnma, n unoKeipeviKOTnTa, n eniTn6euon, n
eucpaon KOI n avTinapd9£on. ITO i5io ouAAoyiKd epyo, O'AVTOV FldnoBiTc; (1970,
o. 85) 6iv£i Eucpaon OTnv evvoia TCOV aAAaycov OTnv eKcppaon:
Av npaYMaTOnolouoaPe °£ °kj ia enine6a tou Keiuevou uia avaAuan TWV aAAaywv
OTnv eKcppaon, 6a anoKaAumaue TO YeviKo ouaTnua tnc; ueiatppaont;, ue TO Kupia KQI
TO 6euT£peuovTa OToixeia TOU.
Oi and^eic; TOU RonoBiTc; anoTsAEoav onuavTiKh e^EAi^n OTn ueTacppaaEoAo-
yia. luucpoova ue auTec;, OTOV avaAuouue TIC; aAAayec; ennped^ouue KOTO Kd-
noiov Tpono TIC; vdpueq, TO ouoTnua TOJV onoicov 8ienei Tn ueTacppaoTiKh 6ia-
SiKaoia, uia svvoia Tnv onoia npaYuaTeuduaoTe nEpioooTepo 6iE^o6iKd OTO
KscpdAaio 7. 0 HdnoBiTc; (a. 70), xpnoiuonoiwvTac; napduoiouc; dpouc; UE EKE(-
vouc; TOU AEBu, OUOXETI^EI TIC; ueTacppaoTiKec; aAAayec; ue Tnv avTinapdGson
avduEoa OTnv «KOTd Ae^n» KOI Tnv «eAEU0£pn» ueTdcppaon. Gewpei OTI n OVTI-
napd9£on auTh anoppEEi and Tn SidoTaon nou ucpioTOTai avdueoa OTO npco-
TOTuno Keiuevo KOI Tnv iSsaTh ueTdcppaon TOU KOI OTI Eivai anoTeAeoua Tnc;
ouveiSnThc; npoond9eiac; TOU ueTacppaoTn va avanapaydYei nioTd Tnv aioGn-
TIKPI oAdTnTa TOU npcoTOTunou Keiuevou. Anooacpnvi^ei TIC; andipeic; TOU OTO
OUVTOUO epyo TOU Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation (1976),
dnou TO Ahuua «ueTacppaoTiKn endpKeia* opic^ETai coc; ouvcovuuo TOGO UE Tnv
«nioTOTnTa OTO npwTOTuno KEiuevo* 600 KOI UE Tnv «ucpoAoyiKh looSuvauia
OTn u£Tdcppaon». 0 dpoc; «ucpoAoyiKh ioo8uvauia» opi^ETai (o. 6) coc; «n AEI-
ToupyiKii tooBuvauia TCOV OTOixsioov TOU npojTcmjnou KEipsvou UE EKeiva TOU
ueTacppdouaToc;, n onoia anooKonsi OTnv EniTEU^n uiac; EKcppaoTiKhc; TOUTO-
TnTac; nou 9a eunepiexei eva aueTdBAnTO KOI TauTdonuo vdnua». Flap' 6Aa
!' auTd, o ndnoBiTc; KOI o MI'KO 8ev uAonoioiiv TIC; iSeec; TOUC; oe dAn TOUC; Tnv
eKTaon, Ka9cl)c; 6ev avaAuouv OTO dp9pa TOUC; uETacppaoueva Keiueva.
4.4 To cfUYKpiiiKO-iupiYpacpiKO [iovi£\ iqq PQV AEpe
yia TIC, (JtiacppaoTiKEc; aUaYf'c,
To eyxeipnua Tnq Kinu Bav AsBsv-ZBapT va Snuioupyhoei KOI va ecpapudoei
£va uovTEAo avdAuonc; TCOV usTacppaowcov aAAaycov anoTsAEi Tnv nio oAoKAn-
pcouevn npoond9Eia nou exei npayuaTonoin9ei yia OUTO TO ^mnua. To UOVTE-
Ao Tnc; EXEI acpeTnpia TOU uepiKec; and TIC; KaTnyopiec; nou npOTeivouv oi Bivai
Kai NTapuneAveT KOI o AeBu KOI Tiq xpnoiuonoiei yia uia nspiypacpiKn avaAuan
 M ETAO PAZTI KEZ ZPOYAEZ
I 12

nivaKa<; 4.1
Tnc; UETacppaonc;, npoonaGcovTac; va ouoTnuatonoirioEi Tn auYKpion KQI va 01- Oi KUpiet; KatriyopiEt; TOU ouyKpitiKou (jovtEXou tri<; POV AEpev-Zpapt (1989)

Ko6ouria£i EVO nAaioio avaAuonc; TOU Aoyou nou unEpBaivsi TO enin£6o Tnc;
Kattiyopi'a aAAoyuv Opio/jd?
npoTaonc;. To Epyo Tnc;, nou apxiKa SnuooisuTnKE OTO oAAav8iKd TO 1984 coc;
To £va ano TO unEp6s(jcn:a oujJ90ivei \is. to
8i6aKTOpiKii 6iaTpiBh, sivai nspioaoTEpo YVCOOTO oTn ouvTousuuEvn £K6oxh MsTaiponia (o. 159-164)
ApxiunEp0E[ja, TO dAXo opcoq Sia^spEi
TOU OTQ aYYAiKa, n onoia anoTeAeiiai ano 6uo dpGpa nou SnuooiEUTnKav OTO armaaioXoYiKa ii u^oXoyiKa: TO napa66iY)ja
n£pio6iKO Target (van Leuven-Zwart 1989 KOI 1990). To U.OVTEAO «anooKon£i TOU «sit up» Ta^ivo^jeiTa: ut; (JETOTponia,
£TT£i6ii rj ayyAiKri cppdar) EXEI eva eninXsov
oTnv nEpiYpacpri oAoKAnptouEvwv usTacppaoEOuv uuGioTopnuaTiKcov KEIUEVOJV»
OTOIXEIO («quickly» [YpnY°P a ])
(1989, o. 154) KOI nspiAauBavEi (1) £va ouyKprnKb uovr6A.o KOI (2) £va nepiypa-
<piK6 uovr£Ao. 'Onwc; KOI o RonoBiTc;, n Bav AsBEv-ZBapT GswpEi OTI oi TOOEIC; Kai TO 6uo unEp6£(jaia 8iaxupi^ovxai
Tpononoir|ar|
(at £niri£6o oripaoioXoyfaq, u^oAoyiaq, ou-
TIC; onoisc; moTonoiouv OUTO TO 6uo auunAnpcouaTiKd uovTEAa napsxouv EV- (a. 165-168)
vra?;r)<;, npavpaToXoYiat; f\u touq)
SeiJjeic; yia TIC; uETacppaoTiKsc; vopusc; nou uioGsTEf o UETacppaoTric;. Ta xapa- ano TO ApxiunepBspa: n.x. «you had to cry»
[snpsnE va icXd^Eic;] KOI «hacia llorar» t^Tav
KTnpioTiKa Kd0£ uovTsAou Ei'voi TO aKoAouGa:
r| a ma va KXa^eiq]
1. To auYKpim6 povr^Xo (1989, o. 155-170) EVEXEI AEnTouEph ouYKpion TOU
AEV sivai 6uvaTo va npoo8iopioi:£i EVO
Kfl us TO KI KOI Ta^ivopnon oAojv TWV uiKpo6o|jiK(jbv aAAaytov (OTO Enins- (a- 168-169)
Apxiunep9£|ja, E^aiTi'ac; npooGt^Krit;,
60 Tnc; nspi68ou, Tnc; npoTaonc; KOI Tnc; cppaonc;). H u.£Qo6oc; Tnc; Bav AE- ; H «Kdno.ia<; pi^iKrjc;
n<; TOU voiiuaToc;» OTO KI
BEV-ZBapT (1989, o. 155-157) Eivai n OKoAouGn:
• npcJTa an' 6Aa, uno6iaip£i TO EniAsyiJEva anoonaopaTa OE «KaTavonT£c;
KEiysviKEc; uovd8£c;», nou anoKaAouvTai «un£pGE(jaTa». fia napaSsiYMa, As to the boy - well, thank heaven, mother had taken him; he was mother's, or Beryl's,

n cppaon «she sat up quickly» [KdGios KOTCO YP n Y°P a ] Ta^ivopsiTai we;
unspBEua, onax; KOI n avTi'OTOixn cppaon «se enderezo» OTO lonaviKO KI.
• ITPI OUVEXEIO, npoo6iopic^£i TO «Apxiun£p0£iJa», TO onoio sivai o auETd-
BAnToc; onuaoioAoYiKOc; nuprivac; TOU unEpGsuaTOt; OTO Kfl. AUTO AEITOUP-
Y£i coc; 6iaYAooooiKn ouYKpion h tert/um comparat/'on/'s (BA. K£cp. 3). ITO na-
panavw napd6£iY|ja, TO ApxiunEpGsua Eivai «to sit up» [va KaGeoai].
q, KdGs ^EXUpiOTO un£p0£ua OUYKPI'VETOI UE TO Apxiun£p0£pa KOI
i n oxEon avd)j£oa OTO 8uo un£p0£(jaTa.
Av TO Suo unEpGEpaTa EXOUV ouvwvuuiKri oxson UE TO ApxiunspGEua, GEV
Gewpeiiai OTI EXEI ouuBei Kdnoia aAAayn. H anouoia ouvwvuuiKhc; oxsonc;
SEI'XVEI OTI EXEI npaYuaTonoin0£i UETacppaoTiKti aAAaYn. Oi aAAaYEc; unoBiai-
pouvTai OE Tp£iq Kupisc; KaTnyopiEc; nou nspiAauBdvouv OPKETEC; unoKOTn-
YopiEc;. Oi TPEIC; KUpiEc; KOTnYopiEc; Eivai n ueTarponfa, n tpononofnon KOI
n UETdAAaJjn (BA. nivaKa 4.1). EVSEIKTIKO napd6£iY|ja TOU Tponou UE TOV
onoio npaYMOTonoiEiTai n avdAuon Eivai TO aKoAouGo anoonaoua ano sva
Sihynua Tnc; KdQpnv MdvocpiAvT (Katherine Mansfield) KOI n uETCicppaoh TOU
OTO lonaviKd:
or anybody's who wanted him.
En cuanto al pequeno [...] menos mal, pro fortuna su madre se habia encargado de
el; era suyo, o de Beryll, o de cualquiera que lo quisiere.
(van Leuven-Zwart 1990, o. 85)
EoTiac^ovTac; Tnv avaAuah Tnc; OTO unEpQsua TOU KF1 «mother's» [Tnc; un-
TEpac;] KOI OTO unEpQsua TOU KI «suyo» [5iKO Tnc;], n Bav AsBEV-ZBapT
i 6uo uiKpoaAAaYEc;;
Mia ouvTaKTiKh-onuaoioAoYiKn Tpononoinan: TO OUOIOOTIKO + n
KTnTiKn «mother's» usTOTpEnETai OTnv KTnTiKti avTawuuia «suyo».
Mia ouvTaKTiKh-npaYMOToAoYiKh Tpononoinon: n EniAoYri TOU «mother's»
[Tnc; unTEpac;] OVT! TOU «hers» [6iKO Tnc;] onuaivEi OTI TO OYYAIKO KF1 napE-
XEI OTOV avaYvcboTn uia nspiaooTEpo npaYMa T oAoYiKn nAnpocpopia OE ou-
YKpion UE TO lanaviKO KI, OTO onoio o avaYvoooTnc; npensi va KOTaAaBsi
OTI undpxEi ouv6son UE TO «madre» [umspa].
Acpou npooSiopioTouv KOI KOTnYopionoinQouv 6A£c; 01 aAAoYEc; nou
uaTonoiouvTai OE OUTO TO KOTCOTEPO «uiKpo6ouiKO» sninESo, a G o

I 14 M ET AO P A Z T I K E 2 I F I O Y A E Z
TO ouvoAo TCOV aAAayiov nou ouuBafvouv as KdGe KaTnyopfa KQI, OTH ou-
vsxEia, unoAoyf^ETai TO ocopsuTiKd TOUC; anoTEAeoua UEOCO Tnc; xpnoiuo-
noinonc; TOU nEpiypacpiKOU UOVTEAOU toe; E^hc;:
1. To nepivpacpiKd uovr6Ao (van Leuven-Zwart 1989, o. 171-179) EI'VQI EVQ ua-
KpoSouiKd uovTEAo, nou EXEI OTOXO TOU Tnv avdAuon UETacppaouEvcov Ao-
YOTEXVIKCOV KEIUEVCOV. Baoi^ETai OE EvvoiEc; nou npOEpxovTai ano Tnv acpn-
ynuaToAoyia (Bal 1985) KOI Tnv ucpoAoyia (Leech KOI Short 1981). flpoona-
Gsi va ouv8udo£i TIC; EVVOIEC; «Enins8o TOU Adyou» (n yAooooiKri EKcppaon
TOU uuGioTOpnuaTiKou KOOUOU) KOI «£nin£8o Tnc; 8ihynonc;» (o Tponoc; UE
TOV onoio yivETai n atpriynan TCOV yEyovoTcov OTO KEI'UEVO, ouunEpiAauBa-
vouEvnc; Tnc; acpnynuaTiKric; onTiKric; ycoviac;) UE Tpeic; yAcoooiKEc; «U£TaA£i-
Toupyi£c;» (SianpooconiKii, iSEOTii KOI KsiuEviKri 3 ). H Bav AEBsv-ZBapT an£i-
KOVI'^EI Tn SidSpaon OUTCOV TCOV OTOIXEI'COV UEOCO EVOC; noAunAoKOu xdpTn
(1990, o. 87), o onoioc; napaBdAAEi ouyKEKpiuEvsc; uiKpoSouiKsc; KOI ua-
KpoSouiKsc; aAAaysc; UE TIC; Tpsic; AsiToupyiec; OTO £nfn£6a TOU Adyou KOI
Tnc; 6iiiynonc;. Ha napd6£iyua, 0£copEh:ai OTI Kd0£ nEpimcoon auvTOKTiKhc;-
npayuaToAoyiKhc; UETOTponiac; EnnpEdc^Ei Tn 6ianpooconiKh AsiTOUpyia OTO
Enin£8o Tnc; 6ihynonc;. < ETOi, OTO napdSEiyua «mother's/suyo», n EnmAEOV
npayuaToAoyiKh nAnpotpopia nou napsxEi TO «mother's» OTO Kfl §EV sivai
avayKaia. flap' 6Aa auTd, n napouoia Tnc; nAnpocpopiac; auTiic; 8ivsi Eucpa-
on OTn oxEon KOI unoypauui^si Tnv aSiacpopia Tnc; unTEpac; va cppovTiosi
TO ucopo (van Leuven-Zwart 1990, o. 85). H anouoia auThc; Tnc; nAnpocpopiac;
OTO KI UETaBdAAsi TO SianpooconiKh cpuon Tnc; acphynonc;.
To avaAuTiKO UOVTEAO Tnc; Bav AsBsv-ZBapT EVEXEI, TEAoc;, Tnv dGpoion TCOV
6idcpopcov aAAaycov nou npayuaTohoiouvTai OE anoondouaTO KEIUEVCOV nsvTE
xiAidScov AE^ECOV KOI Tnv E^ETaon TCOV npOTuncov nou npoKunTOUV. To UOVTE-
AO EcpapuooTnKE ano nspinou sBSouhvTa uETanTUXiaKOuc; cpoiTnTEc; Tnc; Bav
AsBsv-ZBapT OE oAAavSiKEc; UETacppdoEic; lonaviKcov KOI AaTivoaLiEpiKaviKcbv
AOYOTEXVIKCOV KEIUEVCOV. And TO anoTEAEouaTa npoKunTEi n npcoTOKa9£6pia
TCOV onuaoioAoyiKcov aAAaycov, EVCO n E^EiSiKEUon KOI n Ens^hynon sivai Eni-
onq ouxva cpaivduEva. H Bav AsBsv-ZBapT (1990, a. 92-93) GECOpsi OTI n UETO-
cppaoTiKh oTpaTnyiKri TCOV Epycov nou avaAuEi Eivai npooavaToAiouEvn OTO
KI, UE auvsnEia va 6iv£Tai sucpaon oTnv anoSsKTOTnTa Tnc; KouAToiipac; Tnc;
n. 0 ouoxETiaudc; TCOV anoTsAEoudTcov UE napauETpouc; nou dmovTai TCOV
sninEScov TOU Adyou, aAAd KOI n npoondQEia va npooSiopioToOv 01 vdpUEc;
I 15
H n p o z E r n z H T O N M E T A O P A Z T I K O N A /\~/\ r n N :
nou EnsvEpyouv, anuaivouv OTI TO uovTeAo Tnc; unspBaivei TIC; KOTO Kupio A6-
yo yAcoaooAoyiKEc; ouyKpioEic; nou xapaKTnpicpuv TO epyo TCOV Bivai KOI
NTOpunsAveT KOI TOU KdTcpopvT. npdKsrrai yia uia anuavTiKti s^EAi^n KQI ouv-
SEETOI dueoa UE TO Epyo TOU Toupu yia TIC; vdpuEc; KQI Tnv anoSsKTOTnTa, TO
onoio avaAuETai OTO KecpdAaio 7.
flap' dAa auTd, TO uovTeAo Tnq Bav AsBev-ZBapT EXEI uEiovEKThuaTa, TO
onoia oxETic^ovTai UE TIC; Ta^ivouisc; EV YEVEI. PlpcoTov, dncoc; E^dAAou avayvco-
pic^Ei EV uspsi KOI n iSia (1989, o, 153-154), TO ouyKpmKO UOVTEAO Tnc; sivai
E^aipETiKd noAunAoKO. Eivai npaKTiKd SuaKoAo va npooBiopioTOuv TO 6iatpo-
[ pETiKd Ei6n aAAaycov, KaGcoc; undpxouv OKTCO SiacpopeTiKEc; KOTnyopiec; KOI
TpidvTa smd unoKOTnyopiEc;, 01 onoisc; 6sv 6iacpoponoiouvTai dAsc; UE oacph-
i veia. AsuTEpov, Eivai s^ioou 6uoKoAo va KOTaypatpovTai dAsc; 01 aAAayEc; nou
npaypaTonoiouvTai OE EVO usydAo KEJUEVO. AUTO TO 6suT£po npoBAnua uno-
pei OE eva BaGud va ^EnspaoTEi UEOCO Tnc; unoBonGouuEvnc; and nAEKTpovi-
KOUC; unoAoyioTEt; avaAuonc; (BA. KEcp. 11). Tphov, n xpnoiuonoinan TOU Apxiu-
nspGEuaToc; cot; uETpou ouyKpianc; Tnc; ioo8uvauiac; GETEI TO i8io npoBAnua
unoKeiuEviKOTOTac; nou oxETi^eTai ue Tnv tert/um comparation/s, oncoc; Ei5a-
UE OTO KscpdAaio 3.
TEAoc;, n OTOTioTiKh napaBoAti TCOV KOTnyopicov TCOV aAAaycov UE TIC; UETO-
AEiToupyiEc; KOI TO eninsBa Sihynoncj/Adyou Ssv Siaxcopi^si Tn oxeTiKti onua-
oia TCOV Bidcpopuw napaBEiyudTcov Kd0£ KaTnyopiac;, UE ouvsnEia va Sivsi Aa-
Bri OE KpiTiKEc; yia TOV «api6uo6£iKTiKo» Tpdno xpnoiponoinonc; Tnc; ucpoAo-
yiac;.4 FlpEnEi Enousvcoc; va npayuaTonoiEiTai uia AEnTOUEpnq Kp/TiKri avaAu-
an TCOV anoTEAsoudTcov nou EnicpEpouv 01 uiKpoaAAaysc; OTnv EniKoivcoviaKti
i KOTdoTaon KOI Tnv atpnynuaTiKn 6ouii.
H uEGoSoc; TCOV Bivai KOI NTapunsAvET doKnae onuavmh snippoh OTOUC;
GEcopmriKouc; Tnc; uETdcppaonc;. Tn xpnoiuonoiouuE coc; Boon yia TO avaAuTiKd
napdSeiyua nou aKoAouGsi, Etpapud^ovTdc; Tn OE EVO uiKpd EVSEIKTIKO KE(-
UEVO. To Ksiusvo, nou avacpspETai OTnv nspioxh fKpnvouiTt; TOU AovBivou, ei-
vai andonaoua EVOC; TOUPIOTIKOU cpuAAaSiou yia TIC; nspinynoEic; UE nAoio OTOV
noTaud TduEon. ITO svGsTa 4.1 KOI 4.2 napaTiOsvTai TO avTioTOixa anoand-
ouaTa and TO ayyAiKd Kfl KOI TO yaAAiKd KI.5
AKoAouQcbvTac; TO uovTEAo nou OKiaypacphoaus OTnv svdTnTa 4.2, uno8i-
I 16 M ET A O P A Z T I K E I

aipouuE npojTa an' 6Aa TO Kfl oe usTacppaoTiKsc; uovaSec; KOI TIC; napaBdA-
ZHOYAEZ
r n p o z e r n i H TON

'EvBeto 4.2
M E T A * P A S T i KQ N A A A A T Q N

AOUUE UE TO avTi'oTOixa TUhuaTa TOU KI. 0 nivoKac; 4.2 BEI'XVEI auTri Tnv KO-
Greenwich
TdTunon. To npcJTO npoBAnua nou avaKunTEl oxsTi'^ETai UE TO opia Tnq KOTO- Les envahisseurs venant du continent passaient par cette ancienne ville, par bateau
Tunonc;, 6nAa5h us OUTO nou 01 Bivai KQI NTapunEAvsT opi^ouv coc; TO «uiKpo- ou par la Old Dover Road (construite par les Romans) pour se rendre a la capitale.
En 1012, les Danois amarrerent leurs drakkars a Greenwich avant de razzier
T£pa» TU.hu.aTa nou unopouv va uETacppaoTouv UEuovoj|jEva. Zuxvd, unap-
Canterbury et de revenir avec I'archeveque Alphege, pris en otage puis assassine la
xouv 01 i6i£c; AEcjAoyiKEc; avTioToixisc; TOGO OE uiKpa 600 KOI OE UEyaAuTEpa ou se trouve desormais I'eglise portant son nom.
TUhuaTa. Fia napd8£iY|Ja, n UETacppaoTiKri uovd8a 13 («built by the Romans*
[KOTaoKEuaoTnKE ano TOUC; Pwuaiouc;]) TOU Kfl unopEi va GecopnGei OTI ano- ClivaKcx; 4.2
Katdtur)ar| TOU KEIUEVOU ae UEta9paoTiKE<; uovaSsc;
TEAErtai ano Tpia ^sxcopioTd, EuvonTa TUhuaTa: «built», «by» KOI «the
Romans*, flapouoia, 01 UETacppaoTiKEc; uovd6£c; 23 («with Archbishop KI (yaXXiKd)
KH (ayyXiKd)
Allege* [UE TOV apxienioKono 'AAcpeic^]) KOI 24 («as hostage* [coc; ounpoc;]) TOU
Greenwich
KF1 unopouv va 9£0)pn9ouv uia vonTIKn uovd6a. H np69£on «par» OTn UETO- Greenwich
The ancient town of Greenwich
cppaoTiKh uova6a 12 («par la Old Dover Road* [UEOCO Tnc; FlaAiac; 06ou TOU
has been
TOU KI unopEi Enionc; va 9Ewpn9£i ^EXcopioTh uovdSa, Ka9ooc; ano- a gateway
i npoo9hKn OTnv avTi'oTOixn uovd6a TOU Kfl. AUTOU TOU Ei8ouc; TO npo- to London
BAhuaTa nou OXETI'^OVTOI UE Tnv KOTOTunon avaKumouv OUVEXWC;. ITO £v9s- for over a thousand years.
Les envahisseurs venant du
Invaders from the continent
TO 4.3 napouoiac^ovTai oi UETacppdoEic; TOW novd8cov TOU Kfl ano TOV ni'voKa continent
passaient
4.2. passed
par
'EvGeto 4.1 cette ancienne ville

either
par bateau
Greenwich by ship
ou
The ancient town of Greenwich has been a gateway to London for over a thousand or
par la Old Dover Road
years. Invaders from the continent passed either by ship or the Old Dover Road, the Old Dover Road,
(construite par les Romans)
built by the Romans, on their way to the capital. built by the Romans,
pour se rendre
In 1012, the Danes moored their longships at Greenwich and raided Canterbury, on their way
a la capitale.
returning with Archbishop Alfege as hostage and later murdering him on the spot to the capital.
En 1012,
where the church named after him now stands. In 1012, les Danois
the Danes
ITKprjvouiTC. amarrerent leurs drakkars
moored their longships
H naXid noXr) TOU fKpnvourrc, un^p?;£ nepaaua npoc, to Aov6ivo yia nepioaoiepo a Greenwich
at Greenwich
ano xi'Aia xpovia. EiopoAsic, ano iqv n,nsipa)tiKi^ Eupamn, nepvouaav ano autq ue- avant de
and
au nAoiuv r\) tr|t; PlaAidi; O8ou TOU Nidpep, nou KaTaoKeudoiriKE ano TOUC, razzier Canterbury
raided Canterbury,
Pcouafouc,, KQT£u9uv6uEvouc, npoc, Tr|v npuTEUouaa. et de revenir
returning
To 1012, oi Aavoi ayKupop6Xr|aav TO uaKpd nXoia TOUC, OTO fKpqvouiTC, KOI, avec I'archeveque Alphege,
with Archbishop Alfege
aepou rrpayuaTonoiriaav sniSpouq OTO KavTspunoupu, En£OTpEi)jav exovTaq auX- pris en otage
as hostage
Xdpsi 6ur|po TOV apxisnioKono AX^ET^, TOV onoio OTq auvExeia 6oXo96vr|oav OTO puis
and later
on,UEi'o 6nou a^UEpa ppioKETai r| EKKXn,aia nou EXEI TO ovoud TOU.] assassine
murdering him
la ou
on the spot where
the church named after him
se trouve desormais
now stands.
I'eglise portant son nom.
 Z

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'Ev6Ei:o 4.4
Greenwich
Seit uber 1000 Jahren ist die historische Stadt Greenwich ein Tor zu London. Vom
Kontinent kommende Invasoren passierten sie auf ihrem Weg nach London entweder
per Schiff oder uber Strasse Old Dover Road.
1012 legten die Danen mit ihrem Wikingerbooten in Greenwich und iiberfielen
Canterbury. Sie kehrten mit dem Erzbischof Alfege als Geisel zuriick und ermoredeten
ihn spater an der Stelle, an der heute die nach ihm benannte Kirche steht.
'Ev6ETo4.5
Greenwich
L'antica citta di Greenwich e un via di ingresso per Londra da piu di mille anni. Gli
invasori provenienti dal continente passavano sulle navi o lungo la Old Dover Road,
costruita dai Romani, mentre si dirigevano verso la capitale.
Nel 2010 i Danesi attraccarono le loro navi a Greenwich e fecero razzia a
Canterbury, tornando con I'arcivescovo Alfege, come ostaggio e piu tardi assassinandolo
sul luogo dove sorge ora la chiesa che porta il suo nome.
'EvBEto 4.6
Greenwich
El antiguo pueblo de Greenwich ha sido la entrada a Londres durante miles de anos.
Los invasores del continente pasaban por barco o a traves de la Vieja Carretera
de Dover, construida por los romanos, en su camino hacia la capital.
En el ahos 1012, los daneses amarraron sus grandes barcos en Greenwich,
regresando con el arzobispo Alfege como rehen y posteriormente le mataron en el
lugar donde ahora se encuentra la iglesia con su nombre.